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College of Social Science School of Graduate Studies COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES INTEGRATED SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT APPROACH AND ITS SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN GONCHA-SISO-ENESE WOREDA, NORTH-WESTERN HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA BY ERMIAS DEBIE ADANE SUPERVISOR: KAILASH NATH SINGH (PhD) INTEGRATED SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT APPROACH AND ITS SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN GONCHA-SISO-ENESE WOREDA, NORTH-WESTERN HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA ERMIAS DEBIE ADANE DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA OCTOBER, 2016 i ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the dissertation was prepared by Ermias Debie Adane entitled: “Integrated Soil and Water Management Approach and its Socio-Ecological Implications in Goncha-Siso-Enese Woreda, North-Western Highlands of Ethiopia”. It submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in ‘Environment and Natural Resources Management’. The dissertation meets the accepted standard with respect to originality and quality. Approved by the Examining Board: ______________________________________ _____________ ________________ External Examiner Signature Date ______________________________________ _____________ ________________ Internal Examiner Signature Date ______________________________________ ______________ ________________ Advisor Signature Date ______________________________________ ______________ ________________ Chairman of Department or Signature Date Graduate program Coordinate ii DECLARATIONS I declare that this PhD dissertation is my original work which has not been presented and published for any degree in any other university and that all sources of materials used have been accordingly acknowledged. Ermias Debie Adane Signature ___________ Date ______________ As the principal dissertation supervisor, I hereby certify that I have critically read and evaluated “Integrated Soil and Water Management Approach and its Socio-Ecological Implications in Goncha-Siso-Enese Woreda, North-western highlands of Ethiopia”. I advocate that this thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in ‘Environment and Natural Resources Management’. _____________________________ ______________ ______________ Supervisor Signature Date iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I owe a big debt to my advisor - Dr Singh for his consistent follow-up of my progress from the beginning of my study and for his strong supervisions and constructive comments. The author wishes to thank the cooperation of different stakeholders including farmers, extension staffs and enumerators. The financial supports from school of graduate studies of Addis Ababa University and Jigjiga University are acknowledged. The study was substantially benefited from the different cited review. iv Table of Contents Declarations .............................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments …................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents…...................................................................................................................v List of Tables….........................................................................................................................ix List of Figures ................…......................................................................................................xi Acronyms…........................................................................................................................... xiii Glossary of local terms….......................................................................................................xiii Abstract…...............................................................................................................................xiv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study ….................................................................................................2 1.2 Justifications and rationales of the problem…………………..…………………………...4 1.2 Research objectives............................................................................................................7 1.3 Research questions…..........................................................................................................7 1.4 Significance of the study…...............................................................................................7 1.5. Scope of the study ..............................................................................................................8 1.6. Ethical issues in the study ..................................................................................................8 1.7. Study outline ......................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE 2.1. Evolution of soil and water management efforts in the Ethiopian highlands ….............11 2.2. Performance and acceptance of soil and water management alternatives…………….…13 2.3. Nutrient depletion rates ....................................................................................................15 2.4. The need for integrated soil and water management practices........................................16 2.5. Factors influencing integrated soil and water management practices..............................18 2.6. Dynamics and management schemes of common-pool resources....................................20 2.7. Effects of soil and water conservation practices on reducing soil loss magnitude...........22 v 2.8 Effects of integrated soil and water management practices on improvements crop yield and household income .......................................................................................................24 2.9. Conceptual framework.....................................................................................................27 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Description of the study area .............................................................................................30 3.2. Methodology ....................................................................................................................35 3.2.1. Philosophical foundation of the study ...........................................................................35 3.2.2. Research designs of the study .......................................................................................35 3.2.3. Methods of data collection…………………………………………………………….36 3.2.4. Methods of data analysis……………………………………………………….……...42 CHAPTER-FOUR PERFORMANCE OF INTEGRATED SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: IN FARMERS PERSPECTIVE 4.1. Practices of soil and water management activities.........................................................51 4.1.1. Stakeholders’ participation and interactions...............................................................51 4.1.2. Component of integrated soil and water management activities...................................55 4.2. Farmers’ preference of soil and water management activities........................................62 4.2.1. Evaluative criteria and their weights ..............................................................................62 4.2.2. Soil and water management alternatives and their average values .............................63 4.2.3. Multifunctional activities of soil and water management alternatives ........................67 4.3. Constraints on the sustainability of implemented soil and water management activities.70 4.4. Conclusions................................................................................................................. 75 vi CHAPTER-FIVE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ DECISIONS ON PRACTICING INTEGRATED SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT ACTIVTIES 5.1. Definitions and measurements of variables.......................................................................79 5.2. Characteristics of explanatory variables ..........................................................................82 5.3. Use of integrated soil and water management components .............................................85 5.4. Influencing factors on practicing of integrated soil and water management activities...86 5.5. Conclusions.......................................................................................................................93 CHAPTER- SIX DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCHEMES OF COMMON-POOL RESOURCES IN THE MIXED FARMING SYSTEM 6.1. Dynamics of land use/covers in Goncha-Siso-Enese Woreda..........................................96 6.2. Factors of dynamics of Common-Pool Resources (CPRs).............................................104 6.3. Socio-ecological implications of dynamics of common-pool resources ………...........106 6.4. Evaluation of prevailing management schemes of common-pool resources……….109 6.4.1. Identification of local criteria / indicators and their relative weights .........................110 6.4.2. Performance of existing use and management schemes of common-pool resources..112 6.4.3. Discussions on alternative management scenario........................................................122 6.5. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................124
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