No. 12, 1986Dec., P

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PhyllisJ. Vqn Orden ond Adeline W. Wilkes

This des-criptiae,exploratory study of building-Ieoelschool library media centersbelongingto at least one rnultistate,maliltype llbrary network was dcsignedto inaestigatetha lmpaA of netuorks on collectionsand technical

he concepts of formal networking tions about networkingand schoollibrary media programsappeared. Examples include CatherineMtilphy's studyoi online public accesscatalogs (f987); Barbara Immroth'son tle role of schoolJevelpro- grams in the Colorado Regional Service Librarians and others 1975). A recent en- System(1980); H. ThomasWalker's docu- dorsement ofthe concepts is found in the mentationof the useof interlibraryloan by 1988__publicanon, Information power: administrators, teachers, and itudends Guidelines for school library media pro- (1982);and Ann CarlsonWeeks'study of grams (Amencan Association of School school library media specialists'attitudes Librarians 1988), which recommends the provision of access to resources outside

searchRetreat sponsoredby the Research Committeeoftie AmericanAssociation of through a communication mechanism, School Librarians (Woolls 1990). In re- forms a systemto accomplisha specifted viewingthe researchliterature about cata- goar. loging,collections, and networks,Murphy During the 1980sa numberof disserta- (1990), Callison (1990), and Immroth 8/ LRTS . 37(1) c Van OrdenandWlkes

(1990) agree that information on the im- and the questionnaire, was sent to the 754 pact of ndtworking on building-level media individuals identi{ied by the districtJevel programs across the country is not readily personnel. During the mailingprocess the available. iesearchers disc6vered td individuals Another body of literature has de- listed for more than one school, and these scribed the operations and impact of net- individuals were eliminated from the worhng within speciftc systems. One of studv. An interim reminder letter and a the most widely discussed programs is thir

and local networla, The local networks in- The schoolswere representedin the clude avariety ofarrangemenb: only schools external networks bv th-'sdistrict media within the *ini"t (Sgl] district schools and local publiclibraries (20); onlyschools within an intermediate district (13); district schools, local public, and academic libraries (ll); district schools, local private schools, and local public and academic libraries (ll); district schmls, localprivateschools, and localpublic libraries (4); and district schools i to""t of an instructionalmaterials center (1). private schools (2). "n One respondentreported that the district librarianposition was eliminated in lgg0, leading to the withdrawal of representation and participation in the'network. Eight respondentshad no representation, and 75 failed to answerthe question. Thirty-eight of the schbols had an operationsmanual, which is usedby media centerstaff(33), teachers (8), students (2), the principal(1), schoolstaff(1), and central catalogingstaff ( l). Thirty-fourschools hadan ins-truitionalmanualbn how to use their network. Thesemanuals were used by mediastaff(34), teachers (12), students (f0), and clerical staff (I). Eight schools had profilesfor the networkoperations. Some of the schoolsused CD-ROM and online bibliographicservices. Fifteen Mjchigan, NewYork, Ohio, Oregon, penn- schoolshad accessto BRSand DIALOG. sylvania, and Texas. eight usedjobberfuendor programs, four A variety of services and operations hidnooks lir Print PIus,and trv6 each used were reported as being offered at the Wilsonldne and Wilsondisc. None had school district level for ihe buildingJevel Uhich'sP/rr. Other online and CD-ROM school library media specialist. Peionnel resour@savailable in the schoolsincluded M agazineArticle Sumtnnries(6), Grolier\ Elearonic \ncyclopedia (6), Information Ph;"s(World B6oH'(2), Compton'sMulti- Media Encyclopedia(2), Acadanic Amer- ican Encyclopedia(2), NewsBank Indn (2), Oxford EnglXh Diaionary (9), ERIC (Siloer Platter) (L), Groller's World Atlns (1), and MagazineIndex (l).

NETWoRKBENEFITS Network productsare one form ofbene- fits. The respondentstook advantageofthe networknewsletters (48), &rectories (37), training packages(15), and guidelinesfor cluded examination centers and preview- copyright (15). Other network services ing arrangements (73), collection main- usedby the schoolsincluded staffdevelop- tenance and repair (Sa1, exchange ment andin-senrice programs (45), techni- centers (28), opening and closing collec- cal assistance(31).-coisultation services tions (43), andselec[ion (22). (28), public relaUons services (fO), IO/ LRTS . 37(1) c Van Ord'enandWilkes databasemanagement assistance(I4), cur- materials (4), children's materials (4), (4), for riculum planning for teaching online 'stude"ntsyoungadult materials andmaterials searching (11), cataloging manuals (I), with specialneeds (4). Others had union lis-tsof serials (1), and curriculum 'ti"rorimary responsibiliw for laminatingfacili- guides (1). for^collectin!magazines and bus- Greater accessto resourceswas cited as iness"ttdmaterials. a chief beneftt of networking by many of the respondents. As one wrote: I can now get quieker, better, and often more appropriateaccess to materials for my students.The collectionsof586 libraries are now a keyboardaway. Another media specialist wrote of the benefit of having IBM-XT terminals and CD-ROM drives in the center, aswell asof having time allofted to meet with other librarians. 75;lent by64. Serialswere borrowed by 61 Networking increased the opportunity schools:fent bv 55. Three of the schools to communicaie with other medii speciai- borrowedand ient photocopiesofarticles. ists; to meet with others to exchange ideas The four types of borrowing practices used by the schools included borrowing from other schoolsin the district (106), from nonschoollibraries (65), from mem- bersofthe network(65), and from schools in other districts (43). Borrowing privi- the future.

hiAh schoolstudents (50), to elementary school students (50), to administrators (86), to parents (24), to school board arrangements. members (18), and to other community Reipondents were involved in resource members(11). sharing. Eight respondents were involved in cooidination of collection dwelopment efforts and seven in coordination of materials selection. ThirW-nine had access to online databas"t, 62 participated in cooperative film/video"ttd libraries. Individual sch6ol media centers had been assigned responsibility for collecting specilic types of materials. Collection development re- LRTS o 37(1) o SchoolLibraryMediaCentersandNetworkslll

REsroNsIvrNEssoF Usrns Some are already recognizing the limited number of stations they have available. The school library media specialistspar- especially when all memLers of a classare ticipatingin the studysharedthe following being servedat one time. perceptionsabout the responsivenessoT usersto networking: NrrwonxrNc 1. Initially teachersmight be slow in ac- BennrEns cepting networksand automation,but Commonlycited barriersineluded psy- asthey leam about the resourcepossi- chologicalbarriers (i.e., attitudes), political bilities they becomeresponsive and and legal barriers, funding, communica- enthusiasticand eventuilly develop tion, and planning.Additional barriers for higher expectationsof services. buildingJevel personnel were lack of 2. Elementary school teachersinvolved leadershipat the districtlevel, lack ofper- in wholelanguage programs benefited sonnel a[ the building level, and rigid from interlibrarv loans. scheduling.(One elementary school media specialist- had thirty classesper week.) Other barriers'were reiated to technolog, and lack of standardization.One respondentwrote: Our district is working on a technolog;r update and is designing software for mul- sources,but as one respondent wrote, tischool use in preparation for networking "The ones who use it love it. Until the . . . . Of the six high schools, only three others comprehendwhat it can do for have the same software and only two have them, they will not use it." One media similar hardware. spec'ialistreported that the teacherswere The problem of standardization is verypositive. but "felt neglectedwhen the addressed in the following remarks: media crnter staff was so involvedin the Wouldn't it be wonderful to Iind some automationprocess." Another faced the standardization in the area of automation and networking? Anywhere in the computer industry? It is particularly frustrating to think that you have asked all the right questions, gotten all the right answers, are ready to set a project in motion only to lind that some component is incom- patible. It is also frustrating that many of us, particularly in smaller districts, have to re-invent the retrospective conversion wheel at a geat deal of expense to the district. There are so many common factors from one high school library to &e next, why are we not sharing our knowledge and collection information free of charge or for a minimal charge? Why are we all paying for a MARC record for our Encgclopaedia Brltannlca? School libraries are getting less and less of the education dollar, so it becomes more and more important tlat we Iind ways to share collections and resources. Space and facilities can also create barriers in crowded schools where classesare taking over library spaceor Can schoolskeep up with this interest? where the "readi-ngroom is too irnall to 12/ LRTS . 37(1) o Van Ord'enandWilkes absorbthe noiseaccompanfng terminals

charged for photocopies and telefacsimile servibes. Funding for automation meant no new audiovisu-alequipment for another shareresources. school. The aftitudes of the resPondents rangedfrom very enthusiasticto that of the indiiidualwho wrote,"I do not ParticiPate. I don't feel the need."This is in contrastto anotherhieh schoolmedia specialist from tlre samed"istrlct who statedi one respondentwrote: Because of a state grant, we have not had Help your immediateadministrator to un- to absorb any of the costs associated with derstandthe benelits to studentsand staff. networking. Therefore, we have had many With his or her help and support, discuss benelits associated with being part of the your long term networkinggoals with the state grant including comPuter hardware iuperintendent. Be wilting to accePtthat and software. It has enhanced the image of the project might have to be done over a our meager high school library, located in long period of time. Be patient and keep a nearly bankrupt city. everyoneposted on the Progress. A different co-ncernwas expressedby Communicauon methods available in the respondentwho remarked: the schools include terminals (57), tele- Networking would be useful, but most librarians in our district would be extremely reluctant to lend materials to other schoolsdue to the very reasonable fear that they would never re-appear! This is in contrast to the new media tricts had telefacsimiles, ff had satellite communications systems, 38 had terminals, 34 had telephones, and 24 had cable televisions. One media specialist wrote: My library does not have a computer nor is there any moneyto Purchaseone in $e future. I have an old fashioned library. I still stamp the books and book cards! We do not even have a telephone; I'm afraid that "networking" is an unreachable star. Another communication problem oc- tic. Do carry a maintenance agreement on curs when building-level medra specialists all hardware and a technical service agree- are not consulted-about "decisions about ment on all softrvare programs ,rccessed district-wide things like networhng" or the tfuough the in-house network." Others ad- allocation of funding. vised."'Cet someone who will deal with detaiis ifyou won't,'and "Use strong, tact- ful leadership." Twenty-two media specialists reported that lack of ftscal commitment created a barrier. Respondents addressed this bar- provide avariety of services and opportuni- rier by seeking grants from their state ties for media specialists to meet and to LftTS . 37(1) c SchoolLibrary Media CentersandNetuto*s /13

serve on committees to update their library is the one environment in a school knowledge and to share their needs. where almost every student can feel com- Lack of stalT commitment can be fortable using computers to Iill and answer 'need" another barrier. One respondent wamed, a real that they have and integrate "Prepare to give your life to automation for computers into the school environment. several years." Or to word the advice The districtschool library media super- another way: visor is a key ftgure for both leadershipand Be willing to make automation and net- communication.In one district,the lossof working your top priority for a couple of thisposition has deterred the development years-set other goalsaside. If it is neces- of networking plans for the district, which saryto recruit volunteers,be very choosy. has network servicesavailable only at an Select'detail" personalitieswith goodkey- inaccessiblecounty offtce. boarding shlls. Individuals who took the initiative in a Another advised,'Prepare the staff. for school'sparticipation in an externalnet- it is essentialto have staff commitment and work were identiffed as district media su- one must give sufffcient lead tiine to raise pervisors(59), the principalorotherschool the stafFs-comfort level." Other respon- ldministrator(18i, the'respondent(14), dents noted as additiond barriers- the other school-levelmedia staff (9), and a amount of staff time required on a regular state schoollibrary media supervisor(1). basis to handle interlibiary loans, to"keep The individual sciook *ere iepresenied records, and to train students and teachers in the governanceofthe externalnetworks in how to use the systems and how to by the district media supervison (12), conduct searches. librariansrepresenting the &strict (8), re- Lack of understanding about the con- spondents(6), administrators representing cept ofnetworhng and lick ofknowledge the district (3), board membeis (2), anil about the beneftts of networking and its superintendents(2). The suctessof net- operations can also serve as barriers. worhng experiencesled one respondent to plan and develop a proposal tb fund an information retrieval network u'ithin the school. Generalsuggestions for overcomingthe barrien to networhng included the follorv- ing: "Have a strong desire and persevere," work with the distrilctin establisfringa long- rangeplarming budget, and use communica- recommended community meetings, in- tion to slowlyremove the barrier. formation sharing sessions, pulliciry aimed at teacheri, and worksliops for teachers. IuplrclrroNs FoR CATALoGTNG AND CLASSIFICATION Leadership at the state and district level can helf media specialists overcome Catalo$ng and processingwere handled in all of these b-arriers.Airibute to one state a variety'catalog,L, ofways. Thirty-three schools had media coordinator is evident in the follow- online 2 had COM (computer ing remarks: output microform), 2 had CD-ROM net- Networking has brought more boys into worlcs, 113 had card catalogs, I had a local the library environmentand sparkeda re- in-house network, and 8 did not respond. newal of interest in an eighty-year-old In the 33 schools wit*r online catalogs, the building. Thank you, Dr. Epler, state coverage varied: 20 schools had 1007oof media coordinator for Pennsylvania,for their b*ooksincluded. 9 schools had 7A- your foresight in reinvigorating a small 99Vo,3 schoolshad less than 507o,and I Pennsylvanialibrary. Thanks for upgrading respondent did not answer the question. a small high school library and allowing For audiovisual materials, 12 schools re- studentsto use computer applicationsbe- ported that IOOVowere in the online cata- yond their computer literacy courses.The log; 4 schools had 75-99Vo,11 reported IA LRTS . 37(1) . VanOrdenandWi.lkes

bers. Sears List of Subiea Headings was the authority for 121 schools,Library of Con- Sibiec't Headings for 16. Authority "fileseress were maintained= for subjects by 43 one usedMICROLIF. In the 113schools where catalogs were not online, I\OVoof the bookshad been catalogedin 75 schools,and 7S-997o ofthe books-in38 schools.Seventy-nine schools hadl0OTocoverage of audiovisualmateri- als in their non-onlinecatalogs, 3 schools

cated classification numbers (a5), locally created subject headings (16), and specialized codinqs for special collections (1). - en gI o Xme * in Ca t ala gu in g Rulras,-2d ed.. 1988 revision (AACR2R) was used as a standard in cataloging by 93 schools. t\an 50Vocoverage, and 27 did not reply. FifU-one schools cataloged at the first In theseschools -ataloging and classilica- level (minimum), 8 at the iecond level, and tion were handled by buil&ngJevel staff 6 at the third. Six schools used older edi- (a3), bv a commercialfirm or ftrms (41), tions of AACR2R as their standard. with c;als orderedfrom the network(35), Fifty-one schools used the same cata- by the district-levelservices (25), and by loging itandards for books, magazines,and the intermediateunit servingmore than audiovisual materials. Forty-five schools one schooldistrict (16). did not catalog magazines.Procedures for Some schools used more than one audiovisual materials were modifted in method to catalog their materials.The some schools. Accession numbers instead commercialservices included jobbers such of classiffcationnotations were used in two asBaker andTaylor (13), Bro-Dart (3),and schools. cards were color-coded in the cat- Follett (3). Card servicesbeing used included American Card CatalogCo. and

one school district by 23, and outside agencies in 9. Retrospective conversion of catalog records into machine-readable form for those schoots with online catalogs had Bibbfile, Microsoft Word, WordlSpring been completed in 23 schools and was in Board,, Catalog Card Assembler Librar- process in 10 others. Funding for this ian's Helper, and Rachel's Catalog Card brocess was provided bv the district (11), Printer. ihe state (8),'and local uuthotitiet (6). Per- Eighty-trvoschool library media spe- sonnel responsible for retrospective con- LRTS t 37(l) . SchoolLibraryMediaCentersandNetworks /15

version included the school'smedia center consider the move toward centralization staff (14), regular school district staff (9), and the availability of commercial catalog- personnel contracted through the network ing in their curriculum design? system (8), and other agencies (7). With this study some baseline data Thirty-three of the schools weeded about networhng in school library media their collection before retrospective con- centers are established, but only a small version. This job was handled by the media proportion of the nation's schools is repre- center staff (33), with help from personnel sented. Research on a grander scale is from the intermediate unit servinq more needed. than one school district (1), and &strict- level staff (1). Teachers and department Coxct usrorusluo chairpersons often weeded in their areas of expertise. RrcouuruoATroNs The analysis revealed an unfortunate pat- Funrnrn RrssAncu tern of the haves and the have-nots, reflecting priorities within districts. In some Thisexploratorystudycan sewe as a begin- school-dstrics only the high schools are ning step in recording the developing role being funded to automate and to partici- of school librarv media centers that partic- pate in formal networking. In other dis- ipate in networks, as well r""oid th" tricts many operations, including those impact of networhng on their"r collections dealing with resource sharing, are handled and practices. Further studies are needed. at the ?istrict level and are iot accessible This investigation was focused on the to the buildinglevel media specialists or building level, whereas an earlier studywas their patrons. fu one media specialist ob- concentrated at the district level. The field served: also needs informaUon on *re. impact of I knew that we were very backward. networking on students and teachers. However, after answering this question- More details about coordinated collec- naire, I feel like I am operatinga facility tion development programs are needed. from the last century. The effect of networking activities on col- Severalserious barriers that hinder net- lection development, se-iectionof materi- working activities of building-level person- als, and evaluation ofcollections should be nelwere identifted. The strength andcom- further explored. mitment of district supervisors are Also important, as a model for other instrumental in charting networking activi- schools, would be a look at the effect ties. In one community the district super- of integrated search strategies in the visor's position was eliminated; thus, that curriculum. community lost its representation in the The relationship between the leader- networking sptem plus the small progess that had been made toward networhng within the district. Sta{ffng and scheduling patterns can deter networking activities. TWo examples of individuals who wrote that they had are decisions being made about the level neither the time nor the inclination to ex- of involvement of indMdud schools?The pand their activities for these reasons were representation of buildingJevel personnel (l) an elementary school library media in govemance and decision-making also specialist with thirty classesper week in needs to be addressed. the library and (2) a high school librarian Library educators would benelit from responsible for three thousand students. answers to two central questions: With Additionally, responses revealed a many schools having centralized catalog- frightening aspect of networking activities. ing and classification, what educationil Some schools, enthusiastic about the pro- preparation do school library me&a spe- spect ofnetworking, channeled funds from i'lalists need? Also, should liirrary schools book budgets for technological expenses 16/ LRTS . 37(1) . VanOrdenandWilkes without consideration of the effect on the Wotrxs CrrED collection or the purchase or replacement American Associationof School Librarians' of materials. 1988. Infomwtion power: Guidelines for was evident from the answers given It sclnol library medio programs. Chicago: to the survey questions that centralized American Library Assn' cataloging and p-rocessinghad affected the American fusociation of School Librarians, knowledeb thal school library media spe- AmericanLibrary Association,and Associ- cialists fiave about the stindards ind ation for Educational Communications methods used in the bibliographic organi- and Technology.1975, Media programs: zation of their collections: manv of them Distfict and. school. Chicago: American did not know what was being done. Yet the Library Assn. develop principles of bibliographic control are Callison, Daniel. 1990' Collection -to ment in school library media centers,in Lasic the fteld oflibrarianship. Some The research of school library media cen' must be found to keep the in- method ters, 23I-$8. SeeWoolls 1990. informed about dividual media speicalists Dillman, Don A. L978. Moil and teleplnrc decisions that are made atthe district level. suroegs: Thc total deslgn method' New The need for standardization in auto- York: WileY. mation and networhng was mentioned in Epler, Doris M. 1988.Networhng in Pennsyl- several of the survey responses,reflecting vania: Technologyand the school library the concems of all librarians dealing with rnediacenter. Library trends 37:43-55. 1987' automation. Epler,' Doris M., and RichardE. Cassel. In spite of these problems, bqilding- ACCESSPENNSYLVANIA: A CD-ROM project. Library hi tech 5' no.S level media specialists are motivated by the database (Fall):81-92. beneftts of networking. One individual Enler. Doris M., and fean H. Tuzinski'1991' stated: A System for statewide sharing of Networking has made our library into a resources: A case study of ACCESS "library without walls." We can offer PENNSYLVANIA. Scfutol library medta courses,backed by materialsnever before quarterly 20:19-23. available.Online searchingwould be use- Immroth, BarbaraFroling. 1980.The Role of lesswithout the ILL servicesprovided by our regional BOCES. We sewe an academic population and can Prepare students for collegemore easilynow. For arural school librarymedia specialist, networks removed isolation and expanded resources.The pride sehool library ipecialists have in their'networking activi- Woolls 1990. ties is described by one school library Murphy, Catherine P. 1987.The Microcom- media specialist who wrote: puter stand-aloneonline public accesscat- Schoollibraries havean important role to iloe in schoollibrary mediacenters: Prac- play in information networks. We have tice"sand attitudes of schoollibrary media (DLS unique collections that are useful to all specialiststowards standardization. Univ.). citizens. School librarians need to work diss..Columbia infor- with public and university librarians to Mumhy, Catherine P' 1990.Access to effect of automation, in The develop networks that will benefft all maiion, The research of school llbrary medla centers, L63-74.See Woolls 1990' Pennsqlaaniaonline: A anrriculum guidz for scinol librara mediacenters. 1985. Harris- burg, Pa.:Stite Library of Pennsylvania. Task Force on the Role of tlre School Library Media Program in the National Program. effective manner possible through net- 1978. The iol.e of the school llbrory media working. progrorn ln netuorking' Washington, LRTS o 37(1) . SchoolLibrary Media Centercand Netusorks/I7

D.C.: National Commission on Libraries attitudes of the New York State school and Information Science. library media specialists concerning Van Orden, Phyllis f., and Adeline W Wilkes. library networks and technolog,. (Ph.Dl 1989. Networks and school library media diss., Univ. of Pittsburgh). centers. Library resources dstechnical ser- Woolls, Blanche. 1990. The research of school oices 33:123J3. Itbrary medla centera: Papers of the Trea- Walker, H. Thomas. 1982. A shrdyof the par- sure Mountain Research Retreat, Park ticipation of a public school'system in a CitA, Utah, October I7-I8, 1989. Castle large consortium. (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Rock, Colo.: Hi Willow Research and Maryland). Publlshing. Weeks, Ann Carlson. 1982. A Study of the RegisterToday for the Public LibraryAssociation's Fourth

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INTRoDUcTIoN

Librarianship is faced today with two op- posingforces. On &e one hand dre ever- increasingcost of acquisitioas,especiallv of serial-subscriptionis,and the'orr"ril

ANGELAGrRAl. is Avery Librarian, and AnlrNr G. Tevr.onis Associateprofessor, school of Ljlfty service,columbia university, New York, New york. Manuscriptsubmitted March 30, 1992;revised October 14, 1992;accepted for publication October fa, f^SSZ. 20/ LilTS . 37(1) . Giral and Taylor the development of the Internet) enhance CARL UNCOVER, deriving its informa- the possibilities ofaccess to an extent that tion by machinefrom tablesof contents, threltens to become &nyrng.It thus be- mistakesthe name of an architect for the hooves librarians to learn as much as name of the author of an article about that possible about the nature and practices architect'sbuilding. of secondarv sources, which are the intellectual tools that can help us sort out REVTTWOF THE IJTERATURE the masses of information into more or less useful and relevant pieces for library For the studydescribed here methodologr users, was taken frbm two traditions of research: The original impetus for this studywas a desire to l*earnmolre about the nature and

Marb/n (1967) as the ffrst to attemPtto hereinafter asAoe ru Infur) and the Archi- deveiopanoverlap theory' Following Mar- tectural Periodicali Indar (A?l\. Although tvn's work in a variety of subiect areas, situated on opposite sides of the Atlantic tir"." *"r" a numberof analysesof cover- Ocean, both services were started as natural extensions of the reference services of the two most &stinguished architecturd libraries in the world. While one is a{Iil- iated with an academic institution and the other with a professional society, in each case the indexing service evolved from an in-house tool to a service transcending the walls of the parent institution. One potential use of an overlap study, then, was to inform a possible collaboration between these twolndexes that would reduce un- appears(Gluck 1990, 44). necessary duplication of effort and result Boume (1969a, 1969b) and Boume, in expaided-access to the literature of Kasson,and North (1969)did look at over- architecture. lap at the article level, comparingcitations As &e study proceeded, issues from the Btbliography of Agricuhure with emerged pointing ioward broader implica- fifteen other secondarysources. These re- tions. Our findings exPose new insights into the numerous variations that can occur when two different people tran- scribe and index the same information, in spite of tire increasing standardization in aieas like format. files, and subject thesauri. As others"uti'otiw prepare to develop specialized indexesof *reirown or to select airtomated indexes either to mount on their local OPACs or otherwise make accessible to their patrons, they might do well to keep these variables in minil. end lest any persons think that the machine studyGluck sala (1990,44): itself will be more precise than human [They] detailed many of the problems in beines in its obiectivity, let them look at the comparing bibliographic records such as mani instancei in which one such service, transliteration, variable spellings, use of LRTS . 37(1) c Indexing Ooerlapand Consistency /21

initials in authors' names, nonuniform data indexbutwere not retrieved in response to elements. and inconsistent combinations the subject searched due to differences in of data elements in the records of the indexing or differences in the searcher's vanous servrces. Gluck stated that a study by Bearman and Kunberger(1977) is th6 hilh point of secondarysource coverageoverlap analysisbecause of the introductionof broader measuresusing highly sophisticatedmath- ematical arralysistools and employing the concept of two-wayrelative overlap of the secondarysources (Gluck 1990,45). Bear- The second research tradition oonve{g- man and Kunbergerconcluded that over- ing in the current study is that of measur- lap can be measuredin severalmeaningful in[ interindexer consislency. Interindexer *a waw. The authors analvzedat the article co"nsistencyhas been defined as quanti- overlap lerrel,but did not comparecontent tative measure of the degree to which two of index records. or more indexers agee in their assignment Numerous studies produced in the of codes or terms representing the sabiea 1960s,1970s, and 1980sare listed in the contents of a document" (Markey 1984, bibliogaphy to Gluckbpaper. In his sum- 155, italics added). Indee4 virtudly dl mary of the literature, Gluck (1990,47) such researchers have looked only ai the includesamong items in his list of major consistency of indexing the subject con- past achievements of journal coverage tents. It seems to be assumed that other overlap researchthe following: elements of index reaords-such as titles . Development of a basic approachto proper, subtitles, joumal tides and cita- overlap analysis tions, personal names, and corporate ' Realizationofthe need to analyzear- names-will be consistent because they ticles aswell as titles are being copied from the item in hand. It o Realization of t*re need to perform is also possible that there is an assumption comparative analpis of secondary that inconsistency in recording tides and sourcecontent and indexing names does not cause problems as severe . Improved cooperationamong the pro- as does inconsistenry in subject ter- ducers and vendors of secondary minolory. However, there have been a sources numbeiof articles discussing the diflicul- Virtually all of the recent overlap stu- ties of searching for names in databases dies havebeen conductedfrom a subject where there is no authority control-e,g., perspective.That is, sampleshave been Everett and Pilachowski (f986). chosenbyconducting subject searches and A review of the literature of inter- then comparing the results for overlap. indexer consistencywas presented in 1984 One such study that went a step further by Markey. She p

. Short articles are indexed more con- freouentoroduction ofsupplenrents by G. sistently than long articles. K. flall. Fitr"tty, theeoery'tndex became o Interindexer concept consistency ex- ceeds interindexer terminology consistency. . Experienced indexers attain higher interindexer consistencv than inex- perienced indexers, A logical progression following upon RIBA loumal beginningin 1933'In 1946 both the overlap research and the inter- their new Librafu Bullaln included the indexer consistencv research is to examine periodical referencesin a separatesection. the consistency ofthe entire indexing re- Thesebegan to be cumulatedquarterly in cord as well as to determine the overlap of 1965and,"in 1972, became an in-dependent the two indexes that are the concern of the pu blication title d Archite au ral Pe ri odic als Index. The API hasbeen computerizedsince 1977.but it wasnot unUI 1985that it be- cameavailable for onlinesearching as part of the integrateddatabase of the British lap coverage in the lield of architecture Architectural Library. The API has been and in its examination of indexing con- availableon Dialog since1987. sistency with regard to recording of title information, names, citations, and descrip- Tnn Ownr,eP tion, in addition to comparison of subject descriptors. The overlap between the Aoent Ind'ex ard t\e API nLeds to be defined at several Hrsronr The AveryArchitecturaland Fine Arts Li- brary at ColumbiaUniversity has been in- dexingperiodical articles on architecture since 1934.Index entrieswere produced on catalogcards and were availableonly at the Avery Library until 1963,when G. K. Hall ftrst publishedthem in book form. Two editions and elevensupplements to the second edition were published be- tween1963 and 1991. In 1979 the Arsery lnd,ex beame a specialdatabase available on tlle Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN), thus becomingavailable online beyondthe confines of ivery Library. In t'ggg the only 270 titles that were indexed by both agencies.These 270 titles represent327o oithor" indexedby the Aoery lndex and 44Voof thoseindexed by the API. As a result of experimentstoward collaboration.it had b-eendetermined from ture andaocess to the index.Availabilityof test samplesthat during the calendaryear the Aoery Index in book form to those 1986approximatelyT6Vo of all the articles placeswhere online accessis not possible indexehly theAairy lndexcamefrom the hasalso been increased through tf,e *ote 270 titles-in the commonjournal list, and LRTS . 37(1) o lndexing Ooerlapand Consistency /23

that approximately78Vo of all the articles of at least1,374 records from theAPf. The indexedbv the APl came from the same standardformula is commonjournal list. Thesemeasures gave quite a different impressionof the sizeof n= z2Noa the overlapbetween the two indexingserv- NEi6t ices and made it desirableto conduct a study that would take the comparisonto wherez is the valuenecessary to compute deeperlevels. 907oconlidence (1.65); N is the delined A secondlevel of overlap consistsof universe;p is the estimatedproportion; g identifying the selection parametersof is I - p; andE is the valueof the cuffdence each indei. That is. which^articlesin the interval desired (in this case0.02, repre- senting2%o). Systematicsamples were drawn by tahrig every nth record, starting at ran- domly chosenpoints within the groupsof recordsthat containeda 1986publication date.A sampleof 1,506reqcrdiwas drawn from the Aoery Indm, and after manual indexed by both agencies, how are the scanningit wasdetermined that 1,057re- resulting index records alike, and how are cords, or 7O.2Vo,of the samplewere for they different? articlespublished in the commonlyheld list of lournals.A sampleof I,745 records wasdrawn from theAPI records.and after Mrrnooorocy manual scanningit was determinedthat In order to get more ac:curateligures, 1,268,or 72.7Vo,of thesecame from the searchesfor all articles with a publication commonlyheld list oflournals.The larger- date of 1986were conducted on Dialogin than-necessarysize of the API samplewas files#178 (Aoery Index) and #179 (API)'. It the result of a misunderstanding,but we was determined that the Aoery Index in- decided to go aheadand use all available cludes9,570 records for articlespublished records. in the year 1986, and the API includes The next step consisted of searching 7,148 articles published in 1986. Given the 1,057 records drawn from the Aaery discrepanciesin format,conflicting priori- lndex in the API and the 1,268 recor& ties, and differencesin form of"li,urnal drawn from the ,4PI against the Aoery titles, it proved unmanageableto draw Ind.ex.Oneof the firstthingsthatemerged samplesfrom only the commonly held from this one-to-onecomparison was the loumal titles. Therefore, an alteinative impact of an explicitly different policy in procedure was developed,consisting of the handling of specialissues. The APl drawinqsamples from both databasesfor practice is to make a single record for all artidlesGth a 1986date of publica- specialissues, while the Aaery Ind.extends tion and manuallyscanning the resulting to make separaterecords for eacharticle, records to selecf those th"atcame frori and if the title of the issueis considered the Iist of commonly indexed journal signiftcant,yet anotherrecord is madefor titles. the whole issue(see ligure 1).There wasa total of68 specialissues identified in the API sample.Matches were found in the Aoery lndex for 37 of these, and partial matcheswere found for another 31. In addition, 3 more recordswere identified as "quasi-special"(see figure 2). Given that tJrisdifference in policy resultsin a rela- sary to draw a sampleof at least I,445 tionshipofone record(in theAP/) to many recordsfrom thefuaery Inder anda sample (in the Aoery Index), it is not sulprising 24 LRTS . 37(1) c GiralandTaylnr

1986Awards of Excellence / Moira Farr.

Eight winning schemes,each indexedseparately. "Cinadianarihitect" 1986Dec., v.31,'no.l2, p.1l-38, photos.,elevs.' dwgs.' site p'lans,secns., p1ans, models, i11. ISSN0008-2872

l. Awardsand prizes--Canada--CanadianArchitect Awardsof Excellence1986 2. Architecture--Canada--Awardsand prizes I. Farr, Moira

CALL:AB Cl5 ID: NYCA87-V968 03-09-87 CP: onc Lr eng

0130536 AlI 1873 Special issue. 18th AnnualAwards of Excellence.- Canadianarchitect, vol. 31, no. 12, 1986Dec., p. 1l-38. BIBLIOGRAPHICNOTES: Includes illustrations - LANGUAGE:English C0UNTRY0F PUBLICATION:Canada N0TES:Text.in Enql.ish.Awards to the following illustrated building_s:Kikino Elementaryschool, Kikino (architects Koliger SchmidtschmidtArchitect-Engineer);Architect-Lngrneer); EdmontonAdvanced Technoloqy Centre, Edmonton(Bamy JohnsArchitect);Architect);- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Zeidler RobertsPartnership); Lytle residence,resjdence. CobourgCobourq(Ian MacDonald);Sundial 1 Square, Tsawwassen,Tsawwassen' VancouverVancouvevancouver (CornerstoneArchitdcts)Architects); ; Toronto'Toronto Hilton HarbourCastle ConferenceCentreLenf,re (AnthonyKemp); Appleton residence, Victoria (PatkauArchitects); Stanley Dark Tr6picai'Centie, Vancouver (Busby Bridger Archit-ects).-- DESCRIPT0RSi Awards- -Canada- -Canad iah Architect Awardsof Excellence 1986 ARCHITECT(S):Koliger SchmidtArchitect-Engineer; Barry Johns.Arch.itect; Zei- dler Rbberts Partnership; MacDonald,Ian; CornerstoneArchitects; Kemp' Anthony; PatkauArchitects; BusbyBridger Architects

Figure L For this special issre, Aoery Inder (top) made one remrd for the *'hole issue and eight sepamte records for each article. API (bottom) made one comprehensive record, listing the eight articles. Thus, the records "match," but the aress points are very different because API has made analytical acess points for the architects. LRTS . 37(l) . lndexing Ooerlapand Consistency /25

Trois architectes au Tessin.

Articles on 3 architects from the Swissregion of Ticino: Luigi Snozzi, Aurelio Galfetti, and Livio Vacchini, each indexedindividually. "AMC"1986 June, no.l2, p.[4-43], ills. ISSN0336-1675

I . Architecture--20th century--Switzerland- -Tic ino

CALL:AB Aml9 ID: NYCA86-V10429UD: 09-16-86 CP: fr L: fre

0125446 Al10137 Trois architectes au Tessin Threearchitects in Tessin. - Article by Florence Kohler, Francoise Fromonot,and others - Architecture MouvementContinuite, no. 12, 1986June, p. 4-43. BIBLI0GRAPHICN0TES: Inc1udes photos, plans, sections, elevations, models- LANGUAGE:French C0UNTRY0F PUBLICATI0N:France N0TES:Text in French. Includes references Includes: Luigi Snozzi at litonte Carasso,by Florence Kohler and Francoise Fromonot(illustrates mayor's residence,bank and gymnasium);Livio Vacchiniat Locarno,by JacquesLucan (illustrates architect's office, Lido d'Ascona,house at Ascona,Palazzo Giardini Rusca);Aurelio Galfetti at Bellinzona, by JacquesLucan (illustrates restoration of the Castelgrande,post office, tennis club). DESCRIPT0RS:Swiss architecture--Ticino ARCHITECT(S):Snozzi, Luigi; Vacchini,Livio; Galfetti, Aurelio

Figure 2. These two records are not an exact match becaure Atery lnder (top) has made tlrre additional individual (on remnds which the rchitects are $ven access points) flr this quroi-speial issue. Note also that API has given an English trmslation of the titleln addition t; the titl" ptopri.

CanadaPlace / Ilonte Bryer.

Architects: MussonCattel & Partners, Downs/Archambault,and Zeidler Roberts Partnershi p,/Architects . "Architects forum : the official journal of l{estern Canadianarchitects" 1986 June,no.15, p. l3-14, photos.

l. Exhibition buildings--Canada--Vancouver(British Columbia)--Expo86--Canada Place 2. t{orld fairs--Canada--Vancouver(British Columbia)--Eipo86 3. }lusson Cattell and Partners 4. DownsArchambauli, Architects 5. Zeidler Roberts Partnership I. Bryer, Monte

CALL:AB Ar24l8 ID: NYCA86-Vll057UD: 06-20-88 CP: bcc L: enq

014482I Al 15165 Special issue. Expo86 - Article by Patricia Bourque,and others - Architects forum, no. 15, 1986June, p. 9-27. BIBLIOGRAPHICN0TES: Includes photos, illustrations - LANGUAGE:English C0UNTRY0F PUBLICATI0N:Canada DOCUMENTTYPE: Article N0TES:Text in English. Includes: t'forld'sfair architecture and utopia (by Patricia Bourque);l,lodules; Buildings; Gatesand plazas; Residuals;Canada Place (by MonteBryer); Fabrics and Expo (by David CampbelI). DESCRIPT0RS : Exh ib i t i on bui ldi ngs- -Canada--Vahcouver- - Expo 85 IDENTIFIERS:Bourque, Patricia; Bryer, lrlonte;Campbell, David

Figure3. The samplerecord fron Awry Indar(top) is an individrral record for oneofthe articles included in the special ise recond from ApI. 26/ LRTS . 37(1) . CiralandTaylor

the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rulns, secondedition (AACR2) and placeacolon betweentitle properand subtitle' The API indexersoften uie a dash,semicolon, or period in thesesituations. Some research assistantswere interpreting the whole statementas tide proper if there was no colon. Others*ere uJing other piecesof punctuation to distinguishbetween title ptoper and subtitle. It was necessaryto ivork out resolutionofinconsistencies and recodesome ofthe data.The coderscon- tinuedto checkeach other'swork, andwith experiencetheir coding inconsistencies more exhaustive search in a later study to diminishedconsiderablv. determine more precisely the impact of on mitters offroduc- the different policies FINDINGS tivi$ and usefulness. Following selection of the samples and Of the 1,057 records sampled from the identification ofthe records in eachsample Aoery Inil.ex a matching recbrd was found that had also been indexed by the other in the API for 444 records, or 42Vo (see index, coding sheets were designed and table 1). Of the 1,268 records sampled from theAPI a matching recordwas found

index records for each article that had been indexed in both indexes. Upon checking for matches to the API sample records each other's work they discovered that they than when searching for matihes to the were not intelpreting some things in the Aoery Index sample records. same way. For example, the coding sheet A-factor that became evident as a result called foi distinguishing between the title of the one-to-one comparison is the fact proper and the subtitle. Often the wo that in both institutionl, the realities of ind6xes put different punctuation marks stalf turnover and patron service requests when transcribing title and subtitle infor- intrude on a smooth production path in mation. The Aoery indexers tend to follorv such away that occasionallyan entire issue

TABLE 1 CoMPARISoNoF THETwo S,c,l\,tPl.ns Aaery Indzr API n = I,506 n = 1,745

Articles in sample frorn common list 1,057 70.2 1,268 72.7 Common-list articles that are special and quasi-special issues 127 34 2.7 Commonlist articles witlr matched remrds M 671 52.9 Common-list articles with unmatched records 486 46.0 563 M.4 LRTS . 37(1) c lndexing Ooerlap and Consistency /27

of an indexediournal goesto the shelves 907oconfidence; and p is the population bypassingthe indexers-andthus is left un- proportion.The 907oconlidence interval indexed. Without knowing in how many for theAoery lnder sampleis t 3.37oof the instancesthis was the case,it was found population percentage,and the percen- that 486 (46Vo)of the Ar:,eryIndex sample tage found for the API sampleis within records represent articles that were not 2.8Voof the populationpercentage. With selectedfor indexing by the API, and that the small intervalsaround ttresepercen- 563 (44.4Eo)of the API samplerecords tages,it is reasonableto assumethat the representarticles that were not selected percentageof consistentlyrecorded titles for indexingby the AveryIndex. hoversaround 727o. As mentioned above, records for When tides properwere different, the special and quasi-specialissues were coderswere askedto indicate whether the placedinto a separatecategory and were differencewas substantial or not substan- not counted as either matched or un- tial and, if substantial,to write out the matched. The I27 such records from the difference. Some of the differences Aoery Index that could not be matchedin countedas substantialmight not be con- the API representedL2Vo of the Aoery sideredimportant in certain retrieval sifua- Inder sample.The 34 recordsfor speciil tions,but all havethe potentialfor causing issuesfrom API that couldnot be maiched retrievalfailure in the caseofaword-for- inthe AaeryInder represented.2.7 Vo of the word title search.They includesuch cases API sample. as the useof "&" versus"and': an abbre- viationversus a fully spelled-outword; two wor& versustwo hyphenatedwords versus DIFFERENCES IN RECORDING TITLES Pnopsn two words combined as one word; words includedin one title but not in the other. It was found that 317 (7I.4Eo)of the 444 Diacritics were ignored throughout the matched recordsfrom the sampletaken coding processpartly becauseour print- from the Aaery lndzr and 496 (7S.gqo)of outs did not alwavshave t*rem-but also the 671 matchedrecords from the sample because they make no difference in taken from the API had titles proper re- searchingin the two indexes.Punctuation cordedthe same(see table 2). Ninetyper- and capitalizationwere consideredto be cent conlidence intervals were con- nonsubstantial differences. All other structed for theseproportions, using the differenceswere considered to besubstan- formulafor the binomi-dproportion cbnft- tial. Of the 127records intheAoery Inder denceintennl: samplethat hadthe titlesproper recorded ^Wf^^m differendy,7 2 weresubstantially different. p-zv;

TABLE 2 Corura,ntsol.roF MATCI{EDRnconns Hevrxc Trrlns PRopERRECoRDED THESAME oR SlcruIrIceruzy DIFFERENTLY

AtseryIndn

No. Vo No. Matched- records with title proper recorded tle same 317 7r.4 73.9 Matched records with title proper recorded substantially dilferently t08 16.l 28/ LRTS . 37(1) o Giral and Taylar

BUII"[)INCIXKSIT:R (O|\IPII,I]DIiY INTIIONY \! ILI,I,\I|S AND P,{RTN[tIS

'' ':r':l'':''':' ' ':' i Bqilding2Tjudls{t

Figure 4. The first page of an article in the architectural journd Bulldtng showspart of the title in very large t)?e. LRTS . 37(1) . lndexingOoerlapandConsistency/29

f {fhis pd$el Bdlir *tqt rle oH lino3tr wt6d. fae; onb rhe {hrling l&ded, Thsmsl&|}Mlkel d{sllin*! se !*e{hde liw ffiN & ad.ioiikg!&thf bsifu

Figure 5. Tle semnd page of the article, whose ffrst page is show in figure 4, shom the part of the title that was in very large gpe on the fimt page to be in the position of a subtitle.

Baltic llharf: Building dossier Ihousing]/ Anthony]lilliams. Conversionof wharf warehousesinto luxury housing,Bristol; architects: Ha1I iday MeechamPartnership. "Building" 1986June 21, u.250,n0.26, p.43-50, elevs., photos.(col.), plans, secns.,site p1an. ISSN0007-3318

l. Conversionof buildings--llarehousesinto housing 2. Hharves--Alterations and additions--England--Bristol--BalticWharf 3. Housing--England--Bristol-- Baltic Wharf 4. Halliday MeechamPartnership I. h|il1iams,Anthony

CALL: AB 886 ID: NYCA86-V8904UD:05-15-87 CP: enk L: eng

0120243 4104788 Building Dossier. Baltic l'lharf; Architects: Halliday Meechan- Article by Anthony lfilliams & Partners, and others - Building, vol. 250, no. /451 (26), 1986June 27, p. 43-50. BIBLI0GRAPHICNOTES: Includes photos, plans, sections - LANGUAGE:English COUNTRY0F PUBLICATI0N:United Kingdom D0CUI',IENTTYPE: Article N0TES:Text in English. DESCRIPTORS:Housing--Great Britain--England--Avon--Bristol--Baltic t'lharf ARCHITECT(S): Hall iday Meecham IDENTIFIERS:Anthony llilliarns & Partners Figure6' From-lookingat the first pageofthls articlein figure4, onewould agree with theAoery lnd* interPretationof whatis the title propeimd whatis the subtiiie.Horever, tuming the page(ftgure 5) makes it clear from tJrerunning title that tie conect interpretationis that of the API reord. No[e alsothe addition ofthe bracketedexplanation "[housing]- to this subiitteby the Aoery Indzr.

ggmparedwith the API linding of 16.l%o tlere are several important factors that (907o conlidence interval =- + 2.3Vd. acrountforthesubstairUddifferencesthat 30/ LRTS . 37(1) . GiralandTaylor

JAIIES G'IIWAN Horrw at Temple l{ill, Hampstead

mr I nasr{ornbrdrr l4r'uFn@'-6{"r

6 6. r-r4. r@r e&,

is'dk,i+&-.k

{L&E&d!&M

FigureT. ThefirsttmpagesofanarticlefromtlrejournalArchfiec'turalDeslgnEivethenameoftfieuchitet and other title information on the same line on two facing pages-

JamesGowan: house at TempleHill, Hampstead.

"Architecturaldesign" 1986,v.56, n0.4, p.16-19,elevs. ISSN0003-8504 l. Houses--England--London2. Gowan,James' I923-

CALL:AB Ar455 ID: NYCA86-V9099UD: 08-06-86 CP: enk L: eng

0110847 A104494 Houseat TenpleHill, Hampstead;Architects: JamesGowan - vol. 56, no. 4, 1986,p. 16-19. ArchitecturalDesign, - BIBLIOGRAPHICN0TE5:'Includes p1ans, sections, elevations, models,sketches LANGUAGE:English C0UNTRY0F PUBLICATI0N:United Kingdom DOCUMENTTYPE: Article N0TES:Text in English. DESCRIPT0RS: Houses - -Great Brita in- -England--London--Camden ARCHITECT(S): Gowan, James

Figure8.Thedifferenceinrecordingofthetitlepropershownin{igureTresultsfromAPl'spolicyofseParating the name ofthe architect or lirm and labeling it "Architects." LRTS . 37(1) . lndexingOoerlapandConsistency/3I

PRAcflQF_wffiffiffiffilffiW- TECHI{ICIAHSCOME OF AGE

0n 1 May the Societyof Archite*ural un$ Cstr lnstitute ofot Arch$eeArchtteetqq!turaL Tqc\njcians lechnicians @lATi.(BIATi. paUpaul nofirisonRobinson talks'totaGto CratramGrahamwatts,Watts, chielctri"f executivesfBIAT' andchris Pike,.thenew vice-prusiaenitt"ennicatlunuot ttt" developingrole of architectural techniciansand tieir objeciivefor improvedeollabsration,

to mt tcfitaei+ t9t0rrnarWrtb{ffi Emlced tc6ltdclil! e tlnttus6?t] btdaElitlt eclmffigdtg Wdr-M!firrD of*dfu m Sr lritErc cf ft! !!tr*s$ edf rs6all dotd6hrddqtffit lh! lr$.ntrgrd$r 6fht|{{ dradtlgs.t3l.rda.t ll @ltril9l. rn*htB @[cG "bcMcird hti! htldi& It.ildg6eetl|A?, &$turtt toffi, ruf,actrt|{*rtll Sltts 15tw t0 lttl.ct o! lrdG€iwliadlrd r he mrrlslbt c@& qlot|or5tdtr&A3hh &Mt!rdi!tu Sdfsdlb1th dt4rst iBstibtdr tiltdsd& mbtftrrdbrrqdtla W sihlG rE.tot to rht iothrdt.d|{ruleotSG sqqllff.dt.ffimtohh qnlifird rftbit!6ftrt1 bt ratot! cod$t Sonof hoh&*Et teqotr0st|sdtl crsfuild&MB.il tts eocloty nffir:*rlsgeu*S ttr tsrtiail'tr Ir r CrD Ih@rDlo{.rR-liw nrcgrrpilntffdt@ . lrckrolrf irtr trilitcd tr Clt bfil!thtil&d rt|llroe'tardiloryi t ,,'rysort dtsil|r pr.trstumlt .,' rillilrehffihgk&ley' orwrbib ailf irxr&ll ::'':::, r:: teklklgl#[0ektibt!|{t:' i:*!trl8firi|rllsli$g .,'!':li,' .:ri0lwftm$oxft|t].|x, .r{ t& ill#d rt*tf ,i twtli.iElFdmd* Gd|es@d*ttrt*r:,..-r l, nldqtbe!&tr{fff ecMl'rtlile.. ..1'r: '.e9da&€b4&blfFrdi ;:-;:-:-;-:;:. firrdtded&ffid&6 ndnnri':.:'.':i,,r,, r*dr*hltockrl '.ffib!"ltr*maar||r!,- tLrilg rcHcvtdhtfisb 'ir$Eaofrectili*l rtrtNffifirrrw!ol tr&g*ld&ndd nrtoddmllrrn lr * Mhdltlatbwhrsb srt&t $dih glT b nf,oil otawtcklf'**smd &anmnc:ltdwr:- tr6cdBf Pr*ldcof fld[.*wk' lI|. lwgml mrdi*:lot &mtodt rilicl*Stllt dothhmrymdf*mrr E{kilr B odrhg{'t!qh tldt,0ti&&,dnre rc {r.dldhSb|w#t'lb tlltortft:thlkffiqt rhl te xd$ii chrcr lim ardcrdd$diGffi!{fuf otc.ffitkdonDrtw e*dlrchdcledei nedr$' tst 15 nCqd ltwrl fo. r0!&fitt comftrden{otd lcclmlo*iitr tl|ftnd ir 6e osril.llG mfi@d amfl ,ne$rrddeor|t!f k lko b htsodEs I ldrw rcblsdt dmbsf, stootw$gfwcmcil f,owr. tb Hu otr riadc.lth tpuqdtbt $€cb$sttldtmhfkt rc Afttr&#ttf.c@, tlti &@aLftrllMsw ntrbeMd&bmduill iMillth|tcellF bcwdFntFrkd?wr nedrFqrdlt d h@r h of sffi&.lhob.trgl strM'r'BWGtodid th inrttdr ud tb ncnhcn' etirclrrg offiFh|m th, €ms|ging | fiqmt rord .sradd?d' itr Sp ff.loEtE thldr dll idil ur cttrd mc of tla roci3ty, dcdrion otli|l3 !6t' Ifri: uly id6lsn hrs bca tr edrfitiento ttr ci4* ln&rD trldcd bt. Dms .krt dotfcaFstlc of mtshl $Mlnd. Th. jw' Mtlmt 6mcll, ild $t 15 lasttrdokmlongmm rc$rd col'cih rlEdt

Figure 9. The first pageof one article from a seriesthat appearsregularlv in Archltec'ts'Jottrnalshorw the seriestitle in the samesire type r tlre title ofthe article. 3% LRTS . 37(1) o CiralandTaylar

Technicianscome of age / Paul Robinson,Graham Watts, Chris Pike. British Institute of Architectural Technicians,former.ly Society of Architectural and AssociatedTechnicians. "Architects' journal" 1986June 18, v.183, no.25, p.79-80, ports. ISSN 0003-8466

l. Architectural technicians--GreatBritain 2. British Institute of Architectural Technicians I. lfatts, GrahamII. Pike, Chris III. Robinson, PauI

CALL:AB 8863 ID: NYCA86-V9439UD: 03-03-92 CP: enk L: eng

A104448 0l 10801 - Practice. Professions: Technicianscome of age. - Article by Paul Robinson Architects'Journal, vol. 183, no. 25, 1986June 18, p. 79-80. BIBLI0GRAPHICN0TES: Includes portraits - LANGUAGE:English C0UNTRY0F PUBLICATION:United Kingdom DOCUMENTTYPE: Article N0TES:Text in English. Talks to Grahamuatts and chris Pike of the British Institute of AlrchitecturalTechnicians about the developingrole of architectural technicians. DESCRIPT0RS: Arch itects - -assi stants- - soci et i es, organi sat i ons- -Great Britain- -Briti sh Institute of architectural Technicians ; Architects- - assistants--GreatBritain ARCHITECT(S): British Institute of Architectural Technicians IDENTIFIERS:Robinson. Paul Figure10. Alt}oughit is notclear from the typogmphy in figure9, the regularfeature title has ben chosen by"eff (bottom)*-th" titl. proper,while tlre'Auirg'tr;dtr mitching reord usesonly the individulired title, which API records as a subtitle.

Possiblythe source of greatest mnfu- grouping various articles with a common sionis the &fferenttreatm;tofwhat may ihenie into a singlerecord when-t}le sup- be calledseries titles, or regularfeatureJ. posedly"matchin"g"recordfromtheAoery The API ten& to use theie seriestitles indncisforonlyoneofthearticlescovered LRTS . 37(l) . IndexingOoerlapandConsistency/33

'86 EXPO Preview Center, Vancouver,Canada, 1985.

Architect: BrunoFreschi Architects. Text in Japaneseand English. "Architecture and urbanism" 1986Ju1y, no.7(190),p.53-58, photos., site p'lan, p1ans,secn. ISSN0001-0316

l. Exhibition buildings--Canada--Vancouver(British Co'lurnbia)--EXPO85-- PreviewCentre 2. Worldfairs--Canada--Vancodver (British Columbia)--Expo86 3. Freschi, Bruno

CALL:AB K34 ID: NYCA86-V10529UD: 06-20-88 CP: ja L: mut

0123157 A107764 BurnabyJamatkhna; Expo 86 preview centre; Architects: Bruno Freschi - A&U,no. 7 (190), 1986July, p. 47-58. BIBLI0GRAPHICNOTES: Includes photos, p1ans,sections - LANGUAGE:Multi 1ingual C0UNTRY0F PUBLICATI0N:Japan D0CUI'IENTTYPE: Article N0TES:Text in Japanese,English. DESCRIPT0RS:Architects--Canada--Freschi, Bruno ARCHITECT(S):Freschi, Bruno

Figure ll. The API record (bottom) is not really a match lor the Aury Indax sample record. The API record (the 'Bumaby 'Expo '86 is for two articlm first titled Jamatkhna" and the second iitled Preview Centre") about two different buildings by the same architets.

D-Dayin Docklands:a newstage in the battle to save LimehouseBasin from what local peopleconsider totally inappropriatedevelopment... / Peter Phippen. Petition being distributed to opposeLondon developnent. "Building design" 1986June 27, no.793,p.2, axonometricview, secn., dwg.

l. Docks--England--London2. Historic districts--England--London--Limehouse Bas'in 3. llaterfronts--England--LondonI. Phippen,Peter

CALL:AB 88576 ID: NYCA86-V11372UD: 10-03-86 CP: enk L: eng

0l20203 A104748

C0UNTRY0F PUBLICATI0N:United Kingdom D0CUMENTTYPE: Article N0TES:Text in English. DESCRIPT0RS:Ports, harbours--docks--GreatBritain--England--London--Tower Hamlets--L imehouse Basin ARCHITECT(S):Seifert IDENTIFIERS:Phippen, Peter

'unmatched' Figure 12. The record from API (bottom) m declared c bv the searchers because they failed to see that it overed three different articles and only one of them was indexed by Aaery Indzr. Giral and Taylor

CoMpARrsoNoF THE Two Sevplrs WITH RESPECTTo RECoRDINGoF JOURNAL TITLE, JOURNALCITATION, AND PIIYSICALDESCNIPTION Aoery lndzr API (n = 4441 (n = 671) 90% 90% Confidence Con{idene % Intewals % Intewals

Journaltitle same 358 80.6 3.1 524 78.I 2.6 different 86 19.4 3.1 r47 21.9 2.6 substantially different 86 19.4 3.I t3I 19.5 2.5

Journal citation same 313 70.5 3.6 472 70.3 2.9 different 131 29.5 3.6 199 29.7 2.9 substantially different 131 29.5 3.6 186 27.7 2.9 Phpiml dccription

same 148 33.3 J./ 219 32.6 3.0 different 296 66.7 3.7 452 67.4 3.0

substantially different 296 66.7 J.' 46 66.5 3.0 the searcherswent, tlese discrepancies in indexine policy were variously mded as nonma6ties oi as matching records with substantial differences in recording various elements of the record. Another examination in a follow-up study should 'Vol. result in a better codilication of these 3" versus"v. 5" or'p. 37-45" versus 'p. differences. 37-85," were noted.fournal citations riere different about307o of the time. The validity of the data is slightly obfuscatedby DIFFERENCESIN RECORDING the difference in treatment of multiple DESCRIPTIVEDSTA.TI.S articles as &scussed above (see again Data tabulated about the recording of Iigure- II). ioumal titles (as opposed to article titles), Physicaldescription refers to informa- journal citations, iid physical description tion a6out illustradons and bibliographical are shown in table 3. It can be seen that references.In the API records,this infor- the time, titles are mationis labeled"Bibliographic notes:" or close to 20Vo of iournal 'Notes:"; recorded differendy by the two agencies. in the At:,erylider records,it is These differences include such things as not labeled.Again, only differencesin in- "&" versus "and" and differences in formationcontent, such as'elevs"' versus using 'Includes abbriviation. Differences in capitalization plans, sections,elevations" or ofjournal titles were ignored because the the inclusiolnof a bibliographicalreference API often capitalizes words following the in onebut not theotherlw6re noted. Physi- cal description was the same only about first, while Aaery Inder only capitalizes *Sameness" words after the ffrst if they are proper one-third of the time. gener- nouns. The only nonsubstantial difference ally occurred when there were no illustra- counted in this category was punctuation. tions recorded at all, and therefore both LR?S . 37(l) . lndzxlngOoerlapandConsistency/35 records were tle same in being blank in 285 (23.7Eo)of the 1,203 names used by the area where illustrations are identiffed. the API were not used as accesspoin* by the Avery Index. In this case 76.3Vo(90Vo conftdence interval = ! ZVo)of names DIFFERENcESIN REcoRDINGNAME the AccEss Porrurs were used in common. We also recorded whether the form of names used in common was the same or different and, if different, whether the

accesspoints for each article was recorded. For the 444 matched records from the Aoery Index sample, the Aaery Index indexers made 687 name accesspoints, and in common) appeared in exactlv the same the API indexers made 688 nime access form on the riatched r""ordJ from the points. For the 671 matched records from API. Of the 918 names used in common in the APl sample, 507 were exactly the same. That is, only 42.IVo (\OVoanfidence interval = + 2.3Vo) of the names in the A?I sample (or 55.2Voof the names used in common) appeared in exactly the same form in the matched records from the Aaery Inder. The &fferences between tlre forms of all but four names (differing only names used by the APl were not used as in capitalization) in each case were re- access points by the Ar:ery Index. That is, corded as substantial. Many of the differ- only 8L.lVo (907o conlidence interval = ences recorded were because one agency t i,.1Eo) of the names were used in com- gave abirth date fora personal name, while mon. In the API sample 274 (23Vo)of the the other agency did not. Other differ- 1,192 names used by theAuery Intler were ences resulted from such things as differ- not used as accesspoints by the API, and ent usages of "&" and "and." Still other

TABLE 4 CotupnnlsoN oFTHE Two Seuples wrrrl RESpECT To RECORDINGoF NAME ACCESSPoTITs

Aaery Inder Sample API Sample (n = 444 matchedrecords) (n = 67I matched rmrds) Aoer! API Index No. No. Name acce,sspoints, assigned on sample records 1.203 Name accesspoints assiqned " on matchinig records 688 I,192 Names used by both agencies on matching records JD/ 81.1 918 76.3 Names in exactly the same form on matching records 307 ^A 1 507 42.I 36/ LRTS . 37(1) o Giral and Taybr differencesresulted from different spel- assigned564 descriptorswith 1,964 ele- lingsorfrom differencesinwords included men'ts,and the API indexersassigned 546 or iot includedas parts of names.Further analysis will be done to categorize the differencesfound in formsof nimes.

DtrrrnnNcns IN ReconolNlcDnscntptons from tlre API sample, tJrreAoery indexers The next category analped was that of assigned981 descriptorswith 3,MS ele- descriptors.These correspond to subject *"n-ts, *hil" the A?I indexersassigned headingsin catalogingpractice. Each irsti- 897 descriptorswith 3,142elements. This tution uses its own in-house thesaurus, is an averige of 1.5 descriptorsand 5.1 and, therefore, it was not expected that elementsasiigned per recoril by rheAoery many matching descriptors would be indexers,and 1.3 descriptorsand 4.7 ele- found. Becauseof the difference in the ments assignedper record by the API in- practice by the two agenciesofproviding dexers.tt cin beieen that theAr:ery index- iubdivisions after main topics, the coders ers consistentlyon averagesupply slighdy were instructedto count elementsof de- moredescriptors witi somewhatmore ele- scriptors,as well aswhole descriptors.An mentsthan do the API indexers. elefrent wasconsidered to be anyword or We alsoattempted to comparethe ter- group ofwords separatedfrom the rest of minologyused foi descriptorsin the two the string by dashesor by parent-heses. For indexeilIt was found thai ao descriptors, example, the following-elements: ,*oenl Ind.er de- scriptbr has eight Period 166ms-\Jseqlassical-Conservationand restoration-United States-Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)-Philadelphia Museum of Art-Larudowne House drawing room. For the 444 matched records from the scriptors in the Aoery Index sample ap- Aaery Index sample, the ,\aery indexers peared in exactlytlre same form in the

TABLE 5 CoupenlsoN oFTHE TWo Sevplrs wITH RESPEcT To RECORDINGOF DESCRIPTORS

Arxry IndcrSrmple API Sample (n = 444 matchedrecords) (n = 671 matchedrecords) Aoery Aoery Index API API _ Inder No. No. Descriptors assigned on samile recorih Descriptors assigned on matihing rec6rds 546 981 Descriptors identical in forri on matching records 7.1 First elements same on matching records 34.8 292 First elements present in descriptor in matching recor(l 39.7 39.6 LR?S o 37(1) . IndexingOoerlapandConsistency/37 matched records from the API. For and another63 first elements(7Vo) were another5 descriptors(or O.lVo)the form present in an Aoery Indar descriptor.This was identical except for a difference in meansthat 224 first elementsfrom descriptors in the Aoery Indcx samplewere presentintheAPI descriptorson matching records,and 355 ftrst elementsfrom descriptorsin the API samplewere present in the Aoery Inder descriptors onhatch- sample68 of the 897 descriptorsassigned ing records.That is, 39.7Vo(90Vo coffr- to the 671 API recordswere matched ex- denceinterv'al = !3.4Vo) of the first ele- actly by'matching the Aoery indexerson the Aaery ments from the descriptorsin the Aaery lndbx records. That is, 7.6do Index samplewere present in the API de- (907oconftdence interval = + 1.57o)ofthe scriptorsin matchingrecords, and 39.67o descriptorsin the API sampleappeared in (907oconfidence interval = + 2.7Vo)of the exactlythe sameform in the matchedre- {irst elementsfrom the descriptorsin the cords from the Avery Index. Another l0 API sample were present in the Aoery (0.IVo) were the same except for differ- Index descnptorsin matchingrecords. encesin form of personal,corporate, or Becauseof the complicationsof coding, geographicname elements. it was not possiblewithin this project to More positiveis a look at the number determinehow manytimes second or later of timesthe ffrst elementof a descriptorin elementsof a descriptorwere matchedby the samplerecord wasidentical to the first someelement of a descriptorassigned by eleme-ntof a descriptorin the matching the other agency,but we know that there recordor waspresent somewhere in a de- were some such instances.In addition there were caseswhere the sameconcept was referred to by different terminologr (e.g., "elevator" vers us "lift"; "Universities and colleges-buildings" versus*Univer- sitybuildings").In otherinstancesthe con- first elements(57o) were presentin anA?/ cepts chosen were different. Further descriptor,although not as the first ele- analrrisis neededto determinethe extent ment. In the API sample,292 lirst ele- of eich of thesesituations. ments (32.6%of the 997 descriptorsas- Geographicelements of the descriptors signedby the API indexers)had iratching were co-nsilderedseparately (see table 6). Iirst elementsin theAoery Index recordi, In the Aoery lndex sample, the Aaery

TABLE 6 Colape,nrsoN oF THE TWo Sarrrpt-sswITH RESpECT TO RECORDINGoF GEOGRAPHICNAMES

Atmry IndcxSample API Sample (n = 444 matchedreords) (n = 671 matched rmrds) tuery API API lndzr

No. No.

393 649

50.5 310 45.4 38/ LRTS . 37(1) c Gi,ralandTaylor

of the 224 site nameson the Aoery lndex records.In theAPI sample137 site names were given in identicalform on matching records.This represents3T.4Vo(907o con- ffdenceinterval = t 4.2Vo)of the 366 site were counted as being the same.In the Aaery Ind.exsample t}e samegeographic elem-entswere assignedby both theAoery and the API indexersin 200 cases,which constitute 50.5V0(90Vo confidence interval = t4.LVo) of the 396 geographicnames

CoNcLusroNs The situation describedhere is reminis- cent of that in United Statescataloging depth of the elementsused rather than by u"tuuldiff"rences in identiftcationofplacb (e.g.,'Canada-Toronto" versus "Can- ada-Toronto (Ontario)"). The lastcategory to be countedwas site namesas an element of descriptors(see table 7). ln the Aoery Inler sample,site nameswere given by the Aoery indexers 224times, while theywere given 206 times according to their own interpretations of by the API indexers.In theAPI samplethe the rulei A difference,howe:ver, was that Aoery indexersassigned 405 site names, the library community did havea common

TABLE 7 CoupenlsoNoFTHE TWo Seurlrs wITII REsPEcr TO RECORDING OF SITE NAVNS

Aoent lnderSample API Sample (n = 444matched re^cords) (n = 671 matchedrecords) ADery Aoery Indzr API Indzr

No. No. No.

366

206 N5

40.2 37.4 LRTS o 37(1) . lndexingOoerhpandConsistency /39

Barcelonareconstructs an icon of architectural modernism.

Reconstructionof the GermanPavilion desiqnedfor the 1929Barcelona International Expositionby i4ies van der Rohi. "Architectural record" 1986Aug. , v.174, no.9, p.60-61, photos. ISSN 0003-858X

L Exhibition buildings--Reconstruction--Spain--Barcelona--GennanPaviIion and Industrial Exhibits 2. Mies van der Rohe,Ludwig, 1886-1969

CALL:AB Ar44 ID: NYCA86-V9914UD: 1l-25-91 CP: nyu L: eng

012?573 A107163 Barcelonarecontructs an icon of architectural Modernism;0riginal architect: LudwigMies van der Rohe- Architectural Record,vol. 174, no. 9 (8), 1986Aug., p. 60-61. LANGUAGE:English C0UNTRY0F PUBLICATI0N:United States D0CUMENTTYPE: Article N0TES:Text in English. DESCRIPT0RS:Exhibition buildings--Spain--Barcelona--BarcelonaPavilion ARCHITECT(S):Mies van der Rohe,Ludwig--1886-1969

'German Figrre 13. In this example, Aoery Index used the "complete and proper" site name (i.e., Pavilion and iBarcelona Industrial Exhibits"), while API used the "better lnown' form (i]e., pavilion").

Architecture _a la carte: Brion family cemetery: scenes in sequence/ Tetsuo Itoh.

Architect: Carlo Scarpa,Text in Japaneseand English. "Architecture and urbanism" 1986Jan., no.l(184), p.B-9, photos., port. I SSN 0001-0316

^ L Cemeteries--Italy--SanVito di Altivole--Brion-VegaCemetery 2. Scarpa, Carlo, 1906-1978I. Itoh, Tetsuo CALL:AB K34 ID: NYCA86-V1808UD: 02-10-86 Cp: ja L: mul

0142878 At 13632 Brion_Family_Cemetery:scenes in sequence;Architects: Carlo Scarpa- Article by Tetsuo lto - 4!!,r no. I (184), 1986Jan., p. B-9. BIBLIOGRAPHICN0TES: Includes photos, portraits - LANGUAGE:Mult i1 ingual C0UNTRY0F PUBLICATI0N:Jaoan DOCUMENTTYPE: Article NOTES:Text in Japanese,English. DESCRIPT0RS: Ceneteries ; Apfrai sa1 of bui 1dings- - Ita ly- -San V.ito d'Antivole--CimiteroBr.ion-Veqa ARCHITECT(S): Scarpa, Carlo--1906:1978 IDENTIFIERS:Ito. Tetsuo FiqY*,I4-'Inthisenmple,Ar:eryIndawedtheEnglishformofthesitename(i.e.,"Brion-VegaCemetery-), while APf used the nme in the ltalian vemacular (i.e.,..Cimitero Brion-Vega-). 40/ LRTS . 37(1) . GiralandTaylor set of rules for descriptive cataloging as a less of the operationaldemands of a standard, which the agencies that create busv librarv? the Aoery Inder and the API do not. WhLt guid6lineswould be neededfor recording the title of an article? Should A,lcnz be used, or should Cot tsrornlrroNs FoR Col-tasonATtoN there be recognitionthat the most ef- For the two agencies involved, it is clear fective searchingalgorithm for article from this exam-ination that there are many tides in an online environmentis title issuesto be negotiated-a and resolved before t-here can be productive collaboration. Regarding the matter of selection practices- the results make clear that the two agencies vary considerably, because they dincided in barelv more than half thb articles selected for indexing. This means that in order to have collaboration, criteria for selection would have to be clearly spelled out and included in a manual. It What guidelineswould be necessary also means that if the two agencies were to for coniistentextent andlevel ofdetail have mutual trust that all the articles of in recording the types of illustrative interest to both were being selected, each material in the physical description agencywould have to increase the propor- arear tion of articles indexed from each issue of o What guidelineswould be neededfor the ad-ditionof birth and death dates when a name has been established without them and there is no conflict? Someof the differencescould be re- solvedeasily by pointingto a third authori- tativesource that both partiesmight agree indexing from each issue. to follow riqorously,for instance: Whe-n the same article is selected for . AACR2"rulesfbr physicaldescription indexing by both agencies,the differences . Use of the form of iournal name that detailed in these ftndings point to the need has been establishedby one of the for action in several areas. There are mat- respectivenational libraries ters ofpolicy that can be resolved through . Use of certain gazetteers for the the development of a clearly articulated sourceofplace namesand geographi- indexing manual that would codify the policies on which mutual agreement should be reached. Such a manual should include criteria to determine at least the following: . How-would special issuesbe treated- i.e., one collective record or many in- ish Library authority records along dividual ones? with the large percentageof names o If several articles on a common theme that need to be establishedfor the or architect are to be combined in a periodical literature long before full- single record, what conventions iength books are -demandpubl-ished by or should be followed to ensure that aboiutthem almost a shared users can distinguish between titles name authority file with plentiful followed bysecond utles and titles fol- cross-references.The fact that around lowed by subtitles? SOVIof all the namesused were used o What m'easuresshould be taken to en- in commonindicates the usefulnessof sure that all issues of a journal go sucha sharedfile. That about 557oof through the indexing process regard- namesused in commonare exactly the LRTS o 37(1) . lndexingOoerlnpandConsistency/41

same without the existence of such a The developmentof the Art C,Archi- shared authority ffle is encouraging. tec'tureThesaurus(AAT\ has for sometime o For architeefural site names: The fact held the promiseof a thoroughlyauthori- that about 6OVoof site names were tative, hierarchically arranged, compre- different on the matched records in&- hensivevocabulary tb which*bothagencies cates the need for coordination. could migrateas a commondenominator. It might be expected that one conclu- Such migration would be expectedto be sion should be that authority work for de- facilitatedby the factthat theAA?used the scriptors be coordinated. lhis is a noble subjectterminolog, of both the API and the ArseryIndex assources for its development ani hasattempted to keep track;f the origins ofeach term through the useof codes. Both agencieshave ollaborated

different times, to reach the same conclu- sions as to what an article or other item is "about." In 1968 Patrick Wilson discussed the problem at some length (Wilson 1985). He pointed out that determining what The availability of the AAT online in something is aboutdepends tosome extent RLIN might provide the occasionfor an upon one's knowledge or opinions about tfie world and upon inderstinding a work in different wa,ys depending upJn one's experiences. Wilson also described different methods that people use to come to an understanding ofwhat awork is about. The different metlods do not necessarilv lead to the same result. A number of s'tudies

work is neededbefore suchcollaboration sistency in determining "aboutness" would can be sucressfullyimplemented. The be accepted between igencies as it is now time that might be gainedin reducingthe accepted among indexers in the same numberofjoumals eachagency must scan agency. might be againlost due to the increased There should, however, be some atten- work load implied by expandedselection tion given to the terminolory used to ex- criteria and the additional efforts required press a @ncept. British versus American to developand implement rigoroufprac- terms, for example, oould be connected at tices. However,as has been found to be the searching stage so that a user searching true in the catalo$ng community, time is for articles on "lifts" would also be given gained by adherence to clear standards *elevators." articles indexed with the term becauseof reduction in decision-making Similarly, consistently different usages time. In addition usersof the two indexes could be identifted (e.!., theAPI's subdlvi- would benefit from the increased con- sion "preservation, restoration" and the sistency. Aoery Index's subdivision'Conserroation and restoration"). These could be handled CoNsrorn.moNsFoR as suggested for British versus American UsERs terms, or a consistent list could be For usersofonline indexes(both end-usen developed. and referenceintermediaries), for librarians 4% LRTS . 37(1) . GiralandTaybr who must choose among indexes to be lgvo of the personal and corporate mounted locallv. or for those who are namesindex6d in the Aoery-Index building their'orvn periodical databases, there are likewise a number of implica- tions: Differences in comprehensiveness and treatment:In this case58Vo of the Aoery Indzr recordswere not found in theAPI. and47.IVoof the API records corded differently. were not found in Avery Index. In Earlier studiesofoverlap in secondary many cases indexers foi the Aoery sourceshave found that a sbarcherwoulil Ind.exand the API chosedifferent ar- alwaysmiss relevant material if only one Uclesfrom the samejoumals. In some sourcewere searched.Earlier consistency qrses some issues of joumals were studies have found that consistencrrin as- completelymissed. There were other signmentof subjectdescriptors is'usually caseswhere the API grouped several low. Of 56 studies reviewed by Markey articlesinto one record,thus changing (1984), 38 had consistencylevels below the "aboutness"addressed by descrip- SOVo.Therehas been anecdotalevidence tors. Specialissues were also treated of much inconsistencyin the recording of differendy. Decisions must be made names.This study con{irmsthese earlier about the importance of having a specialissue indexed as a unit versus having each article in the issue indexedseparately. Differences in terminolory: In this study British versusAmerican differ- has previously been given to cataloging encesin word usagewere a factor, as standards. were the different thesauri used by the two indexes. AcntolvlrpcMENTs Differencesin number of descriptors: Databasesthat havemore descriptors The research upon which this paper is and more elements,as did the Aoery basedwas supported by a grant from the lndex reqrds in this study, have tlre potentialfor retrievalof more relevant recordsas the result ofa search. Differencesin the recordingof titles: Approximately 28Vo of the titles proper in this study rvere recorded differendv. More than half of these members of the Avery staff generously (about 16% of the titles proper) were contributed their time and advice. Katie recorded so substantiallvdifferentlv Keller Kate Chipman,KitW Chibnik, Ted as to afTectretrieval of thL record in a Goodman, Barbara Sykes-Austin, Bill title search.This finding should be of O'Malley, Anca Cazinrir, and Gertis particular concernto creatorsofnew Fenuku'all searchedthe Architecural pe- databases.Recording oftitles from ar- dodicals inder recordson Dialog. In par- ticles is not necessarilya matter of copyingwhat one sees.There should also be considerationof the issue of title enrichment.The API givesEng- lish translationsof titles in the title field, while the Aoery Ind.exadds ex- planatorywords. Differences in the recording of names: In this study, approximately LRTS . 37(1) . lndatngOoerlapandConsistency /43

Wonxs Crrnn 1986. What's in a name? Looking for people online-hum anihes. Database g;26-34. Bearman, Toni Carbo, and William A. Gluck, Myke. 1990. A reviewofjournalcover- Kunberger. 1977. A study of cooerage age overlap with an extension to the deff- ooerlap amongfourteen major sctence aid nition of overlap. lournal of tlw American technology abstracting and indexing ser- societg for information scierrce 4L, uices. Philadelphia: National Federation no.l:43-60. of Abstracting ind Indexing Services. Lilley, Olivea as reported by Marcia f . Bates. Bourne, Charles P. I969a. Chnracteristics of 1986. Subject access in online catalogs: A coaerage hy the Bibliognrphy of agricultur-e design model. Journal of the Ametcan of thc literature relattng to agrlanltural societg for lnformatton science 3'1, no.6: research and dzaelopment. U.S. Govern- JA/-tO. ment Research and Development Report Markey, Karen. 1984. Interindexer consis- IGC-PA-69-38, prepared fori\adonal Rgri- tency tests: A literature review and report cultural Library. Washington, D.C. of a test of consistency in indexinq visual p. Bourne, Charles tgOgb. dt;erlapplngcooer- m ateials. Lib r ary an d' info mwt i on"sci en ce oge of Bibliography of agricultve by 15 re search 6, no.2:L55-77. other secondary sen;ices. U.S. -and Govern- Martyn, John. 1967. Tests on abstracts jour- ment Research Development-for Report nah: boverage overlap and indexing.jttr- IGC-PA-69-39, prepared National nol of do cumc nta t i on' 23: 45-7 0. Agricultural Library. Washington, D.C. Sievert, Mary Ellen C., antl Donald E. Sievert. Bourne, C., M. Kasson, and J. North. lg6g. 1991. Online searching in philosophy: A Study and comparixtn of thc tndering of comparison of Philosopher's indpx and, t/re Bibliography of agriculture in relaiion FRANCIS. Online reaieu 15, no.2: 63-76. to thc indexing of 15 other secondary ser- Wilson, Patrick. 1985. Subjects and the sense oices. U.S. Government Research and of position. ln Tlwory of nbJect analysis, Development Report ICC-PA-69-40, rrre- edited by Lois Mai Chan. Phvllis A. Rich- pared for National Agricultural Library. mond, and Elaine Svenonius, 30&-25. Lit- Washington, D.C. tleton. Colo. : Libraries Unlimited. Everett, David, and David M. Pilachowsh. 44/ LRTS . 37(1) o GiralandTaylor

APPENDIX A Coprnc SHEET

No. Sane? Stgntf? If sl8nlflcant ls yes then expla 1n: s NIY AI (Avery Index) Air (Arch. Database)

Tlt le: Proper

Subt 1t le

JouEnal T1 rle

Cl tat lon

Lca llescrlptl.on

NaneE 'AI I IAPI ilililil1ilil1

t til il l lilill lll l lllll l llllll l llllllllll lll ll ll lt l l l l l l l l l ll l lll l l ll l u iltilutt illllllllllllll l llll llllllll lll llll l ll l lll l l l l ll l llt l l l l t l ut tililil nil til nililil ilil il ilil ill lllllll ll llll ll lllll ll l l ll l lllt (toplcsl Headlngg elerents) Flrst EIeEent fferent ilililililtilt flrst uililuuilll iluilililllll ilililil1ililt l. uilililililil iluilutuul 2- ilililuililil iluililililt1 3. ililililililu uiluiluuu 4. uiluuililil ( geographlc eleoents ) tAI I tApI l.

(stte nanes)

| | t | / | / t | | t I t I I | | / I | | | | | ll / ll I I I llll | | | I I I | /l | | | I | | | | | t / | / | I | | I I | | / / | | | | t / t | | | | t I I I t | / | | | | lll | | I | | | I lll I tl ll ll | | I | | / I | / / t/ | / | | | | I t/ | u il/t | / / /l lillll I ll I lll/ lulll lllll ///llllll/ | / | t/ | l/ lll I ll ENVISIONING I NFORMATION by EDWARDR. TUFTE

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Chqrqcteristicsof Subject Heodingsin the Librqryof CongressBOOKSM Dolobose

MorlhoO'Horo Conwoy

Library of Congress,with funding from the Council on Library Resources,re- cently conveneda largegroup of experts to addressexclusively the many issues that makesubdivisions the mostburden- some aspectof the Library of Congress subject headingssystem. This meeting was the Subject Subdivisions Confer- ence,which was held May $-12, 1991,at Airlie, Virginia. In addition to relying on eachother, however,librarians are learn- ing how information technologrcan ease tasks,solve problems, and improve ser-

In fact, the problem is so great that the constructingsubject headings.

Manrna O'Hlna Conmv was Research Analyst, Technical Processes Research Office, Library of Congr_ess.She is currently Project Director, Western Americana Retrospective Conversion university Library-- ]t"j::l'-Yale Manuscript received Dec. 2, lggl; accepted for publication Jan. 19, 1992; revised Mar.6, lgg2. 48/ LRTS . 37(1) t ConuaA

Standard cataloging practice, for want for subdivisions that can be usedwith other of an absolute measure, has long been de- headings in the same sublect category. fined as congruencewith Ubrary of Con- The-long introduction to the eighth edi- gresssresscatalosinepractic€catalogingpractice (Chan 1989, 349). uon (f 975Iof LCSH included a list of the bhan identiliei patterns of inconsistency in subiectcataloglngbetween [,C and non- LC cataloging recoiat and suggested that some ofth"e viriations could be-Essenedby better external communication of LC cataloging policies (1989, 357). Indeed, such inform-ahon is critical to a thorough under-

cataloging practices at LC. Thb pufoose of the research described in this article is to answer two fundamental questions: (f ) What do the subject headings currently assig'nedby LC catalogers loik like? (2i Froir whaf sourc'esdo-LC heading system was produced. The annual catalogers derive the subdivisions ap- publicaltion Free-Fioating Subdioisions: pended to headings? An Nphabetical lndex seryes as an index to thesub&visions in the SCM. Between 1974 and 1985, the Librarvof BACKGROUND The applicationof Library of Congress sublecl headingsrequires the extensive useof subdivisionsbecause complextopics are often representedby the combination of a number of different conceptsinto a

ing-subdivision combinations. Most of the subiect headings in a library's catalog, hoJever, are lik"elyto contain irbdluisio* (O'Neill and Aluri 1981; Frost and Dede 1988; Drabenstott and Vizine-Goetz, forthcoming). accordingto rules insteadofaccording to The term indMdual authorizations. free- Rrvrrw or rnE LITERATURE floating-nate subdio$on was coined to desig- subdivisionsthat could be appended

puter Library Center's database, because it cpntains -illions of catalog records contributed bv a large number and variety of from the alphabeticallist. The fourdr edition libraries, Ilas pri'ued to be fertile groirnd (f 9a3)of LCSH introducedthe conceptof for research efforts aimed at better under- -thatpattern (model) headings,which means standing past and present subject catalog- certain headingsare used as rnodels ing prictices (ONeill and Aluri 1981; LRTS o 37(1) . Characteristicsof SubjectHeadings /49

Chan 1989; Drabenstott, forthcoming). graphicname headings do not eontainany Becausethe OCLC databaseand other subdivisions. Given the demonstratedinadequary of the LCSH-mr asa mechanismforvalidating assignedsubject headings, it is not suqprising that the literature bearswitness to a call for machine-readablesuMivision reconds (Holley and Killheffer 1982; Cochrane 1986). Drabenstott (forthcoming) recendy undertookan extensivestudv of subdivided topical and geographic h6adings in the OCLC database.The analysisserved as the basisfor severalrecommendations for enhancementsto the contentsof machine- readable authority records to improve the quality and accuracyof subdivision contributedby other libraries. assignment.

Srnucrunr oF SuBJEcrHEADTNGS Subject headingsin the LC BOOKSIvI databaseare representedby severalele- ments,including a tag number,two indica- tify the tlpes of headingconflicts that lend tors, and a rariable number of subftelds. themselvesto automaticsubiect -1988).authority The three-digittag preceding the heading control (Frost and Dede Thev identifies the sublect headingtype: Per- found that more *ran two-thirds of thb sonalName (600), Corporate Name (610), geographicand topical main headingshad MeetingNam e (611), Uniform Tide (630), subdivisionsand that 63Voof the subdi"i- Topical Heading (650), or Geographic sions were topical or form subdivisions. Name (65I). The ftrst indicator is used Theyalso foun-d that onlv 237oof thehead,- only for personal,corporate, and meeting ings'with subdivisionsmatched LCSH ex- name subject headings to identi$, the actly.The researchersnoted that because structureof the name.The secondindica- almost947o of the topicalsubdMsions that tor showsthe sourceofthe subjecthead- did not matchLCSH were found on free- ing, e.g., LCSH, Medical Subiea Head- floatinglists, some consideration should be ings, etc. Each subfieldis separatedby a given to developinga machine-readable delimiter (+) and identified by a subfteld file offree-floatingsubdivisions for valida- code.Subfield codes are not embeddedin tion purposes. the text ofthe headingbut ratherprecede Markey and Vizine-Goetz(1988) con- the headingin the order in which the subftelds they representappear in the heading.The {irst part ofthe sublectheading- the main heading-is identified by the subfieldcode + a. Topicaland form subdivisionsare coded +x, period subdivisions arecoded + y, andgeographic subdivisions linrited valuefor validatingassigned head- are identilied by the sub{ield code + z. ings.The maionty-the'LCSH-..(7OVo) of topicalsubiect Other subfieldcrcdes are usedto separate heidinesin uttru6di- various elements of subject hea-dings, vided, ind almosthalf (48Vo)"i"of the geo- such as dates (+ d). A typical subject

650 -O+ayzx Art, Modern+2Oth century*Italy+Exhibitions

Figure L Trpicnl Subjrct lleadinq from the BOOKSM Database. 50/ LRTS . 37(1) . Conw&V

headingasit appearsinthe LC databaseis showninfigure 1.

R.rssaRcH MrrnoPoLocY The BOOKSM databasecontains more vision(s) appended to each heading. For the PulpolesDumoses of the studv.study, form subdivisions weie distinguishedI from topical suMivisions even thou"qh both types-of subdivisions appearaPPear in ltre r subfi6H.subfi6td. Additionally the ;5ff;'' ; i';h; ;fi i;i';;;i;;';"h heading-subdivision(s) combination were in the BOOKSM database.Approximately determined- 84Voof the bibliographicrecords contain one or more 6XX fields,and slighdymore FrNnrncs than 312,000of those recordsrepresent itemsthat havebeen cataloged since 1988. To gain insight into the most current subiectcataloqing practices at LC, a random sampleof"t,d'ob UiUliographic records with onelr more 6XX fields ind LC card numbersassigned from 1988 to the present was drawn from the BOOKSM been included. Each ofthese records has database.The 1,000 bibliographicrecords on the averaqe2.5 6XX headings. Of those gdVo subjec-i headings, '*er.yielded 2A63 ilU headings,of which 199 headings, are LC elirnitratedfrom the"analysisbecause 57o ar6 LC Annotated Card Program

Form). Also excludedfrom the study were 29 unauthorizedmain headings(e.g., sample are described. God Fslnmicl, which should be God ieneral characteristics of the sample [kl*"h and 17 unauthorizedheading*ub- serve as the basis for addressing the first division combinations (e.9., Borgunanero research question: lVhat do the subject I It aly ] --4 atlnlic CIu.mh.J-H*t or! -F:rck - headings c-urrently assignedby LC catalo- bitions.whichis not avalidcombinationbe- causeCatholic Clwrch is not authorizedas a

not found in LCSH it was soughtin the

confirm that the sample is representative of the population. cording to rules for uniform titles. Each Overdl, 867o of the headings in the heading addiuonallywas categorizedac- sample are found in the 13th Jdition of cordin{to whetherit couldbeiubdivided LCSH. Ninety-nine percent of the topical LRTS c 37(l) . Characteristics of Subject Head,ings /5I headingsassigned by LC catalogersare study, although both q?es of subdivisions printed-in LCSH. O? those that"are not are assigned in the +:r subfield. Forly:one percent of the subdivisions appended to headings are topical subdivisions. For the purposes of this study, topical subdivisions include, for example, the subdivisions - History, -Law and legislation, -Re- tearct and. -Social Thirty- two percent of the "oidtuo*.subdivisions are geographic subdivisions, and only 7Vo are period subdivisions. Twenty percent of the subdivisions in the sample are form subdivisions. Form subdivisions,so identiff ed on a subjective, as-encountered basis, include, for example, the subdivisions-Bib- Iiography, --4 ongresses, -Dictionaries, -Juoenile litemture, -Mopt, and -Pic- torialWorlcs. A total of 4l subdivisions in the sample are categorized as form subdivisions. The 41 form subdivisions en- The distributionof the numberof sub- countered in tlle sample are: . Archival resources o Archives o Atlases . Bibliography . Biobibliography o Biography o Catalogs o Congresses o Diaries o Dictionaries The great majority (74Vo)of thehead- o Directories ings currend,yassigned by LC catalogers . Discography contain subdivisions.In fact, 357oof the . Early works to 1800 . Exhibitions o Facsimiles r Fiction o Glossaries o Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. . Guidebooks 4Voof rhe geographic-Al-mostname hea&ngsare o Handbooks, manuals, etc. unsubdivid-ed. tfuee-quarte"rsof o Illustrations the topical headings, however, contain . Indexes r subdivisions,and of those almost half Juvenile (487o) e contain two or more subdivisions. Juvenile fiction o The_most frequently occurring type of Juvenile literature heading,is iubiect heiditig *ith o .".tri,U Lab manuals one suDorvrsron. . (Language) o Librettos o Manuscripts . Maps o Pamphlets . Photographs o Photographs from space 5% LRTS . 37(1) . Conway

noo-oEl oobo(o: Fdo€o-: q-d?ctc!; r.coo$-J, sdo$o, a r iNP n N i;s

_7 ' o o o o o ol- -o I8 S 8 8i- Fge ii-rii; s i-tid i

d i d-- 6 O d:6 o ts F i $ -'i x *-' I =i= i @ o,d z ; ii- E:6. z j i :ci ;N

d6o-i N$@il Nd Odl j:rrA'it ndl ", s F d:Ba s a;

, @d - ols ."' F 6,.r o .i d€ @6: FO$d: z -N Fii rits'irii s tJ 6r i FT ddoo b F,@ z osoool z d o:@ R*i

id€do: DbOF: G e a , e? q q: ? rlrlro!9i dioso: ^ o o ti s r d:6< a \ 6ls :d td rd'ot o 7 € r - o olN d' € h o @ro z q c! , -1 I q,"' OrSDI ^€ oiiFol F ci..i'+d, n didvl a6 -l q i 6lI i F € o o s rnio d; o n oro i b dro r-r = 6 0r@ -v z ri $;r@ =2

UEa? ir FtsN' or,:orosi OF nnF' HN dOOb€l o FO odnr^ r 6i o gii* F ir B< s F s rb (t) rO 'a r@ , IQ o n m!* 6 d d n ri9 p d$ F @ d,-, rl a c! q n; tE z n(odo$, r@ r6{: edr i; z n o$ do$: ca d d d fi F so D n 6;b r D d s -lo z o o:r o i @ rii @ d,6 F F q oonooo o$ro@(o; ?(, nooodi |QA9aoi; n$oind ro o o F -F a 6 Kis a s s r i6l ' $$oiito ?' r$odia R 'eE q dooi(oo 6 e H eis ro.Do@d ts$F{dl s €Ba n (o r ct @'

Sr6ddod * ad-di r I E ! b 7, * =ig LRTS . 37(1) . Characteristicsof SubjectHeadings /53 r Pictorial works graphic nameheadings in the samplecon- r poety tain subdivisions. . Popularworks Several explanations for the wide o Problems,exercises, etc. variety of heading patterns are possible, o Sources not the leastof which is the complexset of . Study guides rules governing the subject cataloger's o Texts task. In particular, the application ofrules governing free-floating subdivisions results in a variety of valid heading-subdivi- sioncombinations.

SUBDIVISIoNS subdivisionsare appendedto topical head- FREE.H"oATING ings, and of thosb'that *" noi 57Vo are LCSH hastwo basic types of free-floating sub&visions:those that aregenerallyappli- cableunder all or a varietyof headingsand "under those that are applicable only specifictypes of headings. Subdivisionsof the first type areenum- eratedin the SCM on a list of"form and topical subdivisions of general application." The list (H 1095)contains more than 300 free-floating form and topical subdivisionsthat maybe assignedby the cataloger without creating an authority record for the combination.The list includesgeneral free-floatingform sub&visionsand those topical subdivisions that can be applied generally or that have an application not HBenrNc Perrrnus coveredby, for example,the pattern list on which they also appear.This list governs the application of subdivisionssuch as -Biblio graphy, 4 ongresses, -Exhibi- tiotts,-History, and -Planning. SubdM- sionst}lat canbe appendedonly to specilic typesof hea&ngsare enumeratedon forty different lists in the SCM. The category includessubdivisions used under headings for classesof personsand ethnic groups; subdivisions used under headirigs ior namesof individualpersons, corporate bodies,and families; subdivisions used under headingsfor namesofplaces and bodies of water; and subdivisionscontrolled by pattern headings.Subdivisions controlled by pattern headingsare subdMsionsthat may be appliedon a free-floatingbasis to headings belongingto one of thirty-two categories such as sports (Football, Snousshoes and snowshaeing), wars (World. War, topical headingsin the sample.There is 1939-1945, United States-History- much less varilaUon(only I unique pat- Ch:iI Wac 186I-1865) and legal topics terns) among headings'for gerigraphic (krb or Iaw s and Ie gislatio n). names, even though 96Voof the geo- Althoughall headingsin the LC subject 54 LRTS . 37(1) o Conusa! headinqs system can potentially be sub- free-floatingsubdivisions (H I095). In fact, dvided"bv iubdivisionienumerated on the almost607iof the topical headingsalone generallist of subdMsions (H contain subdivisionsfrom this list, which ioos;,ruuy Sovo of the in the sample belong to one of( the tioned categoriesof headingswitl an established set of applicable, free-floating sub&visions.Of the topicalheadings in the sample,fully one-third (337o)belong to a categoryofheadings forwhich pattem and free-floatinglists of subdivisionsexist. An additional source of subdivisionsis the Maa Subd Geog rule that identiftes those headingsand heading-subdivisioncombi- nationsthat maybe subdividedfurther by olace.Seventy-four percent ofthe topical headingsin the samplecan be subdivlded further by place.A final sourceof subdM- sionsis Lb3H iself, althoughit hasalready beenpointed out that only a fractionofall possible heading-subdivisioncombina- tions are enumeratedin LCSH. The sources of subdivisionsfor all headingsin the sample and for topical headingsonly areillustrated in tables3 and 4, respectively.More than half (557o)of all subdividedheadings in the sampleinclude subdivisionsfound on the generallist of

TABLE 3 SouncESoF Susnwtsloxs

All Headings

LCSH l3 May SvbdGeog Goenl (H l@5) PattemLists

No. % No% No. % Yes 487 29.57 696 42.26 9ll 55.31 726 4.08 No 972 59.02 951 57.74 736 M.69 r94 1L78 N/A 188 tl4l 727 44.14 r,647 100.00 1,647 100.00 r,647 100.00 L.M1 100.00

TABLE 4 SouncssoF SUBDIVISIONS

Topical Ileadings Only

Mag SubtlCeog Genenl (H 1095) Pattem Lists

No. % No. % No. %

Yes 357 29.4I 662 54.53 720 59.31 364 29.98

No 849 69.93 552 45.47 494 40.69 123 r0.13 N/A 8 0.66 727 59.88 1.214 100.00 l-2t4 100.00 r.214 100.00 r,214 100.00 LRTS o 37(1) . CharacteristicsofSubjeaHeadings /55

the headingsin the sampleare constructed according to nrles and not according to speciffcauthorization in LCSH. Library of Congress catalogers currently assigran averageof 1.2subdivisions per subject heading.When O'Neill and Aluri found that LC catalogersassigned an averageof 0.93 subdivisionsper subject headingand catalogersfrom member libraries assignedan averageof 0.73 subdivisions per subject heading, the re- searchersexplained the difference by pointing out that the large sizeof the LC collectionsmight warrant a greater needto differentiate among subject headings (O'Neilland Aluri 1981,77-78). Another explanation,however, could well be that catalogersoutside LC do not understand the systemas well as LC catalogersand, tion printed in LCSH is necessaryfor the therefore, do not assignsubdMsions as cataloger to constnrct the heading, almost frequently.In fact, a more recentstudyby one-third (Slvo) arc for dates under art, Chan demonstratesthat a main area of literature, and music headings. Another variation in subject catalogingbetween large_percentage (I7Vo) of the cases in LC and non-LC catalogingrecords is in which LCSH is necessaryto crcnstruct the the application of subdivisions (Chan string is for the subdivision -Law and 1989,354-55). Iegislntion, which is free-floating only under certain types ofheadings. DrscussroN Suuuenv The most obviousconclusion that can be drawn from the findingsof this studyis that the subject cataloging process ir l"fg"ly rule-based.As a direct result ofthe lg74 decisionthat, in the future, subdivisions would be appendedto headingsaccording to rules rather than according to speciffc authorization,catalogers at LC relyheavily on the sptem of free-floatingsubdivisions to construct subject hea&ngs. In other words, the future is here. It is a compli- cated fufure, however,and in many re- spectswe are not readyfor it. Catalogersoutside LC are not com- fortable with the systemof rules governing the constructionof LC subjectheadings. Although the SCM containsa wealth of information,because it is a guide for LC catalogers,it is not alwa;n understood by catalogers who do not have ftrsthand knowledgeofLC practice.In fact,even for thosecatalogers who, becauseoftheir par- ticipationin-the National Coondinated Cita- loging Program(NCCP), receivetraining at LC, subjectsubdivisions represent one of 56/ LRTS . 37(1) . Conuay the most dilftcult aspectsof the bibliographic- record. Svstemsstaff cannot alwavsvalidate as- sisned headings.The limitations of the sdirject authoity file, coupled with the wide variety of heading-subdivisioncom- binations assignedto bibliographic re- terns in the sample that many subject cords.make michine-validatioi f dif{icult headingsassigned to bibliographic-re6ommended rec6rds if not impossibletask. Some systems staff do not" confirm to the have,for example,created machine-read- order. Ifchanges to existingheadings are able subdivision records to veri& to be made,th"e task will be iomplicaled in frequently occurring heading-subdivision particular by the fact that the +x sublield combinations(Ludy 1985;Miller 1984). iontains both topical and form subdM- Referencelibrarians, who must bear sions. Projectioni basedonly on the 4I the burden of deciphering LCSH for qta- form subdivisionsidentiffed in this study loq users,do not alwala understandthe in&cate that at least37Vo of t}e +x sub- srritem.Tools such as the SCM and even Iields in topical subject headingstrings are Free-flaating Subdiuisions:An Nphabai- likelv to containform sub&visions. caLIhdex ar6 of limited usefulneisto ref- t'he secondrecommendation, in which erence librarians. They might be better servedby, for example,a publicationsimi- lar to the now-outdited Cuide to Subdtai- sion Practice,which provided in one slim volume extensiveusage guidelines, scope notes, and examples.Users probably do not know,for example,that somesubdivi- sionsare part of patterns they might be that the numberof combinationsforwhich ableto usdfor ooniprehensiveiearc[ing of severalheadings in a category. Much hasbeen done to addressthese problems.Chan, who madethe point that someof thevariatiorsbetween LC catalog records and those created by other libraries could be lessenedby b'etterexternal communicationof LC catalogingpolicies, has recorded the principles that currendy govern the construction and applicationof

the Subject Cataloging Marrual and to in the authority file that belong to one of LCSH. the categoriesof pattern headings.Al- As a direct result of the NCCP ex- thoughspecilic implementation decisions perience and with the support of the are still under considerationat LC, where Council on Library Resources,LC con- a study'ofis underwayto assessthe implica- vened a large groui of experts to address tions building and maintaining a nationalauthority ftle as proposedin-the recommendation,the conferenceand its recommendationsrepresent considerable progresstoward the goal of making the ip t"emmore catalogerifriendly. LRTS . 37(1) c Characteristicsof SubjectHeadings /57

Yet much remainsto be done.Neither gers would be greatly enhanced by the our computer systemsnor our cataloging availabiliv of machine-readableauthoriw tools are gearedfor the rule-basedsystem recordsfor subdivisions they areintended to serve.Current valida- Attempts to easethe task of construct- tion techniques,for example,rely on a ing LC sublect headingsmust take into one-to-one character match and are not accountthe fundamentalcharacteristics of able-to validatesubiect headingsthat do the sptem. One very important charac- not have a cnrresp6nding recold in the teristic is its dependenceon an elaborate authority ftle. Dribenstoft (forthcoming) scheme of more than 3,500 free-floating articulates several recommendationsfor subdivisions.The effectivenessof the sys- enhancementsto aut-horityrecords to per- tem, however, largely depends on the mit catalogers to transfer data from the degreeto which it canbe incoqporatedinto authority file to bibliographic records and current and future applicationsof informa- to enabl'eonline svsteirs'tovalidate auto- tion technolog,r. matically*u.ty rubdilridedhea&ngs. She urges systemsdesiqrrers to take advantaqe Wonxs Crrso of-theslntem of pafternheadings and fr#- floaungsubdivisions. Chan, Lois Mai. 1989. Inter-indexer consistency in subject cataloging.lnformation Automatic validation, however, de- technology and libraries 8:349-58. Chan, Lois Mai. 1990a.Ltbrary of Congress wbjea headtngs:Princtplcs of struc'turcand. poltctesfm arylication. WashingtonD.C.: CatalogingDistribution Service,LC. Chan, Lois Mai. 1990b.Subject analysis tools ingsin LCSH are not identilied asbelong- online: The challenge ahead,.Information ing to a particular category.The cataloger technologgand librarles 9:259-62. is left to remember, for example,that Cochrane,Pauline A. 1986.lmprooingLCSH Librariarc and Football-4oaclps are for use tn onltne catabgs: Exerclzesfor self-hclp wlth a selectton of background readlngs. Littleton, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited. Conway,Martha O'Hara, ed. 1992.Thefunre of subdiotstonsin the Library of Congress subjea headings sVstenuReport frorn the wbiea subdlolsionsconfererwe. Washing- ton, D.C.: Cataloging Distribution Ser- the headingdenotes a classofpersons or vice, LC. an industrylIn other words,onfy one part Drabenstott, Karen M. Forthcoming. Deter- of the system-the subdivisions-is actu- mining the content of machlne-read,able rccords. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Online ally dwbloped in an increasinglycumber- Computer Library Center, Inc. sohe bodyof catalo$ngtools.-' Drabenstott, Karen M., and Diane Vizine- Coetz. Forthcoming. Usingsubiea headingsfor online retrieoal. SanDiego, Califi AcademicPress. Frost, CarolynO., and Bonnie A. Dede. 1988. Subject heading compatibility between LCSH and catalogfiles ofa large research library: A suggestedmodel for analysis. lnfortnation techtwlogg and. lihraries 7:288-98. Haykin, David |udson. May 23, 1947.Letter to a catalogerat Anderson College from Haykin, Chief, Subject Catalogng Divi- sion, Library of Congress. sistantrepresenb a maior stepin the risht Holley, Robert P., and Robert E. Killheffer. direction,although it risefulnessto catio- 1982. Is there an answer to the subject 58/ LRTS . 37(1) . ConwaT

accesscrisis? C atalogi.ng and classificatton Miller, Dan. 1984. Authority control in the quarterlV 1, nos.Z3:125J3. retrospective conversion process. Iryfor- Ludv. l,oran E. 1985. OSU Libraries' use of matloi techtwlogg and libraries 3:286-92. Lib.ury of Congress subject authorities O'Neill, Edward T., and Rao Aluri. 1981' file. Infornntion technology and libraries Library of Congress subject heading pat- 4:15$40. terns in OCLC monographic records. Markev, Karen, and Diane Vizine-Goetz. Library resurrces b technical sentices L968. Charaaeristics of subjea authoritg 25:6&S0. records in tlw machine-readoble Llbrary Vizine-Goetz,Diane. 1989.Catalogert assis- of Congress subject headings. Dublin, tant. Anm.ul reaiew of OCLC reseatch. Ohio: OCLC Online Computer Library Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Online ComPuter Center,Inc. Library Center, Inc. /59

Chqrqcleristicsof DuplicoleRecords in OCLC's OnlineUnion Cqtolog

EdwordT. O'Neill, SollyA. Rogers,ond W. Michqel Oskins

DErrNlrroN AND STATEMENT rare and easyto identi& in union catalogs. or PnostnM As Hunstad (1988,246) noteswhen discussingthe problemofduplicates: Duplicate recprds that are identical are A procedure that matches hvo bibliographic

Epwano T. O'Nrtu. is Consulting ResearchScientist, and W. Mrcurnl OsrrNs is Consulting SystemAnalyst, OCLC Online Computer Library Center,Inc., Dublin, Ohio; Sar-r.yA. Rocsni is Head of Serial, Nonbook, and Thesis Cataloging,The Ohio State University Libraries, Columbps.Manuscript received Dec. 6, lggl; ac&pied for publication Feb. 5, 1992;revised June I, 1992. 60/ LRTS . 37(1) o O'Neill, Rogerc, and Oskins

descriptions byt" by byte, and says yes, searches:interlibrary loan; and EPIC, when all bytes match in number and in OCLC'sonline referencesewice). kind, and no when any slight difference be simple enough to make, but occurs, will DUPLICATE RECORD SAMPLE will not ffght actual duplication in a database. It is the duplicate records that are similar but not id6ntical that are hard to iden- tifi,. Duplicate record studies and detection proiesses are useful only ifthey focus on these similar records. buplicate records in the Online Union Catalog of the

to identifo additional potential duplicate records (Campbell 1901, 24). The iesults loaded and the corresponding records in of both the manual and automated searcheswere combined into a single set of possible duplicates. Thi.t""tt Speciftc bibliographic elements were used as a means of identrfying

representing'Failureio t+reitem to be cataloged. find an existing rJcord can

Standard Book Number [ISBN], Library of Congress Card Number [LCCN], and Government Documents Control Number IGDCN]), statement of responsibility, edition, publisher, pages,size, and series.The use oT elements raiher than specilic ffelds is an important distinction: Elements are tion than appears on the item. This situa- descriptilve of a like hnd of information tion often rbiults from a lac'k of uniformity about'a book and may include data found among publishers in the use of publication in more $an one {ixed or variable fteld of date, irilnung date, and edition statemenb. a bibliographic record. For example, the Duplicate records in online shared cat- media ellement combines data from the alogs reduce efftcienry in proportion to the fixed fteld Repr (form of reproduction) as actual number of records in the database. well as the'Jariable lields-007 (phpicd The greater the number of duplicate re- description), 500 (general note), and 533 cords online. the more difficult it is to search the database and to make cataloging LRTS . 37(1) . Duplicate Records /6I

Thcgreat school bus controoercg or the addition of an i in the publisher: Mannillan Maanillian In another example, unlawful wx dropped from the title: lnoestigatlon of arcon, and. other unlnuful Pairs. bumings lnoestigation of arson and other bumings While typographicalerrors were found in all ftelds,theywere most common in the longer textual ftelds, particularly author, tide, and publisher.

EnnoNsousTecs GEt*rner, Crilnecrenrsrrcs oF AND SUBFIELD CODES Dupr.rclrt Rnconps Mistaggedftelds and erroneousor mis- placedsub{ield codes were anot}rercom- monproblem. Some examples included (a) an author transformedinto a subject by taggng the fteld 600 rather than 700, (b) statementsof responsibilitycoded as subtitles,and (c) publisherscoded as the place of publication.The tide entry sistenciesbetween the variableand {ixed The Federal,ist or the neu constitution fields.Examples ofthese and other charac- by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison & teristicsofduplicate recordsare included JohnJay below and are reDroducedexactlv as thev is a good example.That particular tide was appearedon cataiogrecords in th'eOnhn6 found with a + b subffeldcode following Union Catalog. Consequendy,the ex- The Federahisfbut without a + c subfield amplesmight nit reflect cbrreci cataloging code,creating the subtitle or the application of current rules and or the neu constitution by Alernnder standards. Hamilton Erroneous or misplaced subfteld codes result in fields TYrocnApulcAl.ERRoRS often that algorithmically contain different information even when T1'pographicalerrors were found throughout the contents of the ftelds are otherwise the sampleofduplicates. Although the enor identical. rate was relativelylow, tlpographicalerrcn in critical elementssuch as authof tide, or Ourrrno INFoRMATToN control number can make it difffcult to re- trieve records. Initially, catalogers reviewing potential du- As addressedwithin this study, tran- plicate records tended to be conservative scription errors included spelling and and to assumethat information notpresent transciption errors, as well as kelng er- on a bibliographic record was not present rors. Differences in capitalization,spacing, on the book it represented. For example, punctuation, and diacritic usagewere not if one record included a series statement considered signilicant and-were not and a potential duplicate record did not, counted as typographicalerrors. the omission was initially thought to be an Most typographical errors were one- indication that different editions of the characterdifferences, e.g., the substitution title had been published. However, as of c for s in the title: more records were reviewed-particularly Tlle greot school bus contrasercy those that were paired with multiple 6% LRTS . 37(1) . O'Neill, Rogerc,and Oskins potential duplicates-after examining the the duplicaterecord pairs,the country of ictuat books, it became increasinglyilear publicition code did^not match because that omitted information usually was not Lne record had Connec-bicutcoded cor- signiffcant. Omitted information was not rectly as ctu, bfi the other record had it Iimited to less-than-full-level records. codedas cnu. Less-than-fulllevel records were not sig- Becausevanable fields are free-text, nificantly more likely to be duplicates than they providefor somenatural redundancy were full-level records. witiri-n themselves.Differences can be Analysis of duplicate record pairs in the consideredwithin the contextof surround- sample showed that the omission of title inq lettersor wordsand do not necessarily information. author entries. edition state- rJ*lt ir, mismatches, especially with ments, secondary publishers or distribu- manualreview For example,in one dupli- tors, and series statements did not neces- cate pail country of publicationinforma- sarily mean that this information was not tion &iffered be['wee-nthe variable {ields on the piece. In fact, in many cases the (260 +asubfield) but not betweenthe fixed element was present, but some catalogers ftelds.The first recordidentilied the place *ere -ore sefectivethan others in deci&ng of publicationas Allahabad while the sec- what to include in the bibliographic de- ond record had Nlahobad (India).'Nhile scription, even when inflormation appeared AUahabad.and Allahnbad (India) wotid' on the title page.These inconsistenciesun- certainly be recognized as equivalent doubtedlv reflict differing local needs and during a manualre*'ri"*, developing soft- a practic6 of including in-the record only warewith the ability to recognizethese as those elements of the desc'ription con- the sameinformation is difficult. Compar- sidered important for local use. ing the three-charactercode in the fixed n,-;iais, by contrast,straightforward' The mostcommon inconsistency in the INcoNSISTENcIESBETwEEN form of reproduction code in the fixed TIIE VARIABLEAND FIXED FINIIS field of poiential duplicate records was Fixed fields were included in the Machine- leavingtfie code blarik even when there Readable Catalo$ng (MARC) record to was a 6lear indication in the variable ftelds ease automated processing, and in fact, that the monographwas a microform.Be- most duplicate detection algorithms rely causea blank ialue in this fteld hasmean- on the uie of ffxed ffelds foi this reason. However, reliance on algorithms of fixed Iields and their exclusion of the use of variable ffelrt limit tleir accuracy in identifying duplicate records. This primary use offtred fields also assumesgreater reliabil- ityin the fi.xedftelds. This is not necessarily curacyofdistinguishing records for repro- tlie case, even though fixed ftelds contain ducti6nsfrom ricordsTor the originals. simple encnded information. In fact, vari- While fixed fields are easierto use for abld {ields can provide more reliability be- computermatching and standardization of causethey contain the originating informa- inforhation. the lilelihood of critical, un- tion: i.e.. fixed ftelds contain a coded foqgrving errors requires that the fixed version of free-text information from the {ielfu be usedin conjunctionwith variable variable fields. Because the fixed ftelds do Iields if duplicatesare to be reliablyiden- not contain original source information, tifted. When variable {ields expressthe they present achance for error in encoding sameinformation in different ways (e.g., inf6rination and little, if any, chance foi ^usedplace of publication),{ixed fields can be automatic correction. A one-character ty- to 6btain the record match. If the pographic error in a fixed field results in an fixed fields do not match, variable fields immediate rnismatch between potentinl can be checkedso that errors in fixed ftelds duplicate recnrds. For example, in one of becomeless cmcial. LRTS . 37(1) o Duplicate Records /63

Nores Ftnlos Brnl,rocnerrnrc CHAnAcrERrsrrcs oF DUPLIO{TERrconns During manualrevieq informationin the generalnotes fields ofpotential duplicate In additionto generalfactors such as typo- iecordsoften provided^theclearest indica- graphical errois, erroneous tagVsubh'eld tion ofwhetherrecords were duplicates. In codes,omissions, and ffxe&variableffeld one potentialduplicate record, changes in inconsistencies,each of the thirteenbibli- the content of an item distinguishingit from an earlieredition were deiribedin a

practice,or simplymisintelpretation. As indicatedin figure 1,duplicate pairs designatedareas; e.g., fixed ftelds,repro- frequendyhad more than one bibliographic duction note. A quolednote in one rdord elementthat differed betweenthe records. often cpntainedinformation found in a sub- A total of 28Voof the duplicateshad two tide or seriesstatement in anotherrecord. elementsthat were differint, and another According to the Anglo-Arnerican 22Vohad. mismatches in three elements. CataloguingRubs, 2d ed., 1988revision (AACR2R),"Notescontain useful descriptive informaUon that cannot be fitted into other areasof the description"(Gorman and Winkler f988, 50). Becausenotes are entered in free form, however,*reir use- fulnessin duplicationdetection processes only one element that was &fferent, the is generallylimited. date,author, and publisher elements were

% oI totql that qre duplicctes 30

20 t5 l0

2345 Number oI dillerent elements

Figure l. Duplicate Records: Number of Elements Present 64 LRTS . 37(1) o O'NeiI, Rogers,and Oskins

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TAMDCSEPPSS luecotduoie ttdtnlbgzt lhtetRtleei eocretis€ rososs lpnh e #I s

Element

I only nonmatch % plus other elements

Figure 2. Dupliete Records: Non-Matching Elements.

the ones that most frequently did not Least common were tle control numbers, match between records.When individual edition. and series elements. elementswere analyzedin duplicateswith the elements more than one mismatch, AurHoR Er.uurxr that differedbetween duplicate records, in More than 30Vo of the duplicates had

paia the author entries were I00 llWhalen, Mtchael E. 7I0 I0 llnited States. +b Anng. +b Cows of Engineers. +b Fofi Worth Asffic't In the secondrecord, ttte entries were Ioo Io wholen,Miclwl M.unrd,+d 1948- most frequendy present in duplicates. 70Ol0 Gerald.Rer E. LRTS . 37(1) . Duplicate Records /65

Percent I00 80

60 40 20

0 TAMDTIGSE PPSS iuecrCSDRd ucrie tldrcBci bSzt lhieNNNt leej eocri lse ro ss n h e Elemenl r Figure 3. Duplicate Records:Perent of Time Field is Present.

Title Page

SETTLEMENT PATTERNSOF THE WESTERN HUECO BOLSON BY MICHAEL E. WHALEN, PH.D. PROIECT ARCHEOLOGTST WITH CONTRIBUTIONSBY T. C. O'T.AUGHLIN.M.S.,J. D. PIGOTT,M.S., C. C. STOLTT,pH.D. M. K. STOUT,A.I.A., AND W E. WETTERSTROM,PH.D. REX E. GERALD,PH.D. PRINCIPCAL INVESTIGATOR PREPAREDFOR THE CORPSOF ENCINEERS FORT WORTH DISTRICT, FORT WORTH, TEXAS UNDER CONTMCT DACA63-76-C-02I9 HISTORIC AND NATURAL RESOURCESREPORT U.S.ARMY, FORT BLISS ENVIRONMENTAL OFFICE, DFAE EL PASO,TEXAS PUBLICATIONS IN ANTHROPOLOGYNO. 6 EL PASOCENTENNIAL MUSEUM THE UNIVERSITYOF TEXASAT EL PASO

IULY 1978

Figure 4. Replica of Title Page from a Duplicate Record Pair with Differing Author Entries. 66/ LRTS . 37(1) o O'Neill, Rogers, and Oski,ns

The Library of Congress authority file and Profi,t LossAccutnts, for Direc- entry for this author is frhalur, Michiel E. tors. Sebretaries,Accountants, Bank- This example is typical of the variations ers, lnoestors,and. Students found in the author element in duplicate 3.The Resistanceto lmpact of Spent records. Magnm Fuel Transport Flasks Differing forms of entry are charac- The'Resistance to lmpact of SpentMag- teristic of duplicate records when the nm Fuel Transport Flasks:Paperc Pre- differences are in the author element. In sentedat a SeminarHeld at the Irxtitu- the preceding example, one cataloger lo- tion of Mechmrical Engineers on 30 catei and ur"? th" a:uthors full narie and April and l Mag 1985 date of birth; the other cataloger used the 4.CalcalusMade Easy: Being a Very name as it appeared on the title page. De- Simplestlntroduction to . . . the Dif- pending on when each ofthe records was ferential Calatlus and the lntegral ireated-, this example might also illustrate Calculus a change in the cataloging rules concerning Calculus Made Easy: Being a Very fullness of name in author entries. Differ- ences in the forms of entry mav also result from changes in the Libiary ofCongt"rt authority file. Catalogers also have a choice as to which added entries they make. In the preceding example, one cataloger pre- ferred the Corps of Engineers, for whom with ellipses. the report was prepared; the other In other cases,even the beginningsof selecte'dGerald., FUx n., the principal Utleswere different. For examPle, investigator. Do NotGo Gentle into ThntCoodNight Oth6r author characteristics in dupli- CBS PlayhousePresents, Do Not Go cate records included authors publishing Gentleinto That Good Night (i.e., name changes, under different names Or, as in the following example,the posi- forms of entry for pseudony'rns),differing tion of the datewithin the title varied: iolporat'e names, andthe selection'of a personal or a comorate name for the main Scott 1990Standard. Postage Stamp Cata' intry rather than an added entry. bgue Scott StandardPostage Stamp Catalogue, 1990 Trrlr.ruo SrerpurNtor Differences in the title were found in RESPoNsIBILIfi ELEMENTS more than ZOVoof the duplicate records. Consistent identification of a title an&or statement of responsibilitycan be difficult. Aside from the ipograpliical and sublield

rors in the same duplicate pair. four examples, the secpnd title is fuller Differences in the s-tatementof re- than the firit, thus. the titles did not match sponsibility also were significant, occur- in durrlicate record pairs. riie in 19% of the duplicites. In addition t.siedtsh CataloQue to {pographical errors, the most common Suedish C atalogue ; lnternational Er- inconsiitencies in the statement of re- hibition. 1876 sponsibilitywere due to the omission of the 2.Guide to Cornpany Balance Sheets siatement'of responsibility or problems and Profit l-ass Accounts identiflng the end of the statement of Guide to Compang Balance Slrcets responsibility. LRTS . 37(l) . Duplicate Records /67

EornoN eNo Ders Et,srasNrs concerningpublication date have added to the confusion. Jones and Kastner (1983) identifted the One of the more prominent examples of duplicate records resulting from confu- sionrelated to editionsand printings is An EconomicIntelretation of the Constitu- tion of the United States; trtle pages of which are shown in figure 5. These are different printings of the same edition, with the later date repre- senUnga printing date (16th printing in Publication date was the only differ- 1959). Onlv one mismatched element ence in SVoofthe duplicates; another50To (publication&te) occurredin the records differed in publicatibn date and at least for thesetwo items.The itemsrepresented one other element. Of all the potential were borrowed through interlibrary Ioan duplicates that differed only in publication for phpical examination,and the records da[e, only one represented dfferent edi- were found to be duplicates.The Online Union Catalogcontained 24 recordsrep- resentingtwo distincteditions of this title. By the time Jonesand Kastnerwrote their articlein 1983,a Ubrary of Congress rule interpretation (LCRI) "clarifted the cataloging rules in the direction of The edition element was present in less avoidanceof duplicationof records"(Jones than 20Vo of the duplicate records. Of and Kastner 1983. 216). This trend has those duplicate records *rat included edi- continued.The LCRI for rule L.284 (U- tion statements, 47o differed solely be- brary of Congess 1989)stresses that the cause of mismatching edition statements; catalogershould not supply an edidon 64Vo differed by edition and at least one statement when one is lachng, unless other element. differences from other editions are Jones and Kastner provide a detailed "manifest."The LCRI for rule I.4C4 (U- description of the problems and considera- brary of Congress1989) speciffcallynotes that the goalis forone bibliographicrecord to standfor all impressions. When an edition statementon a piece to be cataloged differs from the edition statement on an existing catalog record, the catalogermust decide whether the item reallyrepresents a distinctedition or simply another printing. Rule 1.283 in AACR2R says"In case of doubt about whether a statementis an edition statement take the presenceof suchwords as edition,issue, version, (or their equivalents *lack tion primarily derives from a of uni- in other languages)as evidence that sucha formity among publishers in the use of the statementis an edition statement"(Gor- man and Winkler 1988, 30). Unfor- tunately,a piece that claimsto be an edition often is not, particularly in the caseof romancelanguage publications. When there is no edition statementon a pieceto be catalogedand the dateon the item differs from the date on an existing catalogrecord, the piece could be eithei 68/ LRTS . 37(1) o O'Neill, Rogerc, and Oskins

Earlier Prtnfing AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATIONOF THE CONSTITUTION OFTHE UNITED STATES BY CHARLESA. BEARD WITH NEWINTRODUCTION NEWYORK THE MACMILI,{,N COMPANY 1936 Inter Printing AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OFTHE UNITED STATES BY CHARLESA. BEARD WITH NEWINTRODUCTION NEWYORK THE MACMILI,AN COMPANY r959

Figure,5. Replicas of Title Pages from a Duplicate Remrd Pair Caused by Differing Interpretations of Editions and Printinqs another printing or a new edition. Al- cates: when they contain different num- though the cataloging rules describe in bers, they rarelyare duPlicates' detail how to transdribe publi

records with publication dates Duplicate PUBLISITEREI.TUTNT prior to 1969 were threeiimes more likely to have misnratches in the date fteld than Considerable variation in publisher names those records with date entries after 1969. characterizes duplicate records. AACR2R The decreasein the number of differences (i.4D2) states that the publisher's name with inrprint dates alter 1969 correlates should be given "in the shortest form in with the introduction of the use o[ ISBNs, which it cai be understood and identified which made matching of records in auto- internationally'' (Gorman and Winkler n-rateddatabases easier. f988, 37). Because there is no authority file for publisher names,it is impossibleto achieve consistent results when applyrng CoNrnol N uuRnn ELEMENTS this rule. Minor variations, e.g', Fields containing the control numbers- ThomasB. Mosher ISBN. LCCN. and GDCN-are the most T.B. Mosher reliable variable fiel&. When records con- are relatively common. Other publisher tain matching control numbers and have names are frLquently shortened Ly abbre- other sinrilarities,they are ustrallv dupli- viatiot'r.For exatnPle: LRTS . 37(1) . Duplicate Records /69

H.M.S.O.or H.M. StationeryOff. forHer distincte&tions. When a title is published MajestytStati onery Office by a different publisher,it is consideredto AmericanPub. Co. for theAmerican Pub- be a distinctedition. A total of297oof the lishingCompany duplicates in the sample were character- USLfor U.S.lrague of SavingInstitutions izr"dbydifferent publisherentries, posing For international databases,an ad&- a sigriffcantproblem in identifringrecords tional requirement of AACR2R(f .4D5) asduplicates. was to add a subsequentlynamed publisher if that publisheiwas iocated "iri the SnnlnsElrlrnnr home country of the cataloguing agency and the first'named publish"er.]. is"not'- The most@mmon variations found in se- (GormanandWinkler 1988, 38). While the riesentries were ( 1)series information was omitted from one of the records,(2) the format of the information was different, and (3) the information was recorded in different ftelds. Differences frequendy occurred when P. Dutton and simply Londan: Dent are catalogershad to determine what was a both correct, but th6f result from differing seriesstatement or whetJrera seriesstate- practicesin American and British catalog- ment was signiftcant enough to include in ing agencies,respectively. the record.One book published by Charles In 1990,the LibraryofCongressissued Scribner's Sons inciuded the Pagurian a rule interpretation that eliminated the Presslogo-a solpion surroundedby a 'A, need to considerthe location of the catalo- ring with the phrase PAGURIAN gerwhen recor&ng publisher information. PRESSBOOK"-on the verso.One of the The LCRI calls for the inclusion of the duplicate records for this item included namesofall publisherson the chiefsource the untraceds efiesA Pagurian Pressbook, (Library of Congress1989, I.4D5): "Re- while the other record did not havea series cord the namesofall publishersappearing statement.This omission ofseries informa- on the chief source oT informau5i of th6 tion in duplicateswas the most frequent edition being cataloged.. . . Record also difference'observedfor series,accounung the name of a U.S. publisher appearing for approximately60Vo of the differences anywhereon the item when a non-U.S. in duplicatesinvolving series. pubhrh"r appearson the chief source." Even when both recordscontained se- Publisher statements also vary in the ries fields, the format of the information degreeto which wordsor phraseiindicat- often differed. The following seriesstate- ing the function performed are retained. ments taken from records in the Online One duplicaterecord in the samplecon- Union Catalog describe the same item, tained,Printed for R- Banl* in the pub- althoughthe mannerin which the informa- lisherarea, whiie the othercontainedbnb tion is-presentedis very different (andnot tlle name R- Banl

400' Personal name/title series statement In addition to different entry styles, the (traced the same) records had different numeric styles; i.e., 4I0' Corporate name/title series state- roman numerals and the Arabic equivalent. ment (traced the same) 4Il' Conference or meeting name/title PAGEELEMENT series statement (traced the same) 440 Title series statement (traced the The page element is a significant charac- same) teristic-of duplicate recoids, often being 490 Series statement not traced or traced one of the more reliable indicators of differently 800 Personal name/title series added entry 810 Corporate name/title series added entry 8.ll Conference or meeting name/title series added entry multiple differing elements. 830 Uniform title series added entry This variety causessigniftcant matching MEDIA ELEMENT problems,particularly behveen Dre- and irost-AACR2forms. The drrplicati records For the media element, the most com- for Innoaationand Changein Readingln- mon problem occurred when the Repr stntction, the title pageof which is shown (formof reproduction) Iixed field code in figure 6, illustratethis problem. was blank, despite a clear indication in a One of the duplicate recordsfor this variable field that the item was a rePro- item containeda pre-AACR2series state- duction. The difficulty in determining the mentin the fbrm: form of item from the variable fields is Its +tfearbook:+v no.67,+ppart lI that the information may be in a variety of The equivalent series information in the locations, including other duplicate record was entered as 007 physicaldescription, fearbook of the Nattonal Societyfor the 245 title statement,general material des- Study of Education, at67th, pt. 2 ignation,

INNOVATIONAND CHANGE IN READING INSTRUCTION The Sixty-seventhYearbook of the NationalSocietv for the Studvof Education PARTII by THEYEARBOOKCOMMITTEE and ASSOCIATEDCONTRIBUTORS Edited by HELEN M. ROBINSON Editor for the Society HERMAN G. RICHEY NSSE 1968

DistributedbvTHE , UNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOPRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60637

Figrre 6. lleplica of a Tide P:rge from a Drrplicate Reorcl Pair rvith Differing Series Entries. LRTS . 37(1) . Duplicate Records nL

500 generalnotes as enhancementsof the 3. different interpretations of identical physicaldescription, information,e.g., assuming that an un- 533 photoreproductionnote. designateddate is a publicationrather In most systems,items that have differ- than a printing date, or truncating a ent codes ii the nepr {ield are not iden- title. tified as duplicates, even though the differ- Even when thesepossibilities are considered,it may be difficult to determine whether a record matchesa piece to be cataloged. Knowing which bibliographic elementsand generalfactors most often contribute to the creation ofduplicate rec- type of erroris difficult to detect ords should help catalogersmake appropriate decisionsabout when to input new iecords. If it can be concluded-thatan Srze ElnunNr existing record is incorrect, a change re- questshould be submittedso &at the er- rbrs *uy be corrected.Duplicate records shouldnot be createdon the basisofdis- satisfactionwith the quality of existingrec- ords.A reductionin the numberof dupli- differences in sizeoccurbecause ofinexact cate recordsbeing added to the Online measurement, rounding errors, or binding Union Catalogwill delinitely facilitatein- differences. creasedcataloging productivity and end- user satisfaction,particularly with applications such as interlibrary loan and CoNcLusroNs EPIC. This analysis of duplicate records in OCLC's Online Union Catalog demon- WonxsCrrrp strates that differences betrveen bibliographic records orbetween an existing rec- Campbell, Nancy. 1991. Database clean-up improves cataloging, ILL, and reference. ord and an item to be cataloged often are OCLC newsletter no. 192 (JuIy/Aug.). not bibliographically significant. However, Gorman, Michael, and PauI W. Winkler, eds. they often- do prevent retrieval iuccessful 1988. Anglo- American cataloguing rules, or matching of records, either manually or 2d ed., 1988 rev. Chicago: American automaticallv. Therefore. when a biblio- Library Assn. gaphic record contains minor variations Hunstad, Siv. 1988. Norwegian bibliographic from an item being cataloged, several databases and the problem of duplicate possibilities should be considered before records. C ataloglng b classification quar- creating a new record. These include the terly 8, no.3/4:23948. possibility that the existing bibliographic fones, Barbara, and Arno Kastner. 1983. record contains Duplicate records in the bibliographic util- ities: A historical review of the printing l.input errors, e.9., typographical er- versus edition problem. Library reso..rces rors, or failure to change or delete ls technical sensices27:2lL-20. fields when tte* recor-d is derived " Library of Congress, Office for Descriptive from an existing record, Cataloging Policy. 1989. Library of Con- 2.omissions, e.g., information present gress Rule Interpretations. Ed. by Robert on the piece may have been omitted if M. Hiatt. Washington, D.C.: Cataloging not needed locally, Distribution Service, Library of Congress. KEEPING YOUR AUTHORITY FILES UP-TO.DATE

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PreservolionNeeds of Oversizedllluslrqlions in GeologyMqster's Theses

SollyJ. Scott

presensation. Factors contributingto their dpterioration are dcscribed., and suggestions are made for preoentingfufitre problems, 11 \feologr literature is unusualin that a ally only one or two original copies exist, high proportion ofboth monographsand and they probably are held only by the seiiali iirclude oversized iliistiauons. degree-ganting institution. If the dissertation or thesis is not subsequendypub- lished, the information contained might not exist anuvhere else. For instance.the maps mighf be the only ones in existence for a geographicarea. Geology thesesare more heavilv used than theses in odrer brittle for rebinding, 3Voof the mono- &sciplines, iot only by the academiccom- graphs and 547oo{ the serial titles in- munity but also by corporate borrowers such as mining and oil companies.A study at the Mines Library, University of Nevada-Reno,showed that nearly LOVoof that librarvS overall circulation ura$theses and that iOEoof the interlibrary loan re- questsin the Main Librarywere?or theses (Newman 1987, 5-7). Geologr disserta- A similar problem existswith dissertations are also more frequently cited than tions and tleses in geolory. The situation those in other lields (Walcou 1988). is more acutein tlese cases.because usu- Copies of doctoral dissertations are

l^t"l J. Scorr is Science Reference Librarian, University of Wyoming, Laramie. The author thanks Michael Noga, Universityof California,Ios Angel6s,and BarbaraHaner, Universityof California,Riverside, who initiated this project and providedhelpful suggestionsand guidance. Manuscript received May 6, 1992;revi3edsept. Id, lgg2; acce'lted fo-ipublication"Sept.23, 1992. 74 LRTS . 37(1) c Scoft available from University Micro{ilms In- ternational(UMI), but thereare problems involvingaccess and quality of reproduction. Walcott found that 7.5Voof I.8M thesesexamined were not available from UMI and that2L% of628 thesessearched were not indexed in GeoRef,rendering them inaccessibleto users(Walcott 1988).

cally use them. Protestsby the geoscience communityresulted in a decisionbv UMI to keep a copy of the pocketmaps, which they would photographon requestfor an additionalfee (Walcott1988). This service became availablebeginning with theses offered in 1986;however, theyare not re-

istence from indexed sources such as Geofuef, Dssertation Abstracts lnternational. and,Arnerican Doctoral Disserta- METHODOLOGY tiotrs (Reppand Glavirano1987). Master's theses, however, are not The original intent of the study was to generallyindexed and usually are available evaluatJthe entire collection oi master's theses, which would have given the geolory librarian data needed to proceed with a preservation project. Time con- straints. however. limited the study to 100 titles. The sample was not selected at random but rathei was chosen according to convenience. Thus, the results reported were not necessarilyavailable when the here must be considered preliminary- esti- older theseswere pioduced. Illustrations mates and may not be gerieralized. The criteria to be inlluded in the evaluation were determined. A data sheet was designed and prepared for recording the data'(Scott t9-gt). fhe shelflist caril for each tide in the entire collection of master's dreses was photocopied onto a data sheet, conveniently providing all relevant data on one page. A code sptem was well (Newman1987). developed for rebiding the data in an The dif{iculty of reproducing these abbreviated form. unique documentsand the hearyuse they To determine the effect of use, a com- LRTS o 37(1) c Presensation Needs of Ooercized Illustrations /75 parisonneeded to be made betweenthe Geologic maps comprised. SlVo; geologic unusedor little-used archivalcopy (copy I ) cross sections, 25Vo; columnar sections, and the circulatingcopy (copy2) ofbich l2Vo; charts, including correlation charts, title. Thus, 200 volumeswere examined. 7Vo; strucire contour maps, 4Vo; all other Titlesforwhich a secondcopywasunavail- types of maps ocmbined, 87o; and all re- ablewere not included. maining plates, I37o. Seventeen plates To determine the effect of time. an were missing. Ten of the plates had been adequatecoverage of the entire range of produced from the archival microlilm copy y_ears)vas required. Using the prepared as replacements for missing pieces and data sheets, the titles were sorted into were not included in the analysis because groups of_Iive-yearperiods. Each group they did not reflect accurately the effects was sorted alphabetically by author. Thi of time and usage on the condition of the ftrst ten Utlei that coniained pocket il- piece. lustrationsin each group were selected. There are two majorcategories ofdam- For some groups, fewer than ten titles age to paper-mechanical and chemical. Mechanical damaqe includes physical wear and tear and t[e results of thb dctivi- ties of rodents, insects, molds, and fungi. Chemical damage results from light, mois- ture, heat, air pollutants, and the acids in resulted in fewer theses in the 1g80s. the paper (Capps 1973). Paper with high Those that were written contained fewer acid content deteriorates more rapidly large illustrations becausethe research tlan more alkaline paper. Measurement of emphasis-shiftedaway from fteld projects. acid content can require the application of To complete the sampleof 100, th-ere- chemicals that can slain oroth.r*ire dam- painilg titles were sorted alphabetically age the paper, although safer methods are by author, and the first 18 titlbs that con- available (Swartzburg 1983). Britdeness of tained pocket illustrationswere selected. paper is tested by folding back and forth The chronological distribution of titles in the corner of a page a number of times. If the sampleis givenin table l. the paper cracks or breaks, it indicates that Eighteen different types of illustra- it has deteriorated badly. Even if the paper tions,ieferredto asplateiivere identifted, does not break along the crease, a fold is with a total of 673 pieoesin all copies. left on the paper. When the intent is to preserve a unique, irreplaceable docu- TABLE T ment, it would be countelproductive to damage it. Consequently, at the request of CovposrrroNoF SruDySAMpLE the geilogr librariin, ch6mical or fo'ld tests *;;jfiT:' were not performed. Also, no attempt was Dateorrhesis made to evaluate biological damage. Only' 1935-1939 2 observable wear and tear was exairined. The characteristics measured or erral- 194G19414 2 uated for each plate included size, color, 1945-1949 6 extent oftearing along the folds or at the 1950-1954 It edges,place and condition ofprevious tape repairs, and use. Missing plates were r955-1959 22 noted. en overall conditio'n i"..d otr t 1960-1964 15 scale of0-6 was given to each plate and to I965-r969 IO each copy (see appendix A). In general, the extent of tearing was a 1970-1974 l0 consistent measure of the overall condi- 1975-1979 I tion. It was particularly relevant for the 1980-1984 IO folded plates, which tended to deteriorate more rapidly along the folds. Users some- 1985-1989 3 times refolded the plates improperly, and 76/ LRTS . 37(7) . Scott

this added to their wear. In some situa- condition. Tape in bad condition was de- tions, for example,where one larger ac- ftned as yellowed, cracked, peeling, or cidental tear did not reflect the overall brittle. con&tion of the piece, the overall rating Usewas recorded from the circulation doesnot matchthe tear scale.The relativelv data in the book and included interlibrary large number of conditionswas chosentb loan use,cAculation date stamps,and in- prdride moredeail in thisiniual study. Other house use recorded during a use study iesearchersmight obtain equallyuieful re- conductedfrom fuly 1, 1987,to May 31, sultsusing fewer categories. 1988. No informition was availableabout Size measurement categories were otJrer unrecorded use within the library basedon the capacitiesofph-otocopy and stacla. microfilm equipmentand included ll by 14 inches,fi Ay ZZinches,up to 24 inchei RESULTS on the shortestside,24 to 30 inches,30 to 36 inches, and 36 to 42 inches on the The data eathered were evaluatedto de- shortestside. termine ti"e overall condition and need for Color wasthe most dif{icultvariable to preservation of each major ty?e of plate measure. All of the colored plates were ind of the volumesas a whole. The rela- colored by hand"usually with cblored pen- tionships of the size of the plates to_lveaf,, cils.Itwas not possibleto assigna numeri- the am6untof useto wear,aid ageof thesis cal value to the quality ofthe color ofeach to wear were determined. The effects of plate.Although the colorsweresometimes time and useon quality of color were ex- iessclear in ihe circulatingcopies than in amined.The porribilityof lt"rying qualities the archirralcopies, there was usually no ofpaper usedduring different periods was measurable difference. If there was a e*imined basedon ihe overall6ondition of difference, it was not possible to lcnow thesesfrom these-theperiods. parameters whether the colorer had usedmore Pres- As defined bv used to determine otr"rill condiuon, plates rated 0-3 are in need of immediate presenration attention. Those rated 4 need to be peri- odically reevaluatedand preservedal the earliesi possibletime. A 5- or 6-rated Plate

colors that were bright, strong, and easily figure- l). differentiated from each other. Low con- A total of607oof the volumescontained trast colors were eitler pale and washed 'attentionplatesneeding immediate preservation or out or very similar in tone and intensity, in th"enear future Evaluationby mahns the platedifficult to interpret.Me- copiesshows that 26Voof the archivalcop- dintn tr.*i'w refers either to dlors that ieicontained platesrated O-3, L4Vorated were neither very bright nor very pale or 4, and ffiVo rated 5-6, resulting in 4OVo to situationswhere there was a mixfure of needingpreservation. The circulating cop- high and low. Also indicated was the ies had 50Vorated 0-3. 307orated 4, and -Ethod used to color the plate, when it ZOVorateds{, so 80% needed Preserva- could be determined,and the presenceof tion. Thirty-two volumes (16 tides) rated red. becauseit is a dilficult color to inter- 5-6 on all blatesin both copies.An exami- (dating 'pret on microftlm. nationof tliesetitles shovedthat ftve The location of any taDe-on the back, 1$5-f 955) had platesDrinted on compara- verso, or edge of papLr-was recorded as tively thicker paper (adidityundetermined) well aswhether the tape had been or could or*6re htercipies.Six (195r-1977) had lorv be foldedand whether it wasin bador good use,and lwe were very recent (1982-f985). LRTS o 37(1) o Presensation Needs of Ooercized lllustrati,ons /77

0to3

Figure l. Overall Condition of Volumes.

materials.Many of the archivalcopies had circulated occasionallybut most had not, so they would not bi a valid measureof use. Using only the circulatingcopies of thosetitles forwhich therewas acomplete record of use, the condition figurei for the geologic maps,which are the most heavilv used and valuableof the plates. *"r" plott"d against the number df ut"t (seefigure 3). The fact that all of the plates rating a 7A LRTS . 37(1) . Scott

TABLE 2 ConomtoN or Illusrnlrtoru Tvpustti UCLA Gsot,ocv Mesrnn's THESES

Condition IllustrationType Geologic maps Total 32 49 249244 Archival copy 23 22 15 T469M -9t's9bS--"c-golv------4 ------49------9-4 34 23 23 Crosssections Total 42 ?]t 53 3I 77 45

Archivalcopy 4 D z3 27 59 68 Circulatinecopv 38 M 30 35 t8 2I Columnarsections Total 22 27 17 2L 43 52 Archirzalcopy 3 7 71633 -9'-'s9-u9--"g-:qp-v------19 ------49------10 26 l0 26 Structuresections Total 5 21 7 25 16 54 Archivalcopy I 7 I 7 12 86 Circulatinqcopy429642429 Charts

Total JD 29 63 23 I00 5 23 All other maps Total 4 4 19 LZ 72 84 Archival copy 42 100 -9'-'syb9l-g-"-ol-v- Other illustrations Total 5 10 4 8 42 82 Archivd copy 2 I I 4 23 88 Circulatingcopy 3 12 3 L2 19 76

condition 0 were geologic maps is not re- flected in this graph, because incomplete usage data were available for the copies conlainingthose maps. The averagecondition of all the plates in the same circulating copies was computed and plotted against use (see ftgure 4). There appears to be a clear relaUonship between condition and use in both cases. LRTS o 37(1) . PresensationNeeds ofOoercizedlllustrations /79

Condiuon 65 6.0 o 55 6J 'qq -\- .15 : 4.O 35 9.0 28 2tt t5 1.0 05

Number of Uses

Figure 3. Use/AverageCondition Relationshipfor Geologicmaps in CirculatingCopia.

5.O /15

4.0 o oo 35 3.0 25 2A t5 1.0 (L5 oo 10m Number of Uses

Figure 4. Use/AverageCondition RelationshipofAll plats in CopiesUsed for Figure 2. erly, the-relationshipbetween size of the relationshipbetween size and condiuon plate and its_conditionwas examined. The for the ge'ologicmaps in tle circulating nurnbersand percentages of-plates in each copiesis"give"n in ta^ble4. In both casei sizecategory are given in table 3, and the the percentageof plates in the lowest- 80/ LRTS . 37(1) o Scott

TABLE 3 REr,ATroNoF CoNDITIoN op IllusrnltroN ro Slzn

Condition

Sire ll by 14inches Total T7 l3 l6 70 Archivalcopy 2 13 lI 85 Circulatinqcopv 4 40 1 l0 5 50 17by 22 inches Total L2 12 2,3 22 68 69 Archivalcopy 2 4 5 I 46 87 q 36 22 4 _c_':gluJjlg"_oly______lq ______29______- _I __ Up to 24 inches wide Total 65 17 90 23 199 'J Archival copy 11 6 27 15 139 79 Circulatinscopv il 31 63 36 60 .to 24 to 30 incheswide Total 30 28 22 z0 56 52 Archival copy 10 I8 7133869 Circulatins coov 20 38 15 28 18 U ------o---rJ- 30 to 36 inches wide Total 26 38 L7 25 25 37 Archivalcopy 7 ?I 4r223 68 Circulatinscropv 19 56 13 389 2 6 36 to 42 inches wide Total 15 55 29 836 Archival copy 3 ?-5 2L7 758 Circulating copy I 90 110

TABLE 4 RELATIoNoF CoNDIrroNoF GEoLocIc MAPSTo Stznron Clncuunuc Coprrs

Condition 0l2;J4Do

Sire No. Vo No. % No. % No. lo No. % No. Vo No. Vo l7 by 22 inches Up to 24 inche ;; --;;;;,:i;;i'; 24 to 30 inches 135162661982672,326 30 to 36 inches t732042754017 36 to 4il inches r102202294Nr10 LRTS r 37(1) . PresensationNeeds of Ooercizedlllustrations /81 numberedconditions increases with size. the overall condition of a plate was related indicating a relationshipdoes exist.This to use, the plates were compared in several reflectsprimarilythe tearsalongthe inside ways to see whether there was a relation- foldsof lhe mapi. Items in con&tion 0 had ship between condition and contrast that torn completely^purt, usually along the woi,rld indicate that use could also affect folds. the condition of the color of the plate. The tabulatedresults were groupedby Because the archival copies generally had {ive-yearperiods to seewhethei there was received less use than the circulating cop- any evidence of differences in quality of ies, both copies ofthe l5l colored plates materialsused for the plates.The results thatwere present in bothcopieswere com- of this comparisonare-shown in table 5. pared. Twenty-four (167o) ofthe plates in Clearly, the older materialsshowed the the archival copies were greater in contrast most deterioration,which largelyreflects and.&tree(2Vo) were lesser in contrast than the greater use they have haE.The only the same plates in the circulating copies. periodwith an unexpectedlygood rating is There was no discernible difference in the 1965-1969,with all ofthe archivalcopies remaininq 125 (82Vo)of the pairs of plates. in the 5-6 ratingand only 3 of the circulat- Where thi condition of tle-same plate in each copy differed (128 plates), IOG(82Vo) showed the same contrast in both copies. There is clearly no evidence ofa change in color contrast caused by use in these ftgures. recentyears. Two of the thesesfrom 1983 The condition and degree of contrast have plates that are already seriously for the colored plates were then compared browning.Without chemicaltesting of thb only in the circulating copies (see table 6). paper,however, it is not possibleto deter- If time and use affected the condition of mine whether tlere wasany difference in the colol one might expect a direct rela- the materialsused at thesehmes. tionship between overall condition and Fifty-trvo percent (347) of the plates contrast in the plates; i.e., the lower the were cblored. Of those. 27L fl8Voi con- con&tion, the lower the contrast. However, the reverse appears to be true for plates in conditions 3, 4, and 5. There is no clear-cut pattern for any condition and no apparent relationship between condition and contrast. There is no evidence of use affect on the plates. whether the number of colors affected Change in the color of the paper is contrast,on the assumptionthat it would included in condition ratings 0-5. There be more difffcult to e-nsureclear differ- was no consistent relationship between the encesbetween adjacent colors when more color change ofthe paper and the contrast colorswere needed,the datafor the circu- measured.The browning of the underlying latingcopieswas evaluated. Of 84 circulat- paperdid not appearto diminish the inten- ing-copyplates with fewer than 9 colors sity of the overlying penciled color. used,2l (25Vo)showed high contrast,16 Finally, all of the plates in each copy (197o)medium contrast, and47 (56Vo)low were compared to determine whether the contrast.Of 81 plateswith greaterthan I contrast varied when the conditions ofthe colors,18 (227o)showed high contrast,4l plates varied. If the contrast was the same (517o)medium contrast, and22 (27qd lo* for differing conditions, it would show that contrast.The percentageof plateswith low contrastwas due to coloringtechnique and contrastwas actually greater for the plates not to time and use factors. If contrast with fewer than g blors used,indiiating varied between conditions, it might indi- that more cnlorsdid not necessarilyaffeci cate a relationship between use and condi- contrast. tion of color. Twenty-six archival copies Becauseit had been determinedthat had more than one'colored plate. ihe 82/ LRTS . 37(1) o Scon

TABLE 5

CoNpTIToN OF ILLUSTRATIONS BY FIVE-YEAR PENIODS

condition 234 Years No. of Illrrstrations 1930-1939 Archival copy Circulating copy 1940-19,14 Archival copy Circulatingcopy 1945-r949 Archival copy Circulating copy 1950-r954 Archival copy 2 o l5 t0 n Circulating copy 7 IO 4 1955-1959 Archival copy I 3 T2 22 58 Circulating copy l0 I6 24 26 I6 1960-19M Archival copy 2 8 42 Circulating copy l0 16 l5 1965-1969 Archival copy l8 I6 Circulating copy L2 l8 1970-1974 Archival copy 29 Circulating copy IO 1975-1979 Archival copy I T2 22 Circulatingcopy 2,t 8 1980-1984 Archival copy 4 27 Circulatingcopy L7 D 1985-1989 Archival copy 7 Circulating copy r24 LRTS o 37(1) . Presen:ation Needs of Ooercized Illustrations /83

TABLE 6 Coupe,ntsot'rop Colon CoNrn,lsr.c,NDCoNDrrroN pon Crnculerrruc Coprrs

Condition o Cont16t No. of Illustrations High 2 6 ,7 8 L4 5- Medium 2 7 8 17 16 10 I Low I 5 1l 23 28 9-

of good quality and had held up well, but mostwas ordinary pressure-sensitive tape that had becomebritde.

CoNcl-usroNs (437o) with differing contrasts. None of Geologyis a visuallyoriented science that these comparisons revealed any signilicant has relied heavily on illustrations from relationship between the condftion of earlv in its historv.It wasone of the earliest color and use. The present state of the sciehcesto empioy color to encode infor- color aspectsof a plate seemsto reflect the mation.Text cannotadequately describe, initial con&tion-generated by the infor example,the detailedand often com- dividual who colored it. plex subsurfacerelationships of strati- Use of ordinary pressure-sensitivetape graphic formationswithout complemen- tary illustrations. Some of these illustrations,such as geologic maps, .ue valuable as separatedocuments that may be used without the accompanyingtext. Gqolory illustrations also can be useful to people in other disciplinesand can have potential future usesnot presentlyrecog- nized. Loss of these illustrafons can diminish the usefulnessof the work or prevent some future application of the knowledgecontained there. tion 4, and 3 (57o) in conditions 5-6. Most The pocketillustrations in the geologr of the taped plates were geologic maps, master'itheses needed immediate-prese? comprising 42 (667o)of the total; L2 (I9Vo) vationaction in38Vo of the volumei, com- were cross sectioru; 7 (LL%o)were colum- prising 22Voof the plates.An ad&tional nar sections; 2 (SVo)were structure sec- 22Voof the volumes, with 237o of the tions; rnd I (l%) was a time plot. The tape plates,needed attention soon. The circu- was in bad condition on 44 (6g7o) of the lating copiesdisplayed the most immedi- plates and in good condition on2O (SlVo). ate need becausethey were in constant The tape was located on the fro nt of 4 (67o) use.The geologicmaps, cross sections, and ofthe plates, on the verso of39 (617o) of columnarsections had the highestpercen- the plates, on both sides of 16 (25Vo)of the tage of damageof all the illuitration types and were also the most likelv to be hand colored. Degreeof usewas determined to be the primaryfactorin the deteriorationofthese plates. Size of the plates was a factor for the large folded plates, which tended to were up to 42 inches. Some of this tape was wearalong the folds.Quality of paperwas 84 LRTS . 37(1) o Scott probably involved but was not measured available. Microfilm has been shown to ind *ai not determinable by physical examination alone. Color is often a signiffcant factor in geologic illustrations where it is used to &fferentiate manyvarying details. For example, if each stratigraphic formation on a the data in ways not currently possible. geologic map is a different color, the occur- Because UCI-A already Las a backup i""."-"ttd dirttibution of each formation is microftlm black-and-white copy of each immediately apparent. Folds, faults, non- thesis, the maior consideration for refor- conformities. itid oth". structural charac- matted preservation is the colored plates, which are also the most heavily used and most damaged of the plates. Following the recommenilations of ihe Joint Task Force, the color plates should be color-micro- Iilmed witlia goal of future digital imaging' Other instituEons dealing with this prob- theses should receive conserrration atten- lem would need to consider the options for tion. The text and black-and-white plates could be sub;ectedto deacidiftcation in the most serious cases. The hand-colored

in an environment controlled for light, heat, and humidity. For a more Permanent preservation of generated. the information contained in the theses, they should be reformatted in another me- Wonrs CITED diuh. the Task Force on Text and Joint Boyd,'oritionTane, and Don Etherington. 1986.Prep- Image, of the Commission on Presewation of archioal copies of thcses and andlccess, suggeststhat a mixed-media for- dissertafions.Chicago: American Library mat can be adfrable in some cases,particu- fusn. larly where the images are contained sepa- Capps,Marie T. 1973.Preservation and main- ratelv from the text as is the case with the T"n"nce of maps.Drercl library guarterly *"tlir"d pocket illustrations (Commission 9:61-70. Commission on Preservation and Access. on Preseriation and Access 1992). High- 1992. Presensing the illustrated turt: contrast black-and-white microfflming Report of the loint TaskForce on Tett and would be satisfactorv for the text and black- lmaga Washinglon,D.C': Comrnissionon and-white plates, with color microfilm re- Preservationand Access. served for the hand-colored plates. Klimley, Susan.1984. Geologic maps in books Digital imaging offers the best promise and serials:A hidden preservationprob- for fuire pres6rvition, but the tec-hnolory lem. In Proceedlngsof the seoenteenth is rapidly Lhanging and is not yet readiTy neeting of the Geoscience lnformation LRTS r 37(l) . PreservationNeeds of Ooersizedlllustrations /85

Society, ed. Regina A. Brown, 136-43. eties and informatton transfer in tlw elec- Alexandria. Va,: Geoscience Informa- tronic age: Proceedlngs of the tumty- tion Society. fourth meetingof the Geoscience Infomw- Kyle, Heidi. 1983. Library materials preseroation Society, ed. Marie Dvorzak, 137-46. tion mantnl. Bronxville, N.Y.: Nicholas T. Alexandria. Va.: Geoscience Information Smith. Society. Newman, Linda P. 1987. Map preservation: Swartzburg, Susan Garretson. 1983. Conser- The Mackay School of Mines thesis proj- oation in the library. Westport, Conn.: ect. Western Associdion of Map Libraries Greenwood. infornation bulletin 19:5-7 (Nov. ). Walcott, Rosdind. 1988. Geoscience disserta- Repp, Joan M., and Cliff Glaviano. 1987. Dis- tions for the future: A case study from the sertations: A study of the scholar's United States. ln Colleatons for the approach. Collcge b research libraries fuhtre: Proceedings of the twenty-second 48:148-59. nweting of the Geosctence lnformatlon Scott, Sally I. f991. Method for evaluating Soctetg, ed. Jean T. Eaglesfield, 59-65. preservation needs of oversized illustra- Alexandria, Va.: Geoscience Information tions in geology theses. In Geologlcal soci- Society.

APPENDIXA CnIrnnt,rpon DEFTNTNGCoNotttotrs AssrcNEDTo ILLUSTRATIoNS

Condition

6 = Pristine No evidence ofyellowing or other signs ofdamage or deterioration 5 = Cood Paper yellowing, minor wear at folds but not torn or cracked; does not need preservation now 4 = Moderate Same as 5 but has minor tear on a fold or the edge, up to l/2 inch; needs periodic--rechecking; should be dealt with aftei more critical problems ire handled 3 = Fair Paper yellowed, minor tears or cracks, on folds or edges, l/2 inch to 1 incli: needs preservation 2 = Poor Very yello* o" trown; maior tears or cracks, or both, on folds or edges, I i;dh to S inches; needs'immediate help, may be salvageable I = Very Poor As in 2 but tears greater than 2 inches 0 = Hopeless Literally in pieces, probably not savable

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS ALA 5, 18,96 Alfred Jaeger I Baker&Taylor 2dcover Blackwell 2 Ebsco 6 Gavlord 3d crcver GraphicsPress 45 LibraryTechnologies 46 Marcive 72 ocl.c 86 Todd Entelprises 4th cover Nl four volumes of DDC 20 on one compact disc

Imaginehaving all theinformation containedin thenew unabridged DDC20 plus: . advancedonline search and windowingtechniques . firll-textindexing . apersonalnotepad . LCsubject headings linked to DDCnumbers - adatzbasethat includes all thelatest changes published inDC& Thesefeanrres and more are yours in thecompact disc version of DDC, conkiningDDC 20 schedules,tables, index, and manual. ElectronicDewey lets you search by words or phrases,numbers, index terms,and Boolean combinations. Browse headings in theDDC hierarchyand use indexes which include LC subject headings. AnmM PC385sx computer or compatible(with 640K RAM and ahud disk) anda CD-ROMdrive is required.A colormonitor and printer are recommended. ElectronicDewey, Compact disc, user guide and installation insffuctions. $400.00.

The dwelopmentof ElectrcnicDewey wm fundedin paxtby a gmt fron the Iake PlacidEducalion [omdation ALABooth #4jE

,,--;;;*t*o, I lore't Trees.bbbS Fr. I ouvtin,ot+1otz-i \ ";:?A^!r!:i?milll$S6s3' \ t^" ^, ,34:; ,\i": publtsherofthe DeweyDecimal classification@ o'.--IaII]jIj " AdiuisionofoClConlinecompiltulibrdrlcenler,lnc. /87

Noteson Reseorch A Cqlologer's Workstqlion: Usingo NeXTCompuler qnd Digitol LibrorionSoflwore lo Access the Anglo-Americon Cotaloguing Rules

JoniGomez

rn I. his project involved the use of a In this note the results ofthe inifial study NeXT cornputer as a cataloger's worksta- that erraluatedthe useofDigital Ubrarian foi tion. The NeXTcomputerwias selectedas accessing the text of AAC"MR on disk are a prototype workstation because it comes described. The objectives were to determine with a mass storage device-the mag- whether Digital hbrarian was a viable soft- neto-optical disk-ind bundled softwar-e ware program for full-text indexing and re- packages, including Workspace Manager trieval of AACR2R and to determine for managing files; Digital Librarian for whether acess with Digital Ubrarian soft- capturing, indexing, and searching; and ware is more efficient than manual accessto Interface Builder for creating programs. cataloging rules. This combination of hardware. and software allowed the researchers to create a LrrEnerunr RsvrEw databaseof cataloging resources,including the textot Anglo-Am.erican Catalogu- A growingbody ofliterature on worksta- ing Rules, 2d edition, 1988 revision, tions includesdiscussions of the scholar's workstation,automation in libraries(both technicaland public service areas), and the effect of automationon staff and budgets. A numberof articlesconsider the potential of the NeXT computer as a library

I_oniGomez is Special Collections Cataloger, Sterling-Peregoy, C. Evans Library, Texas A&M University, College Station. The author thanks Marjorie D. Or. Ka:thy Jackson, Dr. Walter Daugherity, the Computer Science Department, the Of{ice of Univeriity Research, Dave Epstein, theAnrerican Library Association, and Mark Meinrath. Manuscripf received Mar. 23, 1992; rerised Aug. 12, 1992; acc,epted for publication Sept. 19, 1992. 88/ LRTS . 37(1) o Gomez workstation.There are, however,few arti- books, and subiect-speci{icmaterials cles on worlatations for professionalcata- in areassuch as the-sciences,would Iogers.-studies by Hine (1992) and Rogers (1989)showed that 53 percentofnon-As- sociation of Research Ubraries (ARL) membersand 26 percentof ARL member libraries surveyedhave, or will soon have, automated workstations for each pro- fessionalcataloger. This representsa siz- able investmentin librarv resources. Thomas and Wesion (1990) are sraphic control usinq MARC formab Eonbnuesto be laborlntensive.

IupmunNrerroN

developa prototype system,also using Hy- perCard and the MacintoshII, providing acc€ssto portions of the Deuea Decimal Classificakon and,the Lib ra ry ol C.rgott

25MHz processor,8MB RAM, a magteto- optical disk drive that accepts256MB opti-caldisks. a l7-inch monochromemonitor vide assistancefor catalogingin an online with MegaPixel Dlsplay, a keyboard, a environment,complements the projects mouse,and the complete systemsoftware describedabove. 1.0.The cost of the NeXT computerPur- chasedfor this projectwas $6,500. In orderto becomeacquaintedwith the CATALOGING NEED FoR AUTOMATED basic use of the keyboard and mouse as REFERENCETOOLS well asselected software packages, the re- With the move toward client-sewer tech- searchers attended camPus seminars nolory by the vendorsof systemsfor local offered on the use of the NeXL Within online catalogs, it appears prudent-or minutesthe researcherswere able to per- even necessary-for libraries to provide form taskson the NeXT computer.Catalo- catalogerswith powerful microcomputers gers involved in the project were given insteadof dumb terminals.Microcomput- 6rr"-orr-orr"instructioir of less than SO ers can then be equippedwith high-den- minutes'duration. sitystoragedevices like CD-ROM or mag- fo ne'to-opti"caldisks allowing catalogers SoFTwARE build their own resour@collection. Our studywasmotivated by the following assumptions: 1.Cataloging and classiftcationof materials are labor-intensiveactivities that requires signiffcant investment of time and money. 2. Improved accessto catalogingtools, ofthe screen.A point-and-clickinterface including not only traditional sources moves the user-through the directory but ancillaryinformation sourcessuch hierarchy, and double-clicking launches as dictionaries, general reference applications. LRTS o 37(1) c Noteson Research /89

that they encountered while performing their regular catalogingduties. They were also asked to report sourcesconsulted, with page numbers and rule numbers where the answersto their questionswere found.Researchers used the written questions reported by the six catalogersto eval- uatethe usefulnessof the full-textindexing and retrieval software,Digital Librarian. The types of materialsbeing cataloged included monographs, serials, folded sheets,loose-leafs, and art catalop. The twenty-onequestions used as a basisof evaluationare presentedin table l. Many dexing schemecreates indexes containing questionsrelated to the physical descrip- all words of two or more letters other than tion of a piece. A few concernedchoice of very common Englishwords, such as the, entrv or form of names, anit llkr. Punctuition is removed excepi For each question, several keyvords for hyphens, apostrophes,and unddr- were selected,and searcheswere con- scores.In addition. the indexcan be turned ducted varying the word order to deter- on or off with a click of the mouse.With mine whether word order made a differ- the index oIT, all words in the target encein retrieval results.Boolean operators directorycan be searched. OR to broaden,and AND and NOT to narrow,searches were used.Searches were conducted with index AACn2n the turned on and off. Browsingwasutilized to locateappro- The American Ubrary Association propriate rules when an exact hit was not vided portions of AACMR on trvo 5.25- obtained. inch floppy disks that were loaded on the magneto-opticaldisk, and gavepermission Lrurmrrons oFTHE lor its use during this project. Sruoy The structure of the data in AACR2R is Cost and copyright issuesprohibited the addition ofcatalogingresources other than AACR?R.The sample twenty-onequestions were selected becausethe answers were known to be included in the text of AACRZR.The results,therefore, were not was used as sent. The result wai an on- an a@uratemeasure of recall,precision, or screendisplay not as readableas desired time. but certainlvusable. Furthermore, researchers employed The screen and print displaln for the severalsearch strategies until the cprrect AACR2R index term collectir;e titlzs are answerwas located.These included scrol- comparedin ftgirre l. Without the inden- ling through text until answerswere found. tation for the hierarchy of terms used in The ans'wersmight not havebeen apparent the print index, the index displayedon- to novice catalogers-especially if search scre6nloses its alphabeticalstri"tut". termswere well within the textofthe rules, rather than within the ffrst few words. METHoDoLoGY Precisioncould not be easilvmeasured with Digital Librarian. After each search For three months, six catalogers in the query is entered, the system displap the Original Catalo$ng Department re- number of hi*. However,this is actually sponsibleforcatal-ogi-ngmo'nograplx,seri-the number of liles the search term ap als, and microformswere askedto note pearsin, not the numberofoccurrences of questionsrelated to descriptivecataloging the searchterm. Upon selectinga file, one 90/ LRTS . 37(1) o Comez

Screen Print

withcollectivc title. 21.78 with olladvc titlc. 21.78 wilhoutcollcctive litle. 2l 7C without ol.lectivc titlc. 21.7C Collcctrvctitles Collectivc ritles astille proper,l. I Bl0 u titlc prcpcr. l.lB10 capitalization,App. A3B-A.3C capiulizdm, App. 43B-A.3C collecrionswilh. 2l.7B collecdms with.2l.7B compleleworks, 15.8 mplete wo*s,25.8 cycles,25.l2 rycla,25.12 defrnilion,ApP. D ddinidm, App. D explanaloryreferences to, 26.4D3 explanaory nfme3 to.2l.4D3 lackof. l.lc lack of, l.lG canographicmaterials, 3, I C ortognphic natcrial:, 3.lG edirionsratement, 3.:85 cdirim statmmt.3.285 exrenl.3.584 colleclions,2 l.7C cxtcnt,3584 compulerfrles,9.lG ollccrions, 21.7C cdhion slalement,9.287 cmputcr filcs.9.lG editionslatemenl. 1,286 cditim stgtlmmt.9.287 generalmaterial designation, l.lC2 cdition sutc|nmt. 1286 graphicmalerials, E.l82, 8.lC gocral marcrid designadon,l.lC2 edition sraremenl,E.285 gnphic matcrirls,8.1B2" E.lG microforms.ll.lG cdirion staEmmt.E.285 editionsutement, I 1.285 micrcfoms, ll.lG €xlenl I l.5Bi cditim strtancnr, I l2B5 motion picluresand videorecotdings, cxtot I1.583 7.lc motim pictm md vidoaordings. T.lG edition stalemenl,7.285 edidm statmcnr.7.285 exrenr.7.583 cxtcnl 7JB3 music,5.lG music,5.lG edirionslatement. 5.285 editim sutcnmr.5.2B5 notesof 3cpararelypublished items, see publishcd "Wilh" nores noto of scpantcly itcms,se "With" notes printedmonoSraphs, 2.lG printcd moognphs,2,lG edition statement,2.285 edirioa sutemenl2.285 soundrecordings somd Etrdints editionstatcment. 6.2B5 cdilim statsncnr,6.285 enrry,21.23D cnrry,21.23D exlent.6.5B3 cxrcnl 6.583 noleson, 6 78l0 nots m.67810 titleand statemenl of responsibilitl titlc ffid stltanatt of rtsponsibilityrree, 6.lG area.6. I G thrccdimarsioral ancfacr rnd Rrlia, l0.lC three-dimensronalarlefac$ and realia. edirion sutcnent, I0.285 t0.tG music, 25.2,f25.35 editionslatemenl, I0 :85 music.25.24-?5.35 "se" rcfcrenes.26.484 "see" references.15 {84 unifm titlcr. 25.E.X5.12 uniformtitles. l5 E-:5.12 Collcctor of field marcrid, sond rcordings,6,lFl Collectonof freldmatenal, sound recordings Collcgcaof uniw6iti$, 24.l3A (typc 5) 6 lFl Collotypa, rcc An rcFroduaios Collegesof universiues.14.1 3{ (l)pe5) Colm, urc of, rcr Puaudm of dccripic Collotroes.J?e An reDroductrons Colmies. gowmcr of. 24.20D Colon.irse of. seePuictuation ofd!'scription Cotoghm Colonies.governors of. 14.20D rs rolre of infmrtim Colophon arly printcdncrognphr, 2.13A assource of information carllprintcd monographs. :.13\ music.5.0B music.5.08 printcd mmognphr.2.0B printedmonoSraphs. :.08 scrirls, 12.08 serials"12.08 ddinidon, App. D dcfrnirion,App. D

Figure l. Comparison of Screen and Print Displa)6.

can scroll through the highlighted terms PRoBI,EMS RELATED TO TIIE TH(T OF and count the number of occurrences. AACN2R WIIEN INDEXED WITII However,if the lile is too large, the system DIcrut IJBnARhN respondswith the messageur ord notfound. rather than an appropriatesystem message The problemsnoted below are causedby to let the user know the ftle was too large the riachine-readableversion of AACRzil and that there are additional occurrences usedfor this project and describedisplay of the searchterm. featuresand solutionsspecilic to Digital LRTS . 37(1) o Noteson Research /9I

Librarian. Similarproblems would be en- of sizeconstraints. Again, possible so- counteredwith tE use ofother indexing lutions to retrievalproblems might be and searchingsoftware. to delete portions of the text or to 1.The oneline identiffcationofeach ftle rearrange text ftles. Subheadings, &splayedin the summaryarea is made placetags, or markerscould be add"ed up of the lile path name and as much to the text for quick reference to ol the beginning of the file as will lit frequently consultedrules, such as in on one line. The file path namesare questionII. S.The entire text of AACR2R made up one targetarea (one icon on the NeXI displayl Searching could be made more efficient by breaking the text into smaller target areas-placing in- terms. troductory materials. rules, table of 2. It is difftcult to read text on disk be- contents, back-of-the-book indexes. causeof spacingproblems. There is no and appendixes in separate docu- differentiition"ivith use of various ments so the user can selectportions fonts, boldface,indentations, etc. Ap- of text to include in the search.Users pendixes,such as the table of abbrb- might ffnd answersto specific ques- viations,that appearin tabularform in tions faster by regrouping related the printed text are rendered almost rulestogetherin targetareas. The pre- unusableon disk.The spacingand su- sent structureofchapters by format is perscript cannotbe duplicated,so in- tied together manuallyby the use of formation-which appearsin columns rule numbers, which are lost in the in the print version-is displayedwith on-disk text. no space or incorrect spacing on screen.For example: In pri.nt: Rrsurrs Limited Ltd..4 The different keyword(s)used basedon On screen: the 2l questions,and the numberof files Limited containing that keyrvord, are shown in Ltd.4 table l. In somecases only one kenvord The solutionrequires programming to wils nec€ssary,such as in {uesuon 7, dls- removeembediled print 6odesand'to sertation. In otler casesseveral keywords restoredisplay featrires. were used to be sure all possible'appro- 3. Portionsofthe text, includingthe in- priate entrieswere found. troductory material, resulted-ininap- propriate hits. The table of contents Pnorlrus Norsp rN RETRTEVAL and back-of-the-bookindexes. which facilitate accessto the printed mono- USING DIGITAL IJBRARHN graph, hamperonline retrieval.These l. The numberof hits refers to the num- terms resultedin a high numberof hits ber of files (displayedin the summary but did not result in lhe displayof the area) in which the word occurs, not appropriate rule, though they did pro- the number of times the word itself vide the applicablerule number,which occurs. Once a {ile is selected, the could thenbe searchedwith the index display begins with the highlighted turned off. The extra steps requaed word from the searchquery. The user should be eliminated.A solutionis to might have to scroll through several delete theseportions of the text. screensoftext. 4. The ftles,as ieceived, were the text as 2. After selecting a ffle from the sum- they appear in print. For the most mary area,any occurrenceof the first Pgt, gachfile containedone chapter. word in the seiuch query is The larqer chapters and the index highlighted.For example,in question were brolkenint6 severalftles because 3, if one enters the term publisher 9A LRTS . 37(1) o Gomez

TISLc l. INFORMATIONSOUCHT ny CatelocsRS Usro ns Besls rOn EVelUerIoN OF RESULTSACHIEVED IN KEYWORDSSENCHSS

No. of Files Ouestion Keyword Containing Keymrd 1. Treatmentof ISSNonmarwgra.phreard' ISSN 15 ISSN and monographs D InternationalStandand Serial Number z3 2. Desntption of folded shea Folded sheet 6 (with index ofO I Physicaldescription D 3. Treatmentof publisfur's label on morwgraph Publisher 26 Label t2 4. Physicd dcsc'r',ptionof unpaged.oolume Pa$nation t4 5. Physical descriptiun of book u'Idzr than it is htgh width 10 Heigbt 10 Dimension 23 6. Order of gmeral notes (ilff.) Order 27 Order of information 0 (with index ofO I T.,\bbreaiationfor'doaor of philowphg" Dissertation 13 8. Descttption of one phte Plate 1l 9. Treatrnmt of parallel tttle Parallel title 20 10. More thnn one pfultslwr on title page Publisher 26 Publication 40 Place of Publication 0 Imprint 4 II. Clmice of entry Choice of entry 0 Main entry 27 Entry 42 21.1B.2 0 (with index off) 11 LRTS r 37(1) o Noteson Research /93

No. of Files Question Keymrd Containins Keymrd 12. Phystcal description of mahl-oolume set with aolumes oJ Darious si/es Size 17 Size various I Multi-volume 0 Multivolume 3 13. Treatment of raiti-language monograph Multiple language 15 Bilingual 2 Multilingual 5 14. Treatment of loose-leaf material Loose-leaf 0 l,oose leaf 2

Looseleaf J 15. Fonn of geographic sabJect gualifier Geographic subject qualift er 0 Geographic 1I Geographic name ll Qualilier 2 16. Treatment of artwodes Art work 23

Art catalog J Program 8 Exhibition publication 11 77. Treatment of marl* of omlsslon Ellipses 0 Marks of omission 3 Omission 20 'hrc." Is reEtired SterpblXlwr\ narwP Publisher 26 Useof printer's namz Printer Muhtp lc p laces fo r pfu lishe r Placeofpublication 0 (with index off) 12 'Ltmtted 21.Useand abbreolatton of in tLe inptu t stateflwt (260) Abbreviations ?-3 gA LRTS . 37(1) o Gomez

first, the resulting display includes 26 hits. After selecting a file, one must then key through several occurrences of publisherbefore locating the applicable rule. Entering the term label first reduces the number of hits to 12.

exact match. The qtery fold.ed sheet,

(a listed contributor in the preface material). This is effectively left and terms but different Boolean operators right truncation, which makes the (AND, OR), the searchoften resulted se-archesmuch broaderthan desirable in the same number of hits. The and cannotbe turned off search query lntemational Standard 7.The searcherdoes have the option of Serial Number resulted in the same turning offthe index and searchingby response as intemational and stand- keywoid for an exactmatch. This op- ard and se rial and rutmben Any occur- tion can be more efficient becauseit rence of the ftrst word in the query will then include the chapterhea&ngs was highlighted. and rule numbersnot included in the 4.The inclusion of additional terms could not be used effectively to narrow the search. Intemational and standnrd and serial and number picked up any occurrence of international, irrcluding Int ernational Re- Lations Round Table. The search query sultedin no hits. 8.With the index off, the searchquery choice of accesspoints resulted in 2 hits. A &splay of the resulting documents leads you to the introductory material and to the table of contents. Neither directs you to chapter 21. the same display, even though all oc- Likewise, a searchfor a specilic rule currences ofgeitgraphlc weft not ad- number with the index on will result jacent to name. The ability to use in no hits. A search for the rule Boolean adjacency or phrase search- 2l.lB2, with the index turned off re- ing wouldvastly improve the precision sulted in 8 hits; however,only I re- of Digital Librarian. trieved the text of the rule, the others S.lVords with a hyphen are indexed as led to the term in the tableofcontents one word. not tri6. This can be confus- or index. ing to users because a search incor- rectly keyed can be misleading. In CoNcr.usrorgs qn"jtiott 14,Ioose-leaf resulted in no hits. Entering the term looseleaf re- The printed text of a monograph,espe- trieved threo ftles-the index entrv. ciallv one a.scomplex as MCR2R, cannot chapter 2, and the forward informa- be rfiade searchadle electronically without tion that provides the ISBN number considerableeffort. The stnrcture that for AACF9,R in looseleaf format-all facilitates acrcessin the print version-the LRTS o 37(1) o Notes on Research /95

table of contents, back-of-the-bookin- b*ry: Ubmryof CongrcsRule Interyraa- tions; Cataloging Seroice Bulletin; and the Ubrary of Congress classiftcation schedules. Hypertext applications linking the text of rules and rule interpretations to the cataloging workform will provide to the text of AACR2R to make it more content-specific help for a cataloger pre- accessibleusing Digital Librarian: paring the bibliographic record. I. Remove portions of the text-intro- Libraries considering developing cat- ductory material,headings, table of con- alogers'workstations might wish to net- tents,and back-of-the-book indexes. woik workstations and to-provide general 2. Break the text into smaller target access to resource tools such as the Li- areas-perhaps divide rules for descri'p- braryof Congress Name AuthorityFile on tion frcm choice of accessrules. or rb- CD-ROMs or ffle servers. The Sterling C. grouprules by topic (e.9.,title andpub- lisher)rather than filesby chapter. 3.Add subheadingsor tagi to ieference frequendy used rules (e.g., 2L.LB2). 4. Remove (or translate) embedded printing codesto achievemore read- catalo$ng tools will be readily available to everyone on the network. The advantage ofthis approach is our library is not faced with the challenge of converting tools to machine-readable form and ofindexing these sources.This project shows that indexing is of para- mount importance to the usefulness of the tool. The researchers look forward to the availability of AACMR in machine- readable form, well indexed, for general Purposes. As the researchersworked with the WoRKs NeXT computer and became more proff- CrrED cient in r""rthitrg the amountof time ipent Hine, BetsyN. 1992.Automated workstations retrieving ans*Jrs decreased.However it forprofessionalcatalogers: A surveyof I00 non-ARL academic libraries. Library resourcesb technicalsentices 36:9G-I04. Rogers, Sally A. 1989. Automated work- stationsfor professionalcatalogers: A survey of ARL libraries.In Fennell,Janice C., ed., Building on thefirct century, p.I}l- to accessAACR2R more effic.ient than using 34. Chicago: Assn. of College and the print version.In facl had they not beei ResearchLibraries. familar with the print tex! and b6enwilling Thomas. Sarah E.. and Claudia V. Weston. to browsethrough several screens, manyan- 1990. CatTutor for catalogers at the swerswould not havebeen retrieved on disk. National Agricultural Library. Agriai- tural librarics information Further researchshould be conducted to notes 76, no.Z (Feb.):1-5. examineand to compareother full-text in- Vizine-Goetz, Diane. 1990. Catalogingpro- dexing and retrieval-softwarepackages for ductivity tools. Annual reoleu of OCLC accessingAACR2R research,July 1989-June 1990. Dublin, Additional tools shouldbe addedto the Ohio: OCLC Online Computer Library database,irrcluding but rnt limited o the fol- Center,Inc, Resootrces ical Sentices ,neans cliassification subiect analpis book reviemns collection deirelopment serials management acquisitions presenation micnofoflns

Subscribe to the iournal that will help you stay current the advances and events in the rapidly changing field collection management and technical services - the foundation of every librarY! Resources & Tectrnical Serices is the quarterly, iournal of the Association for Library Collections Services (AICTS), a division of the

A year's -W-545-2433, ort 7 for fubscriptionServices Or write to: Strb scrip t i o n Sent i ces Arneri can L i brary Assoc i at ion 5O East Huron Street Ctticago, Illinois 6061 I USA '155 for subscriptions outside the USA /97

BookReviews

LowrenceW. S. Auld, Edifor

mentdeliveryinMexbo. The fans tlyoughout is on applicationsas indicatorsofpotential ratherthan on applicationsper se. The breadth of coverage,from theory to applicationsand from technical services to document delivery setsthis wr:rk apart. There is little overlap among the papers. All assumefamiliariti with isiuer;dnd- ter- minolog'. There is little gee-whiz.This is 87845-084-X;ISSN 0069-4789). not a beginner'smanual, nor is it for the Librarians hold a curious mix of beliefs, reader who wants to learn a little about expertsystems in a hurry.It is better suited to readersbeyond the introductorystage who wishto deepentheir understanding"of major issuesrelating to the devr:lopment and application of artiftcial intelligence and expert systemsto libraries. Some

future service, arti{icial intelligence and expert systemsare increasinglylooked to for possiblesolutions. In 1990, the GraduateSchool of Li- brary and Information Scienceat the Uni-

CD-ROM Local Area Netuorlcs: A User'a Guida Ed. bv Norman Des- marais.Supplements [o Computersin Libraries, no.24. Westport, Conn.: topics, including Metzler'sexploration of Meckler,1991. 131p. $39.50 (ISBN 0- inlellige_nceand" logical reasoning,Borg- 88736-700-3).LC 90-28338. man andPlute's discussion of userhodels, CD-ROMs (compactdisc read-only mem- Parrott'sconnection of AI to the founda- ory) haveheld a singularplace in the tech- nologicaldevelopments that havebegun to influencethe provisionof referenceserv- ices. Proportionatelyless expensivethan integrateh hbrary iystems in terms of equipment, software,and training, CD- ROM productsoffer the prospectof less complexand more immediateirnpact on the level and quality of assistancethat can be provided to library patrons. 98/ LRTS . 37(1) o Book Reoiews

Once the surfaceallure is scratched, materialis not completelycurrent. There the complexityof establishinga worhng is a brief chapterde^votedto hardware op- environment fflled with CD-ROMs is tions. This ii another instance where the quickly revealed.Stand-alone CD-ROM soecificsare alreadyoutdated but someof workslationconfigurations can be set up tire generalized information can sUll be with relatively little pain and suffering.The useful. highly attractive arrangement of CD- R6Ms in a localarea netrvork is {illedwith complexitiesthat cancompletely demoral- ize rLferenceor systemslibrari'ans if they havenot done their homework. The intent of this book is to provide a

that this is more of a collection development issuethan one related to networhng. In the last two chaPtersof the book, authors attempt to identif future- con- cerns for local area networking of CD- hardwareand nontechni- ing-The that goal. ROMs from the book consistsof three principal segments:local area networks, CD-ROMs, .n-d f.lture prospectsand present and future issues.The ffrst two segmentscover both hardware and software. The latter segmentaddresses technological developments that are on the horizon such as licensing,leases, copyright, _and plcing. Each of the sevenchapters that makeup the book is the product of a separate author, which brings a certain unevenness to the coverageofall facetsofnetworked CD-ROMs. and lost all but the most technicallyin- The first three chaptersdiscuss what a clined readers.Limited spaceis given to local area network (LAN) is, CD-ROM discussingthe issuesof data compression software that supports the LAN environ- that will influence many of the directions ment. and the hardwarethat is needed' that CD-ROMs take. Someof the materialin the chaptershas alreadybecome outdated with the wide- spreadadoption of386 and 486 personal cbmputersin the IBM-compatibl-eworld' The-fact remains, however,that a LAN is

seekways to recoup and protect their in- vestmentswithout ristricting the potential srowth in demandfor theseproducts. The iealiw that individual librarians will have ROM network products are described to fale is that most of these issueswill briefly, but many of these have ex- remainunresolved for a numberof years. periencedupgrades or newreleases, so the Networking CD-ROMs and the as- LRTS . 37(1) . BookReoiews/99

sociated marketplace is changinq so tive on collection building in the college rapidly that anpie charged witlith"e re- library (Mary Sellen), aid foreign-la"n- sponsibilityfor installingand operatinga guage collection development in public li- CD-ROM network would find this book braries (Marie Zielinska and Irena Bell). inadequatein terms of assistance.The The section on evaluation covers all ap- pogk lras the potential to be extremely proaches, the subjective and qualitative as helpful to a maiority of librarians who well as the heavily statistical, list-checking, would bene{it from a'fundamentalunder- and serials. Incluiled are cnntributions from, stan&ngof localarea networking, the tech- among others, Bill Kau (on "the fallacy of nical basisfor CD-ROMs, and fhe related formula"), Elizabeth Futas, and Cynthia philosophical issues that have arisen. Comer. In the final section, the read'er en- counten the classicthoughb ofPaul Mosher and David Stam, as well as otherveryuseful contributions on, for example, iegional cooperation (Medea Ionesco) and collection management in an automated environment (Anne Marie Allison). What unites the diverse contributions to this volume is the focus on collections as the foundation ofthe library, regardless of size or type. In the book's introduction, The Colbction Build.ing Readcn F,d,.by Curley, tle journal's editor since 1978, Beth.Carol Sellenand Arthur Curley. stressesthat collection development is an New York:Neal-Schuman , lgg2.24g;. essential responsibility, even in the face of Papea$45 (ISBN 1-55570-092-6).LC "trendier obsessions."Among the goals of 9r-4822r. the journal (and, therefore, ofthis book) is In 1978, the quarterly iournal CoLlection the desire to highlight the diversity within Buildingwasf6unded to serveas a forum collection development in terms of both for discussionand debate on all aspectsof tasks and formats. Another is to stimulate collection development. In the-lifteen the practicing librarian, which Tha Collec- years since then, the field of collection tion Building Reader will certainly do. This work will interest the seasoned collection development professional as well asthe beginning studentoflibraryand information science. The articles are succinct and oriented to the practical rather than the theoretical. Each article is accom- panied by a bibliography, which further enhancesthe usefulnessofthe volume and

collection development and management "U r esearch.-D ebo ia h 1a kub s, Duk e nirse r- sity, Durham, North Carolina.

Collcction Managemcnt: A Neu Trea- tise. Ed. by Charles B. Osburn and Ross Atkinson. Foundations in Library 100/ LRTS . 37(1) . Book Reoiews

and Information Science,v.26 (parb A and B). Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Pr., 1991.2v. $127 (ISBN 155938-231-7). LC 9l€3499. An earlier work, Colleaion Deoelopmmt: A Treatlse, edited by Stueart and Miller (I9S0), becarnea landmarksoon after its ment,- Ross Athnson provides a contex- tual statement and theoietical model. As in his other writings, Athnson is erudite and thousht-provolCng. He considers tem- porafity ind the iimultaneity of circum- 3t"trc"i to be key in understanding collection development. He says it is a serious mistake to^attribute to iny discipline a have edited Collec,tion Managmwnt: A single core of materials without resPect to NeusTreatise. Like its forerunner, this new locil needs and values. publicationis atwo-volumeworkinthe ]AI Following the overview essap are six Press series "Foundations in Library and essays categorized as "administration." Information Science."As was true of the Then come five essayson the nature of the earlier work, this volume contains more information univers'e available to collection developers. The section on selection contains sif essala, and the last group of essavsis devoted to types of libraries. 6avid Farrell and- other contributors note again thatwritten collection development [olicies are essential but far from univerial. One wonders whether they re- allv are essential in an economic environ- mentwhere demand is the dominant deci-

detsekrymentwas retained in anotherrecent nde, Cdlccfion kvloWmt in Cdlcge Li- braries,edited by Hill et al. (1991). several other contributors, David Henige Osburn and Paul Mosherboth had es- is not too sold on the Research Ubraries Group's (RLG) consPectus approach. Michiel Ryan says that special collections are more in the mainstream now than was once the case. On the other hand, David Roskuszka admits that govemment documents have been removed from the mainstream, and at the same time, he points to promising developments for bringing tains more essaysthat focus on the practi- them back. cal and operafuonal as opposed [o the Considering the categorization of the philosophicaland theoretical.The e&tors essays,it should come as no sulpris-e that i.dtnit tirat "there is little uniformity to be corsiderable overlap exists in the &scus- found. . . in terms of style, oqganization, sion of issues. Th-e editors anticipated and documentation"(p.xvi). Their desire this-it is in the nature of the topic. Among was that the contributorsshould be crea- the topics discussedby several of the con- tive in providing a current assessmentthat tributon, two stand out. The significant was both retrospective and prospective impact of the RLG conspectus on the col- aboutthe fteld. lecition development scene is mentioned LR?S o 37(1) o Book Reoiews lIOL

frequently. Likewise, again and again, the later suppliesthe author, tide, and Library writers stress t}te interdisciplinary nature of Congress-assignedDewey classnum- of information and the fact [hat if is grow- bersare found in the synthesissections. ing more so. He closesthe book with a comparison This work will not supplant the Stueart ofthe l2th and llth abridgededitions and and Miller work, nor was it intended to do includes further comparisonswitJr earlier editionsand abridgements. In concluding, he intimates tha[ the Dewey Decimil Classifi c ati on will survivebecause revision keepsit up to date;its arrangementis ac- ceptable; its notation s)rstemis practical, memorable, expansible,and adaptable; and it is familiar to the user. Comaromi rightfully recognizes that Edition 20 is more evolutionarvthan revo- lutionary,incorporating the best innova- WoRxs CtrED tions of'the earlier edidons.No seerefer- Hill, Joanne Schneider,William E. Hanna- encesappearinDDC 20, and the mindless for{, Jr., and RonaldH. Epp,eds. 1991. Collection dzoelopment in college libraries. Chicago:American Library Assn. Stueart, Robert D., and George B. Miller, Jr-.,eds. 1980. Collection d.eaelopm.entin hbraries: A treatise. Greenwich. Conn.: jAI Pr. inatesthe historyschedule,stressing politi- Detoeg Decimd. Cl.as*iftcation, z(nh cal units in Europe and the United States Edition: A Studu Manual. Rev. and over physicaland other regional areas. ed. b-yJohn Philli'p Comaromi. Engle- Comaromi linds the Education (370) wood, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, section's structure poor, and indeed this 1991.303p. $45 (ISBN 0-87287-870- areais underconsideration for revisionby 8). LC 9r-9834. the Decimal ClassiffcaUonEditorial policy This comparisonof the 20th and 19th edi- Committee for Edition 21. Although ei- tions of the Deuey Decimal Classification tensive revision was done in the 400s, (DDC) highligha the improvemJntsand Comaromi still does not believe that this remainingshortcomings of Edition 20 in classreflects how languageis studied or regard to-its predecesior. In this revision viewed. To Comaromi, the 620s, En- gineering and Allied Operations,do not makesense where humansas the creators of ideas and humans as the makers of phpical thingsare not well distinguished. He also believesthat the 790s, Recre- ational and Performing Arts, are total cussesits modernizationthrough changes chaos,but he doesnot explainwhy. ovg thg yealsin indexing and tJrminolJg, Althoughhighlytechnical in nature,the and in the tables. book is eaiv to"reid. but Comaromi does not alwaraiffectivelv communicatethe il- logc thai he {indsin someof the classi{ica- tion schedules.It is hopedthat the book's indicationsof improvementsinfhe Deuey Decimnl Classificationwill facilitate catalogers'application of it. AIso,students of calalogrngshould ftnd the book in library schoollibraries as they begin to learn the I02/ LRTS . 37(1) o Book Reoiews

intricacies of DDC and how it has evolved over the years. The information contained here will be valid at least until the Decimal Classiftcation Editorial Policy Committee issues the Zlst edition in 1996 with a full development of the 1991 Persian Gulf War among other enhancements.-Bob laey, Me,mphx State Unioersity, Tennessee.

WoRr CrrED Osborn,Jeanne. !982. Dewegdeclmal classi- ficaaon, 19th edition: i sndg manual, with an introductionbyJohn P.Comaromi. Littleton, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited.

Enharchg Acces to lnformation: De- $gning Catalogs for tfu 27st Cen- tury. Ed. by David A. Tyckoson. New loeing of an au&ovisualcollection into a York: Haworth, 1991. 2a3p. $29.95 hb"raf catalog(Harwood), and using the (ISBN r-56024-219-l). LC 91-41348. OCLC Online ComputerUbrary Center's Afso published *s Catalo$ng and OnlineUnion Catalogto batchloadmicro- (Carter, and Clnssification Quarterly 13 nos.3/4 form set records Olson, (19e1). Aquila).The book'sfinal sectionthen pro- This volumereminds me of an earlierperiod vides a more coherent,historical look at of intenseconcem when the online catalog the developmentof enhancedsystems at was still in its infancy and was not yet the the GeorgiaInstitute of Technotog,,{OyLe- commonplacetool foi llbraryacress tlrt it ls manandZimmerman) and RensselaerPol- today.As during that time, tlie authorsof the 'ytechnic Institute (Molholt andForsythe). selectiorsn Enlmcfng Accessto Infonna- I enjoyed this book and took -away tion: DesigningC atalo gs for tlw 2 lst Cmtury severalideas to usein my library. Its down- seekto glimpsethe future basedon present to-earth, nontechnical orientahon should trendswithout certain larowledgeof how it will all turn out. David A. Tyckoson, the e&tor, has chosenan apt imagein his excellentopen-

ments that multiply accesspoints would havebeen a usefuladdition. I alsowanted more information on users' reactionsto ttrese changes.Nonetheless, the diversity of the experiments to provide better pa- uaditional catalog, an eighteenth-century tron acceisis an encouragingsign oflibrar- that no longer containsthe informa- ians' efforts to move foniarl the new ideal, "i'th tion that usersIind mostuseful. He givesa technology.By its nature,this bookwill be succincthistory of library catalogevolution obsoleteutthin a few years.Nevertheless, and summarizespossible enhancements. I recommendpurchase for thosewho wish The nextfour sectionsgive the authors' an overview ofcurrent creative efforts to vision for a rejuvenatedtwenty-ftrst-cen- exploit technological possibilities.- tury catalog."Enhance-ettts to the Tradi- nobert P. Hotlcg, \iayne Stite Unixersity, tional Catalog"includes increased use of Detroit. contentsnotes (Dwyer); inclusionof previously uncataloged materials (Syracuse The Online Catalog: A C ritic aI F*ami- andPoyer); more Library ofCongresssub- nation of Public Use. By Thomas A. ject headings(Studwell); and better inte- Peters.jefferson, N.C.:' McFarland, LRTS c 37(1) o Book Reoiews /103

1991. 266p. $36.50(ISBN 0-89950- This study was conducted solely from 600-3).LC 9053602. trarsaction logs, thus avoiding user bias. Peters'assertions tlroughout the book are thoughtgovoking, but this reviewer sometimeswished for moresubstantiation thanhe typicallyoffers.Forexample, in his openingchapters he contendsthat the online catalog has contributed to a "back- slide" from adequatebibliographic control and that catalogusers might be usingthe opinions and (2) remote access will catalog as an end in itself, rather than for transform online catalogsand academic accessto full-textdocuments. Similarlv, his libraries Dermanentlv. ffnal chapter states that in-house library These^conceptscJnverge near the end use is declining while remote use is in- of the bookwittian accortrtof his studyof creasing dramatically, resulting in a remote-accessuse of the Universitv of &minishing need for subject access,and Missouricatalog, LUMIN, but not bdfore that librariesshould encourage people to "use the library without coming into the building" (a &slantprospect forill but the mosttechnologically advanced). Peters' book is supplementedby an eight-pagebibliographyand an index. (The bibliography is not annotated and clas- sifted,as the publisher'sflier claims.)His stylevaries from ponderousto lively.It is unlikely thatThe Online Catalogwill ffnd a wide audiencein the arena of practical Iibrarianship.Its merit should be considered, however,by studentsof library scienceas well asthoie involvedin designing systemsand carrying out bibliographic instruction.-Karen Rice, WesternWash- in glon Unio e rcity, Bellingham.

Reileaigning Library Seftices: A Mani- proof' systemcreates idiob and that intel- fe*to. By Michael Buckland.Foreword Iigentuse ofacnmplexcatalogwill "socialize" by Michael Gorman.Chicago: Ameri- studentsinto the academiccnmmunity and can Ubrary Assn., 1992. 82p. Papea contribute to their intellectual grrl*th. $18; ALA member,$16.20 (ISBN 0- Ideally,most bibliographic-catalog use in- 8389-0590-0).LC 92-L0546. structioncan be incorporatedinto the cat- With Michael Buckland presented as alogitself. author of a book, coupledwith Michael Peters'acrount of his researchon re- Gorman writing the foreword, that book mote use of the Missourisvstem follows. immediately promises to challenge our H-estudied search types andttrategies, use present conceptions,to educate,to irri- of the scoping and truncation 6ptions, tate,and to includemany ideas that will be failureratei, an?"temporal- aspects ofdial commonpractice in the future. accesssessions. His findingswere that re- As promisedin Gorman'sforeword, the mote usersare shllful searchers.that thev book is both visionary and practical. searchfor specifictitles, thus usingfew sub- Whetheroneagrees with Bucklaridornot, ject searches,and that zero-hitsesiions usr- a key factor emphasizedthroughout the allyoccurbecause the librariesdont own the book is one we shouldall give more priority material. Temporally,searches took place to in our libraries: that libraries provide a most often during irormal*orhng hburs. constituency-basedservice. We should 104/ LRTS . 37(1) o Book Reoieus consider our constituents rather than RedesigningLibrarySertsices is a quick dwell so much on what we think they and easvread ind will ieinforce the beliefs shouldwant or need.And this slimvolume of a number of library administrators.It is being publishedat a time when we all might be helpfulin re&rectingsome of the ar€-or should be-trying to project our traiitional ittitudes or approaches of strategic planning to what we think the many.manv-Itrt is recommendedfor readingbvby future holds,a projectionlhat at mostcan -brariespractitioners in libraries. LibrariansLib in li- be an educatedbest guess. braries being renovated or undergoing Bucklandreviews the'history' of the other majoi changes will benefit.- oaperlibrarvbeforemovingon to the topic lennifer Cargill, Louisiana State Uni' bf iedesignihghbrary serviEes. This revi'ew oerslig and' e{rPt College, Baton is helpful in comparing our two types of Rouge. libraries with which we are familiar. As the author reminds us in different parts of the RLG Preseftation Microfilmilry Eanil- text, and particularly in his chapters on book. Ed. by Nanry E' Elhngton. bibliographic accessand collections,li- Mountain viJw. Calif.: Researcli Li- brariei are here to help the user identify braries Group.203p. Paper, $75 (plus the information wanted and needed,to shipping and handfrng urd appliclble determinewhere that informationcan be salestax). LC 92-144886. found, and to provide accesseither with the information in the collection or through obtaining the information by someother means.Buckland does not pro- pose abandoningthe paper library but, iather,raises a numberof issues.Similarly, he doesnot adamantlystate what the solution will be but encouragesthe readerto focuson the processof identifring the solution that will be best for a particular explanations in a qraphic manner. For ex- situation. ample, a p"tsott do"i not have to read the We live in aworld of technolory and are deffnitionls of cine mode or comic mode a people to whom convenienceis a high after glancing at the accompanying il- priority. Libraries must consider both lustrati,on. A ihapter of terms from the iechndlogyand the users'desire for con- fields of microgralhics, librarianship, pre- veniencewhen examininghow we provide sewation, and administration that are used servicesto our constifuents.As Buckland in Research Libraries Group (RLG) mi- points out, we are also a self-service crofilming projects brings tloughts into Society,but we have structured many of relational focus. Many of the deffnitions our librarv sewicestoward a one-on-one include see also references, directing the provisionbf services.His chapteron serv- reader to related delinitions. A section of ing the user emphasizesthe-need to ap- pr6achprovisioriof servicesfrom a different focus.

sample contracts, the operatio_nal impact of a lilming proiect on various library units, our library organizations. sample tar!e*, p.os and cons of lixed ver- It is the recognitionof this evolutionary sus iariabl"e redluction ratios, recommen- naturethat is importantto takefrom read- dations for film inspection, and questions ing this book. Indeed, Bucklandsketches and answers about polysulfide treatment th6 challengesthat we will be facing. of microfflm using IPI Silverlock. LRTS . 37(l) c Book Reoiews /LOS

While not all librariesare RLG mem- gency.This benefits neither autJrorsnor bers, many do microfilming, either in- iead6rs.Closer editorial attention could, houseor on a contractbasis, at onetime or for example,have provided context for ar- another. For noviceswho do not have any rangementand content ofthe essays;ex- experienceor do not know any ofthe ap- plained repetition and omissions;and propriate questionsto ask,or for managers eliminated erroneous (p.241) and out- andstaffwho have had past experience and dated citations(p.3), jargon ("knowledge want to be brought up to dale, this is an workers"), condescension("pur staffl), excellent handb6ok tb have at hand. It and credo ("The Serials are Different, representsthe consensusof more than 40 Rare Booksare SpecialMyth"). An intro- expertsin the ffeld, bringingto considera- duction could have inform'ed readersthat tion the results of their collective ex- the volumeis meantto be a basictechnical perielce. While it is an easybook to use,it servicestext focusing on practice in aca- stimulatesthought and delineatesthe con- demic libraries: instead,we are forced to infer this from the stylesand backgrounds of the authors as we penrse each essay. Indeed, litde is here for experienced librarians(except, perhaps, the resultsof Trujillo's interviews).It is disappointing Boccaccio, East Carolina Unioersitg, not to havefrom this group ofwriters an Gre enoille, No rth Carolinn. examinationof the underling (often clas- sist) assumptionsabout organizationand Teclmical Semices in Librarie*: Sga- operations,such as that sixis the maximum tena and Applicatiorc, Ed. by number of areasthat can be considered ThomasW Leonhardt.Foundations in technical; that technical servicesdivisions Library and Information Science,v.25. are managedratfier than administered;or Greenwich,Conn.: JAI Pr.,f992.275p. that acquisitions,cataloging, copy catalog- $63.50(ISBN L-55938-2r4-7).LC 91- ing, and even online catalogs are to be 43729. managed,but serialsis to be automated. This volume is a collection of thirteen Recommendinga bookwithout a stated chapters written by librarians urho have pulposebutwith a $63.50price isdi{ftcult. varyrng experience in technical services In&vidualswho seekbasics will be better servedby the secondedition of Librant Technicol Sensices:Operations and Mai- agenen; edited by Irene Godden(1991) or by reading the primary literature (such asthe writings of JeanCook, Kaye Gapen, or Karen Horny) rather than its synthesis here. Technical Sensicesin Libraries is possibly of interest to librarians who developcomprehensive collections in li- braw science or in technical services nolory (Meta Nissley); staffing (Frank librarianship.-Ch adona C. Hensley,(Ini- DAndraia); and vendor performance oersity of Colomd.oat Bulder. (Thomas W. Leonhard0 and selection

WoRK CrrED Godden, Irene P., ed. 1991. Library technical serotces: Operations and managemmt. 2d, ed. San Diego: Academic Pr. the editor's intentions about audience level;content selection, oqganization, orig- Yenilon atd, Library Ac quisitiotoa. Ed. inality, or signilicance;br publication by Bill Katz.NewYork: Harvorth, 1991. timing vis-a-visprofessional literature ur- 235p. $29.95 (ISBN 156024-L2r-7). 106/ LRTS . 37(1) o Book Reoieus

LC 90-26656.Also published as The its secondedito4 will interest intellectual Acquisitions Lib rarian, 5(199 I ). freedomspecidists. A. A. Alemna'sdiscus- The editor's prefacerefers to this item asa sion ofresource sharingin African libraries *guide" or "manual,"although in a strict addsan international touch. senseit is neither.The volumeconsists of This volume lacksthe unr.fringcharac- twenty-one separatecontributions based on various combinations of opinion and experience,written by vendors-andacqui- sitionsor collectiondevelopment librarians. It is organizedinto three major sections: (l) vendors'perspectiveson vendor selection and evaluatioq (2) Iibrarians' aspectsof vendor-acquisitionslibrarian perspectiveson these topics, and (3) ap- reiations, such as the elhical and legal di- proval plans. mensions,are hardly mentioned (although Many of the ideasin the initial section, one must note that an earlierissue of Tlp to which representativesfrom the Yankee, Acquisitiotrs Librarian was devoted to Blackwell North America, Midwest, In- ethicalJegalquestions). There is no index. Eram,and Ballenbook dealerscontribute, The book'sgreatest strength is thatven- ire fairlv conventional.i.e.. vendorsand dors and librarians communicate their Iibrarians should work together for their diverse perspectivesand expectationsof mutualbeneftt. The ever-increasingroleof each other. Much practical advice is pro- automationin vendorservices is a constant vided, especiallyconcerning how veidor theme, with Forrest Link's discussionof services6an be'more effecEvelyused by the BCIS (Booksfor CollegeLibraries, 3d libraries. ed.) tape servicean especiallynoteworthy Some of the contributions are quite piece. Both Larry Price and Leonard useful.Others merely fall into the "howwe Schriftpredict a shakedownin the number of vendorsduring the 1990s. The next section @vers a variety of topics, including foreign acquisitions,by Linda Vertrees:cantralized versus branch collection development,by Don Lanier; and online preorder files, by William Jarvis. Two different chapters adrrocate oercitg, Bloominglon. consolidationof serialsorders with a single vendor. Among tJre most rigorous con- Wonx Crrno tributions is Charles Brownson'smathe- Schmidt,Karen A., ed. 1990.Understanding matical analysisof order data that suggests atquisitions.Chi- 'tradeoff' the busitlessof library a between a vendor'sspeed and cago: American Library Assn. overall fill rate. The section on approval plans offers a solidoverview of their role,operation, his- Interfacea for lnformation Retuieoal tory, and literature. In an intriguing com- oid. Onit n Sg*emt: The State of parative study of two different plans with the Art. Ed. by Martin Dillon. New the identical vendor, Sally Somers con- York: Greenwood,1991, 337p.$49.95 cluded that Tulane Universityt restricted (ISBN 0-313-274944).LC 91-8240. profile, engenderinglo* e*pectatiotts,r"- The book arisesfrom the 1989 Mid-year sulted in greaterclient satisfactionthan the Conferenceof the American Societyfor University of Georgia's"wide-open" pro- InformationScience (ASIS), the therireof file, which gaverise to high expectations. which-the user interface-provides the 'special The book ends with two re- topic- of this book. ports." Robert Bravard's memoirs of The volume is logically arranged,with Choice magazine'searly history, including an introduction that givesa good overview hisperceptions concerning the dismissalof ofinterface designprinciples, current in- LRTS . 37(1) c Book Reoi,eus /I07

terface limitadons, and expectedforth- I recommendpurchase of this volume comingchanges in human-computerinter- for professionalcollections with interestin actions. human-computerinterface design.-Judy The twenty-twopapers in the volume Jmg, Newark CampusLdbraries, Rutgerc are organized into six parts that reflect Unioercity. major areasofresearch and endeavoras- sociatedwith userinterfaces. The chapters Introilaction to Catalogittg and. Cla,si- presentedin part l, "InterfaceStyles," dis- fication.8th ed. By Arlene G. Taylor. cuss the fundamentalsof human-com- Englewood, Colo.: Libraries Un- puter interactionand tlre variousmodels limited, 1992. 6J3p. $45 (ISBN 0- 87287-8rr-2) paper, $32.50 (ISBN 0 -87287 -967 -4). LC I r -24851. The seventhedition ofthis standardtext- bookwas published in 1985.Some of that earlier edition'scontent has been trans- ferred to other partsofthis new edidonor relegatedto the two new appendixes.The text, examples,notes, and rea&ngs of varioussections of the eighth edition ex- hibit varyingdegrees of updating,reduction, expansion,and rearrangement. There is a new chapter on authority control, though some of the material included therein appearedelsewhere in the prior edition.An exampleof substantialrevision is part 5, which discussesthe evaluationof is to be found in the chapteron catalog management.Two former components devot6dto a bibliographyand to cataloging and classilication aids are now amalga- matedinto a singlebibliography. The new edition is much improvedin display,le$- current trends among various standards bility, contrast,and easeofuse. organizations. The openingchapter covers cataloging The rrclumeis complementedby col- principle3as b6fore-butsets them in-thE lecting authors'background and res'earch context of bibliographic control, whereas 'About interestsinto a section, the Editor the following chapter provides a more and Contributors." Readersshould ftnd balancedskefch ofcode development.Al- *ris section useful in identi$ring- the mosthalf the book is focusedon the 1988 authors'current researchinterests. revision_of tlre Anglo-AmericanCatalogu- In my opinion, the volumeonly partly ing Rules (AACR2), incolporating new doeswhat the editorset out to do. Ii

light reading and will require commitment to read cover to cover. For interface veter- ans, this volume couples breadth and catalogers.Moreover, AACR2 is itselflogi- depth in its coverage of today's interface cally structured and suitable for private development. study,especiallyif augmented by samplers, 108/ LRTS . 37(1) . Book Reoieuss

self-instructional texts, and bibliographic records.

Part I providesa historicalsummary of the designdcsiori of librarieslihraries and preservationnreservation of books. E"arly libraries, American librarilibraries. tion of Library Materials," revealsa misun- and contemporarylibrary designform the derstanding of the meaning of some key maior segmentsof this overview.A de- technical terms. This confusion seems scripuon-ofthe stacksdesigned by French qreatest when dealing with faceted classi- architect Labroustefor the Biblioth6que frcation, and among fiulty explanations are Sainte-Genevievein Paris in the mid- *rose concerning iomp[e* subjects, facet nineteenth century provides the bridge to indicators, and the sequence of facets in a discussionof Americanlibrary design.A quick overview of a c€ntury of library 6uilding and equipmentdesign efforts is 'crfpresented by focusingon the contributions a smallgroup of U.S. librarians,architects, and manufacturers.The sectionon contemporarylibraries includes a descrip- and it is unfortunate that a criticism of the tion of tle foices that affecteddesign woik old edition is cited without corresponding after World War IL The authors take the mention ofa responsemade bychiefeditor position that the increasingemphasis on improve- fack Mills (Lil;i 26, no.2:156J7 [June ihe deliveryof serviceand the 1SZOI).ftre section on the Preserved Con- ment of p"t on has resultedin library designswith """"tt diminished concern for pres'ervad6nof materials. As interestingasthe historicalsummary is. the substanCeof this book is in the secondand third segments.Part 2 is ar- hanced and enlivened by a more compara- rangedin sixc'hapterl that providea guide tive treatment. to ihe literature-. Although the focus of these chaptersis recent material, reference is m-adeto works that have become classicsin the literature. An imPortant point is madeseveral 6mes about the last- ing valueof someof the studiesand analy- there appear to be few alternatives to this siJdone in the ftrst third of this century' carefully written text.-Alan R. Tlwmo"s, Equally useful are the citations to work andWestern St.Johi's Unioercitg, Jamaica, New York. doirein the United Kingdom Europe. This is a valuible resourcethat Libruriea and. Archloeu Design and Ameicans too often overlookwhen they Renooation uith a Presentation reviewtheliterature. Although the authors Perapectioe. By Susan Garretson could havebeen trapped -standar&,in extensive pre- Swartzburg and'Holly Bussey with sentationsof facts, require- Frank Garretson. Metuchen, N.f .: ments,and codesrelated to building de- Scarecrow Pr., 1991. 225p. $27.5O sisn, they successfully avoid that (ISBN O-8r08-2420-5). LC 9r-24r5. telmptation. Acrceptedstandards are dis- The intent of this book is set forth in the in a way tfiat permits reference to preface,in which the authorsstate, "The various"urrLd citations thaf can provide an in- needwas obvious for a selectivebiblioga- depth understandingofthe topic.Chapter osafety, nhv to focuson designthat would not only 5, Security,Emeqgency Planning, housecollections aplropriatelv brrt also b'e and Insurance"might be one of the more LRTS o 37(1) o Book Reoiews /109

useful to manyreaders as it coversa diverse chapterson aci&c paper and brittle books; set of topicsthat are becomingincreasingly photographic,audio, and magneticmedia; important. building and collection surveys; &saster The appendixesprovide the "icing" for preparednessand recovery;and a ftnal sec- this booli.There is a list of relevantJour- tion on preservationservices, suppliers, nals, many of them related to architecture and educational opportunities. A useful and the construction industry. Equally but simplifted collection condition survey valuableis the list of organizationsthat are methodology is presented,but as DePew associatedwith building designand pres- notes,determination of samplesize can be ervation. tricky,indeed. Some of the topicsincluded The bookis written in a stvlethat is easv in the appendixes are a sample library to read. The organization o'f the material binding contract, a collection condition seemedappropriate to this reviewer.The surveyform, andauseful glossaryof terms. combination of a textual overview with By its nature, a handbook must take a speciffc citations facilitates exploring top- pragmatic approach to its topic, and dis- ics of interest.The work is far more useful cussionoftheory is generallyreserved to a than a bibliographyon the topic would be. brief introductorvslatement. DePew has Comparedwith PlnnningLibrary Facili- omitted discussionof preservationadmin- ties by Mary Sue Stephenson(Scarecrow istrationactivities due to spacelimitations, Pr.,1990) it is a morevaluable publication. but the topic should be onsidered this Any librarian or library administrator handbook'sraison d'dtre. Preservationad- woi.rldbe well sewed by adding this title to ministratorshave only limited resources his or her collection.-Kzn Marles, East for preservingour cultural heritage. Like Carolina Unioercitq, Greensoille,North it or not, tough decisionsmust be made Carolina. nowconcerning selection criteria, and preservation management strategies are A Library, Meilia, anil Archh>alPreser- neededto ded with thiscomplex problem. oationEandhoolc. ByJohnN. DePew. Just how do we determine the basis for Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, permanentretention of a multi-artifactual 1991.441p. $49.50 (ISBN o- 8887436- collection? How do the similarities and 543-0).LC 91-16501. differences among books, manuscripts, Acrording to Webster's,a handbookis "a and media influence our thinking about ready reference"or "a concisereference what shouldbe saved? How do coopera- book covering a particular subject." As tive efforts, whether at the local, regional, such. DePew's handbook does an ad- or nationallevel, influence in-house deci- mirablejob. A professorat the Schoolof sions?Although outsidethe scopeof this Librarv andInformation Studies at Florida handbook,we must alsoaddress tJre issue State University, he is able to synthesize of the preservationof museum-qualityar- current thinhng aboutpreservation activi- tifacts,e.g., old scientiftcinstruments. ties clearlyin oitline format. His work "is Under considerationin the archival designedto introducethosewho have little community is a special form of appraisal knowledge of the preservation of library technique, documentationstratery, which materiali (p. p.iii), atthoughexperienced offers the potential for reconciling intel- preservation librarians will appreciate lectual and artifactual researchvalue with owninga copy.His statementsare carefully the costsand implicationsassociated with docuniented,and his citations ,"pr"r"nt a fetention decision. Despite lhe com- well the signiftcantresearch in the field. monly acceptedlimitations of a handbook, In nine chaptersand ten appendixes, I am suggestingthat a more comprehen- DePew presentsthe how-to of preserva- sivediscussion of appraisalstratery be in- tion activities.Beginning with the histori- cluded in the text. As a casein poinl the calbackground of paperind papermahng, sectionon specialcollections care does not he coverstopics on the environment,care attempt to erplain the significanceof his- and handlingof library materials,binding, torical documentsto scholarlyresearch ac- and in-houserepair.'Also included ari tivities, nor why individual items in such ILO/ LRTS . 37(1) . Book Reoiews

collections should be preserved in as close ords (Washington,D.C.: National Acad- to original con&tion as possible. The ap- emy Pr., 1986). pendix on intrinsic value represents only a Settices in the -doesportion of the theoretical discussion, as Managing Technical the section on selection criteria for 90s-. Ed. by Drew Racine. New York: preservation micro{ilming. The Commis- Haworth, iosr. rsop. $22.95 (ISBN sion on Preservation and Access is still I-56024-166-7).LC 91-24386. Also attempting to grapple with the question of publishedas &eJoumal of Library Ad- intrinsic value and its relationship to re- mintstration15, nos. I/2. search. This is a collection of eight essaysabout In any book that draws from a large issuesand conditionsthat technicalserv- mass of materials, questions can always be ices managers are likely to face in the raised regarding selection of sources or 1990s.Contributions range from system- statements made. One important work not atic descriptivetreatments of the manage- mentioned in the handbook is Presensa- ment enviionmentresulting from the ln- tion of Historical Records,t an indepen- troduction of new technologies, to dent studv conducted for the National Ar- discussionof paradigmshifts and general Records Administration. Also, perspectives,and evento self-proclaimed chives and nruminations." the amount of information provided is oc- The thematic glue of the casionallytoo abbreviated. For example, in volume is change,or the need to adapt noting the similarities of composition managementpractice and technical serv- between shellac records and books. ices organizationto new technologiesand DePew does not mention that shellac re- environmentalconditions. cords also present different preservation Overall, the work includes a strong problems, because their compound com- group of contributors.Bill C'oslingpro- position requires a binding agent, such as vides a useful overview of management a nafural resin formed from insect secre- challengesthat arise at the operational tion. Another omission is that Smyth- level wi--ththe introduction of new tech- a book that lies flat when nologies.Arnold Hirshon proposesa new sewing produces 'world opened. However, these examples should view' for technicalservices. and for not detract from the fact that DePew's librariesgenerally, that focuseson the ex- handbook is otherwise a reliable guide. He temal environment.Hirshon contrastsin- is fasti&ous in his choice of sources consulted. For example, a table illustrating permanence of color {ilms, drawn from an article found in a popular photography magazine, was found to be based on the data of Henrv Wilhelm. a member of the task gtoup i"spo.tsible for revision of the American National Standards Institute standard for color-stabiliw test methods. essaythat toucheson variousissues related The book is adequately made for a case to technicalservices and change. binding intended f6r rep'eated,long-term In a briefbut usefulchapter, Ken Bier- use. It is Smyth-sewn, and the paper is man discussestechnical services from the acid-free. I recommend its use in college neglectedviewpoint of the public library. and research libraries. - Danne Stalker, Olivia Madisonanalyzes several issues in C olumbia Unioersity, N at; York. bibliographicaccess in the online environment from a catalo$ng perspective,giving Wonx Crreo specialattention to approachesto analyti- Committee on Presewation of Historical cal acress. Records, National Materials Advisory Two especiallysubstantive and useful Board, Commissionon Engineering and chaptersare contributed by Wayne Perry- Technical Svstems. National Research man andJennifer Younger. Perryman sur- Council, Priseraailon of Historical Rec- veysrecent developments in technologies LRTS o 37(1) . Book Reoiews /LII for creating, storing, accessing, and dealingwith thesemanagement concerns. delivering informatioi and the i"mplica- The scopeof this book is broader tian tions of those suweln for research librar- the tide indicates.Considerable space is ies, in particular for the acquisitions, devoted to collection development and ownership, and dissemination bf infor- materialsselection policies in the areaof mational resources. In a well-organized machine-readabledata files (MRDFs), and well-documented essay,Younger dis- alsoreferred to aselectronic resources or cusses the roles of librarians in biblio- computerftles. The reasonfor inclusionis graphic accessservices in the 1990s, pro- the impact of MRDFs on financialplan- ning for libraries. Related direct and in- direct costs,such as staff, training, equipment, and security,constitute substantive considerationsin the budgetingprocess. Other factorsreceMng attention in the vironment. materials selection policies are whether As with many collections, the value of MRDFs provide improved accessto infor- these contribuUons varies. and the volume mation if that information is alreadyavail- as a whole is thematically consistent onlv ablein someother format. the number of in the broadest sense. Howevea th'e users.and whether a common vendor is general level ofthe essaysis fairly high, and chosen,thus facilitatingthe useof similar there are several excellent papers in this searchingprotocols.All policiesadvise em- volume. The selection a vih6le is nicely ployingextreme caution when substituting balanced between micro-"s and macro-level MRDFs for printed information. 'Allocation treatments and between policy level and Principles" from the State operational perspectives. It is recom- University of New York at Buffalo provides mended for selective reading and for an interesting exampleof a guide for the possible classroom use in courses related distribution of acquisitionsfunds. Goals, to the management of technical serv- process, and lscal contingencies are ices.-Joe A. Heuitt, Unioenity of North clearly delineated.Another budget pro- Carolina at Chapel Htll. cedure, the University of Toronto's "A Mechanismfor the Pr6tectionand Estab- Materials Bndgeh in ARL Libraries. lishmentof Library AcquisitionsBudgets," SPEC Kit 166 fluly 1990).By Peggr is noteworthy in that it attempts to protect Johrson. Washington,D.C.: Systems the acquisitionsbudget from reductionin and ProceduresExchange Center, Of- realpurchasing power each year by adjust- ftce of ManagementServices, Associa- ing for priceinflation and currencyfluctua- tion of ResearchUbraries, 1990. ll9p. tion, both seriousproblems for acquisi- papet $30(ISSN 0160-3582). tions librarians and other librarv SPEC Kit 166 grapples with several administratorstoday. An end-of-the-frcal- 'Fund weighty issuesfacing acquisitiorslibrari- year Report"from the Universityof ans and other library administratorstodav. Miami and a detailed 'Preliminary Esti- The budgetingpto"brr is affectedby risin'e mateof the lggI/g2SerialsCommiiment' costs,shiinhi! budgets,and new techl from Brown Universityround out the col- nologr. Managing funds for maximum lectionof budgetprocedures and reports. beneftt is a challengingresponsibility. To A sampleagreement for the acquisition that end, equitablJdistribtiuon of funds and placementofa financialdata basein (including allocationformulas), monitor- the GraduateSchool of Managementof ing fund balances,and acrountabilityare the Universityof California,Riverside, is becomingincreasingly important. The re- an excellentexample ofsuch a policy and sults of a Srntemsand ProceduresEx- one of the ffrst to be publishedanyrvhere. chalge Centbr (SPEC)survey sent to 108 A short list of "Selected Readings" academiclibrary membersof the Associa- completesthe volume. tion of Research Libraries (ARL) in fall SPEC Kit 166 is an essentialpurchase 1990are presentedin this ht as an aid to for acquisitionslibrarians, collection de- ll2/ LRTS . 37(1) c Book Reoieuss velopment coordinators,and library ad- raisingefforts as it doesin the activitiesof ministratorsinvolved in the budgel and past ird present archivists.Like the Li- allocationprocess. The principal flaw, a Lraw of Alexandria.the American film ar- few blurred lines of print on page 38, is chiGs may well be curating collectionsof negligible.- NancyMyerc, Unioetsityof Iilms whoseultimate survivalstill remains SouthDakota. Vermillion. in doubt" (p. l6L).-ktwrence AuId', East Carolina 0nioercity, Greensoille, North Nitrate Won't Wait: A Ebtory of Film Carolina. Preaeraation in the United. Statea. By Anthony Slide. Jeffenon, N.C.: Wonr Crrtu McFarland,1992. 228p. $37.50 (ISBN ContemporaryAaffrors, New Revision Series' 0-89950694-1). LC 91-50948. v.12(Detroit: Gale, l98l- ). p.aa6. AnttronySlide. who haswritten numerous works o?film scholarship,worked with the AmericanFilm Institute and the Academy Pre*enting Libraries for Meilieoal Stu' of Motion Picture Arts and Science's dies: Working Papers ftom the CoL NationalFilm Information Service.Since loquium at tlw UnhterxiE of Notre 1980he hasbeen a freeJancewriter and Damc, March 2t26, I99O. Ed' bY researcher,describing himself as "a work- Sophia K. Tordan. Contributions in ing film scholar,one who makeshis living Academic Librarianship,no.l. Notre by writing, researchingand lecturing on Dame,Ind.: UniversityUbraries, 1991. fiim histolry,without t[e aid of grantsor 68p.paper, $10. LC 9l-35666. academicafliliations. "l fhis iliri volume brings together the re- Slidebegins his accountwith the state- sults of the Colloquium on Presenation ment that {his is a factualaccount of the Issuesin MedievalStudies held at the Uni- histoly of lilm preservationin the United versity of Notre Dame in March 1990. States,but it is alsoa highly opinionated Soonsoredbv the Commissionon Preser- volume. The opinions are my own (al- ,rition and,{"""tt, with supportfrom the though sharedby quite a few others)"(p. Medieval Academyof America and the ix). The well-written story he tells will in- Notre Dame Collegeof Arts and lrtters, terestpreservation librarians, film histori- the Colloquium consistedof twenty-two ans,and ftlm buffs, as well as studentsof participanis who discussed how best to ^poliucs and bureaucracy. preserveresources critical to medievalsfu- Nitrate fflm. chemicallvunstableand in dies.The volumeincludes an introduction, a pelpetual state of decomposition, was usedfrom 1899until the mid-1950s.when it was supplantedwith cinematographi-

'the his paper, thoughtof choosingnot to preierve even a single manuscriptfrag- and countless political and bureaucratic ment is too scandalousto be considered" obstacles.The storyis roundedout with a (p.12). The concern here, accordingto discussionofnewer techniquesand alter- Mark D. fordan in his introductionto the natives,including videotape, itself a pres- volume,lies with the invaluablesecondary ervationproblem, and a chapteron colori- zation. E-ightappendixes andno ferverthan four bibliographiescomplete the work. The author'sftnal paragraphprovides a vivid sumn-rary:"The fate of the holdings of America's[film] archivesrests as much their hands. in future technologes and future fund- Having recognizedthe perilouscondi- LRTS . 37(1) . Book Reoiews /ll3

tion of these materials, the next step is to third editioncontinues to be unusualin its identifr tlose sources worthy of preierva- treatment of all media as equal library re- tion, no easy task, since medieval sfu&es sources. The organization of this new edition follows closelythat of the previous editions. The ftrst ftve chapters consider general approachesto the selection of media, including policies,selection aids, Islam and the Middle East, each make systemsapproaches, and selectionof the suggestions on what materials should be appropriatemedium. Chapters on speciffc preserved. All agree that some sort of bib- categoriesfollow: motion picture-films, liographic control of medieval souroes is needed; once this control is achieved. the most critical materials can be earmarked for preservation. The last two papen in the volume are by partjcipants experienced in preservation issues. Milton McC. Gatch deicribes the Pre- servation Project of the American Theologi- cal LibrariesAssociation. SusanneF. Robefo offers some practical proposals on how to organize a presewation program for medi- LPs asthe seconde&tion did. The second eval sources. The volume's epilogue pre- editions chapteron programmedinstruc- sents the Colloquium's linal oltcome' the tion hasbecome the third edition'schapter formation, by thi Me&eval Academy's Ex- on computer technolory; however,this ecutive Council, of a Committee on Li- chapter'sbibliography of selectionaids is alreadyout of date, sincemost titles date from the earlyor mid-lg80s.Videorecord- ingsare only briefly addressedin the chapter on television,while ftlmstripsare qiven an entire chapter.The final two chalters in Ivledieval Studies represents a serious on fair use ol copyrightedmateriali and effort to {ind a satisfactory solution to -thepre- intellectual freedom have been updated serving medieval sources through and are excellent. coordinated efforts of medievalists and the Typographicalerrors, noted by many library community. The volume will be of reviewers of the second edition- con- some interest to preservation officers within academic research libraries. but its

thev actuallvare. ihe appiopriate audiencefor this third edition seemsto continue to be library The Muhimed.ia Library: Materials schoolsand instructional media programi, Selection and. Use. ByJames Cabece- but with reservations.Other libraria:nswill iras. 3d ed. San Diego: Academic Pr., find it of only limited use.The settingwill 1991. 3r6p. $49.95(ISBN 0-12- seem too g6neral for most individulalh- 153953-9).LC 90-29034. braries, whether school, public, or aca- It has been fourteen years since the lg78 demic. In this rapidly changingarea of publication of the'second edition of librariarship,many speciffcson changing Cabeceirass basic handbook on library ac- mediaare ilteady ouidated.This booi ii quisition and use of nonbooli rnedia.'The not recommended,-Mary Margaret IIA LRTS . 37(1) c Book Reoiews

McMinnoille, date,' and combined them into this vol-

Origitla, Content, and Future of eeCnZ Revised. Ed. by Richard P. Smiraglia. ArcTS Papers on LibrarY Technical Servicesand Collections, no. 2. Chicago: American LibrarY Assn., f992. f39p. paper, $20; ALA members, $18 (ISBN 0-8389-3405-6). ATTENTION ALL LIBRARIANS AND LIBMRY ADMINISTRATORS: ThiS

nish, French, Japanese, Korean, Malay- sian. Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, d Utd.t. Alt[ough Smiraglia and others"t have claimed that this is a new edition in the technical sense of the word, because it represents a new impression with signi{icant textual alterations, he con- cedes that Michael Gorman "has quite

Changes in AACR2 Revised" by Olivia M. A. Ma'dison. which describes the editorial revisions, the expansions ofprovisions al- in the codi, and the actual changes -pactvolume. ready In the foreword to this book, Karen between AACR2 and, AACR2R. Richard Muller, executive director of ALA's Asso- ciation for Library Collections & Technical Services (ALCTS), introduces the goals of the book when she states, "The essala in this book provide insights on how the descriptive cataloging challenges of the past have been resolved and point the way for resolvingthese futurere issues.issues... ._... IIfthe discussionsofthe past are any indicator of the major role of the Library of Congress the future, the basic principles will remain in the revision Process. the same and will be part of the cataloging Part 2 constitutes the adaptation ofthe standards continuum that is as old as our AACR2R cataloging workshops m-en- above. Olivia Madison, Ben Tucker, -profession" (p. vi). tioned In order to accomplish these goals, edi- and Edward Swanson discuss the changes tor Richard P. Smiraglia has taken the con- in Part 1, "Deseription," and Carlen tent of a program session from the 1988 Ruschoff discussesthe changes in Part 2, 'Hea&ngs, AI-A Conierence. titled "AAC&2 Revised: Uniform Titles,- and Refer- Pabt,Present and Future,- and the presen- ences." This entire section incorporates tations of a series of regional institutes, descriptions of the exact rule changes, called "AACft9 Revised: A Practical Up- co*pl"t" with excellent examples that il- LRTS . 37(1) . Book Reoiews /ll5

I rstrate the application of the changes. thought that the main entry will "wither This is not onlv valuable as a review"for awayand &sappear"(p. llS). She agrees seasoned catalogers but most useful for with GormanthatAACfi2R is the bestset students in the cataloging environment. of rules for catalogingso far but realizes "A Symposium on the Future," which that they suffer from the separation of looks speciftcally to the future ofdescrip- materialsinto outmodedmedia groupings tive cataloging and AACR, makes up Part and the enumerationof all possiblecases 3. Michael Gorman, editor of AAdR2R, for classesof data.Her advocacyof simpli- investigates "Nter AACR2R: The Future ftcation as the primary objective of code of the Anglo-American Cataloguing revision,together with the applicationof Rules." In this paper Gorman advocates a logic,consis*tency, and unifonirity, is a wel- new approach in a system possibly called comeand practical suggestion. Thomasdoes not respondto Gorman's paper, offering her own-vision of the future,which she also sees as change through evolution,not revolution.She envisiors li- brariesstill full of booksand other materials, assessmentis that such a major change is with a need for a catalogingcode of some very remote. He offers three practicaliug- hnd so thesematerials cin 5e accessed. gestions for the revision of AACFS,R (I) The true valueof thisvolume lies not in eliminate the fragmentation that AACR2R it's contribution to the catalogingworld, to carries from preiious mdes; (2) get rid o[ which it introducedAACR2R via an ALA the absurd rules governing legal materials, conferenceand regional workshops, but in music uniform titles, and the Bible; and (3) its critiqueofcurrent cataloging,its insight accommodate changes brought about by into thdfuture world of catilofrng, and"lts new technologies. assessmentof how progress, or lack Responses to Gorman's thesis are of- thereof, will seriouslyaffect acressto li- fered, together with their own views of the brary materials.It is for thesereasons that future, by Michael Carpenter, Sheila Int- I recommendthe final sectionof this book ner, Pat Thomas, Barbara Tillett, and Ar- as requted reading for all librarians and nold Wajenberg; Gorman responds briefly library administrators.-Elaine K Btst, to each. Northem lllinois Unioersity,DeKolb.

Preseroation of Library and Archioal Materials. Ed. by Fran Pflieger.Alex- andria,Va.: APPA: The Associationof Higher Education Facilities Oflicers, 199f.66p. paper,$27; APPA members $20 (rsBN 0-913359-60-2).LC 9r- 72rI4. In 1991the Associationof Higher Educa- tion Facilities Offfcers Association of Phpical Plant Administrators(APPA), in cooperationwith the Commissionon Pre- servationand Acress, conducted a seminar on library and archivalfacilities and environmental controls to which both librar-

we keep in mind a clear direction for im- people responsiblefor maintaining our provement" (p. ll7). Intner rejoices at the facilities is essential.The APPA and the 116/ LRTS . 37(1) ' Book Reoiews

Commission are to be commended for sult Lufl's Consensation Enoironment taking a step toward our better communication and cooperation. This small book serves,in effect, as the proceedings for the seminar. Versions of ieven of the papers were presented at the meeting; several other presentations are not inciuded here. The intr,oductory piece Techtwlogies in Libraries: A was written ori $rd\y for Fa.cilities Manager. Teachhtg As with the seminar, the book's in- Practical Guide, ByLinda Brew Mac- tended audience is both librarians and Donald and otheri. Professional Li- facilities managers; librarians will find braries Series.Boston: G. K' HalL f991. some new information on environmental 276p. $a.95 (ISBN 04161-1906-6); controls and facilities mixed with a familiar papir, $2+.gS (ISBN 0-8rol-19074). litanv of preservation concerns. The first LC9043579/192. thre6 papers. bv Banks and Harris, Frye, The focus and technologrof the libraryare and fikiy, disduss the library context and changing. The focus is now the user, not the value of library materials, explaining the ciilicton or the tools for accessingthe the basic sources oif deterioration of those collec'tion. Through the adoption of the in- materials and the effects of light, heat, and formation literacy goals, libraryinstruction is humidity. Current gui&lines for environ- underqoing a similar translo rmation. -- mental controls are ilescribed, and the need Teiicl i i g Techrwlo gies i n LiIt r a ri es- cap tures this Jhange in an easy-to-read and understandable"format. It iakes the instruction librarian, beginner and ad-

tenance of a properly functionirrg environmental control svstem and explain why it is so difficult to achiLve the recofrmendei

erature, with ad&tional references from the education and technologr literatures. prevention, including a strong call for the The suggested readings in gactr chapter installation of sprinkiers. The"ffnal paper is are a valuable resource for further inves- a case study in tommunication, a dialogue tigation. Also included are well-selected between Sirithsonian librarian Gwinn ind eimples of existing Programs presenting whathas been done and how it worked. The book begins with an excellent overview of the current issues and theories

munication. Given the nature of the volume, it offers litde room for in-depth treatment of mercial services.Each details how to judge the topics; while cuntaining inevitable re- their effectiveness and when and how to petitions. Those desiring to follow up with imDrove them, reminding us at the same i more detailed and concentrated intro- tinie that the tools themselves can be ex- duction to the subject are advised to con- cellent instructional resources. LR?S . 37(1) o Book Reoiews /ll7

The strengthsand weaknesses of video, chasinginformation provided.The lasttwo computer-assistedinstruction, expert sys- chaptersdeal with specialusers and future tems,and hyrertext are treatedin follow- technologies.Even though these are the weakestchapters, they do deal in broad brushstrokes with importanttopics. In summary,the bookdralvs mostlyfrom academiclibrary experience, but it shouldbe ownedby all instructionlibrariars, including technicalservic€s librarians who participate costs.Also usefulare the detailedlists of in libraryinstrucnon.--4arla l. Stoffle,Uni- authoring systemsand programs,with pur- oersity of Arizana, Tucson. n8/ Leller

From Bella HassWeinbery Professor,DM- have been orrerlooked, despite its coverage sion of Library and Information Science, St. fohn's Univenity, Jamaica,NY:

I read with interest |ane Treadwell's letter in the October l992issue ofLRTS. in which she expressed her disappointment that an article ofiers that had bi:bn published in Library 'yearslournal was not cited in the review of the work in serials.At the Ume her letter seemingly relevant article to determine appeared,I hadjust completed a paper titled whethei it was not cited in a review because "How to Make an Impact in the Field of of a format limitation, a problem with index- Library and Information Science"for presen- ing/search terminologr, or a lag in index tation at the Annual Meeting of the American coverage. Society for Information Science (ASIS). In In ricognition of the last problem, com- the paper I made the point that populariza- bined with the pressure to publish the review tion of research is essential and that an excel- issueofLR?Sin atimelyfashion,I suggestthat lent way to achieve this is to publish in -Li the authors or editor adopt a technique that bmry lu.rrnal (]ohn Berry III, Editor in is employed by the editor of the Annual Re- Chief;fLl, was a reactor to the paper at the otew 6f infoniatinn Scienceand' Technology ASIS conference.) Ms. Treadwell's ex- (A,RIST):sending out an announcement of perience, horveve6seems to provide @unter- the themes to be covered in the forthcoming evidence, i.e., becnuseher study was not pub- volume and requesting that authors of rele- lished in a "scholarly'' journal, it was not cited. vant papers submit them to the reviewers. I, tm, have noticed over the years that The'-Yeir's Work" issueof LRTS has annually relevant articles are not covered in LRTS recurring themes, so it is an easier annual reviews, even if the journals in which they review to managethan AftISI but I havenever appeared are indexed in the standard seen a solicitadon of relevant documents in sources. Mv imoression is that some re- either LRTS or the ALCTS Nat:sletter viewers go $-u!tt the core journals for the I have heard that there is a plan to split out 'The Iield that they are covering and do not do Years Work" issue of LRTS into a sepa- literature searches.A review in the fuly 1992 rate volume. If this will be sold separatelyand jssue of LftTS that supporb this impression not automatically sent to all ALCTS members, is the one on the literature of acquisitions; the I predict that the new annual reviewwill have works cited in the bibliographyderive from a far Iess readership than "The Year's Work" small number of joumals and collections. issueofLRTS. (An informalpollofASIS mem- Bradforrd's Law of Scatter suggests that the bers revealed than a tiny-percentage read literature on the topic would be dispersed in AIiISI which is also sold separately.) a laqgenumber ofjournals, and indeed, pe- The contributors to LRTS have expertise rusal of Library Literature I99I under the in the identilication and acquisition of mate- headingAcquisiilons conffrms this. rials on a topic and in the creation and search- Papers in specialized library periodicals ing-This ofcatalbgs and indexes. often seem not to be covered in "The Year's expeitise should be evident in the re- Work'issue of LRTS. For example,while a views of the literafure of technicd services.A paper that I was invited to contribute to the description of the methodolo'g employed in special religion issue of Library Acquisi- the compilation of such reviews would consti- tions: Prac'tice and Theoru was cited, many tute botll an interesting and educational com- relevant article s fromJudiica Librarianshlp ponent of these important articles. /I19

Instruclionsfor Aulhors

M,lrrluscnrpr SuBMrssroN Dictionary (New York: Random House,1991). Verify the spellingand Manuscriptsof articlesshould be sent to accuracyof all names in an appro- the editor, Richard P. Smiragli4 Palmer priate source. Consult Tlw Chicago School of Library and Information Manual of Style, LSthed., revisedand Science,Long Island University,Brook- expanded(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago ville, NY 11548;(5fO) 299-rn

the manuscript with a photocopy of balanceamong the articles publishedin each, and a brief, meaningful caption the iournalso that overthe volumeeach of noted on the verso. the sectionsof ALCTS (Acquisitions,Cat-

Enrronrel PoucY LRTSis theofftcial joumal of theAssocia- tion for Librarv Collections& Technical Services (ALCfS), a division of the Amer- ican Library Association. The following statement of editorial policy was adopted b! the ALCTS Board of Directors, July l, 1991.

PunPosE The purpose of LRTS is to support the theoreudd, intellectual, practiid, and of Directorsin 1990.

CoNrrrur The content of LRTS is to include:

1.Articles that further the advancement the same. of knowledgein the professionof collection management and develoP- ment, acquisitions,and technicalser- AUDIENcE vices by reporting the results of The audience for LRTS is practitioners, researchor other scholarlyactiviW. students. researchers. and other scholars 2. Periodic literature review e.s"yt ihut with an interest in collection development discussissues and trendsofinterest to and technical servicesand related activities the membershipof ALCTS. in all types of libraries. 3. Notes that report unique or evolving technicalprocesses. 4. Notes that report unique or evolving FnngunNcv researchmethods. LRTS is publishedquarterly, with the S.substantivebookreviewsofnewpub- volumecalendar correipondirig to the cal- lications of interest to the member- endar year. Numbers appear in ship of ALCTS. Aprirjurv' and october' January, u * fr"n[",1"1ff1J$J#:H|,;:il:ffi: Scopp LRTS is not an appropriateforum for The editor of LRTS,with the assistanceof brief reports on new products,new ser- an editorial board. strives to achieve a vices,or other current newsitems. tf Uaylord isproud to announce the introduction of severalnew productslines and a .l new 993 edition of our Archival Catalog In keepingwith the goalsof its multifacetedpreservation initiative, Caylord is working closelywith the presservationcommunity to evaluateits existingarchival line and to make changes and additions based on up-to-date practices in the field oi library and archives preservation and conservation.

I LIFECUARD'"BINDERS ln our newJanuary1993 catalog, youwill find a newline of veryhigh qualitypamphlet binders. Caylord first beganmanufacturing binders in the nineteenthcentury, and many typesand styles have come and gone since then. Our LifeCuardbinders are the finestwe have ever offered. These are constructed from suoerior, archival-qualitytan board that is lignin- and acid- freefor oermanenceand .060" thick for sturdiness The board is buffered to approximately 3% by weight with calcium carbonate,helping to ensurethat it does not become acidic over time The fabric usedfor the spinesmeets standards for C-l cloth as specifiedin ANSI129, 1-1977, American National Standard for Fabrics for Book Covers. ft has superior abrasion resistanceand tear strengthand a high threadcount that impartsa smooth,dense surface finish. We have chosena rich rustcolor to complementour tan board

I Call for your free new January1993 Archival Materialscatalog- 1.800.448.6160or write Caylord Bros.,Box 4901, Syracuse,NY 13221 .

Visit Gaylard at aur ALAbooth in frenver far demanstrations& free sarnplesof qur new praducts. I Archivallysound MYTARD. UTTRACTEAR IACKET COVERS I ArchivalQuality HANGINCFILE FOLDERS I NEW mendingtape, dust cloths, and lapanesemending papers.

We like feedback. lf you are looking for an archival-quality product and don't see it, please let us know We are interested in your ideas fot improvinB the scope and nature of our product line, and the descriptive and technical informa- The Trusted Source tion that appears in our catalog We would rather collaborate than speculate!