Knowledge/Science – Based Community Preparedness

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Knowledge/Science – Based Community Preparedness KNOWLEDGE/SCIENCE – BASED COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS RESEARCH & ASSESSMENTS Geophysics, Social Economics, COMMUNITY Community Preparedness Assessment, PREPAREDNESS Hazard & Vulnerability Assessments, Infrastructures Assessments PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE PUBLIC EDUCATION & CREATIVE INDONESIAN EXPERIENCES IN DEVELOPING COMMUNITY & SCHOOL‐ BASED PREPAREDNESS Knowledge… …Understanding Life skills !! Uplift created new land on Simeulue island, Aceh, Sumatra FACILITATING COMMUNITY MOVEMENT, 2007: L I P I Science-based Community Preparedness FULL MENU: MAUMERE, BANTEN, CILACAP, BENGKULU Paleotsunami & environment Infrastructure Post Disaster Education Tsunami modelling Vulnerability & Risks Model Public Education & Comm.Preparedness Geotechnics Social Economi & Community National Comm.Preparedness Exhibition Preparedness Assessment Bathymetri Banda Aceh P. Breuh, Lhok Nga, Banda Aceh Manado Pariaman Pariaman Solok Padang Jayapura Bengkulu Anyer Jakarta Bandung Surabaya Jogyakarta Maumere Pangandaran Kuta Pacitan Pangandaran Cilacap FACILITATING LARGE SCALE COMMUNITY MOVEMENT, 2008: L I P I Science-based Community Preparedness BENGKULU, BIAK, TERNATE Paleotsunami & environment Infrastructure Post Disaster Education Tsunami modelling Vulnerability & Risks Model Public Education & Comm.Preparedness Geotechnics Social Economi & Community National Comm.Preparedness Exhibition Preparedness Assessment Bathymetri Manado Jayapura Roles Played in the community Preparedness on InaTWS Unesco Ind. Red Coss (PMI) GTZ-IS Local players Consortium on Disaster Edu.(CDE) (NGO, Local gov’t, local organizations, private) Universities SCHOOL-BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Indonesian first Music Compilation Project on Disaster Preparedness Involvement of music and art community in the community preparedness movement These musician will voluntarily compile an album, facilitated by LIPI. LIPI also provide basic understanding on disasters to musicians, at the “Science in Music”workshop, held on 1st April 08 Local SOP development Workshop/Training “kentongan”, one of the local tools for tsunami warning is utilized by community and schools, during the exercise/drill Merging school, local community and authorities SOP, and test them through integrated community preparedness exercise/drill Educational Outreach Brochures in English and Indonesian Posters in English, Indonesian, and Mentawaian Recommendation • Increase research activity • Transfer scientific information to the policy makers • Public Education and Community Preparedness Capacity Building • Appeal private sector for sharing their resources • International collaboration Source: Prof. Kerry Sieh Our Survivor..... December 26, 2004 Thank you.
Recommended publications
  • A Moving History of Middle Sumatra, 1600–
    VU Research Portal A moving history of middle Sumatra, 1600-1870 Colombijn, F. published in Modern Asian Studies 2005 DOI (link to publisher) 10.1017/S0026749X04001374 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Colombijn, F. (2005). A moving history of middle Sumatra, 1600-1870. Modern Asian Studies, 39(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X04001374 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 Modern Asian Studies 39, 1 (2005) pp. 1–38. C 2005 Cambridge University Press DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X04001374 Printed in the United Kingdom A Moving History of Middle Sumatra, 1600–18701 FREEK COLOMBIJN Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV), Leiden Introduction The history of the early modern Malay world has been told largely in terms of processes of Islamization, the rise and demise of states, European voyages of discovery, trade with China, India and Europe, and colonial conquest.
    [Show full text]
  • Walikota Bengkulu Provinsi Bengkulu Peraturan
    - 1 - WALIKOTA BENGKULU PROVINSI BENGKULU PERATURAN WALIKOTA BENGKULU NOMOR 45 TAHUN 2020 TENTANG STANDAR BIAYA PEMERINTAH KOTA BENGKULU TAHUN ANGGARAN 2021 DENGAN RAHMAT TUHAN YANG MAHA ESA WALIKOTA BENGKULU, Menimbang : a. bahwa berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 51 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2019 tentang Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah, Pasal 3 Peraturan Presiden Nomor 33 Tahun 2020, maka untuk menjamin efisiensi dan efektifitas dalam proses penganggaran dan pelaksanaan anggaran pada Perangkat Daerah di lingkungan Pemerintah Kota Bengkulu, perlu adanya tolok ukur dan standar biaya; b. bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf a, perlu menetapkan Peraturan Walikota tentang Standar Biaya Pemerintah Kota Bengkulu Tahun Anggaran 2021; Mengingat : 1. Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Drt. Tahun 1956 tentang Pembentukan Daerah Otonom Kota Kecil, Dalam Lingkungan Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Selatan (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1956 Nomor 57, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 1091); 2. Undang-Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1967 tentang pembentukan Provinsi Bengkulu (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1967 Nomor 19, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun Nomor 2828); 3. Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Negara yang Bersih dan Bebas dari Korupsi, Kolusi dan Nepotisme (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 75, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3851); 4. Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2003 tentang Keuangan Negara (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2003 Nomor 47, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4286); - 2 - 5. Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2004 tentang Perbendaharaan Negara (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2004 Nomor 5, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4355); 6. Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemeriksaan Pengelolaan dan Tanggungjawab Keuangan Negara (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2004 Nomor 66, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4400); 7.
    [Show full text]
  • PT Agro Muko (SIPEF Group) Located in Bengkulu Province INDONESIA
    PUBLIC SUMMARY REPORT RSPO FIRST ANNUAL SURVEILLANCE ASSESSMENT (ASA1) PT Agro Muko (SIPEF Group) Located in Bengkulu Province INDONESIA Report Author: Aryo Gustomo – April 2012 BSI Group Singapore Pte Ltd (Co. Reg. 1995 02096‐N) PT BSI Group Indonesia 3 Lim Teck Kim Road #10‐02 Graha Mampang 2nd Floor Genting Centre Building Jalan Mampang Prapatan No.100 SINGAPORE 088934 Jakarta 12760 Tel +65 6270 0777 INDONESIA Fax +65 6270 2777 Tel +62 21 7984970 Aryo Gustomo : [email protected] Fax +62 21 7984971 www.bsigroup.sg TABLE of CONTENTS Page No SUMMARY...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED………............................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 SCOPE OF SURVEILLANCE ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................................... 1–4 1.1 Identity of Certification Unit ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Production Volume .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Certification Details .............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Youth, Technology and Indigenous Language Revitalization in Indonesia
    Youth, Technology and Indigenous Language Revitalization in Indonesia Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Putra, Kristian Adi Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 19:51:25 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/630210 YOUTH, TECHNOLOGY AND INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION IN INDONESIA by Kristian Adi Putra ______________________________ Copyright © Kristian Adi Putra 2018 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND TEACHING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2018 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Kristian Adi Putra, titled Youth, Technology and Indigenous Language Revitalization in Indonesia and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. -~- ------+-----,T,___~-- ~__ _________ Date: (4 / 30/2018) Leisy T Wyman - -~---~· ~S:;;;,#--,'-L-~~--~- -------Date: (4/30/2018) 7 Jonath:2:inhardt ---12Mij-~-'-+--~4---IF-'~~~~~"____________ Date: (4 / 30 I 2018) Perry Gilmore Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate' s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Mapping the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami Inundation in the Banda Aceh Region with Attention to Probable Sea Level Rise
    Re-mapping the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami Inundation in the Banda Aceh Region with Attention to Probable Sea Level Rise Elizabeth E. Webb Senior Integrative Exercise April 21, 2009 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Arts degree from Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 1 Tectonic Background …………………………………………………………. 2 Geologic Background ……………………………………………………...…. 4 Tsunami Models ……………………………………………………………… 5 Sea Level Rise ………………………………………………………………... 8 Astronomical Tides Subsidence Climate Change Mechanisms Data Collection Models Sea Level Rise in the 20th and 21st Centuries Globally Regionally Data …………………………………………………………………………. 14 Methods ……………………………………………………………………... 16 Results ………………..……………………………………………………… 19 Linear Model Exponential Model Discussion …………………………………………………………………… 21 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….. 23 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………. 23 References …………………………………………………………………... 24 Re-mapping the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami Inundation in the Banda Aceh Region with Attention to Probable Sea Level Rise Elizabeth Webb Senior Integrative Exercise, March 2009 Carleton College Advisors: Mary Savina, Carleton College Susan Sakimoto, University of Notre Dame ABSTRACT The effects of the Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake and the resulting tsunami on December 26, 2004 were greatest in the Banda Aceh region of northern Sumatra, where wave heights reached between 9 and 12 meters. Studies of the Sumatra-Andaman fault indicate that
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia's Transformation and the Stability of Southeast Asia
    INDONESIA’S TRANSFORMATION and the Stability of Southeast Asia Angel Rabasa • Peter Chalk Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ProjectR AIR FORCE The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rabasa, Angel. Indonesia’s transformation and the stability of Southeast Asia / Angel Rabasa, Peter Chalk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. “MR-1344.” ISBN 0-8330-3006-X 1. National security—Indonesia. 2. Indonesia—Strategic aspects. 3. Indonesia— Politics and government—1998– 4. Asia, Southeastern—Strategic aspects. 5. National security—Asia, Southeastern. I. Chalk, Peter. II. Title. UA853.I5 R33 2001 959.804—dc21 2001031904 Cover Photograph: Moslem Indonesians shout “Allahu Akbar” (God is Great) as they demonstrate in front of the National Commission of Human Rights in Jakarta, 10 January 2000. Courtesy of AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE (AFP) PHOTO/Dimas. RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND® is a registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Cover design by Maritta Tapanainen © Copyright 2001 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying,
    [Show full text]
  • Phatic Marker in Bengkulu Malay Language
    Eli Rustinar / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 7 No. 1 (2020) Online version available in : http://arbitrer.fib.unand.ac.id JURNAL ARBITRER | 2339-1162 (Print) | 2550-1011 (Online) | Article Phatic Marker in Bengkulu Malay Language Eli Rustinar1, Cece Sobarna2, Wahya3 1Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, UMB, Bengkulu, Indonesia 2,3Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia SUBMISSION TRACK A B S T R A C T Recieved: March 23, 2020 The current study aims to describe the form and function of a phatic marker Final Revision: April 18, 2020 in Bengkulu Malay. The data were taken from the spoken language of Available Online: April 25, 2020 Bengkulu Malay language, which consists of phatic utterances. The data KEYWORD were collected using the observational and conversational method. The Phatic category, swear markers, Bengkulu Malay analysis was done using contextual analysis, distributional method, and language pragmatic identity method. The result shows there are two forms of phatic CORRESPONDENCE in Bengkulu Malay, they are particle form, including nah ‘nah’, yak ‘yah’, Phone: ay ‘ai’, way ‘wai’, awu ‘ya’, woy ‘woi’, wey ‘wei’, hoy ‘hoi’, and clitic E-mail: [email protected] form, including -lah and ‘lah’. I. INTRODUCTION fulfill the social aspect to build a communicative Every language has a system that consists of several conversation (Kridalaksana, 1986). Syntactically markers. These markers are fixed combination of speaking, this form has a specific position in the unit markers which have a system. This system will sentence and considered as an affirmative particle function socially when speakers use the language (Alwi, et al., 2003). in communication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Situation with Local and National Resources
    Information bulletin Indonesia: Floods in Jakarta and Bengkulu, DKI Jakarta and Bengkulu Province Glide n° Date of issue: 28 April 2019 Date of disaster: 25 April 2019 Point of contact: Arifin M. Hadi, PMI Head of Disaster Management Operation start date: 26 April 2019 Host National Society: Indonesian Red Cross (Palang Merah Indonesia) Number of people affected: 15,258 people in both provinces This bulletin is issued for information only and reflects the current situation and details available at this time. The Indonesian Red Cross – Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI), with the support of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), are continuing to monitor and respond to the situation with local and national resources. If required, additional financial resources will be sought via the relevant IFRC international disaster response mechanism. The situation Flood in Jakarta Due to heavy and long rainfall in Bogor region, had caused significant increase of water discharge in Ciliwung River the whole night of 25 April 2019. The water level of the Ciliwung River that reached up to 220-250 centimeters flew through to the downstream in Jakarta and caused floods in several areas of the city river banks.a. According to Data and Information Centre (Pusdatin) of Indonesian Disaster Management Provincial Level (BPBD), as per 26 April 2019, there are 32 flood- affected areas in South Jakarta and East Jakarta with the average flood height ranging from 10 to 250 centimeters. Furthermore, a total number of 2,258 people are displaced in 12 locations (two IDP sites in South Jakarta and ten in East Jakarta) and 2 people died.
    [Show full text]
  • Southeast Sumatra in Protohistoric and Srivijaya Times: Upstream-Downstream Relations and the Settlement of the Peneplain Pierre-Yves Manguin
    Southeast Sumatra in Protohistoric and Srivijaya Times: Upstream-Downstream Relations and the Settlement of the Peneplain Pierre-Yves Manguin To cite this version: Pierre-Yves Manguin. Southeast Sumatra in Protohistoric and Srivijaya Times: Upstream- Downstream Relations and the Settlement of the Peneplain. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. From distant tales : archaeology and ethnohistory in the highlands of Sumatra, pp.434-484, 2009, 978-1- 4438-0497-4. halshs-02521657 HAL Id: halshs-02521657 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02521657 Submitted on 27 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra Edited by Dominik Bonatz, John Miksic, J. David Neidel, Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra, Edited by Dominik Bonatz, John Miksic, J. David Neidel, Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz This book first published 2009 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2009 by Dominik Bonatz, John Miksic, J. David Neidel, Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz and contributors All rights for this book reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Universitas Indonesia Implementasi Ketentuan
    UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA IMPLEMENTASI KETENTUAN PERSAINGAN CURANG MENURUT KONVENSI PARIS DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG NO. 15 TAHUN 2001 TENTANG MEREK SKRIPSI Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana NURHASANAH TIMBULENG 0505001895 FAKULTAS HUKUM PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUKUM KEKHUSUSAN HUKUM TENTANG HUBUNGAN TRANSNASIONAL DEPOK JANUARI 2009 Implementasi ketentuan..., Nurhasanah Timbuleng, FH UI, 2009. KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur saya panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya, saya dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Penulisan skripsi ini dilakukan dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk mencapai gelar Sarjana Hukum pada Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia. Saya menyadari bahwa, tanpa bantuan dan bimbingan dari berbagai pihak, dari masa perkuliahan sampai pada penyusunan skripsi ini, sangatlah sulit bagi saya untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Oleh karena itu, saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: (1) Kepada Ibu Lita Arjati, S.H., LL.M., selaku Ketua Jurusan Hukum Tentang Hubungan Transnasional yang juga selaku dosen pembimbing serta Ibu Tiurma MPA, S.H., M.H., selaku dosen pembimbing yang telah menyediakan waktu, tenaga, dan pikiran untuk mengarahkan saya dalam penyusunan skripsi ini; (2) kepada tim pengajar Hukum Perdata Internasional (HPI) yang telah memperjuangkan penulis untuk mencapai kelulusan, sungguh perjuangan yang sangat berharga tersebut akan menjadi pengalaman yang bernilai bagi penulis; (3) kepada dosen-dosen Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia yang telah membimbing saya dalam menimba
    [Show full text]
  • The Poor Legacy of Sumatra
    CHAPTER IX The poor legacy of Sumatra The Capuchin friar Anthonius Brevoort opens his 1993 dissertation on the first decade of the Capuchin mission in Sumatra (1911-1923) with a chapter on the previous Catholic presence in Sumatra. The disputed Christian community of Fansur or Baros is mentioned as recorded by Saleh al-Armini around 1150-1171. Franciscans in Aceh who were the first martyrs around 1642 are mentioned, as well as the mission in Bengkulu in the early 1700s, when some 300 Catholics were counted. But after that time, only decline is recorded for the history of Catholicism in Sumatra. The nineteenth century did not bring much growth either. An earlier colleague of Brevoort, the Capuchin priest Gentilis Aster, thus started his history of the mission with the sad title De magere boedel, the poor legacy. ‘Catholics were late, had no proper strategy, and did not concentrate in their work on the vast island of Sumatra’ (Brevoort 1993, Aster 1961).1 The cultural, economic, and religious pattern of Sumatra around 1900 was much more diverse than that of any of the other large islands, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and perhaps even Papua. The diversity was not only evident among the inland regions, the people living in the mountains of the Bukit Barisan, and the inland tribes of Batak, Gayo, Minangkabau, Jambi, Lampung. There were and still are great differences among the coastal re- gions as well: the Malay sultanates of the east coast, Java-oriented Palembang, the proud and independent Aceh, just to mention a few of the important cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Seismic Hazard Microzonation of Bengkulu City, Indonesia Lindung Zalbuin Mase1*, Nanang Sugianto2 and Refrizon2
    Mase et al. Geoenvironmental Disasters (2021) 8:5 Geoenvironmental Disasters https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-021-00178-y RESEARCH Open Access Seismic hazard microzonation of Bengkulu City, Indonesia Lindung Zalbuin Mase1*, Nanang Sugianto2 and Refrizon2 Abstract It has been known that Bengkulu City (Indonesia) is vulnerable to undergo seismic damage. This study is initiated by measuring horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (H/V) to sites in Bengkulu City using microtremor. The inversion analysis is performed to generate shear wave velocity profile. Hundreds of sites are investigated in this study. The results show that observed H/V is consistent with the theoretical H/V. National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program code is adopted to classify the site class. The results also exhibit that Bengkulu City is dominated by Site Classes C and D. In general, this study could lead local government to consider seismic hazard mitigation for spatial plan. Keywords: Earthquakes, Shear wave velocity, Microtremor, Site class, Bengkulu Introduction Studies of earthquake hazard in Bengkulu City had Bengkulu City is a capital city of Bengkulu Province, been performed by several local researchers. Mase Indonesia. The city is located at the western part of (2017) performed analysis of liquefaction potential along Sumatera Island, which is bordered with Indian Ocean. coastal area of Bengkulu Province. Mase (2017) Recently, the city has been promoted as one of tourist highlighted that liquefaction could happen along coastal destinations in Indonesia. However, earthquakes have area of Bengkulu City, especially during the Bengkulu- been identified as the main issue in Bengkulu City since Mentawai Earthquake. Mase (2018) performed a reliabil- last two decades.
    [Show full text]