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(Ipss) Regulating Proliferation and M ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES (IPSS) REGULATING PROLIFERATION AND MISUSE OF SMALL ARMS IN EASTERN GOJJAM ZONE OF AMHARA REGIONAL STATE By AEMRO TENAW BIRHAN JUNE, 2016. ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES REGULATING PROLIFERATION AND MISUSE OF SMALL ARMS IN EASTERN GOJJAM ZONE OF AMHARA REGIONAL STATE BY AEMRO TENAW Advisor MESFIN GEBREMICHAEL (DR) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Addis Ababa University a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of the Master of Arts in Peace and Security Studies JUNE, 2016. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES Regulating Proliferation and Misuse of Small Arms in Eastern Gojjam Zone of Amhara Regional State By AEMRO TENAW Approval of Board of Examiners Signature Date 1. Director of IPSS _______________________________________ -------------------- ----------------- 2. Advisor ______________________________________ ---------------------- --------------- 3. Internal Examiner ______________________________________ ------------------------ ---------------- 4. External Examiner ______________________________________ ------------------------- --------------- Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Mesfin for his encouragement and constructive comments from the beginning up to the end of the study. Secondly, my special appreciation goes to different institutions for their assistance in giving me all important information for the study. Thirdly, I would like to express my gratitude to my families and friends for their infinite contribution for the success of my study. Lastly, I would like to express my genuine thanks to Almighty God who is the source of power and every success in my life. i Acronym AEFJN ……………………………….Africa-Europe Faith & Justice Network AMP…………………………………..Arms Management Programme AMP…………………………………..Arms Management Programme ATT …………………………………..The Arms Trade Treaty CSA……………………………………Central Statistical Agency DDR………………………………….. Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration ECOWAS…………………………….. Economic Community of West African States EU……………………………………. .European Union FGD…………………………………….Focus Group Discussion HDR ……………………………………Human Development Report IDPs……………………………………..Internally Displaced Persons IRIN………………………………… ….Integrated Regional Information Networks ITI………………………………………..International Tracing Instrument MDGs……………………………………Millennium Development Goals NEPAD …………………………………New Partnership for Africa’s Development OAS …………………………………….Organization of American States OAU…………………………………….Organization of African Unity OSCE………………………………… Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe PoA ……………………………………Programme of Action RECSA ……………………………….Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons ii SADC………………………………….Southern African Development Community SALW …………………………………Small Arms and Light Weapons SSA …………………………………….Social Security Administration UN ……………………………………..United Nations UNDP ………………………………….United Nations Development Programme UNIDIR……………………………….United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNODA………………………………. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs UNODC ……………………………….United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNREC-----------------United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa iii Table of Content Contents Page Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. i Acronym ............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ vii Chapter One: Introduction and Methodology 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement .................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research Questions.................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................ 7 1.5 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................ 8 1.6 Study Site ................................................................................................................ 8 1.7 Scope of the study ................................................................................................... 11 1.8 Research Methodology ............................................................................................ 11 1.8.1. Research Design .................................................................................... 11 1.8.2. Sample and Sampling Technique ............................................................ 12 1.8.3. Data Collection Instruments ................................................................... 13 1.8.4. Data analysis and Interpretation ............................................................. 14 1.9 Ethical consideration ............................................................................................ 14 1.10 Operational Definitions ........................................................................................ 14 1.11 Organization of the Study .................................................................................... 15 Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature 2.1. The Concept of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) .................................... 16 2.2. Characteristics and Nature of SALW ...................................................................... 17 2.3. The Sources and Factors to SALW ......................................................................... 18 2.3.1. Demand and Supply Related Factors ........................................................ 20 2.3.2. Demand Related Factors .......................................................................... 20 iv 2.3.3. Supply Related Factors ............................................................................ 21 2.4. The Magnitude of SALW ........................................................................................ 23 2.5.Consequences of SALW ......................................................................................... 24 2.5.1. SALW and Human Safety & Security ...................................................... 25 2.5.2. SALW & Conflict and Crime ................................................................... 26 2.6. Approaches to Control SALW ................................................................................ 28 2.6.1. United Nations ....................................................................................... 28 2.6.2. Regional and Sub-regional Governance Approaches ................................ 34 2.6.3. Regional and sub Regional Initiatives in Africa ........................................ 36 2.6.4. National and Community Governance Approaches .................................. 38 2.7.The IGAD Region :Regional and Sub Regional Context ....................................... 39 Chapter Three: SALW in Ethiopia 3.1. Historical Background........................................................................................ 41 3.2. Proliferation of SALW in Ethiopia ................................................................... 43 3.2.1. Regional Dynamics for Proliferation of SALW ........................................ 43 3.2.2. Demand and Supply Related Factors ....................................................... 44 3.2.3. Lack of strong SALW Policy in Ethiopia ................................................. 45 3.2.4. Impacts of SALW in Ethiopia .................................................................. 46 3.3. The Nairobi Protocol .......................................................................................... 47 3.4. Efforts Made by Government to Control SALW in Ethiopia ............................... 48 Chapter Four: Data Presentations, Analysis and Findings 4.1.The Magnitude of Small Arms in the Study Area....................................................... 50 4.2.The Reason for Possession and Misuse of Small Arms ............................................. 51 4.2.1. Culture ........................................................................................................ 52 4.2.2. Easy Availability and Proliferation of Small Arms ....................................... 59 4.2.3. Security Dilemma ........................................................................................ 63 4.2.4. Lack of Skill and Knowledge to manage Guns ............................................. 64 4.3.Impacts of Misuse of Small Arms .............................................................................. 65 4.3.1. Economic Impact ......................................................................................... 65 4.3.2. Social Impact ............................................................................................... 66 v 4.3.3. Culture of Violence ...................................................................................... 67 4.4. Regulating SALW possession and Misuse: A Legal and Institutional perspective ....
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