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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 127 313 SP 010 350 Aguinc, John AUTHOR N TITLE Science Fiction as Literature. / INSTITUTION National Education Association, W shington, D.C. PUB DATE 76, NOTE 62p. AVAILABLE FROM NEAPublicat ions, Order Department, The Academic Building, Saw Mill Road, West Haven, Connecticut, '06516 (Stock No. 1804-4-00) EDRS PRICE'' NF-$0.83 Plus Postage. MC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibliographies; Characterization (Literature); *Curriculum; Curriculum Guides; Fiction; *Instructional Aids; *Language Arts; Literary_ Genres; *Literary Styles; *Literature; Models; . Science Fiction; Secondary Education; Teaching Methods; Teaching Techniques ABSTRACT ' Science fiction merits critical appraisal for structure, characterization, language, and stylistic elements that it shares with other prose forms. This report discusses sciencefiction as a-subject in the language arts curriculumin the 'Middle grades as well as in the high school. It is placed in a historical and philosophical framework that makes clear its quality and acceptability-as literature. Practical suggestions for guiding discussions of specific works and relating them to many areas of _language arts are offered. In addition, the report includes listsof- specific , works that may be read and discussed at various levels for literary purposes. It also contains an annotated list of films and other teaching aids that can be used to motivate students,maintain their interest in literary form, and deepen their insightsinto the humanities.(Author/JMF). *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informalunpublished * materials,not available from other sources. ERICmakes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless,items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and thisaffects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERICmakes available: * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS) . EDRSis not Reproductions * -.. * responsible for the quality" of the original document. * supplied by ERRS are the best that can be made frcm theoriginal. ****-t,****************************************************************** 0 Scionce Fiction Lt:FERA-rtRE Science litition, long, popular ssdh the reading public has slrugglecl for acceptance as a literary form. Vet much of it merits critical appraisal for structure, ch erization language, and stylistic elements that -es With other prose forms Its appeal to count; people and its application for those areas. of future studies concerned with the problems caused byour society's increasing scjetitifie and mechanic..) sophistication, give it reiesance for today's classroom John Aquino, author of thisreport in the /)( relupmcnts nt Classroom Instruction series. has -taught a course in sciencelictionand fantasy at the Catholic University of America, and is Cur- rend% on the staff of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Teacher Education.In this report he discusses science fiction as a subject in thelanguage arts ° curriculum in the middle grades as well as in the high school. Ile places science fiction in a his- torical, and philosophical fratnevsork thatinakGes clear its quality aittl acceptability as-literature. Ile also offers' practical suggestions for guiding dis- cussions of specific st orks of science fiction and re- lutingt Jamul n amity arras of language-arts, In addition to background information and model lesson guides,tilt', report iclutli.s lists of s mks that may be read and discussed at various levelsfor specificliterarypurposes.Italso contains an annotated listof films and ot her teaching aids that can be used ro ninth ate students, maintain their interest in literary' form, and deepen their insights unto the humanities a Science Fiption AS LITERATURE IsyJohn Aquino 0 .10 4,1 Ilea National Education Association Washington. D C P O 4 fr. :1. / Copyright < 1976 / National Education Associa / o.f thel' nitod States StiickNo/.1804-4-00/ / / ,/ ./ Library of Congress,Camliying/. in Publication Data Aquino, John /// Science iterature. inestc,10'00i sin classroom instruction) Bibrompli") p V c.ietite net ionSt uth ,anditeachipg. 1, Title /1"1.445 s45A7 809 :3x176 76.10715 y1N 0-5106.18mA .Acknowledgments The manuscript has been re% ie%%ed by ifelen M. Edmonston, _retired teacher, Montgomery Con n t(Maryland) Public Schools. The publisher g'ratcfully aekiiu ledges permission to quote from the following: )- From "The Queen of Air and Darkness" by Poul Anderson. Copyright by 'Pool AndersonReprinted by permission of the author and the author's agents. Scott Meredith Literary .Agency Inc , S45 Third Ave.. New York, New York 10022.. Copyright 1970 by Ray Bradbury (THE MARTIAN CHRONICLES) re- printed by permission of Ilarold Matson Co Inc Copsughf 1951 by _Ray Bradbury (THE ILLUSTRATED. MAN) ro- printed by permission ofliarold Matson Co hie From "Arena" byFrederic!; Brown Reprinted by permission of the author's literary agents. Scott Meredith Literary' Agency Ine.;%15 Third Ae New York. New York 10022 Acknos\ ledgments are continued on page 64. I COTE{'TS ... .s . , . I , What Is Science Fiction? 9 2. Science,Fiction in the Classroom :: , 15 3. Methods of Teaching Science.Fiction.as Literature 23 4 Media as Teaching Aids 49 , References 59 Bibliography '63 t .-,..,. PASSWORTHY: If they don't come backmy sod and your daughter -what Of that, Cabal? . t ... CABAL: Then, presently, others.will go. IlASSWORTHY: Oh, God, is there never .to be any age of happiL i ess?'Is there never tobeany rest? CABAL:. Rest enough for the individual mantoo 'much, and too soon, and we call it Death. But for Man wrest and no ending .., . First this little planet withtits, winds and Ways, and then all the laws iA mind aad matter that restrain him. Then the planets abouthifm, nd at- last across immensity to, the stars. And when he has con- quered all the deeps of space and all the mysteries of time, still lie will-be beginning. PASSWORTHY: But. ,Nsle're such little creatures. Poor 'hu-: Inanity's so fragile, so weak. Little ...Little animals. CABAL: tittle animals. If we're not more than. animals we must sn,.atch each little scrap of, happiness and live and suffer and pass, mattering no more than all the other animals do or have done. Is it thisor that: all the universe or nothing? Which shallitbe, Passworthy?. Whichshallit be? , k H. C. Wells, Things to Come O `What Is Science Fiction? In his Introduction to the anthologyOne Hundred Years of Science Fiction,Damon Knight, echoing Basil Nvenpoit and C. S. tewis, states that the practitioners of science fiction have never been able to agree on a definition.' Indeed, a. problem in defining science fiction- is that it has not been recognized as avalid literary genreThe tbrm=seieneelction" itself was not coinedUntil 1929, Retroactively, exampieS of science fiction have beentraced as far .baelcas.411e Writings oil the Roman author Lucian 1n tlie-setliiiir century A.D. But until the middle of this century, writers seemed to stumble into the specific genre by accident, Writers such asPoe', Bierce". Lovecraft, even the young Ray Bradbury', moved from fan- tasy to science fiction to straight fiction,depending upon which ele- ,ments they vished to emphasize.ina,Stor.y. 9 8 sciEsa:F: FictoNAS LITERATURE a a . Several definitions of science fiction have been proposed. Three,- die quoted below. All of them are relatively broad so as to include the many excursions that have been made into the scientific un- known-Since Lucian.' .- Aceqrdingto Kingsley Amis, Science fiction is that class iif prose narrative treating of a situation -that could not arise in the world we know, but which is ilypothesized on the basis 4someinnovation in science or technology, iii psendo- science or pseudo-technology, whether human or extra-terrestrial hi origin.' According to Sam Moskowitz, Science fiction is a branch of fantasy identifiable by the actthat it eases the willing suspension of disbelief of its reader by utilizing at- thosphere of scientific credibility for its imaginative speculations in physical science, space. Wile, social science, and philosophy.' According to Donald A. Wollheinf, Science fiction is that branch of fantasy, which. while not true of present day knowledge. is rendered plausible by the reader's recogni- . non of the scientific possibilities of it being possible at some 'future date or at some uncertain period of the,past.' All of these definitions are acceptable. They cover science fiction possibilities ranging from space travel (Rendezvous with Rama, The Martian Chronicles, From the Earth to the Moon, The FirstoMenin the Moon) to invlsioyii of Ihe earth (ChildhoodsEnd, The War of the Worlds, Lord of Light. "Farewell to the Master"), to strange scientific inventions or discoveries (The Invisible Man, Franken- stein, The Strange Case of Dr. Jel,yll awl Mr. Hyde, Twenty Thou- sand Leagues Older the Sea) to portraits of the future (Brave New World, I Ani.a Legend, Planet of the Apes, "Flowers for Algernon," VA! t to strange lands and other scientifically based. adventures (Lost Horizon, Fantastic yoYage) to,expKrations of scientific cm- cePts such as timethe fourth dimension arid other dimensions ("no. Time Machine, Flatlands). Although the definitions have some differences, theitnportant a/wects of all three are that science,fiction t isa) a prose narrative, b 1 concerns situations could notoccur in- our tin*, crh-a.s ascientific credibility that enable; the reader to suspend disbelief in these
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