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VOLUME 12, ISSUE 2 MARCH-APRIL 2020 Inside -- ChallengingChallenging thethe tenetstenets ofof mainstreammainstream scientificscientific aagg e e n n d d a a s s - - P A G E 2 In 2010, after decades of Welcome to PCN, Volume 12, Issue #2 , field research, Dutch stone The Pleistocene Coalition is in its 11th publishing rigor- sapiens and production expert, Jan Willem van der Drift (colleague of ous, new and long-censored the crucial role of Pleistocene Coalition founding evidence early were Jan Willem van der Drift member and archaeologist, the our ‘equals’ and in the P A G E 5 late Chris Hardaker), demon- hundreds of millennia ago. The strated that ‘Mode I’ exhibited Coalition calls for accountability in Relevant reprint: what he termed ‘oblique bipolar flaking’ in an and — Thoughts on early age mainstream anthropology typically regards fields professing to be ‘sciences’ man; VSM re- as populated by mentally inept H. habilis. Here, van while untrustworthily misman- sponse to Cerutti der Drift challenges main- aging the objective evidence— In the last issue (PCN #63), publication stream staples regarding Paleozoic to Pleistocene. we reprinted from Issue #3 by Virginia Steen-McIntyre the first ‘In their own words’ focusing on energy eco- *‘This is a hypothesis installment P A G E 6 nomics and H. sapiens’ that begs for careful scrutiny by Pleistocene necessary improvements and attempts Early man and Coalition in . to falsify it; I’m multi-use tools founding See Van der Drift p.2. open to that.… Tom Baldwin That’s the way member, should Dr. Virginia P A G E 8 Steen- In PCN #62, we noted how work, right? Member news McIntyre, confusing the 50,000-year old Bring it on.’ PhD, regard- and other info technological discoveries at –Dr. Tom Deméré, Cerutti ing the Cerutti Edward Swanzey, Denisova () are Mastodon Team, national- Tom Baldwin, Alan Day, for the tenets of Darwinian butchering site—suppressed geographic.com, April 26, 2017 for ‘25 .’ Due to ongoing John Feliks, Virginia anthropology. Clinging to the interest in this matter, with 19th century idea humans *Regarding PCN’s Cerutti Steen-McIntyre, Vesna readers sending questions, just keep getting smarter and Mastodon Parallel Timeline: Tenodi, Fred Budinger papers, etc., the reasons for smarter the mainstream ig- Filling in for mainstream citing prior evidence before P A G E 9 nores the implications of Nean- credibility gaps it shows the making bold new claims— Elaborated documen- derthals or H. erectus exhib- lone wolf problem of omitting are becoming clear to them as iting modern-level ingenuity. context to gain priority. tation of the mam- part of how science is meant Multi-use tools—in both Old One reader stated they’d moth/notation panel to work. The unsatisfactory and New Worlds—are part of ‘never seen anything like it.’ Ray Urbaniak, Mark way journals like Nature the problem. See Baldwin p.6. See reprint pp. 20–25. Willis, Todd Ellis, and Science mislead the pub- Braxton Ellis lic by publishing bold claims Engineer and re- without proper context* is part P A G E 1 2 searcher, Ray Urbaniak, of the problem. Next issue Another possibility this issue will include Chris Hardaker’s regarding hand provides psychology behind self- stencils in France adventurous suppression and how Cerutti documenta- Team’s denigration of Calico Ray Urbaniak tion follow- and ignoring of Valsequillo to P A G E 1 3 up to last be ‘first’ weakens their case. issue’s mam- Possible locations of See Steen-McIntyre p. 5, moth, llama and proposed ancient rhythmic notation site in p. 8, and pp. 20–25. Pleistocene rock art southwest Utah. It is followed by two thought-provoking articles in North America inspired by the discoveries at Cosquer Cave, France, including Ray Urbaniak a new perspective on its -known hand stencils. He also explores the possibility of finding similar ‘hidden’ Pleistocene art sites in the P A G E 1 6 Americas. Urbaniak continues to challenge the mainstream picture The Impact of Fos- of Americans as intellectually and artistically inferior to sils, Installment 3 their European counterparts due to evolutionary and migration John Feliks theory predispositions. See Urbaniak p.9, p.12, and p.13.

P A G E 2 0 In PCN #s 61–63, a brief background, followed by Parts 1 and 2, were pro- Cerutti Mastodon vided for a published thesis called The Impact of . It concerns how early ‘Parallel Timeline’ humans may have been influenced in the development of rock art. The Introduc- reprint facts 25-yr. tion included passionate comments of defense from well-known science authorities in many fields responding suppression fiasco to the paper’s censorship by Current Anthropology and competitive researchers claiming low intelligence John Feliks in early people. This Part 3 explores the psychology behind ‘iconic recognition’ and includes the first geometric study of the famous 250,000-year old West Tofts handaxe. See Feliks p.16.

VOLUME 12, ISSUE 2 P A G E 2

How our ancestors lived , Part 1 Neanderthals, Homo sapiens and the crucial role of huts By Jan Willem van der Drift, production expert, early man theorist Updating our questions Neanderthal at the scientists—still believe these about Neanderthals same scale, like in my claims! My drawing shows “If we use drawing ( Fig. 1 ), In the colonial era people were we see that the cars as an judged on what they had. For analogy Neanderthal mouth example, black men had simple was comparatively huts and no guns, much larger than ours. so they had to be a It might be proposed simple ‘lower race.’ that or Prehistorians (e.g., made it as archaeologists, large as it is because anthropologists) used Neanderthals had to eat the same method. three times the amount For example, we eat, roughly 6000 Neanderthals used calories per day. handaxes so they If we use cars as an were low on the analogy Neanderthals ‘evolutionary’ ladder. were like high Today, however, we performance 4WD cars know that the theory that need lots of fuel. Fig. 1. Morphology of Neanderthal (in Neanderthals that a man ’s material Whilst we are like background) compared at the same scale with reflects his evolutionary stage that of Homo sapiens (foreground). Note that were like high economy cars. We’re is absolutely false, for we not built to be better the braincase is not actually set lower in the performance can easily see that all living but to be cheaper. You skull as many imagine but that the eyes are set higher. The comparative distance from the 4WD cars humans are equal, whatever lose what you don’t their wealth or technology. to the top of the head is essentially the same. that need use, so, you might Drawing by Jan Willem van der Drift. Then why would this false lots of fuel. say that evolution or theory still be applied to adaptation made our Homo what really happened: the Whilst we Neanderthals? sapiens mouths smaller. Our economized face shrank so our are like noses also became smaller Genetic studies show that eyes sank below the brain-case. because we use less oxygen. economy Neanderthals and Moderns We do not have a higher My drawing shows the result cars: we’re interbred. This proves that they brain but simply lower eyes. of these changes. In effect, not built to were biologically compatible. This means that the muscle- our complete face shrank Energy economics and be better, tissue of Neanderthals was like a deflating balloon. larger populations but to be compatible to ours and when Confusing , etc., We developed our economy cheaper.” you combine that with the with intelligence class because our fact that they had larger early modern Homo sapiens When Neanderthals were first muscles, it’s clear that they ancestors lived in parts of discovered, scholars did not were stronger than us. Africa where every dry season understand how the shape brought food-shortages. These Neanderthal brain tissue was of the face connects to the food shortages weakened all also compatible and when you performance of the body. fast-growing muscular children combine this with the fact that So, they used ‘phrenology’— who needed the most energy their braincases were bigger, belief that the shape and size and many became ill and died. it’s clear that they were at of the cranium is an indicator However, the slower-growing least as clever as we are. of character and mental abil- leaner children needed less Indeed, they outperformed ity—to interpret the fossils. energy to survive. So, these us in almost every way. But if E.g., the weak chin of children stayed healthy on the Neanderthals were the better Neanderthals would indicate a same ration of food-shares. We men why did they lose the weak character, and the low might say that struggle for survival? forehead, a wild and brutal made our bodies ‘cheap.’ . By such criteria, our Energy economics characteristic H. sapiens high When we return to the car The first reason why the high- forehead has been imagined as analogy it’s clear that cheap performance Neanderthals lost a sign our modern brain had sells. Yet, even though our the struggle for survival is risen to a higher mental stage. more economical anatomy helped to make us a success that performance always Today we know that phrenology high-performance 4WDs have comes at a price. When we is a ‘pseudoscience’ yet most compare Homo sapiens and people—even anthropological > Cont. on page 3

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Neanderthals, Homo sapiens and the crucial role of huts (cont.)

not completely disappeared. Moderns began to live in high- Huts and advances in So why, then, did the high quality huts, their population ‘material’ culture performance Neanderthals began to rise exponentially. completely disappear and Huts were a game-changer Under these circumstances, the in another way as well. Since “These food modern H. sapiens completely take over their habitat areas? modern H. sapiens population Neanderthals had no , shortages so to speak, they always weakened Rise of the huts physically carried with all fast- I suggest the first factor them everything they is that humans who eat owned—even during the growing hunt. This mobile lifestyle muscular less can stay in one area for a longer period forced Neanderthals to children of time. This gave travel light. They could who needed Moderns the option of only carry a handful of returning to the same essential objects with the most them and that, crucially, energy and shelters night after night. Subsequently, limited their developing many Modern children were a complex ‘material’ turned ill often cold at night culture. In other words, when the temperature their material culture and died. was limited for practical went down because they However, reasons and not for burnt so few calories. So, reasons of their mental the slower- families that used the ability such as promoted growing and same shelters for weeks in the mainstream. or even months at a time leaner Fig. 2. Neanderthals lived in cool dry climate children decided to make the walls phases of the Old World, a time when herds This condition of ‘wind-tight’ and the roofs needed less travelled very far. For this reason hunters traveling light is likely ‘watertight.’ Step-by- naturally had to carry raw materials over great also why Neanderthals energy to step, this resulted in basic distances. It is also reasonable to assume this are known for smaller survive. So, simple shelters being is why they tended to make very small and lighter handaxes gradually improved upon handaxes as seen above. Artifacts recovered they stayed and photographed by Jan Willem van der Drift. than many of our earlier to the point of becoming predecessors ( Fig. 2 ). healthy on comfortable ‘huts’ and living doubled each generation and, In contrast, however, we the same in huts became the real eventually, it became harder know that Neanderthals game-changer! food-shares. for these larger groups to find used medicinal plants and We might The importance of huts food. By consequence the last understood the animals and the Africans that needed lots of food landscape, by which they had say that It is essential to understand (e.g., Kabwe man or, according an impressive ‘nonmaterial’ natural that early man, for the most to whatever faction one culture. They must have passed part, lived in groups that were selection belongs, their knowledge on as oral always on the move in search made our to some) starved. They were history and also in songs and of food. So, a the first victims of our dances. The Moderns did not bodies or Neanderthal woman had to population growth. need to carry their stuff, they ‘cheap.’” physically carry her child every left it at so their ‘material’ day for almost the whole day. Around 100,000 years ago, culture quickly became very Such women, therefore, could the Moderns had not yet complex. This is why the only sustain a second child when migrated outside Africa onset of ‘art and symbolism ’ the firstborn was old enough because their children were coincides with the start of our to follow the group on their own. too weak to survive the indoor lifestyle. [Eds. Note : This gave H. erectus a long temperate winters. But after It is important to point out that natural birth-interval of about the invention of the hut, their this particular belief, art origins five years helping to keep children grew up indoors in and symbolism as Modern, is due to mainstream suppression the early populations a protective micro-climate. small. But that limitation of hundreds-of-millennia-old So, living indoors allowed Homo erectus engravings and changed when the Moderns other innovative work from Java, modern Homo sapiens to began to live in ‘modern’ huts. Bilzingsleben, Valsequillo, West Now, women could leave their settle in nearly every climate Tofts, etc., as covered in PCN .] children at home in grandma ’s and the population growth care while they went out to drove them further and further Cultural interactions gather food. The result was that in search of food. From this and options point of view one might say since the Modern women did The Neanderthals must have that Modern man was driven not need to carry their children, noticed how profitable the they could have a child every out-of-Africa by the game- year. So, as soon as the changing effects of his huts. > Cont. on page 4

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Neanderthals, Homo sapiens and the crucial role of huts (cont.)

homes of the Moderns were. We still invest more energy in Van der Drift, Jan Willem. 2010. 1.8 million years old artefacts from So why did they not adapt keeping Neanderthals as our and build their own homes? inferiors than in finding the the Netherlands: The oldest archaeo- logical finds from the Netherlands. I believe this becomes clear truth. Nature illustrated this APAN/Extern 14: 1–19. “By such when we realize that during in 2004 when it published the winters Moderns lived in Bramble and Lieberman’s Van der Drift, Jan Willem. 2010. criteria, our small groups, because there study on endurance running. Comparing bipolar artefacts with characteristic was only food for about 15 They tested how a modern pseudo-artefacts and industrial waste: An overview based on experimentation. people within walking distance man ran with the weight of a H. sapiens Notae Praehistoricae 30: 95–100. Neanderthal’s face put on his own face. The runner Van der Drift, Jan Willem. 2009. struggled so the authors Bipolar techniques in the Old- concluded Neanderthals Palaeolithic . APAN Extern , pp. 1–15. were incapacitated by their big heads. But they ignored that Neanderthals had Jan Willem van der Drift, a veteri- stronger necks, larger hearts narian in the Netherlands by trade, and lungs. If the study is a colleague of the late Chris Har- instead used the weight of daker, archaeologist and founding a horse’s head ignoring the member of the Pleistocene Coali- tion. He is a Dutch lithics expert in strength of the horse’s stone tool production with over 40 muscles it would have years field experience. Van der Drift concluded that horses can is a prolific author in both English Fig. 3. Skull and reconstruction comparisons of Neanderthals hardly walk. This mistake and Dutch publishing in such as and modern Homo sapiens , from the author’s video (in Dutch), created the new myth that Notae Praehistoricae , Archeologie , Jan Willem van der Drift, Bipolaire steenbewerkings-techniek only Moderns were capable APAN/Extern (publication of Aktieve deskundige. APAN-lid sinds 1993 ; YouTube. of endurance running and Praktijk Archeologie Nederland), etc. He is also a producer of educa- that Neanderthals had to tional films demonstrating bipolar high forehead of the winter camp. But 15 hunt by way of ambush. techniques of stone tool production Neanderthals ate the same and its association with various has been In Part 2 of this series, I will as 45 Moderns, so any human of all periods begin- discuss the invention of Neanderthal family that ning with the Paleolithic. Van der stone tools. stayed in one place Drift’s work is also referenced in Paul Douglas Campbell’s book, starved long before the The Universal Tool Kit (2013), a end of the winter. The Additional information highly-rated overview of stone tool Neanderthals had only one Fig. 3 , above, is a still from production techniques. Van der Drift option: to stay mobile, my YouTube video, in Dutch, is presently Chairman of APAN or follow the herds and Active Practitioners of Jan Willem van der Drift, Bipo- in the Netherlands (Aktieve Praktijk sleep in shelters until the laire steenbewerkings-techniek Modern population grew Archeologie Nederland). The or- deskundige. APAN-lid sinds 1993 . ganization was started due to the so big that they starved. A cumulative knowledge and field few individuals, however, If you would like to learn experience of its members consis- did find a loophole: the more about Neanderthals tently observing inaccurate inter- area around one winter- not typically covered in pretations of physical evidence camp offered enough food mainstrem venues, take a regarding the nature of early hu- for 15 Moderns, so it could look at my Stone-Age-Day mans by the mainstream archae- also support 12 Moderns 2018 slide presentation ology community. The group was imagined as What happened to the given extra motivation along these plus one Neanderthal! Certain lines by Chris Hardaker who, in a sign our Neanderthals took this chance Neanderthals? which I gave correspondence with van der Drift modern brain to live and crossbreed with the at the State Museum of related the treatment of Calico Early Moderns. But their children Antiquities, Leiden Univer- Man Site in California (excavated had risen to a grew up on small shares, so sity. It contains 70 original by famed anthropologist Dr. Louis higher mental only the leanest survived. figures. See also my 2019 book Leakey) by the mainstream ar- This economical selection The Paleolithic; how and why . chaeological establishment. Van stage.” der Drift in the small town of Both are downloadable as PDFs. provides an explanation for Cadier en Keer in the province of why all non-African Moderns Author’s selected earlier papers Lumborg, Netherlands. have Neanderthal-DNA although nobody inherited the Van der Drift, Jan Willem. 2012. Website: http://apanarcheo.nl curved leg bones that gave Oblique bipolar flaking, the new interpretation of Mode-I. Neanderthals extra running Notae Praehistoricae 32: 159–64. speed or the deep chest that gave them greater endurance. Van der Drift, J.W.P., 2011. We have completely lost their Partitioning the Palaeolithic: Intro- ducing the bipolar toolkit concept. high performance anatomy. DVD (in Dutch and English).

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Thoughts on early man ***

By Virginia Steen-McIntyre, PhD

Volcanic ash specialist

“Then, being Most of you will have heard No. Steve knew about of the Cerutti/Caltrans Hueyatlaco and the other so many mastodon site in southern older sites down by the years later California by now. Steve Valsequillo , with no Holen and his group reported state of Puebla, Mexico. change on it in a Nature Sites two to three times Letter recently. as old as Cerutti/Caltrans February 14 2010: in the Dated at ca 130k. and first reported in Quater- site’s An excellent article nary Research in 1981. My [Caltrans] article is there status that covers several Steve and I corresponded [in the Jan-Feb 2010 PCN we re- bases. An official from 2008 through January newsletter.]. A colleague e- breakthrough that 2013 regarding early man in mailed me only after I had printed demolishes the old the New World, including the finished the piece that you the arti- Clovis First mental Valsequillo sites and Cerutti/ had been quietly working on cle in barrier for good. Caltrans. Then he wrote he the Caltrans material for over our Reported worldwide. was leaving the Denver mu- a year. I had forgotten. Note seum, husband Dave died that I did not include the au- Sort of a bitter- Jan-Feb suddenly, and I fell and thors' names and affiliation. sweet time for me. We re- 2017 issue, broke my arm and ended up Ditto for that piece in the last ported on the site way back in in a nursing home.. Haven’t issue, on Solorzano’s classic PCN #45, as the Jan-Feb 2010 issue of this heard from him since.. H. erectus skull fragment from Revisiting newsletter, PCN #3, In their the Guadalajara area. No own words: Caltrans Site . For the record, I’ve copied PCN #3 sense embarrassing folk. As I Then, being so many years below parts of early emails (Jan-Feb wrote my friend, we are pres- later with no change in the sent to Steve Holen when we ently tumbling over a major 2010), ‘In site’s status we reprinted the were corresponding: paradigm cliff, and ALL of us their own article in our Jan-Feb 2017 have said or done dumb issue, PCN #45, as Revisiting December 31, 2009: words,’ with things before our thinking was PCN #3 (Jan-Feb 2010), “In additional I've been re-reading the changed! [So true! VSM 5/17] their own words,” with addi- figure , just Caltrans open-file report tional figure , just before their that includes information before their public announcement. It was for a mastodon butcher- VIRGINIA S TEEN -MCINTYRE , PhD, is public an- then called the Caltrans site. ing site in the San Diego a volcanic ash specialist; found- ing member of the Pleistocene area (1995), age roughly nouncement.” Why the bitter taste? No men- Coalition; and copy editor, au- tion of Hueyatlaco, even as an 300,000 years U-series on thor, and scientific consultant tusk, C14 dates infinite). *** Relevant acknowledged controversial for Pleistocene Coalition News . site. Hueyatlaco is officially Bones had been moved She began her lifelong associa- reprint series tion with the Hueyatlaco early ignored, again. They start off around and modified, associ- Tenacious interest man site in Mexico in 1966. Her continues with readers in their abstract listing the ated with a few large cobbles and stone flakes in a fine- story of suppression—now well- confused by Nature’s criteria proposed early sites known in the science commu- grained stream matrix (had 25-years-late publi- are required to meet for ac- nity—was first brought to public cation of the Cerutti/ ceptance: “(1) archaeological to have been brought in.) attention in Michael Cremo’s and Caltrans Mastodon site According to a note attached Richard Thompson’s classic as well as sending evidence is found in a clearly defined and undisturbed geo- to the report by our mur- tome, Forbidden Archeology , us various links and which was followed by a central logic context; (2) age is deter- dered colleague, the late materials. The confu- appearance in the NBC special, sion is understandable. mined by reliable radiometric Charles Repenning, the stone flakes could be fit to- Mysterious Origins of Man in It was Dr. Virginia dating; (3) multiple lines of 1996, hosted by Charlton Heston. gether to form small boul- Steen-McIntyre who evidence from interdisciplinary The program was aired twice on began discussing the studies provide consistent ders. They were using the NBC with mainstream scientists suppressed site dec- bipolar flaking technique, attempting to block it. ades before the Nature results; (4) unquestionable artefacts are found in primary placing a boulder on an anvil fiasco and PCN team and bashing the opposite end All of Virginia’s articles in PCN followed suit in detail in context.” Hueyatlaco has met can be accessed directly at the with another cobble to shat- the Parallel Timeline all of them. Then they write, following link: exposé reprinted from “The CM site is, to our knowl- ter it into a bunch of flakes, http:// our Cerutti Mastodon edge, the oldest in situ , well- then finding “expedient flakes” Site special issue. to use as tools. www.pleistocenecoalition.com/ documented archaeological #virginia_steen_mcintyre site in North America...” > Cont. on page 12

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Early man and multi-use tools By Tom Baldwin

A few years back, I dis- been useful cussed what I termed a for stripping Pleistocene ‘Swiss Army meat from a ’ (PCN #47, May-June bone or strip- 2017). I had found the ping bark from many years a small tree in prior in the hills near order to make . a shaft. It is an area known as Pleistocene Lake Manix. When I first found the At the time I found the tool, I won- artifact I would spend dered if its a weekend every month complexity working at Calico which, really had Fig. 1. How the multi-use stone tool fits into the at the time, was on my been planned hand as if molded to fit. The points to the way home from work out or if it was ‘concave’ sharpened edge that could be used for through the desert. I just a fortui- stripping meat from a bone or stripping bark from a liked getting off the tously shaped small tree in order to make a spear shaft. The tool’s main road near some flake that many features demonstrate the skill of the person who did the knapping. Photo by Tom Baldwin. high voltage towers some early crossing the desert man/woman Fig. 3 (on the following page) close to Calico. It was had seen possibilities in. My shows the concavity that lets “My a good area to find artifacts doubts were put to rest the grip the artifact. lying on the ground. 1 when I found doubts It also an almost shows the were put The tool I found is a curiously identical tool shaped artifact that fits per- large to rest in an exhibit amount fectly in a person’s right at the Calico when I hand for ease of use , sunken of ‘desert Early Man varnish’ found an on one side and bulging on Site’s Visitor the other ( Fig. 1 ). on this almost Center (that tool. The identical As for the artifact’s versatil- piece is actu- varnish tool... in ity, for one thing, it can be ally a casting slowly of the tool as an exhibit used like a knife, being builds up pointed and double edged. the real artifact on ob- at the Cal- Its point can also serve as a is kept in the jects that ico Early ‘’ which is a -like San Bernar- have Man Site’s tool for scoring or marking dino County rested on Museum). Visitor substances like leather when Fig. 2. The bulge on the ‘back’ side the de- making , or possibly Center.” Fig. 2 shows of the artifact that lends itself to a sert sur- marking a cliff face when the bulge on steady grip. Photo by Tom Baldwin. face for making rock art. the artifact great spans of time. That fact The artifact also has a concave that lends itself to the fin- further attests to the multi- portion that bears its own gers closing on the back use tool’s great age. sharp edge and would have side to hold it steady.

1 For our new readers, Calico was under the direction of famed anthropologist, Dr. Louis B. Leakey. Calico is the only site Dr. Leakey excavated in the Americas for which he had to face continuous harassment by mainstream archaeologists absorbed in the belief there were no early people in the Americas. The truth is, since Calico’s 50–200,000-year old dates were automatically unacceptable to them, they spent literally decades badmouthing Leakey including with personal attacks and accusations of mental instability, all because of Calico. Although Leakey was the world’s leading expert on Paleolithic stone tools those same archaeologists even today are so stuck they continue to claim Leakey’s artifacts were not made by man but were made by nature—calling them ‘geofacts.’ We at the Pleistocene Coalition have published over 40 articles on Calico since our first issue effectively disproving this school of thought. Go to our homepage and simply do a search for ‘calico’ and follow the links. All of my Calico articles in particular can be found at the following link: http://pleistocenecoalition.com/#tom_baldwin > Cont. on page 7

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Early man and multi-use tools (cont.)

The reason I bring the issue and evidence are reprinted is that the tools have multi-

of this tool up when I have in this issue) can be traced ple uses. The Neanderthal “Every time already written an article on and dated. tool was used to butcher the artifact is that the Rus- animals, scrape hides, and we turn sians have discovered an The artifact the Russians make other tools. around we artifact/tool that also has discovered has been dated multiple to about 60,000 years before These multi-use artifacts are uses. One present. I date mine to some- a testament to the ingenuity that they time between 25,000 and of Early Man. Every time we are calling 50,000 years BP. My date is turn around we find some also a Pleis- conjecture, but it is not just new proof our Homo erectus , tocene speculation. It is an educated Neanderthal, , “Swiss Army guess. I found it on the sur- Homo sapiens , or other Knife.” Al- face of the desert. The surface ‘hominid’ ancestors were though the in that area used to be part of more than grunting savages. term has the alluvial fan coming down They were intelligent crea- been used and out of the Calico Moun- tures just like ourselves. before, I tains. About 50,000 years ago like to won- the ground in the region up- lifted and the fan quit deposit- der if they TOM B ALDWIN is an award-winning got the idea ing new surface materials. At author, educator, and amateur from my that time the area was popu- archaeologist living in Utah. He article. PCN lated by Early Man, as well as has also worked as a successful newspaper columnist. Baldwin is read by other megafauna that lived Fig. 3 . The central concavity of the Lake along the shores of the nearby has been actively involved with Manix multi-use tool helps the thumb grip archaeolo- Pleistocene Lake Manix. We the Friends of Calico the artifact. This photo also shows the gists and (maintaining the controver- regularly find artifacts from large amount of ‘desert varnish’ on the those of sial Early Man Site in Barstow, tool. The varnish builds up on objects related dis- the ancient shoreline and back California) since the early days exposed on the surface of the desert for ciplines up into the hills. Very few are when famed anthropologist Louis long periods and attests to old dates of around the found down in what would Leakey was the site'’s excavation such artifacts. Photo by Tom Baldwin. have been the ancient lake Director (Calico is the only site in world and the Western Hemisphere which shared among peers—and, itself. About 25,000 years find some ago the lake broke through a was excavated by Leakey). Bald- indeed, many who have win's recent book, The Evening new proof our natural dam in the Afton Can- written us behind the and the Morning , is an entertain- Homo erectus , scenes (as it challenges yon area some 30 miles from ing fictional story based on the Neanderthal, long-held beliefs and as- Calico. The lake drained down true story of Calico. Apart from sumptions into what is today Death being one of the core editors of Valley and it never refilled. Pleistocene Coalition News, Bald- about early win has published 40 prior arti- human in- Since we don’t find tools and cles in PCN focusing on H. erec- telligence workshops, etc., below the old tus and early man in the Ameri- and capa- shoreline it is safe to assume cas. His articles on the bilities and, that when the lake disap- Denisovan sophistication enigma include: Denisovan bracelet: as has been peared the animals that called explained to Advanced technological skills in its shoreline home moved on early human groups is still re- us by open- and the early men with them. sisted ( PCN #35, May-June minded ex- So my artifact must have 2015), Those pesky perts, has been made some time be- (PCN #43, Sept-Oct 2016, our caused tween when the ground up- 7th Anniversary Issue), and Fig. 4 . A stone tool recently unearthed by problems Update and review of 'modern Kseniya Kolobova (Inst. of Archaeology and lifted and the lake drained, with their level' Denisovan culture c. 40- Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences) or 25–50,000 years ago.) 50,000 years ago ( PCN #50, and her team at Chagyrskaya Cave, Siberia, ‘not-so- The Russian tool has been at- Nov-Dec 2017), , is being attributed to Neanderthals. Like my objective’ Siberia: Art, craftsmanship, and tributed to Neanderthals living Lake Manix artifact it is also being compared peers), so telling DNA ( PCN #60, July- to a “Swiss Army Knife.” Image : IAET. the possibil- in Chagyrskaya Cave . This August 2019), and Denisovan ity, while cave, like the Denisova Cave, is news: Keeping these remarkable Denisovan… remote, is not implausible. found in the yet enigmatic people up front ancestors And, as I am told, many of Siberia. In fact, they are (PCN #62, Nov-Dec 2019). only about 60 miles apart. were… intel- such instances of inspiration Links to all of Baldwin’s articles or even ‘borrowing’ without The Neanderthal tool ( Fig. 4 ) on Calico, H. erectus , and many ligent crea- citation (such as Cerutti/ other topics can be found at: is different from mine. The tures just like Caltrans mastodon and Dr. reason we each chose to http://pleistocenecoalition.com/ Virginia Steen-McIntyre’s ourselves.” attach the ascription “Swiss index.htm#tom_baldwin tireless though perpetually Army Knife” to our artifacts un-acknowledged efforts

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VOLUME 12, ISSUE 2 P A G E 8

Member news and other info

Quick links to Anthropology’s false- public trusting it must be good continue making a scientifically- hoods by omission science. It isn’t. Recall our debunk unfounded distinction between main articles of Science’ s fiasco 2010 Neanderthals and ‘humans.’ -jf PCN reader and in PCN #63 : conning the public eclectic researcher, Longtime ‘figure stones’ P A G E 2 with one of the most Ed Swanzey, relayed collector Alan Day of Ohio blatant science propa- The Pillars of Hera- the following perspec- recently wrote us about con- cles, Part 1 [plasma, ganda campaigns tive from his son, an tinuing troubles in the subject rock art, Atlantis] ever attempted. As aerospace engineer: area and difficulties of getting Anthony Peratt long as central evi- collectors to raise the scientific P A G E 5 “Paradigm is an dence is blocked from bar per advice from Dr. Vir- The Pillars of excuse for Acade- the public anthro- ginia Steen-McIntyre and the Heracles, Part 2 mia to sell wrong pology can never be other PCN editors. Figure Anthony Peratt material in outra- trusted as a science. stones has been a contentious P A G E 7 geously priced The writers of the subject that Virginia managed. Lighting, heating textbooks without textbooks Swanzey Hopefully she will be back and during the authors having mentions are content soon to continue her open- the to do more work.” Link to PCN #63 Michael Gramly to ‘repackage’ the minded guidance to collectors. At PCN , we appreci- and Dennis Vesper same material. Degradation of Australian ate the many similar P A G E 1 0 What most people archaeology as a science observations don’t know is PBS 10 years ago in PCN equals the U.S: Longtime PCN from our readers. television is the Virginia’s Caltrans contributor and former 25-year For over 10 years same. It repackages suppression exposé employee of the Australian gov- we have provided already-disproved Virginia Steen-McIntyre ernment, archaeologist, Vesna interdisciplinary evi- beliefs with more P A G E 1 2 Tenodi, has for many years dence for the cor- eye candy—special Member news and informed readers on the collapse ruption of Paleo- effects, clever other info of Australian archaeology due to lithic–focused anthro- animations—and Our readers, Terry evidence destroyed for political Bradford, Virginia Steen- pology via the propa- overly-enthusiastic or ideological reasons. On the McIntyre, John Feliks ganda technique of ‘experts’ who could- ordinary citizens front she P A G E 1 3 ‘selective reporting.’ n’t tell you the first recently informed us that legally 1) Nevada ‘moose’ Link to PCN #62 thing about the non- Blocking evidence, or obtained stone artifacts had and 2) supportive inverte- the competitive non- been confiscated in a raid of a Persistent main- brate record. citation of pertinent residence by Australian officials stream skepticism It also propagates evidence such as the guided by so-called ‘experts’ Ray Urbaniak false claims such 250,000-year old justifying the raid by identifying P A G E 1 5 as 75,000-year old human presence in artifacts as Aboriginal. The level ‘Twisted perspec- engravings at Blom- Valsequillo, Mexico, of ‘expert’ training justifying tive’ in rock art bos are first evidence completely omitted a raid on personal property is Ray Urbaniak of symbolism (e.g., in the Cerutti Masto- revealed in that artifacts claimed P A G E 1 6 Great Human Odys- don Nature publica- to be ‘Aboriginal’ were actually Candidates for sey ) possible only by tion, is typical an- from ‘Texas’ legally purchased Paleolithic rhythmic omission of evidence thropology. It also online. The story echoes the notation 400,000 years older reflects anthropol- immeasurably greater problem John Feliks (Baldwin PCN #52). ogy’s preponderance of professionally-excavated evi- P A G E 1 7 Link to PCN #61 The Impact of Fos- of lone wolves be- When one looks dence dozens of millennia older sils , Installment 2 cause citing relevant objectively at such than could be claimed by any John Feliks prior evidence of which they programs one sees they are living groups being destroyed. P A G E 2 1 are already aware (the way of basically adult-oriented versions It is reminiscent of Calico, CA, Fraudulent reputable science) throws a of Sesame Street . Recall Ses- related by former Site Director supported by Aus- wrench into their claim- ame Street is where the archaeologist Fred Budinger: tralia’s mainstream ing priority as the “first” producers hid behind a The Calico Legacies , ( PCN Vesna Tenodi such evidence. For two-way recording #32, Nov-Dec 2014), Protect- P A G E 2 2 Pleistocene Coalition the eye-movements of ing Calico and Saving Calico Cannibalism in Pa- founding member, Dr. subject children’s reac- Early Man Site ( PCN #17, May- leolithic/ Virginia Steen-McIntyre tions to puppets and June 2012)—about a govern- Europe and beyond (p. 5 and pp. 20–25 * other giddy characters, ment-assigned archaeologist Vesna Tenodi this issue) Cerutti animations and music, systematically ‘obliterating’ the omission of prior key and quickly changed data of thousands of profes- *Regarding our evidence is only the sections where children looked sionally-recovered and cata- Cerutti Mastodon most recent in over 50 years away from the TV screen. That logued artifacts. The primary ‘Parallel Timeline’ of such methods. Unfortu- is PBS’ perennial ‘Neanderthal’ effect of such actions in both (pp. 20–25) one reader nately, science like this propa- programming. Omitting evi- and the U.S. is that stated they’d ‘never gated in journals like Science dence Neanderthals were as seen anything like it.’ of misleading the public re- and Nature further takes in a intelligent as us enables them to garding the Paleolithic past.

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Elaborated documentation of the mammoth/notation panel

By Ray Urbaniak , engineer; Mark Willis , archaeologist; Todd Ellis , photographer; and Braxton Ellis , photographer

In my earlier article, Dissecting a woolly mam- moth image (PCN #62, Nov-Dec 2019) , I detailed the deciphering of a mammoth image on a very old rock art panel ap- proximately 30′ above the ground in southern Utah. Mark Willis, an archaeolo- gist friend of mine from Texas, came up to Utah to do a 3D rendering of the panel using photogram- metry techniques . (Photogrammetry is the art and science of extract- “Braxton ing 3D information from was able photographs. The process to rappel involves taking overlap- ping photographs of an down the object, structure, or cliff-side space, and converting to the them into 2D or 3D digital panel and models.) get a few Professional photographer, close-up Todd Ellis, ferried us and our equipment out to the shots.” site on his two ATVs. In order to facilitate this Fig. 1. Photographer Braxton Ellis rappelling down to the “Mammoth” panel photography I configured I discovered in southwest Utah containing depictions of animals and a drop down pole to hold possibly the oldest Paleo-American rhythmic notation. Photo: Ray Urbaniak. Mark Willis’ camera as well as provide a way to high with an equivalent layer above it of equal maneuver the camera. Un- layer of rock above it. As it thickness, meaning my pole configuration was approxi- mately 6′ short. Fortunately, Todd Ellis’ son Braxton Ellis, is an accom- plished climber and had brought his gear. Braxton was able to rappel down the cliff-side to the panel and get a few close-up shots. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The right photo in Fig. 2 shows the possible rhythmic notation glyph Fig. 2. Left: Braxton rappelling to photograph the panel. Photo: Ray Urbaniak. Right: Medium- detailed in PCN #63 . close shot of the panel’s possible rhythmic notation petroglyph. Photo: Braxton Ellis. Todd Ellis brought his cam- turned out, the panel was fortunately, I underesti- era as well including a pow- closer to 6′ deep, and the mated the panel to be 3′ > Cont. on page 10

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Elaborated documentation of the mammoth/notation panel (cont.)

erful telephoto lens with An additional bonus of the The panel also appears to which Mark Willis was also visit by Mark’s team was depict an extinct pronghorn able to get additional pho- that Todd also photo- . I have also pro- tos from vided exten- below. sive photo- graphic rock Although art evidence the 3D contradict- “Todd Ellis modeling ing estab- mentioned didn’t turn lished belief out as well that these archaeolo- as it could gists doing animals, as have, had well, were not a recent we been in this area dig… able to use when humans the poles, first arrived found an the tele- approxi- in North photo im- America. mately ages were 10,000- very good. Todd Ellis mentioned year old Fig. 4 is archaeolo- Folsom one of the gists doing point… photos a recent dig taken by less than in prepara- Mark Willis tion for a 10 miles using Todd new high- away. This Ellis’s cam- Fig. 4. Close-up of the mammoth panel showing an extinct ‘llama’ (upper left), proposed mammoth portrait with domed head, eye, way have further era and found an long tele- and trunk, with trunk fingers (upper right), and the possible earliest supports Native American rhythmic notation (the lower right). Photo by approxi- photo lens. Mark Willis using Todd Ellis’ telephoto lens. mately my find- Since the 10,000 year ings sug- mammoth graphed another panel old and gesting an image in the upper right is stemmed points at a dig site still difficult to see for most nearby which appears to old age for depict Siberian ibex and less than 10 miles away. This people, I include Fig. 5 further supports my find- the panel. from the original PCN #62 extinct pronghorns. See Figs. 7–8 on the following ings suggesting an old age I confirmed article that for the this Folsom featured a panel. I light outlin- point find confirmed ing of the this Folsom with a local mammoth point find archaeolo- image de- with a local gist friend, tail for eas- archaeolo- ier viewing gist friend, Greg (Fig. 5 .). Woodall.” Greg Using infor- Woodall. mation The report from all of has not yet the photos been pub- combined Fig. 5. Lightly-outlined enhanced-for-clarity version of the mammoth lished. Mark was petroglyph from PCN #62 , compared with a modern Asian elephant. While at the able to cre- site I also ate a 3D composite of the page. This is significant as spent an hour or so look- panel (See Fig. 6 on the according to mainstream ing amongst the extensive following page) which helps views, the animals were surface flake debris—the to support my propositions in not supposed to have ever debris from stone tool the original article. As noted lived in this area. Recall, to manufacture—and I could above, the quality was some- the contrary, that I have not find a single potsherd. what reduced being minus provided much rock art This further confirms my the view from the drop down evidence of their presence belief as to a likely old age poles. However, Mark plans and other Ice Age animals for the panel since there on returning to the site for a in many prior articles. was not any Pueblo era better 3D rendering in July. > Cont. on page 11

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Elaborated documentation of the mammoth/notation panel (cont.)

occupation of this particu- lar site.

RAY U RBANIAK is an engineer by “The panel training and profession; also ap- however, he is pears to an artist and depict an passionate amateur arche- extinct ologist at heart pronghorn with many years of sys- species. tematic field I have... research in Native Ameri- provided can rock art of extensive the Southwest photo- and other top- ics. Urbaniak graphic has written rock art over 30 prior articles with evidence original rock art contradict- photography for Fig. 6. Composite 3D-enhanced rendition of the mammoth panel by Mark Willis. The ing estab- PCN . All of quality was somewhat reduced as we were missing the primary shots we had anticipated them can be from the drop-down poles. Mark plans to return to the site for a better 3D rendering in July. lished be- found at the lief that following link: these ani- http://pleistocenecoalition.com/ mals… index.htm#ray_urbaniak were not in this area MARK W ILLIS is an archaeolo- when hu- gist who spe- mans first cializes in pho- togrammetry, arrived in remote sensing, North and aerial pho- America.” tography by way of UAV’s (unmanned aerial vehicles) such as kites, blimps, and drones gener- ally, including A bonus of the excursion was that Todd Ellis photographed another panel nearby SfM (structure Fig. 7. which appears to depict Siberian ibex and extinct pronghorns. from motion) mapping of archaeological sites in dense jungles. He has over 25 years field experience internationally in many differ- ent countries. Willis has worked as prin- cipal investiga- tor, project archeologist, Fig. 8. Detail of the nearby panel photographed by Todd Ellis which appears to depict Siberian ibex and crew leader and extinct pronghorns. Contrary to mainstream insistence such are obviously not bighorn sheep. in large survey excavations and planning pro- jects in the western .

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Another possibility regarding hand stencils in France By Ray Urbaniak Engineer, rock art researcher, and preservationist

It is well known that many affects the Ice Age hand stencils in pinky France have missing digits. and ring Over the decades it has fingers,” been suggested this is a i.e. the result of injuries; ritual impres- mutilation; frostbite; dis- sion one eases such as leprosy; or, might get in a more positive vein, a by view- of sign in ing the which the digits were de- Cosquer liberately curled inward. Cave For an overview, see pp. images. 58–79 in Jean Clottes and In mod- Jean Courtin’s Cave Be- erate to neath the Sea: Paleolithic severe Images at Cosquer . cases, Fig. 1. Hand stencils in Cosquer Cave, France, purported to prove Paleolithic people cut off their fingers as a form “Curiously, they I had fully accepted that these of ‘ritual sacrifice’ appearing in the Canadian National Post I don’t re- write, the and The Province ; Dec. 5, 2018. Photo: Jean Clottes. call seeing theories pretty much covered condition all the bases until my atten- a positive “can lead to hand deformi- tive hand stencil. One could tion was grabbed by one par- ties that greatly impact not make a positive handprint hand stamp ticular photo from Cosquer daily activities.” since ones fingers would be in with miss- Cave. It is from an article the way which would prevent -Countryside Orthopaedics— ing digits. called ‘Canadian researchers them from pushing the hand say they can explain these Physical & Hand Therapy All the flat against the rock face. It is imprints of disfigured human Dupuytrens-contracture is very possible Dupuytren’s con- prints I re- hands’ (Dec. 5, 2018) online fairly common in Northern traction could account for many call with edition of Canada’s National Europe including France and prints attributed to mutilation. missing dig- Post . See Fig. 1 . Another Ca- in those of Northern Euro- nadian magazine, The Province In an earlier article I showed its are nega- pean ancestry (it is different (same date), was even bolder from ‘trigger finger’). It can how some hand stencils tive hand in its conviction that the final affect in excess of 30% of the could have been made using stencils.” explanation had been found: population over the age of 50, a piece of fur to dust fine “Cave art of disfigured hands in certain countries. Granted, over the hand after proves Paleolithic people cut most Ice Age people didn’t spit spraying water on the their fingers off as sacrifice, live to be over 50, but some surface of the cave wall SFU researchers say.” I believe did, such as the ‘Old Man of (Experimental archaeology and ‘proves’ is too strong a word La Chapelle.’ Also, Dupuy- Paleolithic-style hand stencils, for this single explanation. tren’s contracture does affect PCN #56, Nov-Dec 2018). some younger people as well. So, just as there is another As soon as I saw the photo I way hand stencils could have remembered my Great Uncle Notice the positive red hand been made, I suggest that Henry who had a severe stamp over the negative hand some negative hand stencils case of what is known as stencil (arrow) of the cave with missing digits could Fig. 2. An exam- Dupuytren’s Contracture in ple of Dupuytren’s painting. It appears to have all indeed be by individuals his right hand. It is a condi- Contracture in of the digits. Curiously, I don’t with varying degrees of which a person’s tion in which one’s fingers recall seeing a positive hand Dupuytren’s contracture. fingers bend over are bent over permanently. stamp with missing digits. All permanently. Fig. 2 shows an example the prints I recall with missing RAY U RBANIAK is an engineer by Image: Country- almost identical to what my digits are negative hand sten- training and profession; how- side Orthopae- uncle’s hand looked like except ever, he is an artist and passion- dics—Physical & cils. If someone had Dupuy- that his little and ring fingers ate amateur archeologist at Hand Therapy tren’s contracture it would be almost touched his palm. heart with many years of sys- website (flipped impossible to make a posi- tematic field research in Native and rotated). (Coincidentally, my great tive hand stamp while one American rock art of the South- uncle was French Canadian. could easily make a positive He died at the age of 102.) west and other topics. Urbaniak hand stamp if they had miss- has written over 30 prior articles On the Countryside Orthopae- ing fingers. If one had Dupuy- with original rock art photogra- dics website with the hand tren’s contracture the only phy for PCN . All of them can be found at the following link: picture they explain that while way one could leave their mark it is possible for Dupuytren’s would be by putting their hand http://pleistocenecoalition.com/ disease to impact any fingers against the rock face with the index.htm#ray_urbaniak (or even the thumb) it “mainly palm up and creating a nega-

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Possible locations of Pleistocene rock art in North America

By Ray Urbaniak Engineer, rock art researcher, and preservationist

Nearly 340 have At the Last been discovered in France Glacial Maxi- and Spain with prehis- mum c. toric artwork in them. 27,000 years While researching Pleisto- ago the cave cene cave art in these two entrance countries it finally struck (now 121 feet Fig. 1. Entrance to Cosquer Cave in southern France me just how much lower below sea when it was discovered in 1985. The entrance was sea level was around the level) was 121 feet below sea level. Wikimedia Commons. Glacial Maximum period. 330 feet With such a dramatic sea above sea level rise since that time it level. To give is likely that a large num- a better ber of additional caves sense of the have been inundated by difference, I sea level rise and glacial modified the melting many of which Wikimedia “How many probably contained cave art Commons other now at one time or another. sketch to roughly show sunken cave In 1985, Cosquer Cave was location of entrances discovered off the coast of the cave’s Marseille, France, by Henri Fig. 2. Cross-section of Cosquer Cave entrance modi- might have entrance fied to roughly show how high above sea level the cave Cosquer. When it was dis- when it was led to similar covered, the entrance was was during the the Global Last Glacial Maximum 27,000 painted dur- years ago—when its oldest paintings were created. chambers 121 feet below sea level with ing the Global during the a dry gallery 360 feet into Last Glacial maximum c. not yet been discovered, but Last Glacial the cave ( Fig. 1 ). The dry 27,000 years ago ( Fig. 2 ). also that there are likely gallery is at a point above Maximum?” underwater Pleistocene era current sea level, containing Cave Paintings which are tens caves along the coasts of cave art from two periods: of thousands of years old North America (see Fig. 4 only survive under on the following page). ideal conditions. This chamber must have Most, if not all, of the cave met that criteria art such North American while the rest of the caves potentially contained art in the chamber’s would have been destroyed access cave was over time. Yet, it is still effectively destroyed possible that some off shore by rising water—if caves in North America not earlier from could still contain Pleisto- thousands of years cene cave art and could of wind and changing eventually be discovered. temperature and The odds are low since humidity. How many there are no known long- other now sunken term early settlement sites cave entrances in North America such as might have led to there are in Europe. Some similar chambers areas in France and Spain during the Last Gla- had relatively large concen- Fig. 3. Dotted outlines show the familiar shorelines of southern cial Maximum? See trated populations during Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. One can easily see the the ancient shore- the late Pleistocene. If there vast stretches of land available for one-time cave sites. Detail of lines map ( Fig. 3 ). were such large habitation unattributed map at http://www.dandebat.dk/eng-klima5.htm. sites in North America they This map suggests now lie underwater on the 27,000 years ago and that not only are there many continental shelf. 19,000 years ago. caves along the French and Spanish coasts which have > Cont. on page 14

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Possible locations of North American Pleistocene art (cont.)

“It is possible However, it is possible some of sand in these valleys over apparently at ground level caves with Pleistocene art- time through the actions of when the rock art was cre- some caves work on land survived wind and rain deposition. ated (see Fig. 6 on the following page). Similarly, I have seen areas in the Southwest where rock art has been completely buried by sand (see Fig. 7 on the following page). In 2009 a land owner in Arizona showed me some rock art that ap- peared on his property where a panel was ex- posed after a big storm. He said that it had previously been buried by a 30 foot sand drift (see Fig. 8 on the following page). Based on the varying ages of the rock art on this approximately 15 foot high panel, it ap- pears it was repeatedly Fig. 4. Very likely, there are underwater Pleistocene era caves along the coasts of North America. partially uncovered to Not being able to find any would more likely be the result of mainstream refusal to look due to the completely uncovered long-held-to belief there were no early Americans than to at least some not being preserved. and re-covered with sand multiple times through being buried by with Pleisto- Over many thousands of over long periods. The sand ( Fig. 5 ). I personally years there are also places photo shows one of the cene artwork know of a few very old cave where the opposite has oldest images despite being on land sur- art sites in southern Utah happened, soil has eroded near the top of the panel. The petroglyph was about 10-15 feet off the ground. I looked across from the panel where the rock face was still covered with sand and the exposed rock was at almost the same elevation. I scrambled up the dune to the face of the rock and carefully scraped away a few inches of sand and found there, as expected. They are most likely the tip of a petroglyph panel iceberg. The rock art below this sand should last a long time Fig. 5. It is possible that some as yet undiscovered caves containing Pleistocene artwork in North since it is protected by America survived through being buried by sand as depicted at bottom of drawing. Ray Urbaniak. the sand from most of the weather. and the Arizona strip with away verses being depos- vived through I asked archaeologist friend rocky, sandy locations ited. For instance, I have Mark Willis ( http:// being buried where this is possible. There found many rock art sites by sand.” has been a deep deposition high up on cliffs which were > Cont. on page 15

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Possible locations of North American Pleistocene art (cont.)

“Cave art in palentier.blogspot.com/ ) if cave art sites on land that rock art photography for PCN . sand-buried ground penetrating radar contain only Pleistocene All of them can be found at the could detect buried caves. I following link: caves…sealed art. Cave art in sand-buried

Fig. 6. I have found many rock art panels high up on cliffs which—even though other explanations are possible—were presumably at ground level when the rock art was initially created. Left: Proposed changes for an erosion model. Right: Upward shot of panel whose location is indicated in the image at left. Photos by Ray Urbaniak.

for many wasn’t certain whether the caves that has been sealed http://pleistocenecoalition.com/ thousands of radar just penetrated verti- for many thousands of index.htm#ray_urbaniak cally or years and if the protected radar from de- flared struction out. by wind and changes in He said tempera- the ra- ture and dar did humidity flare out may still and exist. could detect

buried RAY U RBA- caves. I NIAK is an believe engineer by this is a training project and profes- worth sion; how- ever, he is pursu- an artist ing. and pas- Ground sionate pene- amateur Fig. 7. Example of rock art which had been trating archeolo- prior buried by sand for an undetermined gist at time. In 2009 a land owner in Arizona radar can pos- heart with showed me this rock art that became visible many years Fig. 8. After documenting the panel in Fig. 7, I on his property after a big storm relating sibly of system- scrambled up the dune to the rock face and care- that it had previously been buried by a 30 detect atic field fully cleared away a few inches of sand. As ex- foot sand drift. The photo shows one of the buried research in pected, this revealed more petroglyphs. These faint oldest images despite being near the top of caves in Native images are most likely only a small portion of a the panel. I looked across from the panel much larger decorated panel more likely than not this SW American where the rock face was still covered with rock art of better preserved having been protected from sand and the exposed rock was at almost region weather by accumulated sand for a long time (Ed. and po- the South- the same elevation. (Ed. adjusted bright- west and adjusted brightness and contrast for clarity). ness and contrast for clarity). tentially other top- prove ics. Urbaniak has written over the existence of Pleistocene years… may 30 prior articles with original still exist.”

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The Impact of Fossils A paper on Paleolithic and its possible influence on early humans, text pp. 113–116 By John Feliks

The Impact of Fossils PCN full-text 3rd Installment “Both the mold on the Development of continuing from Installment 2 (the negative (after ‘Observation and collecting of Visual Representation fossils during Palaeolithic times’)... likeness) and John Feliks. 1998. Rock Art Re- Part II cast of a fossil search 15: 109–134. [Submitted 1995, 1997, were paying closer attention to PERSPECTIVES ON THE T RAN- 1998. See the rock with which they were SITION FROM N ATURAL TO PCN #61 making their tools. , chert (Sept-Oct ARTIFICIAL R EPRESENTATION and other core substances of- ten contain fossils. It is hard to 2019) for revealing and emphasizing the full story imagine that fossils would not natural imagery through have been considered, or, more of the pa- the making of stone tools per, experts’ likely, deeply pondered, as they responses Retrospective predictability #1: periodically popped into view in to its sup- Acheulian fossil collecting the process of stone toolmaking. pression, Self-contained referent/icons and what Once controversial, evidence At the Permian-age seafloor diorama, this serial- pointing toward personal or- Through making stone tools Field Museum of Natural History , Chicago. ized ver- namentation and symbolic (with fossiliferous core materi- The author’s lifelong study of fossils began sion hopes or image-making skills in the als) prehistoric people would c. age 8. Photo May 1962 by V. Feliks. to fulfill.] Acheulian is increasingly being have had innumerable oppor- cited in the present decade tunities to observe both mold are readily ABSTRACT (Bednarik 1993, 1995; Bahn and cast of individual fossils, seen when The origins of visual representation 1991, 1997, 1998; Bradshaw simultaneously. Both the mold have been debated primarily in and Rogers 1993; Bradshaw (the negative likeness) and rocks are terms of human activity and psy- 1997; Marshack 1991b, 1997; cast of a fossil are readily seen cracked open. chology. This paper proposes that Goren-Inbar et al. 1991, 1995; when rocks are cracked open. manmade representation was ...the two cor- Hayden 1993). The evidence Hence, the two corresponding preceded by a natural, already includes petroglyphs, portable halves can easily be matched. quite perfected representational responding engravings, fossil-ornamented This matching process has system, the products of which were halves can significant implications. observed and collected by early stone tools, personal ornaments easily be humans. The author suggests (including possible fossil orna- Observing both molds and casts, matched.” the following new hypotheses: ments), and an example of a prehistoric persons would, cer- ‘figurine.’ It is noteworthy that tainly, have grasped their relat- 1.) Fossils were a means by which these developments, primarily edness, particularly if they ob- human beings came to under- in the medium of rock, coincide Click here for stand the concepts of ‘imagery’ served the process of the casts the Introductory chronologically with the earliest coming out from the molds. and ‘substitution’ prior to the examples of fossil collecting and article describing creation of manmade images. Understanding that the two the paper’s sup- the working of stone artifacts halves were related and that to highlight embedded fossils. pression by com- 2.) Humans evolved their own each half implied the other, is petitive editors forms of iconic visual represen- In the words of Oakley, the a cognitive step well within tation (especially those in the Acheulians are the first people reach of any prehistoric person and researchers medium of rock), having first known to have ‘paid attention intelligent enough to make a countered by been made aware of various to fossils’ (1973: 59). But this ‘handaxe.’ It would not have quotations from possibilities via fossils. eminent experts mindfulness has a certain ret- required a great leap of in many fields 3.) Many unexplained prehistoric rospective predictability about for such a person to realize that (PCN #61, Sept- artworks may be structurally it. Namely, the refinements in the mold of a fossil represented and proportionally accurate Oct 2019). toolmaking which occurred the cast of the fossil, because depictions of fossils . during the Acheulian are unde- the mold would have sufficiently Click here for and immediately communicated Because fossils are known niably synonymous with the PCN full-text 7 throughout the world, the hy- fact that the makers of the tools the existence of the cast. Installment 1 potheses have cross-cultural (PCN #62, Nov- validity. Clinical studies offer the 7 Fossil molds and casts may have played another part in the development Dec 2019). potential of analogical testability. of early man’s abstract thinking. They may have assisted him in grasping the concept of opposites . More so than any other natural phenomenon, Click here for KEY WORDS fossil molds and casts display opposite images instantaneously, when PCN full-text • Iconic recognition fossiliferous rocks are cracked open. The significance of this instantaneous Installment 2 • Depiction effect is that two opposite images can be compared side-by-side the (PCN #63, Jan- • moment they are discovered. Since much of Paleolithic technology re- Feb 2020). • Rock art sign volved around the working of stone, it can be assumed that such experi- • Fossil collecting ences occurred on a regular basis. > Cont. on page 17

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The Impact of Fossils (cont.)

Actively revealing natural attention by Oakley (1973, 1981) here at 75% reduction. The representations and making and continues to be a principle studies were made using two- images visible citation in discussions on early dimensional line drawings of the “It is note- ‘aesthetic sensibilities’ (e.g., artifact (actual size 135 mm X Cracking open rocks and reveal- Pfeiffer 1982; Dissanayake 1989; 78 mm). Reference points were worthy that ing natural images could have Hayden 1993; Bradshaw and established differently in each to Rogers see if different approaches would 1993; yield similar results. In the first Bradshaw study, I created a non-arbitrary 1997; triangle reference based on the Bahn 1997, artifact’s longest dimensions 1998). (Fig. 2a). In the second study, I divided the artifact into four Oakley equal quadrants of two- noted that dimensional surface area start- the fossil ing with a vertical line from the was on a artifact’s non-arbitrary, assumed weathered utilitarian, point—here desig- portion of nated as vertex ( Fig. 2b ). The the block of results of these two studies flint from support a deliberate design which the interpretation, and suggest a tool was great precision of workman- fashioned, ship and sense of visual bal- suggesting ance (consider Marshack 1990: that the 460–1; Gowlett 1984: 185–6): stone may have been Geometric Study 1: Fig. 2a chosen (X 0.75) because of 1) In triangle ABC , median AL the fossil nearly bisects the umbo (or visible on Fig. 2. Centrality and symmetry of ‘iconic image’ in the West Tofts handaxe. Note: beak) of the fossil shell. Figures in this PCN series are numbered according to the original published article. its surface. He also 2) Median lines BN and CM caused prehistoric persons to noted that a great deal of care also contact the umbo within these devel- think that their efforts played a had been taken to avoid chipping one millimeter of median AL . part in creating those images. the fossil while shaping the stone opments, 3) Centroid T (the point at These persons would indeed into a handaxe, and that the primarily in which all three medians meet) have been actively responsible fossil was left occupying a cen- is located directly ‘beneath’ the medium for making images visible . The tral position in the finished tool. the umbo of the fossil shell. In of rock, co- process of revealing natural The chipped area of the imple- actual visual effect the shell is iconic imagery (of varying levels incide ment approaches closely three- pointing directly at centroid T. of iconic quality) over hundreds quarters of the fossil’s perime- chronologi- of millennia might also prime the 4) Midpoints M and N, at ter without touching the fossil; cally with capacity for projection of iconicity which medians BN and CM the effect is that of framing into randomly-made human contact the sides opposite the earliest the fossil. The chipped outline markings (as per Davis 1986; see their vertices, occur at the examples of the handaxe itself further also Bednarik 1994a). The theory outer edges of the fossil serves to frame the fossil within of fossil that manmade representation shell. Hence, the triangle a conventional Acheulian de- evolved out of natural represen- formed by M, N, and cen- collecting sign. Since the fossil was visible tation fits well with Davidson troid T is directly superim- and the before the stone was worked, and Noble’s assertion that there posed over the shape of the the possibility that the fossil working of could have been no intention to fossil shell. Note also that influenced the shaping of the stone arti- depict if there were not first the medians BN and CM follow handaxe cannot be ignored. knowledge of the ‘possibility’ the radiating rib lines of the facts to As Schapiro (1969: 228) of depiction (1989: 129). fossil shell. highlight might describe it, ‘The image embedded the earliest iconic image comes first and the frame is 5) Line GH , drawn through ‘framed’ by a human being traced around it’ ( Fig. 2a ). the center of the fossil shell, fossils.” divides the handaxe into two The most famous example of Although always noted that the parts with equal edge meas- fossil collecting by early humans fossil is emphasized by its cen- urements. These two parts, is an Acheulian handaxe from tral positioning, exactly how for convenience, will be West Tofts, Norfolk, in England, central a position this is had called ‘triangle’ AGH, and which contains a fossil scallop never been explored prior to ‘quadrilateral’ GBCH . Specifi- shell ( Spondylus spinosus ). The my geometric studies circulated cally, the outline of the artifact, dated at about 250,000 in earlier drafts of this paper BP, was first brought to academic (1993–1995) which I reproduce > Cont. on page 18

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The Impact of Fossils (cont.)

‘triangle’ created by following centroid point T (determined seeing the fossil shell as little the outer edge of the han- in Fig. 2a). Put in other words, more than an “interesting daxe is approximately 241 a line drawn between geo- pattern.” But this unneces- metric sary perspective presupposes center R that the toolmaker never saw and cen- a living shell! Various pecti- troid point nidae such as Chlamys varia T follows (Variegated Scallop), Chla- the cen- mys ( Aequipecten) opercu- tral rib laris (Queen Scallop), and lines of Pectin maximus (Great Scal- the fossil lop), are common along the shell. not-too-distant coastline, as are many other shells (Brand Apart 1991; McMillan 1968; Tebble from the 1966). Assuming similar fossil’s fauna 250,000 years ago, it remarkable is only befitting that our centrality, Acheulian toolmaker (and/or there is any others of his/her time the who may have seen the han- equally daxe) be given the intellec- interest- tual credit for recognizing the ing factor fossil not as just an interest- of its ing pattern but as an ‘image’ symme- of a scallop shell. That the try. Like scallop image (and brachio- the han- pod image of similar design) daxe it- holds a special attraction for Fig. 2 replica. Centrality and symmetry of ‘iconic image’ in the West Tofts han- self, the human beings, both prehis- daxe. Figure reproduced for ease of comparing geometric studies with the text. fossil shell toric and modern, is well- is of the established (see Cox 1957, bilaterally-symmetric variety mm. The outline of the and references cited in Part I). (Superfamily Pectinacea— “Per- ‘quadrilateral’ created by scalloplike); and, for all prac- haps the following the outer edge of Continued in PCN Installment 4* tical purposes the shell can the handaxe is also approxi- most be said to be in symmetrical mately 241 mm. pro- alignment within the artifact, found Geometric Study 2: Fig. 2b its umbo (or beak) pointing References for the 1998 (X 0.75) in the exact opposite direc- paper for this section only implica- tion as the point of the han- follow. This Installment 3 1.) When an image of the tion of daxe. This symmetrical align- represents pp. 113–116 handaxe is divided length- ment between fossil and arti- (through the top of p. 116) the West wise into two halves of equal fact suggests an interest in of the 1998 RAR publication. Tofts surface area (approximately bilateral symmetry apart 37.5 square centimeters *Installment 4 in the next handaxe from that indicated by the each) bisector line WX issue begins with: making of bilaterally- is that it crosses directly through the symmetric, tear-shaped The medium of rock as contains umbo of the fossil shell. tools. This is significant since image field an iconic 2.) When the handaxe is the bilaterally-symmetric image subdivided into four parts of shapes of Acheulian han- “Why create iconic images framed equal surface area daxes are continually cited as in rock?” by a hu- (approximately 18.75 square one of the earliest signs of “Race cryptomnesia” centimeters each) geometric ‘aesthetic’ interest. man be- center R is determined. This “Retrospective predictability Symmetrical alignments have central point is synonymous No. 2: What rock art and fos- ing.” been noted in other artifacts with the central point of the sils have in common” from this time period, as well ellipse suggested by the (e.g., Bednarik 1988: 99). smoothed portion of the fos- sil shell. But perhaps the most pro- References found implication of the West 3.) If a line ( PQ ) is drawn Tofts handaxe is that it con- Bahn, P. G. from point R through the tains an iconic image framed 1991. Pleistocene images center of the umbo of the outside Europe. Proceedings by a human being. Previous fossil shell, the shell is di- of the Prehistoric Society discussions of the artifact, vided into two near equal 57(1): 91–102. for no apparent reason, parts. Line PQ also crosses seem to limit its maker to > Cont. on page 19

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The Impact of Fossils (cont.)

Bahn, P. G. (cont.) on humankind . ‘Shell’ The emergence of modern 1997. Journey through the Transport and Trading Com- humans: an archaeological Ice Age . University of Cali- pany, Limited, London. perspective , pp. 457–498. fornia Press, Berkeley and Cornell University Press, Los Angeles. Davidson, I. and W. Noble Ithaca, N.Y. 1989. The archaeology of “This sym------1998. The Cambridge illus- perception: traces of depic------1991b. A reply to Davidson metrical trated history of prehistoric tion and language. Current on Mania and Mania. Rock art . Cambridge University Anthropology 30: 125–55. Art Research 8(1): 47–58. alignment Press, Cambridge. between Davis, W. ------1997. The Berekhat Ram Bednarik, R. G. 1986a . The Origins of Im- figurine: a late Acheulian fossil and 1988. Comment on D. Mania age Making. Current An- carving from the Middle artifact and U. Mania, ‘Deliberate thropology 27: 193–215. East. Antiquity 71: 327–37. engravings on artefacts of suggests Homo erectus’ . Rock Art Dissanayake, E McMillan, N. F. an interest Research 5: 91–107. 1989. What is art for? Uni- 1968. British shells . Freder- versity of Washington ick Warne & Co. Ltd, Lon- in bilateral ------1993. Palaeolithic art in Press, Seattle and London. don. symmetry India. Man and Environment 18: 33-40. Goren-Inbar, N., Z. Lewy, and M. E. Oakley, K. P. apart from Kislev 1973. Fossil shell observed that indi------1994a The Discrimination 1991. Beadlike fossils from by Acheulian man. Antiq- of Rock Markings. Rock Art an Acheulian occupation uity 47: 59–60. cated by Research 11: 23–44. site, Israel. Rock Art Re- the mak- search 8: 133–6. ------1981. The emergence of ------1995. Concept-mediated higher thought 3.0–0.2 Ma ing of bi- marking in the Lower Pa------1995. Additional remarks on B.P. In The emergence of laterally- laeolithic. Current Anthro- the Berekhat Ram figurine. man, pp. 205–211 . Organ- pology 36: 605–34. Rock Art Research 12: 131–2. ized by J. Z. Young, E. M. symmet- Jope, and K. P. Oakley. The ric, tear- Bradshaw, J. L. Gowlett, J. A. J. Royal Society and the Brit- 1997. : a 1984. Mental abilities of ish Academy, London. shaped neuropsychological perspec- early man: a look at some tools. ... tive . Psychology Press Ltd, hard evidence. In R. Foley Pheiffer, J.E. East Sussex. (ed.), Hominid evolution 1982. The creative explo- the bilat- and community ecology: sion: an inquiry into the erally- Bradshaw, J. L., and L. J. Rogers prehistoric human adapta- origins of art and religion . 1993. The evolution of lat- tion in biological perspec- Harper & Row, New York. symmetric eral asymmetries, language, tive , pp. 167–192. Academic shapes of tool use, and intellect . Aca- Press, London. Schapiro, M. demic Press, Inc., New York. 1969. On some problems in Acheulian Hayden, B. the semiotics of visual art: handaxes Brand, A. R. 1993. The cultural capaci- field and vehicle in image- 1991. Scallop ecology: dis- ties of Neandertals: a re- sgns. Semiotica 1(3): 223– are con- tributions and behaviour. In view and re-evaluation. 42. tinually S. E. Shumway (ed.), Scal- Journal of Human Evolution lops: biology, ecology and 24: 113–46. Tebble, N. cited as aquaculture . , Am- 1966. British bivalve sea- one of the sterdam. Marshack, A. shells: a handbook for iden- 1990. Early hominid symbol tification . The British Mu- earliest Cox, I. (ed.) and evolution of the human seum of Natural History, signs of 1957. The scallop: studies capacity. In P. Mellars (ed.), London. of a shell and its influences ‘aesthetic’

interest.” “The only scientific hypothesis of which I am aware concerning the West Tofts object, or indeed the entire issue, is that presented by Feliks… He tested the centrality and symmetry of the West Tofts specimen’s Spondylus spinosus cast by geometric means that lend themselves to refutation. His finding that the posi- tioning is indeed significant and intentional is based on transparent data open to testing, and until some- one presents falsifying data or proposes a more parsimonious hypothesis to account for Feliks’ data, his hypotheses stands as the most likely explanation. Those wishing to promote the non-utilitarian aspects of other stone artifacts might profit from examining how Feliks approached the issue―not necessarily to copy his methodology, but to copy his philosophical basis. This may sound a little over-rigorous, but in view of our predilection for detecting evidence of intentionality it is fully warranted.” –Robert Bednarik, IFRAO Convener, Editor of Rock Art Research and competitive theorist with conflicts of interest, after being called to account for his paper, The Earliest Evidence of Palaeoart ( RAR 2003: 89–135) sold as a comprehen- sive overview. In the paper, Bednarik omitted the West Tofts handaxe—long regarded one of the most significant pieces of evidence of Homo erectus intelligence—published by this author on invitation of Bednarik in his RAR journal (1998). Bednarik’s comment on The Impact of Fossils’ geometric studies came five years after playing down the paper due to his competitive theories and permanently withholding its PDF from the author and others requesting it. This was after pro- moting a competitor’s paper that used The Impact of Fossils as its topic inspiration and structural template without aptly citing it (the start of a pattern). Bednarik’s opinion of the West Tofts studies’ scientific merit was hidden in an obscure Reply (pp. 122–3) after the author commented on his omission of the artifact. Conflicts of interest by those in positions of authority (epitomized by Dr. Virginia Steen-McIntyre’s 50-year suppression) shows the dogmatic and lone-wolf problems in anthropology. The public should not be kept in the dark on the modern-level capabilities of Homo erectus and Neanderthals.

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Cerutti Mastodon publication after “25 years” *

What was actually behind the infamous suppression and publication? The answers are not as clear-cut as Nature and other popular venues are saying, Part 1

By John Feliks; informed by PCN editors Dr. Virginia Steen-McIntyre, Tom Baldwin, and David Campbell; and PC records; Chris Hardaker; the San Diego Cerutti Team’s “Discovery Timeline;” and other sources as credited

This side-by-side timeline the Americas has already been dismisses established artifacts compares Pleistocene Coali- long-forwarded and established. from older sites as mere rocks tion documentation with the As critics of Nature have recently only “resembling” stone tools. “First, Cerutti Timeline. It provides published, the evidence as pre- This standard claim can be ques- the prob- missing perspective on how CM sented does not match the bold- tioned by looking at the Figures Site authors’ confidence was ness of claims made for Cerutti in Hardaker’s, Baldwin’s, and lem is interwoven with the PC and Mastodon as a “stand-alone” Feliks’ articles this issue to de- not falsi- Pleistocene Coalition News . It site. Because of this, the cide whether or not the claim fication. also sheds light on the inner claims made seem to come is even remotely true. Only What’s workings of anthropology and out of nowhere. Where did so in anthropology is undeniable paleontology the past 50 years. much confidence in H. erectus well-documented profession- needed or Neanderthal capabilities ally-acquired physical evidence is proper “This is a hypothesis that come from after 25 years? not incorporated into the knowl- citation begs for careful scrutiny Also, how is it that the evidence edge base even after half a cen- and attempts to falsify it; and ac- provided both “suggests” and, tury but ignored while new claims I’m open to that.… That’s at the same time, “confirms” start over from scratch. This is knowled the way science should the presence of unidentified one of the reasons the field is gement work, right? Bring it on.” Homo species in the Americas attracting increasing skepticism of prior –Dr. Tom Deméré, Cerutti Masto- without acknowledging any prior with a public looking more and relevant don Team, nationalgeographic.com , evidence? As Dr. Virginia Steen- more into matters for them- April 26, 2017 McIntyre says in this issue selves. For too long, anthropology work.” the CM Site is not the “oldest has promoted individual sites at First, the problem is not fal- in situ , well-documented ar- the expense of a larger picture sification. What’s needed is *April 2020 note : chaeological site in North Amer- which is already here. 50 years proper citation and acknowl- Per reader interest, ica” (Holen et al 2017, Nature of Calico and Valsequillo sup- this is a verbatim edgement of prior relevant 544: 479). Yet, in the Nature pression and omission is enough. reprint from PCN #47 , work and that the hypothesis May-June 2017. News article 5-27-17, CM Team That also is how science works. of 100,000-year+ people in

PCN ’s Parallel Timeline : PC documentation behind Cerutti confi- Cerutti Mastodon Discovery Timeline : dence regarding H. erectus and Neanderthals in the Americas San Diego Museum website —abridged 1992–2009 1992 The was recognized already in 1992 as an im- Nov 1 _Retired PaleoServices Field Pale- portant “Pre-Clovis” site by its discoverers despite a cryptic 1995 “Final Re- ontologist Richard Cerutti discovers the port.” Whether it was 400,000 years old or 100,000 is minor compared to site. Curator of Paleontology and Director the many implications of an extinct mastodon skeleton worked by early of PaleoServices Dr. Tom Deméré and Americans who were, purportedly, not Homo sapiens : PaleoServices Field Paleontologist Brad Riney meet with Cerutti to formulate plan “When we first discovered the site, there was strong physical for excavation of the fossils. evidence that placed humans alongside extinct Ice Age

megafauna. This was significant in and of itself.” Nov 17 _Formal excavation begins. –Dr. Tom Deméré quoted in University of Michigan News , April 26, 2017, with co- Nov 18 _Caltrans archaeologists visit the author, University of Michigan paleontologist, Daniel Fisher. Cerutti Mastodon Site and help screen For something so profound it is surprising the site was suppressed for 25 years. sediment from disturbed area. Where did the Cerutti Mastodon Team’s later confidence in H. erectus and Nean- Nov 19 _Steve’s Horse Quarry discovered derthals in the Americas come from beginning in 2008—enough to finally and excavated over next 9 days. move them toward publication? The 2017 Nature articles and interviews in

other journals suggest that the delay was because of dating problems: Dec 3 _Dr. Tom Deméré begins videotap- ing/documenting the Site. “The main delay came from the sheer difficulty in accurately dat-

ing the site [e.g., professional problems w/the U.S. Geological Survey].” Dec 19 _Paleontologist Dr. Larry Agen- broad visits the Site for the first time. –nationalgeographic.com , April 26, 2017. Dec 24 _SDSU Geologist Dr. Pat Abbott Dating problems don’t keep important discoveries from the public and defi- visits the Site> forCont. the onfirst page time. 12 nitely not for 25 years. The dating claim just can’t be given any credence > Cont. on page 21

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Cerutti Site publication after “25 years” (cont.)

PCN ’s Parallel Timeline ( cont .) Cerutti Discovery Timeline ( cont .) 1992–2009 (cont.) 1992 (cont.) when seeking the real reasons for suppression. It will be something bigger. Dec 28 _Dr. Larry Agenbroad and Paleon- This Parallel Timeline, instead, adheres to PC founding member, California archae- tologist Dr. Jim Mead join the excavation

ologist, Chris Hardaker’s insider take (this issue) as far more credible. Instead team for one week. of blaming the USGS, Chris explains what happens to American scientists who dare publish controversial dates as the real deterrent. I.e. the delay was not the Dec 29 _Dr. Tom Deméré videotapes the scientists’ or the USGS’ fault but mainstream anthropology-paleontology—an aca- Cerutti Mastodon Site. demic monopoly well-known and well-documented for suppression and even Dec 31 _Former PaleoServices Field Pale- quashing researchers—e.g., famed anthropologist Dr. —should ontologist Steve Walsh mentions discus- they publish controversial dates or opinions. This is the kind of suppression sion with Larry and Jim about a Sangamo- power that can cause a 25-year publication delay. The reason such control has nian versus Wisconsinian age for the Site. existed in the community for decades is its attachment to origin myths taught as fact now forcing the community to self-censor, block, or deride researchers every time conflicting evidence is discovered. Honest and hard-working scientists like Richard Cerutti and Tom Deméré pay the price for bias at the highest levels of their fields. The problem is the myth that early humans such as Homo erectus and Neanderthals were not capable people and not intelligent enough to make it to the Americas. As Chris explains, the way for the public to get past science like this is to become informed. Chris ( an associate since the of the CM Site’s discoverer Richard Cerutti), in his book, The First American: The sup- pressed story of the people who discovered the New World , instead of ap- pealing to conspiracy to explain suppression, proposes “groupthink.” I.e. the community resists individual creative thinking in an effort to reach consensus without having to acknowledge conflicting evidence. 1993 1993 January 3 _Dr. Tom Deméré videotapes

the Cerutti Mastodon Site. January 14 _National Geographic Society awards emergency grant of $14,038 to

support field work and travel. January 23 _Dr. Larry Agenbroad returns

to San Diego for two-day visit. January 24 _Dr. Tom Deméré videotapes

the Cerutti Mastodon Site. January 27 _SDSU Geologist Dr. Tom Rockwell visits the Site suggesting an age of 300,000 years +/- one interglacial (i.e., 200,000–400,000 years) based on elevation, caliche volume,

and degree of modern soil development. March 22 _CM-423 cobble found in Unit

G-5 at the Cerutti Mastodon Site.

April 5 _Dire wolf skeleton discovered. April 21 _Column sample of quarry strati- graphy jacketed in northwest corner of

Unit F-5 at the Cerutti Mastodon Site. April 27 _Steve Walsh collects OSL samples—north

wall Unit B-6; last day of field work at the CM Site.

April 28 _C Mastodon Site buried by bulldozer. December 29 _Richard KU (USC) calls Dr. Deméré with preliminary radiometric date of ~190 ka on caliche sample. 1994 1994 January 7 _USC Geologist Dr. Richard Ku sends letter report with radiometric (U-Th) dating results .

> Cont. on page 22

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Cerutti Site publication after “25 years” (cont.)

PCN ’s Parallel Timeline ( cont .) Cerutti Discovery Timeline (cont .)

1995 – On the ball scientists appear immediately . After reading the 1995 “”Final Re- 1995 port” (submitted only to CA government), USGS professionals, the late Dr. Charles Repenning (renowned paleontologist who confirmed ID’s of small at the site), Dr. Virginia March 20 _State Route 54 Paleon- Steen-McIntyre (volcanic ash specialist), and the late Dr. George F. Carter tological Mitigation Report submitted (Johns Hopkins U., Texas A&M U.; anthropology)—all involved with earlier sites and to the California Department of well-aware of U.S. suppression regarding early Americans—agreed not to discuss the Transportation (Caltrans). “exciting discovery” until the original scientists made their public announcement. No announcement was ever made (Dr. Virginia Steen-McIntyre, PCN #3, Jan-Feb 2010 ). Note that Richard Cerutti was/is a supporter of Dr. Carter’s views on early Americans; so not publishing suggests concern over career exactly as per Chris’ article this issue. 1996 –2007 Nothing happens with the Cerutti (Caltrans) Mastodon Site for 11 years . 1996 –2007 N/A Anywhere else such a discovery would have been announced quickly. But in the Americas due to predisposition scientists have been afraid to publish sites old 11 years enough to invoke Neanderthals or Homo erectus . Those who do are academically maligned. In the meantime, due to no small effort by Dr. Steen-McIntyre, Caltrans was becoming rec- ognized “outside” academia as the suppression of yet another early American site. For the most part, those listening were not mainstream scientists. One result involved online dis- cussions in 2006 including both amateur and professional archaeologists informed by Dr. Steen-McIntyre and Chris Hardaker that Caltrans was one of “many” suppressed American sites. This was just prior to Chris’ announcement in the same forums of his upcoming exposé, The first American , incl. Caltrans, providing insight into how honest archaeologists and pale- ontologists are cattle-prodded by science institutions. Such e xposés questioning sci- ence authority are increasing. An editorial published in Nature simultaneously with PCN’s Jan-Feb re-publication of Virginia’s 2010 Caltrans exposé describes this very well: “Of the two industries I work in ... concerned with truth—science and jour- nalism—only the latter has seriously engaged and looked for answers. Scien- tists need to catch up, or they risk further marginalization in a society that is increasingly weighing evidence and making decisions without them.” –A. Makri. “Give the public the tools to trust scientists… The form of science …in popular media leaves the public vulnerable to false certainty.” Nature 541, January 2017. Public pressure to publish : In 2005, Dr. Steen-McIntyre’s sought-out knowl- edge sent Michael Cremo and co-author of Forbidden Archeology , mathematician, Richard Thompson, to the San Diego Museum to speak directly with Dr. Tom Deméré— author of the 1995 CM “Final Report.” They didn’t stop there. They further asked about a relevant San Diego site with mammoth bones showing “cut marks made by stone tools.” The bones were dated by the USGS to 300,000 years old . Deméré said he was familiar with the evidence but that due to peer review it could never be published into “any” scientific journal. There’s the culprit at work .

2006 Dr. Steen-McIntyre continues actively discussing suppression of early 2006 N/A American sites with scientists and others via online forums, etc.

2007 Chris Harkaker publishes The first American . See his article, The ‘new’ New 2007 N/A World, this issue for perspective on what contract paleontologists and archaeologists such as Richard Cerutti and Tom Deméré were up against when deciding whether to publish.

2008 – THE TURNING -POINT YEAR : Dr. Steve Holen and influences Though Steen- 2008 McIntyre, Repenning, Carter and Hardaker were aware, 2017 Nature paper lead au- April 5 _Archaeologists Dr. Steve thor—mastodon expert, Dr. Steve Holen—had no idea the site even existed until 2008: Holen [mastodon site expert] and “After hearing about the San Diego mastodon the Holens visited Kathleen Holen [‘cognitive archae- Deméré in 2008 to see the boxed-up remains.” –Nature News , April 26, 2017 ology’] first research visit to San Diego Also in 2008, Steen-McIntyre contacted Dr. Holen regarding mastodon sites incl. Natural History Museum to examine bones w/undeniable markings from stone tools in Valsequillo, Mexico, dated 250,000 years the fossils and artifacts salvaged by the USGS . One expert critic of the Nature report noticed such missing references: from the Cerutti Mastodon Site. “I do think it is important to properly contextualize the Cerutti Mastodon claim, and I believe it should have been done, however briefly, in the original article. ” –Dr. Andre Costopoulos, Prof. of Anthropology; Vice-Provost and Dean of Students, University of Alberta, ... Continued in Part 2 CA; “Traditional academic publishing has jumped the mastodon.” Archaeothoughts.com , May 2, 2017 August 2008, Dr. Steen-McIntyre introduced PC founder and Layout editor, John Feliks , to Dr. Holen via e-mail. Dr. Holen who had just learned about the CM Site’s evidence of “pre-sapiens ” people in the Americas was interested in hearing about the 400,000-year old evidence from Bilzingsleben, Germany, recently published by Feliks on modern-level intelligence in Homo erectus —‘cognitive archaeology’—early human capabilities.

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VOLUME 12, ISSUE 2 P A G E 2 3

Cerutti Mastodon publication after “25 years” * What was actually behind the infamous suppression and publication? The answers are not as clear-cut as Nature and other popular venues are saying, Part 2

By John Feliks; informed by PCN editors Dr. Virginia Steen-McIntyre, Tom Baldwin, and David Campbell; and PC records; Chris Hardaker; the San Diego Cerutti Team’s “Discovery Timeline;” and other sources as credited

PCN ’s Parallel Timeline (continuing from Part 1 ) Cerutti Discovery Timeline : *April 2020 note : Per reader interest, 2009 Dr. Holen was part of the inside group during formation of the Pleistocene Coali- 2009 this is a verbatim tion. PC was formed for two main reasons: 1.) Publish mainstream-suppressed reprint from PCN #47 , evidence about early humans in the Americas , 2.) Publish mainstream-suppressed May 28–29, 2009 May-June 2017. evidence that early humans were of modern-level intelligence . Afterwards, a 3rd goal became exposing sciences aggressively promoting origin myths as fact. Conference on Cerutti Mastodon Site held at San Diego Natural History Museum. When Pleistocene Coalition News debuted in 2009, Dr. Holen was al- Attendees included Dr. Tom Deméré, Rich- ready on the mailing list—PCN #1 onward. The Denver Museum of Nature and Cerutti, Dr. Steve Holen, Kathleen Science—where Dr. Holen was Curator of Archaeology and Kathe Holen ‘cognitive Holen , Dr. Dan Fisher (paleontologist archaeology’ —archived hardcopies of PCN as arranged by Dr. Steen-McIntyre. and mastodon expert), Dr. Tom Stafford When PC began, Dr. Holen believed humans in the Americas were (archaeologist and dating expert), George no older than a couple dozen millennia . Through VSM and PCN, Dr. Holen Jefferson (paleontologist and Pleistocene became increasingly informed about earlier sites as well as PC’s ongoing evidence expert), Dr. Steve Forman (OSL dating for modern-level intelligence in the Cerutti-pertinent age range of H. erectus and expert), Dr. Pat Abbott, and Dr. Mark

Neanderthals. This was squarely against mainstream consensus. These facts Becker (archaeologist and lithic expert) explain the confidence of CM claims which critics find unsupported with CM promoted as a stand-alone site. So, while Dr. Holen’s confidence was strong that May 28, 2009 support already existed , Nature skeptics—seeing no citations—did not have this. By Trench excavated into the south side of not citing earlier science, to critics, CM confidence seems to come out of nowhere. the sound berm directly opposite the PC, PCN , and Dr. Steen-McIntyre and her prior San Diego site connections no Cerutti Mastodon Site to collect fresh doubt fueled that confidence. At least one mainstream expert noticed missing sediment samples for OSL dating. citations and questioned why relevant contextual references were not included: “The Cerutti Mastodon Letter to Nature introduces, seemingly out of the blue … the find and its claim of interglacial human occupation of North America … and surprisingly uncritically. It is no surprise in fact that this development comes out of the San Diego area with its long history of research on this question. What is surprising is that despite its obvious roots, the Nature paper makes no reference at all to this long history and is not contextualized with reference to the evidence previously presented in an archaeological tradition that goes back at least to the 1950s and probably earlier. ” –Dr. Andre Costopoulos, Professor of Anthropology; Vice-Provost and Dean of Students, University of Alberta, Canada; “The Cerutti mastodon and the San Diego School: A brief history of the claim.” Archaeothoughts.com . May 10, 2017.

2010 —12th year nothing from the CM Team. From Jan 2010 to April 2017, 2010 N/A PCN was the only publication keeping the CM Site before the public. By con- trast , readers of mainstream science had no idea the site even existed for 25 years. They continued to be told there were no early people in the Americas. PCN #3, Jan-Feb 2010 PC founding member, volcanic ash specialist, Dr. Virginia Steen-McIntyre, published her first article on the suppressed Cerutti (Caltrans) Mastodon Site called, In their own words: Caltrans site . Dr. Steen-McIntyre had already begun telling researchers about the site in the 1990s after realizing it was not going to be published. PCN #7, Sept-Oct 2010, First Anniversary Issue PC founding member, archaeolo- gist, Chris Hardaker’s first PCN mention of the suppressed Caltrans Site, The abomi- nation of Calico, part two . In the same issue we frontloaded the work of Cree First Nations archaeologist, molecular anthropologist, Paulette Steeves (now PhD)—another associate of Dr. Holen . Her article, Deep time an- cestors in the Western Hemisphere , started her online database to coincide with PCN’s Ann. 12 sites, incl. CM, Calico, Valsequillo were oldest. To help it get off the ground, the Pleistocene Coalition promoted Steeves’ database incl. sites known only to Native Americans and First Nations peoples of Canada. The four oldest > Cont. on page 24 North American sites involved Dr. Steen-McIntyre and Dr. Louis Leakey—Valsequillo and Calico. Steeves’ PCN article received rave reviews from all associates prompting > Cont. on page 12 her to create the first university class on indigenous sites 10,000–200,000+ years old. Again, Dr. Holen was informed on the earliest American sites via the PC .

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Cerutti Site publication after “25 years” (cont.)

PCN ’s Parallel Timeline ( cont .) Cerutti Discovery Timeline (cont .)

2011 Denver Museum of Nature and Science where Dr. Holen was Curator 2011 of Archaeology begins archiving archaeological papers on Valsequillo —dated 250,000-years by the U.S. Geological Survey—as arranged by Dr. Steen-McIntyre . May 16 _First Cerutti Mastodon Site PCN #14, Nov-Dec 2011 : In this issue we produced a map of the earliest suppressed samples sent to Dr. James Paces, geolo- Western Hemisphere sites up to 400,000 years old including Caltrans. See The gist and geochronologist at the U.S. Geo- collapse of standard paradigm New World prehistory , Virginia Steen-McIntyre, PhD . logical Survey . Also in this issue is Virginia’s, Hueyatlaco/Valsequillo saga: Part 7 , important because it proved the destruction of Hueyatlaco, a direct result of U.S./Mexican anthropology omission and denigration. Even at this late stage , Dr. Holen was promoting the Mam- moth Steppe Hypothesis that Americans dated no earlier than 40,000 years. 2012 2012 February 18 _Initial radiometric (U-Th) dating results reported to the Cerutti Mastodon Team. April 2 _Dr. Jim Paces and Dr. Steve Holen visit the San Diego Natural History Museum

to identify additional samples for dating. October 5 _Two Cerutti Mastodon Site rock specimens (CM-254, 383) sent to Australia for use-wear and residue analysis. Initial con- tact with Archaeologist Dr. Richard Fullagar. July 2012–December 2014 _Dr. Jim Paces prepares multiple specimens and performs digestions, chemical separations and puri- fications, and completes isotope analyses on nearly 100 individual subsamples.

2013 —Still no Cerutti Mastodon Site announcement after “21 years” 2013 PCN #22, March-April 2013 Excerpts: “Fred F. Budinger Jr. , archaeologist and former Director of the 200,000-yr old Calico Early Man Site …is looking for any Dr. Jim Paces dating continues ideas on how to protect the site from the ongoing destruction of physical evidence… by its new Director, Dee Schroth.” “Toca da Tira Peia site [Brazil] is being sold to the public as “rewriting history” because of its 22,000-yr old date. Of course, that date is not at all controversial compared with... Calico (200,000), Hueyatlaco (250,000), or Caltrans (300,000)—all blocked from mainstream publication.” “In Part 1 , I sug- gested that the discovery of ‘cultural’ evidence of early humans in the Americas at sites such as Calico, Hueyatlaco, Caltrans, etc., was more important and more trust- able than anything the public has been taught by the physical anthropology community.” PCN #23, May-June 2013 Excerpts: “Pleistocene Coalition founding mem- bers, Jim Harrod and Chris Hardaker , also discussed evidence for the potential of very early Bering Strait crossings as far back as several hundred thousand years ago ( Out of Africa revisited , PCN #3, Jan-Feb. 2010; The abomination of Calico, part 3 , PCN #8). PCN editor Tom Baldwin provided estimates of an available Bering Land Bridge at 13,000, 125,000, 325,000, and 425,000 years ago (Breaking the Clovis barrier , PCN #16, March-April 2012). This is all not to men- tion the years of evidence provided by founder, Virginia Steen-McIntyre , regard- ing the 250,000-year old Valsequillo sites in Mexico as well as sites such as the Caltrans 300,000-year old mastodon kill site in California ( PCN #3, Jan-Feb 2010).” PCN #24, July-Aug 2013 Excerpts : The Pleistocene’s most well-traveled creature . By Tom Baldwin. “The animals … were going back and forth between Alaska and Siberia—the land bridge becoming a veritable megafauna superhighway—yet we are led to believe by archaeological authorities that early man stopped and did not make that same crossing, at least not until a relatively few thousand years ago… [I] find myself asking a big “WHY?” Then I realize it isn’t I who has to answer that question. It is the Ar- chaeological Powers That Be. They are the naysayers. … In fact, there is ample evidence that Homo erectus did cross over. He left his tools at the Calico Early Man Site …(and at the Caltrans mastodon kill site also in California). He left them at Valsequillo in Mexico. ...This is as should be expected. ...Given Homo erectus’ well-known pen- chant for travel and ... Beringia ... with all kinds of large animals crossing back and forth regularly it is logical to assume that Homo erectus did find his way to the > Cont. on page 25 Americas. Those who believe otherwise need to come up with reasons why not. ” Also 2013 , Dr. Holen publishes The Mammoth Steppe Hypothesis proposing oldest evidence for humans in Americas 40,000 yrs. No mention of CM, Calico, Hueyat- laco even though dated much older, e.g., 250,000 years by the USGS and NASA.

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Cerutti Site publication after “25 years” (cont.)

PCN ’s Parallel Timeline ( cont .) Cerutti Discovery Timeline ( cont .) 2014 2014 PCN #29, May-June 2014 Excerpts: “After Tom Baldwin’s recent articles Dr. Jim Paces dating continues concerning the rapidly changing views about people in the Americas … our readers have been on the lookout... One item sent by Kevin Callaghan is very telling. It is a...write-up in the May 9 issue of Science called, ‘New sites bring the earliest Americans out of the shadows.’ What they mean by ‘earliest Americans’ has to be questioned…Hueyatlaco, Calico, Caltrans, [Old] Crow, etc., are much older...Now that the once taught-as-fact Clovis-first theory has been disproved mainstream archaeologists are rushing to push their dates back while still blocking the evidence of earlier sites .” 2015 2015 PCN #33, Jan-Feb 2015 . 8th article w/CM suppression. Excerpts: “National Geographic, January to April _Dr. Jim Paces compiles January 2015—Same old same old .” –By Dr. Virginia Steen-McIntyre. “On the and evaluates all data using newly published ‘First Americans.’ Both give ...establishment take... As expected , none of the early sites or numerical age models that consider diffu-

artwork from the Americas...are mentioned. ...While...Monte Verde...is mentioned, the older sion, absorption, and decay of U in bone. dates for artifacts from lower in the excavated section are not... No mention of: [Valsequillo, 250k], Calico (200k+ yrs., Issue 13 pp. 6,7); the Flagstaff site (Sangamon interglacial, February _Geoarchaeologist and Soil Scientist >80k yrs. Issue 31 p. 13); Old Crow Basin, Yukon (Pre-Sangamon, Issue 20 p.16); Dr. Jared Beeton visits the San Diego Natu- National City/Caltrans State Route 54, California (ca 300k yrs, Issue 3 p.10).” ral History Museum for first time to examine Cerutti Mastodon Site collection and obtain

PCN #36, July-Aug 2015 . 9th article incl. suppression of Caltrans Site. sediment samples and soil descriptions. Excerpt: “Fortunately, the preservationists persisted, and won. The Côa Val- ley sites are now safely on the ‘World Heritage’ list. If Valsequillo, Hueyatlaco, May _Final age determination for the Cerutti Calico, Caltrans and other American sites experienced similar efforts, they Mastodon bones of 130,700 ±9,400 years is reported to the Cerutti Mastodon Team. too—rather than being destroyed—might be World Heritage Sites today. –jf ” 2016 2016

PCN #39, Jan-Feb, 2016 10th article CM suppression—2 months before CM March 17 _Initial submission of Cerutti submitted to Nature — “25 years” after discovery. Excerpts: “This brings us back to Mastodon Site manuscript submitted to one of the main reasons the Coalition was formed…that evidence for the presence of truly the prestigious science journal Nature . ancient man in the Americas is suppressed by the science community. ...Related...is Virginia Steen-McIntyre’s ... Mammoth migrations into North America suggest human presence (PCN #38, Nov-Dec 2015). …[suggesting] that if …were wander- ing the Bering Land Bridge 1.5 million years ago...human mammoth hunters would have likely not been far behind. …more evidence pointing straight to North American early man sites dated between 200,000 and 400,000 years old by professional geologists and chemists including from NASA and the USGS. These sites are suppressed by the main- stream science community because of their antiquity. ...They include such sites as Old Crow in Alaska, Caltrans and Calico in California, Hueyatlaco in Mexico, and Monte Verde in Chile.” 2017 2017 PCN #45, Jan-Feb 2017 11th article on suppression of the CM Site two March 13 _Formal acceptance of Cerutti months before the CM paper is accepted by the journal Nature . This is our Mastodon Site manuscript by the science re-print of Dr. Steen-McIntyre’s original Caltrans suppression article from Jan- journal Nature . Feb 2010 w/an additional figure—“25 years” after the site’s discovery in 1992. ______April 26 Concerns of the Mastodon Team and San Diego Museum were expressed Below added to “Discovery that PCN Layout editor was “leaked” inside information to explain how our Jan-Feb issue (PCN #45) wound up with a front-page re-publication of Dr. Steen-McIntyre’s Timeline” by PCN editor: original exposé ( PCN #3, Jan-Feb 2010). It created a stir. The suspicion of a leak arose because the issue just so happened to appear two months before the CM Site was April 26-27 _Cerutti Mastodon Site finally finally announced in Nature . There was a statement requested of the Editor as to why announced to the public in the journal the VSM exposé was chosen for that particular issue. For the record and to alleviate Nature —25 years after its discovery. any concerns: A year or so ago Chris Hardaker suggested re-publishing some of our best prior articles and that was simply the one the Layout editor chose to be first. An amazing coincidence to be sure. The re-publication was also about 25 years after CM discovery. PCN had already been keeping the site in public view for seven years JOHN F ELIKS has specialized in the study of early in 10 prior issues. So, there was no leaked information by anyone from the SD Mu- human cognition for nearly 25 years providing evidence that human capabilities have re- seum, Cerutti Team, from Chris Hardaker, Richard Cerutti, or anyone else. Chris, a mained the same through time. In 2009, Feliks 40-year associate of Cerutti, did not break any confidences in keeping the Nature and several colleagues formed the Pleistocene announcement completely secret. Now, with the Parallel Timeline published readers Coalition to bring to the public suppressed evi- might ask themselves: “How many more sites with evidence of modern intelligence dence related to human origins and prehistory. in early people are out there?” True science always goes wherever the evidence leads.

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 Learn the real story of our Palaeolithic ancestors—a story about intelligent and innovative people—a story which is unlike that promoted by mainstream science.

The  Explore and regain confidence in your own ability to think for yourself regarding human ancestry as a Pleistocene Coalition broader range of evidence becomes available to you.

 Join a community not afraid to challenge the status quo. Question with confidence any paradigm Prehistory is about to change promoted as “scientific” that depends upon withholding conflicting evidence from the public in order to appear unchallenged.

PLEISTOCENE COALITION CONTRIBUTORS to this Pleistocene Coalition NEWS , Vol. 12: Issue 2 ISSUE News is produced by the (March-April) Jan Willem van der Drift Pleistocene Coalition © Copyright 2020 bi-monthly Ray Urbaniak since October 2009. PUBLICATION DETAILS Mark Willis Back issues can be found EDITOR-IN-CHIEF/LAYOUT Todd Ellis near the bottom of the John Feliks PC home page. Braxton Ellis

Edward Swanzey To learn more about early COPY EDITORS/PROOFS man in the Pleistocene visit Virginia Steen-McIntyre Alan Day our website at Tom Baldwin Richard Dullum Tom Baldwin pleistocenecoalition.com Vesna Tenodi

SPECIALTY EDITORS Fred E. Budinger, Jr. The Pleistocene Coalition cele- James B. Harrod, Rick Dullum, brated its ten-year anniversary Matt Gatton Virginia Steen-McIntyre September 26, and the anniver- John Feliks sary of Pleistocene Coalition News , October 25. PCN is now in its 11th ADVISORY BOARD year of challenging mainstream Virginia Steen-McIntyre scientific dogma.

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