Archaeology Archetype and Symbol: a Jungian psychological perspective on the Neolithic archaeology of the British Isles A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities Rosemary Needham School of Arts, Languages and Cultures TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 5 Declaration 6 Chapter One Introduction to Jung 7-8 Chapter Two Jung’s Archetypal Theory 9-40 Chapter Three Reviving the Anthropomorph 41-75 Chapter Four The Spiral 76-104 Chapter Five Circumference, Circle and Centre 105-149 Conclusion 150-151 Bibliography 152-167 2 Illustrations Figure 1 Breuil’s repertoire of face motifs (Breuil, 1934) page 47 Figure 2 Piggott’s corpus of motifs (Piggott, 1954) page 48 Figure 3 Fragments of pottery from Skara Brae (Piggott, 1954 fig. 3) page 49 Figure 4 Image on stone L19 Newgrange (O’Kelly, 1982 fig 74) page 51 Figure 5 The Triskele spiral stone C10 Newgrange (O’Kelly, 1982 fig 4) page 52 Figure 6 Kerbstone 57 Newgrange (O’Riordain & Daniel, 1964 fig 35) page 55 Figure 7 Eogan’s ghostly guardian (Eogan, 1986 fig 11) page 56 Figure 8 Malekulan sand tracing of guardian ghost (Layard, 1936 fig 5) page 59 Figure 9 The Flint mace head from Knowth East (Eogan, 1986 fig x 172) page 60 Figure 10 Kerbstone 53 Dowth (O’Kelly et al, 1983) page 61 Figure 11 The Schematic Face Image, Sess Kilgreen (Eogan, 1962) page 64 Figure 12 The Clown from Fourknocks (Hartnett, 1957) page 65 Figure 13 Stone C The Calderstones (Forde-Johnston, 1957) page 67 Figure 14 Image on stone E The Calderstones (Forde-Johnston, 1957) page 68 Figure 15 Stone 6 Barclodiad Y Gawres (Powell & Daniel, 1956 fig 19) page 70 Figure 16 The Tarxien spirals (Jung 1991(b) fig 4) page 81 Figure 17 Map showing the Irish Sea megalithic tombs (O’Riordain, 1964) page 83 Figure 18 The Pillar stone at Bryn Celli Ddu photograph by the author, page 85 Figure 19 Cochlea image www.com/images/search?q=cochlea&qpvt=Cochlea&FORM=IGRE page 88 Figure 20 Replica pattern stone Bryn Celli Ddu photograph by the author page 88 Figure 21 The cattlefield stone Bryn Celli Wen photograph by the author page 90 Figure 22 The spiral Bryn Celli Ddu photograph by the author page 93 Figure 23 Stone 6 Barclodiad Y Gawres photograph by the author page 95 Figure 24 Tibetan Buddhist mandela (Jung, 1991(b) fig 1) page109 Figure 25 Jung’s patient’s mandela (Jung, 1991(b) fig 16) page 111 Figure 26 Jung’s patient’s mandela (Jung, 1991(b) fig 15) page 112 Figure 27 Jung’s patient’s mandela (Jung, 1991(b) fig 17) page 113 Figure 28 Young Boy’s mandela (Jung, 1991(b) fig 33) page 115 Figure 29 Star mandela (Jung, 1991(b) fig 29) page 116 Figure 30 Decoration on roof box Newgrange (O’Kelly, 1982 fig 52) page 120 Figure 31 Kerbstone 13 Newgrange (O’Kelly,1982 fig 29) page 122 Figure 32 Kerbstone 6 Newgrange (O’Kelly 1982 fig 69) page 123 3 Figure 33 Kerbstone 18 Newgrange (O’Kelly, 1982 fig 70) page 123 Figure 34 Kerbstones from Knowth (O’Riordain, 1964 fig 17) page 127 Figure 35 Loose stone cairn I Loughcrew (Twohig,1981 fig 217) page 129 Figure 36 Roof stone R2 cairn I Loughcrew (Twohig,1981 fig 217) page 130 Figure 37 Decorated stone in western side chamber cairn T Loughcrew (O’Riordain,1964 fig 56) page132 Figure 38 Decorated stone in western side chamber cairn T Loughcrew (O’Riordain,1964 fig 57) page 133 Word Count 49,744 4 ABSTRACT While the advent of modern technologies has increased our understanding of the physicality of prehistoric artefacts for instance their place and method of manufacture and has helped to establish more precise chronologies, the actual meanings tend to elude us. It is in this connection that the insights derived from the work of C. G, Jung could help to shed light on the significance of some of these objects and the practices with which they are associated. One worthwhile line of enquiry entails a more personal approach based on some psychological perspectives from the work of C.G. Jung. It was Jung who emphasised that the scientific rationalist perspective of modernity is just another paradigm and by no means the only way of understanding the world. Another of his important insights was to search for meaning in all human behaviour no matter how bizarre or senseless it might appear. As well as being a modern discipline, Jung’s work can I believe be extrapolated back to the past as he himself stated that some of his insights could be usefully applied to past objects and situations (Jung 1986:5). The problems involved in attempting an analysis of meaning from a period from which no literary evidence survives was one rejected as impossible, (Renfrew & Zubrow 2000) but this problem can be redressed by the application of Jung’s collective unconscious a concept concerned with recurrent patterns in human behaviour. In his view, studies based on an isolated individual are inadequate. Moreover, with regard to the Neolithic period where no written records are extant, it is virtually impossible to reconstruct such detailed information at this level. The following quotation underlines the importance Jung attached to this interpretation:- “Therapy stands or falls with the question. “What sort of world does our patient come from and to what sort of world does he have to adapt? The world is a supra-personal fact, which only deals with the personal element in man. Man is also a part of the world, inextricably involved, he carried the world in himself, something at the same time, impersonal and supra-personal (Jung 1946:30). 5 DECLARATION I declare that no portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning COPYRIGHT STATTEMENT i The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and she has given the University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright including for administrative purposes. ii Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. 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Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/ or Reproductions. iv Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocuInfo.aspx?DocID=487), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library’s regulations seehttp://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations in The University’s policy on Presentation of Theses. 6 CHAPTER ONE Introduction to Jung The use of Jung in theoretical papers has not been a popular choice among academics suspicious of his interest in the unconscious and the subjective nature of his work. Research has generally been confined to Freudian theories when employing a psychoanalytical approach to archaeological material. However, it is my belief that these criticisms are due to an apparent misunderstanding of Jung’s work and an over- simplification of the underlying concepts, which are admittedly not always easy to tease out from his writings. The problem that I am attempting to address in this thesis is the virtual absence of any approaches dealing with the existence of emotion and the psychological motivation for certain acts and the use of particular materials in the Neolithic period. What did these actually mean to people and what were the effects outwards and unconscious that this material would have elicited. Much attention has been accorded to perspectives based on philosophical theories, (Tilley 1994) with reference to Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology on the Phenomenology of monuments and the surrounding landscapes and (Thomas 1991) based on the existentialist ideas of Heidegger. It is my belief that an approach based on psychoanalytical theory would produce a new perspective with which to examine the extant archaeological material. This thesis will borrow extensively from Jung’s work on the archetypes and symbols to offer a psychological interpretation of sites from the British Neolithic period, concentrating on their emotional impact and ritual significance. Of necessity, the data is limited to what is available in the archaeological record and inevitably this will involve a more subjective approach but at the same time it is my belief that this will help in the understanding of why people from this era performed apparently irrational acts and the possible role of the unconscious forces underpinning them. These issues will be explored by taking three themes based on Jung’s research and employing them to address these problems by applying them to sites in Great Britain 7 and Ireland dating from the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age period.