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Download This PDF File Volume 4 Nomor 2 E-ISSN: 2527-807X Juli-Desember 2019 P-ISSN: 2527-8088 REFLEKS PAN KE DALAM BAHASA TABA: LANGKAH AWAL MENGUJI HIPOTESIS ADRIANI & KRUYT (1914) Burhanuddin [email protected] Mahyuni [email protected] Sukri [email protected] Universitas Mataram Abstract: This study aims to explain Proto-Austronesian (PAN) reflexes in the Taba Language in North Maluku as a first step to test the hypotheses of Adriani & Kruyt (1914). To explain the problem methodologically, a direct interview method was used in the field to Taba speakers. Interviews used 200 basic vocabulary and 500 cultural vocabulary words. The data analysis uses a top- down approach, a method of comparison and shared innovation according to those found in the principles of historical linguistic studies. Phonologically the Austronesian languages of South Halmahera, including Taba, according to Adriani & Kruyt (1914) occur the final vowel removal and middle sound removal in the initial pressured word. The results of the identification turned out that not all PAN's final vocals experienced the disappearance of the Taba language, but experienced retention and innovation. Likewise in the middle position, there is very little PAN sound that is eliminated from the initial pressured word. Whether Adriani & Kruyt's hypothesis (1914) applies to other Austronesian languages of South Halmahera that need to be studied further. Keywords: historical linguistics, retention, innovation, phonological feature PENDAHULUAN Makian Timur (di Pulau Makian) dan Bahasa Taba (Tb) disebut juga Dialek Kayoa (di Pulau Kayoa). bahasa Makian Timur, merupakan Sebenarnya, di bagian barat Pulau salah satu bahasa Austronesia yang Makian terdapat bahasa Makian Barat. digunakan di bagian timur Pulau Bahasa ini oleh sebagian besar ahli Makian, Halmahera Selatan Provinsi linguistik historis digolongkan ke Maluku Utara. Istilah bahasa Taba dalam bahasa Non-Austronesia (NAN). digunakan oleh Bowden (2001) dan Di wilayah Halmahera Selatan, wilayah Kamholz (2014), sedangkan bahasa bahasa antara bahasa-bahasa Makian Timur digunakan Blust (2013) Austronesia dan Non-Austronesia tidak dan Lewis dkk (2016). Bahasa Taba memiliki batas-batas geografis yang juga digunakan di Pulau Kayoa jelas karena keberagamannya. Oleh (sebelah selatan Pulau Makian) dan karena itulah, dalam tulisan ini tersebar di beberapa tempat di Pulau digunakan istilah bahasa-bahasa Halmahera dan Ternate. Oleh para ahli Austronesia Halmahera Selatan, linguistik seperti Masinambow (1967), karena di wilayah ini terdapat penutur Blust (2013), Kamholz (2014) dan Lewis bahasa Non-Austronesia yang dkk (2016), isolek Taba di Pulau Kayoa kompleks. dianggap sebagai dialek yang berbeda Secara linguistik historis, bahasa dengan di Pulau Makian. Oleh karena Taba digolongkan ke dalam itu, Blust (2013) membagi bahasa Taba Subkkelompok Halmahera Selatan menjadi dua dialek, yaitu Dialek bersama lima bahasa Austronesia 85 Burhanudin, Mahyudi & Sukri lainnya, yaitu Buli (Bl), Maba (Mb), jamak si dijadikan sebagai penanda Sawai (Sw), Gebe (Gb), dan Gane (Gn) nomina jamak, dan (4) menggunakan (Burhanuddin, Sumarlam & Mahsun genetif terbalik (urutan pemilik- 2017 bandingkan dengan Blust 1978; termilik). Badan Bahasa 2008, dan Kamholz, Berdasarkan uraian di atas, tulisan 2014). Selanjutnya, Blust (1978), ini bermaksud menjelaskan dua hal, Kamholz (2014), dan Burhanuddin, yaitu bentuk inovasi internal aspek Sumarlam & Mahsun (2019) membagi fonologi dan aspek leksikal yang terjadi bahasa-bahasa tersebut menjadi dua dalam bahasa Taba, dari perspekstif kelompok, yaitu Halmahera-Timur- linguistik historis. Studi ini bersifat Tengah-Selatan (HTTS) yang terdiri linguistik historis karena atas Buli, Maba, Sawai, dan Gebe) dan pengidentifikasian terhadap kedua Halmahera Selatan-Selatan (HSS) yang aspek tersebut dilakukan melalui terdiri atas Gane dan Taba. Menurut perbandingan unsur kebahasaan yang Blust (1978), Kelompok Halmahera terdapat dalam bahasa Taba dengan Selatan terdiri atas Buli, Maba, Patani, lima bahasa Halmahera Selatan lain Sawai, Gane, dan Taba, tetapi Badan yang sekerabat dengannya. Bahasa (2008), mengidentifikasi Maba dan Patani sebagai dua dialek dari satu TINJAUAN PUSTAKA bahasa, sedangkan Kamholz (2014) dan Ada beberapa studi yang relevan Burhanuddin (2017) menambahkan dengan studi ini baik dari aspek tujuan Gebe dalam kelompok ini. maupun objek yang dikaji. Pertama, Subkelompok Halmahera Selatan Adriani & Kruyt (1914) menjelaskan oleh sebagian besar linguistik historis ciri-ciri Subrumpun Halmahera termasuk dalam Kelompok Halmahera Selatan-Papua (HSPB). Menurutnya, Selatan-Papua Barat (SHWG). Istilah Subrumpun HSPB memiliki empat ciri, Kelompok Halmahera Selatan-Papua yaitu (1) hilangnya vokal akhir; (2) Barat diperkenalkan oleh Adriani & banyak kata menunjukkan Kruyt (1914), dan didukung oleh Blust penghilangan posisi tengah pada silabe (1978, 1983/84, dan 1993). Keanggotaan yang diawali oleh tekanan; (3) kata kelompok ini terbentang dari barat ganti orang ketiga jamak si dijadikan mencakup semua bahasa Austronesia sebagai penanda nomina jamak; dan (4) di Halmahera Selatan, Kepulauan Raja menggunakan genetif terbalik (urutan Ampat, Waigeo, Salawati, Misol, Pesisir pemilik-termilik). Kedua, Kamholz Utara Kepala Burung, Pesisir Teluk (2014) menjelaskan fonem Proto- Cenderawasi, Kepulauan Biak, Hingga Subrumpun HSPB dan Sarmi di paling timur pesisir utara, mengelompokkan bahasa-bahasa daratan Papua. Secara keseluruhan SHWG dalam beberapa kelompok. jumlah bahasa yang termasuk dalam Ketiga, Jamulia (2016) menjelaskan kelompok ini diperkirakan antara 27-41 hubungan budaya komunitas- bahasa (Badan Bahasa 2008; Blust komunitas Halmahera Selatan dari 2013; dan Lewis dkk. 2016), termasuk perspektif budaya dan bahasa, tetapi bahasa Taba. tidak berdasarkan kerangka kerja Adriani & Kruyt (1914), dengan dalam studi linguistik historis yang menggunakan data terbatas dalam sesungguhnya. bahasa Buli dan Taba, menyimpulkan Ketiga, Burhanuddin, Sumarlam, bahwa Kelompok Halmahera Selatan- Mahsun, & Fernandez (2016) Papua Barat memiliki empat ciri, yaitu menjelaskan tentang urgensi bahasa- (1) hilangnya vokal akhir, (2) banyak bahasa Halmahera Selatan perlu dikaji kata menunjukkan penghilangan posisi secara linguistik historis. Keempat, tengah pada silabi yang diawali oleh studi Burhanuddin, Sumarlam, tekanan, (3) kata ganti orang ketiga Fernandez, & Mahsun (2017) berjudul 86 Leksema Vol 4 No 2 Juli-Desember 2019 Refleks PAN ke dalam Bahasa Taba: Langkah Awal Menguji Hipotesis Adriany & Kruyt (1914) Kekhasan Aspek Fonologi dan Leksikal Trussel (2014) dalam Blust’s Bahasa Sawai di Maluku Utara Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Perspektif Linguistik Historis. Studi ini Lalu, data dianalisis menggunakan menjelaskan tentang perbedaan bahasa pendekatan top-down, dengan melihat Sawai dengan bahasa Halmahera perubahan bunyi dari PAN dan PHS ke Selatan lainnya (Maba, Taba, Buli, dalam bahasa-bahasa Halmahera Gane, dan Gebe) secara linguistik baik Selatan dengan metode komparatif, secara fonologis maupun leksikon. teknik inovasi bersama. Secara metodolologis, penjelasan terhadap hal tersebut dilakukan REFLEKS PAN DAN RESPONS dengan cara membandingkan bahasa TERHADAP HIPOTESIS ADRIANI & Sawai dengan lima bahasa Halmahera KRUYT (1914) Selatan lainnya. Kelima, studi Sesuai tujuannya, pada bagian ini Burhanuddin, Ahmadi & Yulida (2018) dijelaskan refleks PAN ke dalam tentang Refleks Proto-Austronesia bahasa Taba yang terurai pada (PAN) ke dalam Bahasa Buli di Maluku subbagian pertama. Hasil identifikasi Utara. Studi ini bertujuan menjelaskan tersebut kemudian dibandingkan tentang pola perubahan PAN ke dalam dengan hipotesis Hipotesis Adriani & bahasa Buli tanpa mengaitkan dengan Kruyt (1914) yang diuraikan pada hipotesis yang dibuat Adriani & Kruyt subbagian kedua. (1914), meskipun bahasa Buli Refleks PAN ke Taba merupakan anggota Subrumpun Berdasarkan data yang Halmahera Selatan-Papua Barat. dikumpulkan, dalam bahasa Taba, Keenam, studi Burhanuddin (2018) ditemukan pola refleks PAN ke dalam yang berjudul Internal Innovation of Taba. Taba in Northern Maluku Historical Linguistics Perspective. Studi ini mirip *p dengan studi yang dilakukan Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan Burhanuddin, Sumarlam, Fernandez & PAN *p pada posisi awal mengalami Mahsun (2017), hanya saja objek perubahan secara teratur menjadi h, kajiannya bahasa Sawai. Keenam, sedangkan menjadi f dan s terjadi Burhanuddin, Mahyuni & Sukri (2019) secara tidak teratur. Hanya sedikit tentang tanggapan secara umum data ditemukan *p mengalami retensi, tentang hipotesis Adriani & Kruyt artinya terjadi secara tidak teratur. (1914). Studi ini melibatkan enam Pada posisi tengah, *p dalam bahasa bahasa Halmahera Selatan, yaitu Taba mengalami retensi dan inovasi (h Maba, Buli, Sawai, Gane, Taba, dan dan b) masing-masing terjadi secara Gebe. Namun, studi yang secara tidak teratur. jika data diperluas, spesifik menjelaskan ihwal hipotesis perubahan menjadi h dimungkinkan tersebut dalam bahasa Taba belum terjadi secara teratur. Adapun pada dijelaskan. posisi akhir hanya mengalami inovasi secara tidak teratur menjadi q. METODE PENELITIAN Data (1a) Data kebahasaan dalam bahasa PAN Taba Taba dan lima bahasa Halmahera *paniki (kelelawar) nhik *p>h/#- Selatan lainnya dikumpulkan *pe u (penyu/kura-kura) h n menggunakan metode wawancara ɲ ɛ *paqiC (pahit) mhait berupa 200 kosa kata dasar dan 1000 kosa kata dasar, teknik catat dan *penuq (penuh) mɛhɔn rekam (Mahsun, 2013). Metode Dalam Burhanuddin, Sumarlam, & dokumentasi
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