A Science of Time Encodings for a World in Transition (Part II)
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Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses First visibility of the lunar crescent and other problems in historical astronomy. Fatoohi, Louay J. How to cite: Fatoohi, Louay J. (1998) First visibility of the lunar crescent and other problems in historical astronomy., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/996/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk me91 In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful >° 9 43'' 0' eji e' e e> igo4 U61 J CO J: lic 6..ý v Lo ý , ý.,, "ý J ýs ýºý. ur ý,r11 Lýi is' ý9r ZU LZJE rju No disaster can befall on the earth or in your souls but it is in a book before We bring it into being; that is easy for Allah. In order that you may not grieve for what has escaped you, nor be exultant at what He has given you; and Allah does not love any prideful boaster. -
Quarterly Bulletin, Q2
I II © Da Afghanistan Bank, 2009 Ibn-e-Sina Watt Kabul Afghanistan Telephone: +93-20-2100293 Internet: www.centralbank.gov.af Email: [email protected] All rights reserved First printing January 2009 1 2 3 4 5 10 09 08 07 Rights and permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted but may be freely quoted and reprinted. Acknowledgement is requested together with a copy of the publication. Data Notes Afghanistan uses the Persian calendar also known as the Jalali calendar, which was introduced on March 15, 1079 by the Seljuk Sultan Jalal-u-ddin Malik Shah I, based on the recommendations of a committee of astronomers, including Omar Khaiyam, at the imperial observatory in his capital city of Isfahan. It is a solar calendar in which each year begins on March 21. This Quarterly Bulletin covers developments in the second quarter 1387 which is equivalent June 22, 2008 – September 21, 2008 in the Gregorian calendar. Afghanistan figures are in current Afghani unless otherwise specified. Billion means 1,000 million III TABLE OF CONTENT Message of the Governor.......................................................................................................VIII THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .....................................................................1 SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................................1 1. UNITED STATES..................................................................................................................1 -
THIRTEEN MOONS in MOTION: a Dreamspell Primer
© Galactic Research Institute of the Foundation for the Law of Time - www.lawoftime.org THIRTEEN MOONS IN MOTION: A Dreamspell Primer “Just as air is the atmosphere of the body, so time is the atmosphere of the mind; if the time in which we live consists of uneven months and days regulated by mechanized minutes and hours, that is what becomes of our mind: a mechanized irregularity. Since everything follows from mind, it is no wonder that The atmosphere in which we live daily becomes more polluted, And the greatest complaint is: ‘I just don’t have enough time!’ Who owns your time, owns your mind. Own your own time and you will know your own mind.” Foundation for the Law of Time www.lawoftime.org © Galactic Research Institute of the Foundation for the Law of Time - www.lawoftime.org 13-Moon Planetary Kin Starter Calendar 3 A Season Of Apocalypses: The Gregorian Calendar Unmasked A 13-Moon Postscript to the Mayan Factor 1. Thinking about the Unthinkable Of all the unexamined assumptions and criteria upon which we base and gauge our daily lives as human beings on planet Earth, by far the greatest and most profoundly unquestioned is the instrument and institution known as the Gregorian Calendar. A calendar, any calendar, is commonly understood as a system for dividing time over extended periods. A day is the base unit of a calendar, and the solar year is the base extended period. The length of the solar year is currently reckoned at 365.242199 days. The Gregorian calendar divides this duration into twelve uneven months – four months of 30 days, seven of 31 days, and one of 28 days. -
Calendar and Community This Page Intentionally Left Blank Calendar and Community
Calendar and Community This page intentionally left blank Calendar and Community A History of the Jewish Calendar, Second Century BCE–Tenth Century CE Sacha Stern Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Sacha Stern 2001 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Data applied for ISBN 0-19-827034-8 Preface Calendar reckoning is not just a technical pursuit: it is fundamental to social interaction and communal life. -
The Calendars of India
The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5. -
PRISON BOWL XII: DANIEL TOLD US NOT to HAVE a SUBTITLE Head Edited by Daniel Ma, Vice Head Edited by Rachel Yang
PRISON BOWL XII: DANIEL TOLD US NOT TO HAVE A SUBTITLE Head Edited by Daniel Ma, Vice Head Edited by Rachel Yang. Section Edited by Daniel Ma, Asher Jaffe, Ben Chapman, and Rachel Yang. Written by Hunter College High School Quiz Bowl (Daniel Ma, Brian Lu, Asher Jaffe, Ben Chapman, Rachel Yang, Cerulean Ozarow, Ella Leeds, Pedro Juan Orduz, Aruna Das, Eric Cao, Daniel Shneider, Amanda Li, Andrew Zeng, Alex Mazansky, Philip Belin, Maxwell Huang, Jacob Hardin-Bernhardt, Bianca Dwork, Moxie Strom, Brian Chan, Maya Vazquez- Plyshevsky, and Maggie Kwan). Special thanks to Ms. Caitlin Samuel, Jamie Faeder, Gilad Avrahami, Chloe Levine, Max Shatan, Lev Bernstein, Doug Simons, and Michael Wu. PACKET THIRTEEN TOSSUPS 1. This person argued that children either assimilate or accommodate new objects and events into new or existing schemas. This person noted that morals are created from peer interactions as they move from egocentric to sociocentric modes of thought in his book The Moral Judgement of the (*) Child. This man, who created the International Center for Genetic Epistemology, argued that children must develop object permanence. Inspiring the creation of open education, for 10 points, name this Swiss psychologist that proposed a four stage theory for children’s cognitive thinking. ANSWER: Jean Piaget (“pya-ZHEY”) <BKC> 2. In a myth from this country, Aino’s (“EYE-nose”) hand in marriage is pledged by her brother after he loses a duel; she later drowns herself in the sea. The loser of that duel in a story from this country is plucked from the sea by an eagle and carried off to help forge a mysterious object which grants good (*) luck. -
Dreamspell: the Sirius Code Revealed
© Galactic Research Institute of the Foundation for the Law of Time - www.lawoftime.org Rinri Project Newsletter III Mystery of the Stone Edition Volume 3, No. 1 Special Issue Dreamspell: The Sirius Code Revealed FOUNDATION FOR THE LAW OF TIME PO Box 156 Ashland, Oregon 97520, USA +1.541.488.0714 www.lawoftime.org | [email protected] © Galactic Research Institute of the Foundation for the Law of Time - www.lawoftime.org © Galactic Research Institute of the Foundation for the Law of Time - www.lawoftime.org Rinri Project Newsletter III, Mystery of the Stone Edition, Volume 3, No. 1 Special Issue: Dreamspell: The Sirius Code Revealed 52, Number of the Sirius Code “You know that Sirius is a double Universe star. Each galaxy is connected to this star by the order it has created in its own structure … “The rotation period of small Sirius B around big Sirius A is 52 world years. During the time of the Hierarchical Order, since the direct Cosmic Currents used to fall directly on the orbit of your planet, Cosmic Awakening used to correspond mostly around these ages {52-year cycles} … (The Knowledge Book, p.287) “The Sirius Mission is responsible only for the supervision of your Milky Way Galaxy … The Sirius Mission is responsible for uniting solar systems within itself, as a necessity of the Unified Field … — “By the Command of the Central System, Notice from the Section of the Unification of Matter,” Postulates 40 and 42, The Knowledge Book, p. 46) This information about Sirius taps us directly into the Sirius High Command, giving us a whole new comprehension of the Law of Time and the Galactic Mayan system of mathematics and time synchronization. -
The Draconic Gearing of the Antikythera Mechanism: Assembling the Fragment D, Its Role and Operation
The Draconic gearing of the Antikythera Mechanism: Assembling the Fragment D, its role and operation A.Voulgaris1, C.Mouratidis2, A.Vossinakis3, G.Bokovos4 (Submitted 14 January 2020) 1Municipality of Thessaloniki, Directorate Culture and Tourism, Thessaloniki, GR-54625, Greece 2Hellenic Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs, Kos, GR-85300, Greece 3Thessaloniki Astronomy Club, Thessaloniki, GR-54646, Greece 4Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum-Planetarium, Thermi, GR-57001, Greece Abstract The unplaced Fragment D of the Antikythera Mechanism with an unknown operation was a mystery since the beginning of its discovery. The gear-r1, which was detected on the Fragment radiographies by C. Karakalos, is preserved in excellent condition, but this was not enough to correlate it to the existing gear trainings of the Mechanism. The suggestion that this gear could be a part of the hypothetical planet indication gearing is still a hypothesis since no mechanical evidence has been preserved. After the analysis of AMRP tomographies of Fragment D and its mechanical characteristics revealed that it could be part of the Draconic gearing. Although the Draconic cycle was well known during the Mechanism’s era as represents the fourth Lunar cycle, it seems that it is missing from the Antikythera Mechanism. The study of Fragment D was supported by the bronze reconstruction of the Draconic gearing by the authors. The adaptation of the Draconic gearing on the Antikythera Mechanism improves its functionality and gives answers on several questions. 1. Introduction. The Antikythera Mechanism, a geared machine based on the lunar cycles The Antikythera Mechanism a creation of an ingenious manufacturer of the Hellenistic era was a geared machine capable of performing complex astronomical calculations, mostly based on the lunar periodic cycles. -
Jamshedi Navruz on March 21St, Fasal (Seasons) and Fasli Calendar
Jamshedi Navruz on March 21st, Fasal (Seasons) and Fasli calendar: Part I Zarathushtis have been celebrating Navruz, which falls around March 21st since time immemorial, since our Peshdad King Jamshed celebrated it first and which is known as Jamshedi Navruz! Jamshed Padshah celebrated this day as the New (nav) Day (ruz) because it is the Spring Equinox when the time of the day and night are equal in length and after the long winter months, warmth returns and the planting of seeds (life) begin. The concept of spring or Renewal of Life (in March) is universally celebrated by other religions too. It is the universal celebration of new life returning to earth after winter is over! The Christians celebrate it with Easter (eggs symbolize new life); the Hindus celebrate it with Holi (sprinkling colors to signify the rebirth of vegetation). The Shi'i Muslims in Iran and throughout the world have retained the ancient Zarathushti custom of celebrating Navruz or, ‘Nourouz’ around the 21st March. Jamshed Padshah (Avestan “Yima”) is mentioned in the Zamyad Yasht (Karda VII. 31 to 38); Vendidad (Fragard II); and he is also mentioned in the Gathas (Ahunavad Gatha, Y. 32.8)! Accordingly, no one can deny the existence of Jamshed Padshah as a historical figure; also due to the fact that the New Year he started is identified as “Jamshedi Navruz”! As some have speculated, Jamshed Padshah and the Peshdad Dynasty were not “mythological”, but historical! The Pak Avesta was written in absolute pre-history; written history began only recently compared to the several millennia of history of the ancient civilizations unrecorded by historians in writing! It is held that Jamshed Padshah must have lived about 11000 to 9000 B. -
Ancient Greek Calendars from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Ancient Greek calendars From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The various ancient Greek calendars began in most states of ancient Greece between Autumn and Winter except for the Attic calendar, which began in Summer. The Greeks, as early as the time of Homer, appear to have been familiar with the division of the year into the twelve lunar months but no intercalary month Embolimos or day is then mentioned. Independent of the division of a month into days, it was divided into periods according to the increase and decrease of the moon. Thus, the first day or new moon was called Noumenia. The month in which the year began, as well as the names of the months, differed among the states, and in some parts even no names existed for the months, as they were distinguished only numerically, as the first, second, third, fourth month, etc. Of primary importance for the reconstruction of the regional Greek calendars is the calendar of Delphi, because of the numerous documents found there recording the manumission of slaves, many of which are dated both in the Delphian and in a regional calendar. Contents 1 Calendars by region 1.1 Aetolian 1.2 Argolian 1.3 Attic 1.4 Boeotian 1.5 Corinthian 1.6 Cretan 1.7 Delphic 1.8 Elian 1.9 Epidaurian 1.10 Laconian 1.11 Locris 1.12 Macedonian 1.13 Rhodian 1.14 Sicilian 1.15 Thessalian 2 See also 3 References 3.1 Citations 3.2 Bibliography 4 External links Calendars by region Aetolian The months of the Aetolian calendar have been presented by Daux (1932) based on arguments by Nititsky (1901) based on synchronisms in manumission documents found at Delphi (dated to the 2nd century BC).[1] The month names are: Prokuklios - Προκύκλιος Athanaios - Ἀθαναίος Boukatios - Βουκάτιος Dios - Διός Euthaios - Ἑυθυαίος Homoloios - Ὁμολώιος Hermaios - Ἑρμαίος Dionusios - Διονύσιος Agueios - Ἀγύειος Hippodromos - Ἱπποδρόμιος Laphraios - Λαφραίος Panamos - Πάναμος The intercalary month was Dios, attested as Dios embolimos in SEG SVI 344, equivalent to Delphian Poitropoios ho deuteros. -
Red Overtone Moon Year
Resonant Truth presents NATURAL TIME A 13 Moon Calendar inspired by Mayan cycles Red Overtone Moon Year July 26, 2010 - July 24, 2011 July 26, 2010 - July 24, 2011 HowRED Can OVERTONE I Best Empower MOON Myself Red Overtone Moon is the fifth year in a cycle of 13. Four years ago, we began a new 13-year ‘wavespell’ that celebrates the energy of Red Moon. A wavespell is any cycle of 13, be it days, moons or years. As its name indicates, a wavespell is a spell of time that builds and breaks in a wave formation. There are 13 stages in the growth of the wave and its dissolution, each offering a specific teaching for us as guidance in our own transformation. In the Overtone time the wave begins its ascent in earnest. For the past four years we have been making preparations, in a sense, laying a foundation for the accomplishment to come. We have been held in check, a little, from taking off with our dreams, but only in order to be truly ready when they come closer to reality. The Overtone energy is described as an act of empowerment; we are given the life force to rise. Think again of the ocean and the moment when the swell that began in the depths pushes above the surface, starting a visible arc towards the sky. We are in that magic transit, when we not only feel ourselves uplifted but see the reflection in our lives. The journey to the wave’s peak is very much a movement towards the sun itself and the enlightenment it holds, so we will feel some pleasure and ease this year, that we are steadily climbing closer to the heavens, and towards the divinity that lives there. -
Delphi and Cosmovision: Apollo’S Absence at the Land of the Hyperboreans and the Time for Consulting the Oracle
Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 16(2), 184-206 (2013). DELPHI AND COSMOVISION: APOLLO’S ABSENCE AT THE LAND OF THE HYPERBOREANS AND THE TIME FOR CONSULTING THE ORACLE Ioannis Liritzis and Belén Castro University of the Aegean, Laboratory of Archaeometry, 1 Demokratias Str., Rhodes 85100, Greece. Email: [email protected] Abstract: Keeping an exact calendar was important to schedule Delphic festivals. The proper day for a prophecy involved a meticulous calculation, which was carried out by learned priests and ancient philosophers. The month of Bysios on average is February, but in reality it could be any 30-day interval between January and March. Bysios starts with a New Moon, but the beginning of the month is not easily pinpointed and thus Bysios and the 7th day for giving an oracle cannot be identified according to the Gregorian calendar. The celestial motions of Lyra and Cygnus with regards to sunrise and sunset are related to the Delphi temple‘s orientation and the high altitude of steep cliffs of the Faidriades in front of it. Light from the rising Sun shines at the back of the temple where the statue of the god is located, while the appearance and disappearance of Lyra and Cygnus, two of Apollo‘s favorite constellations in the Delphic sky, mark the period of absence of the god to the Hyperboreans. This coincides with the 3-month interval from the end of December to the middle of March. During the later part of this period, on the 7th day of Bysios, the oracle was given.