TAB

Public Disclosure Authorized MUGLA MUNICIPALITY Seyh Mahallesi Belediye Sokak MUGLA Phone : +90 (252) 214 1846 Fax : +90 (252) 212 0718

Public Disclosure Authorized MUGLA MUNICIPALITY

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized REPORT

DOKAY-ÇED Environmental Engineering Ltd. Co. Public Disclosure Authorized Öveçler Kabil Caddesi 140/A 06460 Çankaya-ANKARA Phone: +90 312 475 7131 - Fax: +90 312 475 7130 www.dokay.info.tr

2013

ANKARA Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Project’s Owner: MUGLA MUNICIPALITY

Address : Seyh Mahallesi Belediye Sokak / MUGLA

Phone : +90 (252) 214 1846

Fax : +90 (252) 212 0718

Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Name of the Project : Plant Project

Project Value: 10,000,000 €

Mugla Province, Merkez District, Hamursuz Project Location: Hill

Station of the Project Project is within the scope of Annex-1 List of within the Scope of EIA EIA Regulation published on 16.12.2003 in Regulation (Sector, the Official Gazette No:25318. (Infrastructure, subsector) Wastewater Treatment Plant)

Name of the Organization/Working DOKAY-CED Environmental Engineering Ltd. Group Prepared the Co. PIF/EIA Report/Final EIA Report

Address, Phone, Fax of the Ata Mah. Kabil Caddesi No:140/A 06460 Organization/Working Çankaya / ANKARA Group Prepared the Tel: +90 (312) 475 7131 PIF/EIA Report/Final EIA Fax: +90 (312) 475 7130 Report

i Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Presentation Date of PIF/EIA Report/Final EIA MARCH 2012 Report (Day, Month, Year)

ii Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impact Assessment Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of Contents iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi Abbreviations vii

1. BRIEF NOTE 1

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 9

3.1. NATIONAL STANDARDS 9 3.2. INTERNATIONAL CRITERIA 10

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 12

4.1. PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS 12 4.1.1. CURRENT SITUATION 12 4.1.2. WORKFLOW DIAGRAM 12 4.1.3. POPULATION PROJECTIONS 16 4.1.4. AMOUNT OF WASTEWATER TO BE USED FOR THE DESIGN OF THE WWTP 18 4.1.5. TECHNOLOGY 19 4.1.6. PERSONNEL 33 4.1.7. SETTLEMENT OF TEMPORARY PERSONNEL 33 4.1.8. TYPE AND NUMBER OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINES TO BE USED 33 4.2. UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES (LAND AND WATER UTILIZATION, TYPE OF ENERGY UTILIZED ETC.) 34 4.2.1. LAND USE 34 4.2.2. WATER UTILIZATION 34 4.2.3. ENERGY UTILIZATION 34 4.3. PROJECT SITE 34 4.4. GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 37 4.4.1. GENERAL GEOLOGY 37 4.4.2. LOCAL GEOLOGY 43 4.4.3. TECTONICS 45 4.4.4. HYDROGEOLOGY 45 4.4.5. SEISMICITY 46 4.4.6. NATURAL DISASTERS 47 4.5. CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION 47 4.5.1. PRECIPITATION 48 4.5.2. TEMPERATURE 49

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4.5.3. WIND 49 4.6. GEOGROPHIC CONDITIONS 50 4.6.1. TOPOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE 50 4.6.2. WATER RESOURCES 50 4.6.3. SOIL CONDITION 50 4.7. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS 51 4.7.1. POPULATION 51 4.7.2. POPULATION GROWTH RATE 51 4.7.3. EDUCATION 51 4.7.4. TRANSPORTATION 52 4.7.5. HEALTH SERVICES 52 4.8. ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTCIS 53 4.9. ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 54

5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 60

5.1. LIQUID WASTES 60 5.1.1. DOMESTIC WASTEWATER 60 5.1.2. RAIN WATER 61 5.1.3. FILTRATE WATER 61 5.2. SOLID WASTE 61 5.2.1. DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 61 5.2.2. CONSTRUCTION WASTE 61 5.2.3. EXCAVATION EARTH 61 5.2.4. SLUDGE 62 5.3. HAZARDOUS WASTE 62 5.3.1. WASTE OIL 62 5.3.2. MEDICAL WASTE 62 5.3.3. WASTE BATTERIES AND ACCUMULATORS 62 5.4. AIR EMISSIONS 63 5.4.1. GASEOUS EMISSIONS 63 5.4.2. DUST EMISSIONS 63 5.5. ODOR 65 5.6. NOISE 65 5.7. ACCIDDENT RISK DUE TO TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS USED 69

6. MITIGATION MEASURES 71

6.1. LIQUID WASTES 71 6.1.1. DOMESTIC WASTEWATER 71 6.1.2. RAIN WATER 71 6.1.3. FILTRATE WATER 72 6.2. SOLID WASTE 72 6.2.1. DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE 72

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6.2.2. EXCAVATION 72 6.2.3. WASTE SLUDGE 72 6.2.4. WASTE OIL 74 6.2.5. WASTE BATTERIES AND ACCUMULATORS 74 6.3. AIR EMISSIONS 74 6.4. ODOR 76 6.5. NOISE 76

7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 78

7.1. TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES 78 7.2. OTHER ALTERNATIVES 79

8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 81

8.1. INTRODUCTION 81 8.2. RESPONSIBLE PARTIES 82 8.3. MITIGATION MEASURES 83 8.3.1. CONSTRUCTION PHASE 83 8.3.2. OPERATIONAL PHASE 83 8.4. MONITORING PLAN 87 8.4.1. CONSTRUCTION PHASE 88 8.4.2. OPERATIONAL PHASE 88 8.5. INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING 93 8.5.1. EQUIPMENT PURCHASE 93 8.5.2. TRAINING 93 8.5.3. CONSULTANCY SERVICES, 94 8.5.4. PUBLIC RELATIONS 94 8.5.5. SPECIAL STUDIES 95 8.6. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 95 8.6.1. CONSTRUCTIONAL PHASE 95 8.6.2. OPERATIONAL PHASE 97 8.7. CONSULTATION WITH NGO’S AND PROJECT-AFFECTED GROUPS 97 8.7.1. CONSTRUCTION PHASE 97 8.7.2. OPERATIONAL PHASE 97

9. REFERENCES 99

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX-A SUMMARY OF PROJECT RELATED TURKISH LEGISLATION APPENDIX-B FLOWCHART OF SELECTED WWTP AND ALTERNATIVE PROCESS APPENDIX -C GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE PROJECT SITE APPENDIX–D LONG TERM METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS OF MUGLA PROVINCE APPENDIX -E FLORA INVENTORY APPENDIX -F FAUNA INVENTORY APPENDIX–G PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETINGS APPENDIX–H TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVORONMENTAL STUDIES ON DISCHARGE OF TREATED WASTEWATER OF MUGLA WWTP

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Discharge Standards ...... 11 Table 2. Distribution of Population in the City Center ...... 16 Table 3. Population Projections ...... 17 Table 4. Population Projection for Adjacent Residential Areas based upon second-degree regression method presented in Table 3 ...... 17 Table 5. Total Population of Muğla Province ...... 18 Table 6. Per Capita Wastewater Flow Data Used in Design...... 19 Table 7. Characteristics of Project Units ...... 21 Table 8. Flow Data and Pollutant Parameters Used in Design ...... 23 Table 9. Discharge Criteria ...... 24 Table 10. Number of Employees of the Operational Phase ...... 33 Table 11. Machinery to be Used at Construction Phase ...... 33 Table 12. Coordinates of the Project Site ...... 37 Table 13. Information on Foundation Drilling Wells ...... 43 Table 14. Mugla Meteorological Station ...... 48 Table 15. Season-based Average Annual Precipitation Data ...... 49 Table 16. Population Distribution of Muğla and the Central District ...... 51 Table 17. Population Densities of Muğla and the Central District ...... 51 Table 18. Distribution of Education Institutions with respect to Grade ...... 52 Table 19. Health Institutions in the City Center ...... 53 Table 20. Specie of Mammals ...... 58 Table 21. Water Consumption Data ...... 60 Table 22. Emission Factors to be Used for Dust Calculations ...... 64

Table 23. Construction Machinery and Equipment and Their Sound Power Levels (Lw) ...66 Table 24. Noise Distribution with respect to Distance...... 67 Table 25. Limit Values for Environmental Noise (Table 5 of annex VIII of the RAMEN) ...68 Table 26. Expenses Associated with Pumping of Effluent to the Outside of the Basin .....78 Table 27. Potential Environmental Impacts of the Project and Mitigation Measures...... 85 Table 28. Monitoring Plan ...... 89 Table 29. Discharge Site Water Quality/Quantity Monitoring Plan ...... 92 Table 30. Task Distribution related to the construction phase EMP requirements ...... 96

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 View from Existing Disposal Site-I ...... 6 Figure 2 View from Existing Disposal Site-II ...... 6 Figure 3 View from Existing Disposal Site after the Site Arrangements-I...... 7 Figure 4 View from Existing Disposal Site after the Site Arrangements-II ...... 7 Figure 5. Workflow Diagram for the WWTP ...... 14 Figure 6. Implementation Plan ...... 15 Figure 7. General View of Cogeneration System ...... 28 Figure 8. A View from the Abandoned Sand and Gravel Quarry Area...... 29 Figure 9. Excavations at the Abandoned Sand and Gravel Quarry Area ...... 30 Figure 10 Project Location ...... 35 Figure 11 Satellite View of the Project Site ...... 35 Figure 12. Borders of the Project Site ...... 36 Figure 13. Geological Cross-Section ...... 39 Figure 14. Generalized Stratigraphic Cross-sectional View of Allochthon Deposit ...... 42 Figure 15. Earthquake Map of Mugla Province ...... 46 Figure 16. Active Fault Map ...... 47 Figure 17. Monthly Precipitation ...... 48 Figure 18. Monthly Temperature Data of Muğla Meteorological Station (1975-2005) ...... 49 Figure 19. Biodiversity Hotspot Map of Project Site ...... 54 Figure 20. Global 200 Ecoregion Map of Project Site ...... 55 Figure 21. Vegetation in Muğla and the Project Site ...... 57 Figure 22. Map of Hunting Zones in Mugla Province ...... 59 Figure 23. Noise Distribution with respect to Distance ...... 67 Figure 24. Pumping the Effluent to the Outside of the Basin ...... 80

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ABBREVIATIONS

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CHP Combined Heat and Power dBA A-weighted decibels DOKAY DOKAY Engineering and Consultancy Ltd. E East EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ERP Emergency Response Plan h Hour HWCR Hazardous Waste Control Regulation IB Iller Bank IFC International Finance Corporation km2 Kilometer square kWth Kilowatt Thermal kWel Kilowatt Electric L Liter LW Sound Power Levels m3 Metercube MB Modified Bardenpho Process mbar Millibar mL Milliliter MUNICIPALITY Project Owner N North NGO Non-Governmental Organizations Nm3 Normal Metercube PIF Project Introduction File PROJECT Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project

Q37 Minimum flowrate for the design of wastewater treatment plant

Q24 Average flowrate for the design of wastewater treatment plant

Q14 Design flowrate for the design of wastewater treatment plant

Q12 Maximum flowrate of wastewater treatment plant

Qinf Infiltration flowrate that leaks from groundwater into sewer pipes RAMEN Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise RCAPOIE Regulation on Control of Air Pollution Originating from Industrial Establishments S South SHW State Hydraulic Works SPCR Soil Pollution Control Regulation SS Suspended Solids SSK Social Security Institution SWCR Solid Waste Control Regulation

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USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency W West WB World Bank WPCR Water Pollution Control Regulation WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant Project

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1. BRIEF NOTE

Iller Bank (IB) has received credit from the World Bank (WB) to support environmental investments within the scope of “Municipal Service Project” through the process of Turkey’s accession to the European Union. The IB is supposed to use this credit on drinking water, wastewater and solid waste investments of the municipalities.

The Project Owner (MUNICIPALITY) has signed a protocol with the IB and “Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Project” (PROJECT) is developed by Temelsu-Dornier Schneider Common Initiative in order to solve the wastewater handling problem of Mugla Province.

As stated in Item 7 of Annex-II of old Turkish EIA Regulation (Official Gazette dated December 16, 2003 and numbered 25318) a Project Introduction File1 (PIF) was prepared by DOKAY Engineering and Consultancy Ltd. (DOKAY) for the PROJECT and submitted to the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry of Mugla2. After being reviewed by the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry of Mugla, DOKAY had reviesd the PIF in accordance with their comments. After the revision the report was finalized and Provincial Directorate gave the decision “EIA not required” on 28th of January, 2008, which means that all the impact assessment done in the PIF phase was enough to evaluate the PROJECT and any further impact assessment studies were not required.

The PIF was about the wastewater treatment plant of Mugla Municipality. In Mugla Province wastewater had been collected in leaching septic tanks. However, the wastewater amount has started to increase with increasing population, many overflowing incidents in septic systems had been experienced especially in lowlands of city center. This could be a potential danger for the environment and public health since wastewater overflowing from the septic tanks pollutes soil and groundwater resources as well as it causes odor problem. In the PIF Report, potential environmental impacts that can arise from the construction and operation periods are also presented and submitted on November, 2008. Report enclosed as well as the mitigation measures that should be taken to remove or minimize these environmental impacts. These measures were determined considering both the WB’s criteria and the national legislation. The socio- economic status and the characteristics of Project Site are also considered in this report. Moreover, a detailed EMP (including a mitigation plan and a monitoring plan) was prepared within the EIA report as the project was “category A’ according to WB OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment). Two public consultation meetings were held by

1 Turkish Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation was revised in July 17, 2008. According Annex I of new EIA regulation which presents a list of the project that requires the preparation of an EIA Report, the wastewater treatment plants having a capacity more that 30,000 m3/day requires an EIA Report. It should be noted that, the EIA procedure of the PROJECT was completed before the revision of the EIA Regulation.

2 T.C.Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU) has been established by the Decree Law published on repeated Official Gazete No.27984 dated 04.07.2011. Duties and responsibilities of Ministry of Environment and Forestry and Provincial Directorates of Environment and Forestry on environmental management and planning have been transferred to MoEU and its related directorates.

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MUNICIPALITY at the city center of Mugla Province to introduce the PROJECT to the local people and take opinions of representatives of the NGO’s.

After all the necessarry procedure has been followed and completed, according to request of WB, discharge alternatives of treated wastewater of Muğla WWTP were re-evaluated by the Consultant (Temelsu) and a short report was prepared named as “Technical, Economical And Environmental Studies on Dıscharge Of Treated Wastewater of Mugla WWTP” (see Appendix-H). On 26 and 28th of September 2011, a meeting was held in Muğla with the participation of World Bank, İller Bank, Muğla Municipality, Consultant, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization3 (MoEU), Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization4 and Regional and Provincial Directorates of State Hydraulic Works. Based on the Report, discharge system of Muğla WWTP is discussed in the meetings and discharging treated wastewater to the old quarry (which was approved from the Provincial Environmental Directorate of Mugla in 2008 through the PIF prepared) was confirmed as the solution for discharge. This revised EIA report is prepared upon the request of World Bank in order to make necessary amendments and designs of the discharge alternative, based on the proposed and accepted solution.

3 Formerly known as Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 4 Formerly known as Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry.

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2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

As accepted in 2008 and re-accepted in 2011, an abandoned sand and gravel quarry will be used as “Disposal Site” of the treated wastewater of Muğla WWTP. Disposal site exists inside of Karabağlar Plain and it is in 2.0 km distance to Düğerek town and 5.0 km distance to Muğla city. Treated wastewater, discharged to Disposal Site, will be infiltrated, evaporated and used for other purposes like irrigation of forestry areas and green areas. Treated wastewater will be monitored monthly as described in Table 29.

Upon the request of World Bank in order to make necessary amendments and designs, based on the proposed and accepted solution, some investigations were made inside of Disposal Site up to now. In 2009 Contractor of WWTP carried out drilling studies and some permeability coefficients are found. In 2011, Prof. Serdar Bayarı, the Consultant of World Bank carried out another hydro-geological investigation and new permeability coefficients are found. According to the technical studies it was concluded that the quarry will have adequate infiltration capacity (when a portion of the discharged wastewater is also used for irrigation purposes in forest and parks/gardens). Detailed information on the selection of quarry as the discharge site is provided below:

Different alternatives for discharging treated wastewater of Muğla WWTP were evaluated for this project since 2005. In 2005, in Feasibility Study different alternatives which were suggesting pumping the effluent outside of the catchment area were evaluated. However, the results showed that due to the high operational costs these alternatives will not be feasible.After that feasibility study, in 2008 during the preparation of the PIF, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) permitted for infiltration, evaporation and storage of treated wastewater in proposed abandoned sand and gravel quarry on the Yaraş Road. PIF was prepared in line with that discharge option and approved by Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry (PDoEF).

In 2011, another study was carried out and new alternatives were evaluated upon the request of World Bank to confirm if the selected discharge option, which is discharging to the quarry is technically, environmentally and economically feasible as a long term solution. These altenatives are:

 Alternative 1: Pumping of treated wastewater from WWTP to downstream location of Ula Irrigation Reservoir at Ula Creek in the neighbouring catchment area, which connects to Gökova Bay.

 Alternative 1a: A route following Muğla-Ula-Akyaka Road.

 Alternative 1b: A route following Muğla Plain and hills at southern part of Yeniköy settlement area.

 Alternative 2: Pumping of treated wastewater from WWTP to Kızılağaç Branch of Ula Creek.

 Alternative 3: Lining of discharge site and pumping of treated wastewater to the forestry areas.

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 Alternative 4: Percolation of treated wastewater to underground at discharge site and pumping the rest amount to the forestry areas.

After evaluating all alternatives, Alternative 4 was proposed to be most feasible solution for Muğla Municipality from initial investment and yearly operational costs point of views. Alternative 4 has also matched with the proposed solution in Approved Project Introduction File. Details of the selection of Alternative 4 is provided in Appendix H.

One of the important decisions made during the meeting, held in Muğla on September 2011, was to divide Discharge Site into cells and operate it with short term and long term operation approaches. Short term period operation shall also be used for monitoring percolation capacity and slope stability of the site. The slopes of the side walls in the disposal are thought as unstable after filling the disposal site with treated wastewater. Within this scope, slope stability analysis was made slope stability analysis was also performed by the Consultant and best option was recommended in order to minimize the risks around the Disposal Site. Details of the slope stability analysis can be seen in Annex-3 of Appendix H. It was advised that into each cell some fine and coarse material would be spreaded in order to long- term use of the infiltration capacity of the site. When the treated wastewater was directed to another cell, fine and coarse material in the used cell would be collected and disposed. Before the new turn, new fine and coarse material would be spreaded to the cell. Before starting discharge, stability of the slopes would be formed.

Operation of disposal site was divided into two parts, which are:

 Short-term operation period – Pilot cells (2012-2013): In this period, two cells with minimum elevation, which are in the closest location to discharge structure, will be used. Total volume of these cells is approximately 60,000 m3. Water will be risen up to 618 m in the cells. Infiltration capacity of the treated wastewater will be monitored during the pilot cells operation and necessary actions will be taken for the final discharge system. Treated wastewater will be diverted to the cell, which is under operation. During the short-term operation period, water level will be measured periodically at the discharge location. If the water exceeds the desired level, rock filling shall be necessary at the slope bottom of critical places such as concrete plant location. This implementation is possible according to to civil works and it shall not affect the capacity of the discharge area. Water level will be monitored monthly at the disposal site (see Table 29). In November-December 2011 period Muğla Municipality performed excavation and site arrangement works inside of discharge site in order to prepare short term operation cells, which are designed by the Consultant.

 Long-term operation period - (2014-2040): In this period, disposal site will be divided into 2 big cells and all of the disposal site will be used according to experiences obtained from the short-term operation period. Total volume of the sites is approximately 370,000 m3. Water will be risen up to 627.50 m in the cells.

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Based on the slope stability analysis, the solutions for the long term slope stability are as follows:.

- Alternative 1 Doing nothing except expropriation of risky areas around the top of the slopes. In this alternative, approximately 50 m land from each side will be expropriated and slopes will be formed naturally by sliding of the earth from top to bottom. Expropriation distance was determined by adding 20 m to natural slide distances from each side in order to be at safe side. Rock filling at the slope bottom will prevent the water level exceedance.

- Alternative 2 Making of buttress at the slope toe and excavation of slopes to an angle of 1H:1V or 3H:2V, where required

- Alternative 3 Excavation of slopes of all discharge site to an angle of 3H:2V with one berm

For all alternatives rough cost estimations are prepared and presented below:

Alternative 1: The unit cost of rock fill with the required geometry and including transportation is 20.71 Euro/m3 and total estimated amount is 90,750 Euro for approximately 4,382 m3 volume, required for short-term operation period. According to calculations, extra area to be expropriated is around 51,000 m2. Cost of land per m2 is 0.8 Euro as a rough estimation. Therefore extra cost for expropriation is approximately 40,800 Euro. Total amount for Alternative 1 is approximately 142,500 Euro including fencing and replacement of village road. Alternative 2: The unit cost of rock fill with the required geometry and including transportation is 20.71 Euro/m3 and total estimated amount is 369,675 Euro for approximately 17,850 m3 volume, required for long- term operation period. The cost of excavation including transportation is 2.83 Euro/m3 and total excavation amount is around 245,000 m3 and costs to 693,840 Euro. Total amount for Alternative 2 is approximately 1,112,850 Euro including expropriation, fencing and replacement of village road. Alternative 3: The unit cost of rock fill with the required geometry and including transportation is 20.71 Euro/m3 and total estimated amount is 90,750 Euro for approximately 4,382 m3 volume, required for short-term operation period. The cost of excavation including transportation is 2.83 Euro/m3 and total excavation amount is around 325,000 m3 and costs to 919,750 Euro. Total amount for Alternative 3 is approximately 1,065,250 Euro including expropriation, fencing and replacement of village road.

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From the alternatives, Alternative 1 was selected by Muğla Municipality and applied.

After the completion of the short term period cells, Muğla Municipality has started trial operation of the WWTP on 06.02.2012. Some views, of initial and final condition of the Site, can be seen below (Figures 1-4). At the same time, Muğla Municipality shall be tendered fencing of the discharge site in June 2012 in order to eliminate potential risks.

Figure 1 View from Existing Disposal Site-I

Figure 2 View from Existing Disposal Site-II

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Figure 3 View from Existing Disposal Site after the Site Arrangements-I

Figure 4 View from Existing Disposal Site after the Site Arrangements-II

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After that, wastewater service connections, on the other hand, were started by Muğla Municipality on 01.12.2011.

Within the scope of monitoring and evaluation studies water samples would be taken by Muğla Municipality in order to establish database for future evaluations. For this purpose, 5 wells were determined by the Consultant and Bank of Provinces. The places of the monitoring wells can be seen in Annex 6.1. of Appendix H. First samples were taken from these locations in October 2011 and it will continue quarterly (see Table 29). All samples were taken by Muğla Municipality and analyzed by Public Health Laboratory in Muğla. All samples were analysed according to “TS 266-Water Intended for Human Consumption Standard” and “Regulation Concerning Water Intended for Human Consumption”. Analysis results can be seen in Appendix-I Well Water Analysis. While considering the analyses results, it has been seen that nearly all chemical and indicator parameter results are under the limit values in the standard and regulation. Only nickel value in the well No:1 and turbidity value in the well No:2 are higher than limit values.

In the terms of microbiological parameters; enterococcus, escherichia coli, fecal coliform and total coliform values in the well No:1 are higher than limit values. In the both of wells, number of pseudomonas aeruginosa, total number of bacteria (at 22 C) and total number of bacteria (at 37 C) are higher than 0 (zero). According to the analysis results it can be said that water in the wells can not be drunk. That is why; necessary precautions and implementations should be put in force by Muğla Municipality to ensure that people living in the Muğla plain do not drink well water.

According to the monitoring plan, submitted in Chapter 8. Environmental Management Plan, sampling shall be done by Muğla Municipality four times in a year and will be continued during whole operation period and all results shall be submitted to İller Bank.

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3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1. NATIONAL STANDARDS

Project specific environmental standards for the PROJECT are determined by national legislation.

The national laws and regulations to be complied with during implementation of the PROJECT is given below. In addition, Appendix-A presents the summary of these regulations and national limit values to be complied with.

 Environmental Law no. 2872  Labor Law no. 4857  Municipality Law no. 5215  Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (Official Gazette dated March 7, 2008 and numbered 26809)  Solid Waste Control Regulation (Official Gazette dated March 14, 1991 and numbered 20814)  Regulation on Environmental Audit (Official Gazette dated November 2, 2008 and numbered 27061)  Regulation on the Septic Tanks that will be Constructed where Sewer System Construction is not Applicable (Official Gazette dated March 13, 1971 and numbered 13783)  Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation (Official Gazette dated July 17, 2008 and numbered 26939)  Regulation on the Control of Air Pollution Originating from Industrial Establishments (Official Gazette dated July 22, 2006 and numbered 26236)  Regulation on Potable Waters (Official Gazette dated February 17, 2005 and numbered 25730)  Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety (Official Gazette dated December 9, 2003 and numbered 25311)  Guidelines on Worker Health and Safety on Constructive Works (Official Gazette dated September 12, 1974 and numbered 15004.)  Regulation on Control of Waste Oil (Official Gazette dated July 30, 2008 and numbered 26952)  Regulation on Control of Excavation Material, Construction and Demolition Wastes (Official Gazette dated March 18, 2004 and numbered 25406)  Regulation on Control of Air Pollution Originating from Industrial Establishments (Official Gazette dated July 3, 2009 and numbered 27277)  Water Pollution Control Regulation (Official Gazette dated December 31, 2004 and numbered 25687)  Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes (Official Gazette dated March 14, 2005 and numbered 25755)

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 Regulation on Soil Pollution Control (Official Gazette dated May 31, 2005 and numbered 25831)  Regulation on Control of Packaging Materials (Official Gazette dated August 24, 2011 and numbered 28035)  Regulation on Control of Waste Batteries and Accumulators (Official Gazette dated August 31, 2004 and numbered 25569)  Regulation on Structures Constructed at Disaster Areas (Official Gazette dated July 14, 2007 and numbered 26582)  Regulation on Protection of Buildings Against Fire (Official Gazette dated July 26, 2002 and numbered 24822)  Vibration Regulation (Official Gazette dated December 23, 2003 and numbered 25325)  Noise Regulation (Official Gazette dated December 23, 2003 and numbered 235325)  Regulation on Urban Wastewater Treatment (Official Gazette dated January 8, 2006 and numbered 26047)  Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety (Official Gazette dated December 9, 2003 and numbered 25311)  Guidelines on Worker Health and Occupational Safety (Official Gazette dated January 11, 1974 and numbered 14765)

3.2. INTERNATIONAL CRITERIA

Since the PROJECT is financed with the credit supplied by the WB to the IB, environmental criteria of the WB5 shall be considered together with the Performance Standards assigned by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in April 2007. However, since it is obligatory to conduct a project complying with Turkish Environmental Legislation, PROJECT specific environmental standards will mostly be determined by the national legislation. In this respect, as a first step of the PROJECT development, a Project Introduction File that is required by the Turkish MoEF was prepared and approved by the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization of Mugla.

Table 1 presents the national and international discharge standards to be applied in this design of WWTP.

5 “Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook”, published by the WB in 1998, was considered in this respect. Items in the Handbook encourages the protection human health, reduction of pollutant emissions, use of cost-effective technologies, compliance to the national and international legislation updates and the application of best engineering and environmental management practices.

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Table 1. Discharge Standards Organization Discharge Standards Turkish Urban Wastewater Treatment EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation Directive pH - - COD 125 125

BOD5 25 25 Suspended Solids 35 35 P * 1 1 N * 10 10 *for sensitive areas

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4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1. PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS

4.1.1. Current Situation

Since there is no present sewage network in the city center, wastewater disposal is achieved by septic systems. Since soil permeability is high, leaking septic tanks are in use. Even in some residences, wastewater is illegally discharged to streams.

Increasing urban population results in an increase in number of multi-storey buildings, and thus overflow from septic tanks is frequently observed. This is an unfavorablesituation for inhabitants. Leakage from septic tanks results in soil and groundwater pollution besides odor problems at the city. Moreover, water leaking to groundwater table has the potential to reach to drinking water resources and Gokova Bay.

Not only the collection but also the treatment of wastewater is a problematic issue. Conditioning with lime has been applied to a flow of 400-500 m3/day in a simple WWTP since middle of 2005.

4.1.2. Workflow Diagram

As stated in the feasibility report compiled by the Temelsu-Dornier Schneider Common Initiative, Audit Services Contraction File for the WWTP will be prepared within 2007 together with the Conceptual Project will be completed. Construction and start-up of the WWTP will be completed within two years, between 2008 and 2010. Discharge facility which is the collection of treated wastewater in treated wastewater storage reservoir will be carried out in 2010.

Construction of the WWTP has been planned to be completed in two stages. First stage will handle population and pollution load by year 2022, and second stage will be designed according to 2042 values.

These two stages will have a compact layout as the lines will be parallel to each other. This will lead to;

 enlargement of the WWTP in a more economical and practical way,  less land allocation by the PROJECT units,  less hydraulic losses,  flexible operational opportunities.

Workflow diagram of the PROJECT is given in Figure 5.

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Also, Muğla Municipality should perform some actions within short time for securing the treated wastewater disposal system and operating it long-term period without any problem. These actions and proposed implementation plan is explained below.

 Expropriation of excess required lands near disposal site: In order to secure the stability of slopes approximately 5.1 ha lands should be expropriated by Municipality at latest in the first half of 2012.

 Construction of green area irrigation pipes within the city centre: In order to effective use of the capacity of the irrigation pumps in WWTP and decrease the load of Disposal Site, additional pipes should be constructed by Municipality. It will start with the beginning of 2012 with GEKA grant and constructions should be completed at the end of 2014.

 Construction of forestry area irrigation pipes up to the permitted location: In order to long-term use of the Disposal Site, additional pipes should be constructed by Municipality up to the forestry area, which will be permitted by Regional Directorate of Forestry. Necessary steps are foreseen as follows:

- Getting permission from related authority: Up to March 2012

- Design and tender processes: April 2012-April 2013

- Construction period: April 2013- June 2014

Detailed implementation plan is submitted in Figure 6.

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MUGLA WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - WORK PROGRAM

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Construction Phase (24 months) ♦ Wastewater Treatment Plant ● Mobilization of the Contractor ● Control and Approval of Final Project ● Construction Works -Site Preparation and Excavation Works -Pumping Station, Screens, Sand -Primary Sedimentation Tank -Aeration Tank, Blower -Secondary Sedimentation Tank -Collection and Distribution Sytems, watch , flowmeter -Digester -Recycle and Excess Sludge Pumping Station and Outlet Pumping Station -Cogeneration Building, Gas Storage -Sludge Treatment, Dewatering and Storage Yards -Chlorination unit, other pumping station -Administrative building, workshop and other auxillary units -Roads, landscaping ● Mechanical Works ● Electrical Works ● Provisional Acceptance, Tests and Start-Up ● Defect Liability Period and Final Acceptance Figure 5. Workflow Diagram for the WWTP

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IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

2011 2012 2013 2014 No. Activity Responsible 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Short-Term Operation of Disposal Site 1 Arrangement of Disposal Site Muğla Mun. X Short-term Operation Of Disposal Site X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 Connnection of Service Connections Muğla Mun. X X X X 3 Trial Operation Period of WWTP Contractor X X X X X X Long-Term Operation oF Disposal Site Expropriation of Required Additional Lands X X X X X X X X X X X X 4 Muğla Mun. Arrangement of Disposal Site X X X X X X X X X X X X Long-term Operation Of Disposal Site X X X X X X X X X X X X Construction of Green Area Irrigation Pipes 5 With GEKA Grants Muğla Mun. X X X X X X X X X X X X With Municipality Budget X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Irrigation of Forestry Areas Getting Permission from Related Authority X X X 6 Muğla Mun. Design and Tender Stage X X X X X X X X X X X X Constructions X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Figure 6. Implementation Plan

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4.1.3. Population Projections

Population of Mugla increased four times whereas population of Turkey increased five times within last 73 between 1927 and 2000

Population in the city center is given with populations of sub and top governmental units in Table 2.

Table 2. Distribution of Population in the City Center

Population Settlement 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

City center 18.624 24.178 27.392 31.279 35.605 39.095 43.843 1 (Urban) Increase (%) 23% 12% 12% 12% 9% 11% City center 35.769 32.520 33.076 34.580 35.550 37.781 39.666 2 (Rural) Increase (%) 10% 2% 4% 3% 6% 5% City center 54.393 56.698 60.468 65.859 71.155 76.876 83.511 3 (Total) Increase (%) 4% 6% 8% 7% 7% 8% Mugla Province 70.596 85.011 100.314 13.616 19.808 233.000 268.341 4 (Urban) Increase (%) 17% 15% -637% 31% 91% 13% Mugla Province 298.180 315.785 337.831 350.130 364.729 396.800 446.987 5 (Rural) Increase (%) 6% 7% 4% 4% 8% 11% Mugla Province 368.776 400.796 438.145 486.290 562.809 629.800 715.328 6 (Total) Increase (%) 8% 9% 10% 14% 11% 12% Turkey (Urban) 13.691.101 18.869.068 19.645.007 26.865.757 33.326.351 38.124.000 44.006.274 Increase (%) 27% 4% 27% 19% 13% 13% Turkey (Rural) 21.914.075 23.478.651 25.091.950 23.798.701 23.146.684 23.408.000 23.797.653 Increase (%) 7% 6% -5% -3% 1% 2% Turkey (Total) 35.605.176 40.347.719 44.736.957 50.664.458 56.473.035 61.532.000 67.803.297 Increase (%) 12% 10% 12% 10% 8% 9% Source: Muğla Municipality Final Feasibility Report, September 2005

The city center, which covers the urban areas, is composed of 14 neighborhoods, eight of which lie within urban protected area, in the core of the city, and they include few- storey buildings that are located close to each other. In other neighborhoods, multi-storey buildings dominate. Sections of the city outside the urban city center are developing. The city is bounded by agricultural areas and natural protected areas in the south (Cukuryayla) and mountainous and forest zones (Kızıldag) in the north.

City will enlarge in south (Akkaya, Kotekli, Yenikoy and Ortakoy), west (Akcaova) and east (Dugerek and Karabaglar) directions. Mugla Structural Plan dated January 2004 shows that enlargement of urban city has started toward these directions.

Results of population projections based on population and demographic analyses are given in Table 3. The base years for these projections are the years between 1970

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and 2000 as seen from Table 3 and the populations of the years shown in Table 2 are calculated by using the base years’ values.

Table 3. Population Projections

Projection Method 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2030 2040

1 Iller Bank 49,365 55,580 62,578 70,456 79,327 89,314 100,588 113,219

2 Logarithmic Increase 49,361 55,571 62,562 70,433 79,294 89,270 100,500 113,144

First-Degree 3 45,956 49,054 52,151 55,249 58,347 61,444 64,542 67,639 Regression Second-Degree 4 47,424 51,296 55,126 58,915 62,661 66,366 70,028 73,649 Regression

5 Least Squares 47,675 51,737 55,798 59,859 63,920 67,981 72,042 76,103

Compound Interest 1 6 50,570 58,327 67,273 77,591 89,493 103,219 119,051 137,312 (1970-2000) Compound Interest 2 7 48,655 53,992 59,915 66,488 73,781 81,875 90,857 100,824 (1990-2000) Exponential Increase 1 8 50,674 58,567 67,689 78,232 90,417 104,500 120,777 139,589 (1970-2000) Exponential Increase 2 9 48,708 54,110 60,111 66,778 74,185 82,413 91,553 101,107 (1990-2000)

Average Projected 10 48,710 54,248 60,356 67,111 74,603 82,931 92,215 102,576 Populations

Source: Muğla Municipality Final Feasibility Report, September 2005

Since the Project Site was extended so as to include residential areas 5 km away from border of the adjacent area, population of these residential areas were also estimated by using second-degree regression method given in item 4 of Table 3 (see Table 4). Wastewater generated in this area will also be collected for treatment in the WWTP.

Table 4. Population Projection for Adjacent Residential Areas based upon second-degree regression method presented in Table 3

Settlements

Year Akçaova Akçaova Toplam Kötekli Yeniköy Ortaköy Yaraş** TOKİ Üni. 1* 2*

2000 3,328 884 970 5,182 2005 3,747 995 1,092 1,000 16,000 22,834 2010 4,219 1,121 1,230 2,000 4,500 16,000 29,070 2015 4,750 1,262 1,384 3,000 2,000 4,500 16,000 32,896 2020 5,348 1,421 1,559 4,000 2,800 1,194 4,500 20,000 40,822 2025 6,021 1,599 1,755 5,000 3,600 1,344 4,500 20,000 43,819 2030 6,779 1,801 1,976 6,000 4,400 1,514 4,500 20,000 46,970 2035 7,633 2,027 2,225 7,000 5,200 1,704 4,500 20,000 50,289 2040 8,594 2,283 2,505 8,000 6,000 1,919 4,500 20,000 53,801

Population values determined for a “development area” named Akçaova. Construction of 500 houses is in * progress in “Akçaova 1”. “Akçaova 2” is expected to be connected to the sewage system by 2015.

** Expected to be connected to be the sewage system in 2020 Source: Muğla Municipality Final Feasibility Report, September 2005

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Total population values of city center and adjacent residential areas were shifted to 2007 and subsequent 5 year increments up to 2042 by interpolating the values given in Table 4 (see Table 5).

Table 5. Total Population of Muğla Province

Year Total Population

2007 74,600 2012 84,200 2017 92,900 2022 102,500 2027 109,300 2032 116,200 2037 123,200 2042 130,400

4.1.4. Amount of Wastewater to be Used for the Design of the WWTP

“Sewerage System Examination and Design Report” was compiled in July 2007 and submitted to the MUNICIPALITY and the IB for approval. The Conceptual Design Report has been approved by IB in November of 2007. Design flows that are used for calculating the capacity of the units of Wastewater Treatment Plant are computed by using Bank of Province (Iller Bank) Drinking Water Specification as follows and they are given for the years of 2022 and 2042 in Table 6.

The equations are utilized for the estimations of the flows for design of the WWTP.

Minimum flow is the amount of hourly wastewater that are expected during night time when water use and thus wastewater generation is at minimum. It is calculated as follows:

Q Q  inf Minimum flow, Qmin = 37 24

Average flow is the hourly average of daily flow.

Q Q  inf Average flow, Qave = 24 24

Maximum flow is the hourly flow that is assumed to be the twice of the average flow.

Q Q  inf Maximum flow, Qmax = 12 24

Design flow is assumed as the the hourly flowrate that is the maximum flow observed between 8 am and 8 pm..

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Q Q  inf Design flow, Qdesign = 14 24

Infiltration flow (Qinf) is the flow that leaks into sewer pipes from groundwater.

Table 6. Per Capita Wastewater Flow Data Used in Design

Minimum Flow Average Flow Maximum Flow Design Flow Unit Wastewater Year Rate (Q37) Rate (Q24) Rate (Q12) Rate (Q14) (L/cap-day) 3 3 3 3 (m /h) (m /h) (m /h) (m /h)

2022 150 510 737 1,383 1,198

2042 166 679 998 1,905 1,646

It is the general rule that, some of the WWTP’s units (primary sedimentation tank, aeration tank, final sedimentation tank) are designed for the design flowrate (see Table 6) and the capacity of the units is checked for the maximum and minimum flowrates to meet the criteria. In addition some units of the plant (pipes, channels, screens, grit and grease chamber, chemical dosing units) are designed for the maximum flow and the capacity of the units is checked for the minimum flowrate to meet the criteria. If the design criteria (which of the standard will be selected by the Contractor and will be written by the Contractor in its Proposal) of the units according to any selected standard are not satisfied, the treatment efficiency cannot then meet the discharge criteria defined in the Section 3.2.

4.1.5. Technology

WWTP shall be designed as two phases for the target years 2022 and 2042. the units are phased as follows:

1. The following units shall be designed for the maximum flowrate of Stage 2.  Inlet pumping station  Coarse screen  Fine screen  Distribution and collection chambers  Discharge pipe  Chlorine contact tank  Outlet pumping station  Measurement units 2. The following units shall be designed and constructed for design flowrate of Stage 2.  Grit and grease chambers  Primary sedimentation tank  Aeration tank  Secondary sedimentation tank  Anareobic digester  Blowers station  Return and surplus sludge pumping station  Sludge dewatering unit  Filtrate pumping station

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 Pre-thickener  Post-thickener  Sludge storage tank  Sludge storage area

Technology to be utilized in the WWTP will be simultaneous denitrification and nitrification in Carrousel – type ponds. Dimensions of PROJECT units are given in Table 7.

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Table 7. Characteristics of Project Units

No Units Parameter Unit Amount

Pumps - 3+1 1 Inlet pumping station Pump flow rate m³/h 500 Pump head m 6.8 Number of screens - 2 Bar spacing mm 6 2 Screens Width m 1.2 Inlet water depth m 0.5 Retention time min 16 Number of divisions - 2 Width of one division m 1.6 Length of one division m 25 Cumulative volume m³ 160 3 Aerated grit chambers Air demand m³/h 430

Blower Number of blowers - 2 Pressure mbar 250 Air supplied by one blower Nm³/h 215 4 Flow measurement Type of measurement Retention time h 0.5 Width m 8 5 Primary sedimentation tank Length m 32 Volume m 294 Number of divisions - 2 Retention time min 15 Distributor Volume 300 Mixer Mixer 6 Specific energy input W/m³ 5 Specific heat input Enerji input kW 1.5 Number of mixers - 1 Design temperature °C 12 MLSS day/L 4.8 Sludge age day 13.2 Cumulative volume m³ 13,206

VDN/VBB-ratio 0.5 Excess sludge kg/day 4.478 Maximum supply of oxygen kgO2/h 742 Type of aeration Thin bubble

7 Aeration tank Water depth m 6 Blower Number of blowers - 3+1 Pressure mbar 720 Air supplied by one blower at 30°C Nm³/min 57 Mixer Specific energy input W/m³ 2.5 Energy input per tank kW 16.5 Number of mixers per tank - 4 Diameter mm 2,000 8 Distribution chamber Volume m³ 15

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No Units Parameter Unit Amount

Surface loading rate m/h 0.8 Initial settling velocity mL/day 100 Tank depth m 4.3 9 Secondary sedimentation tank Number of tanks - 2 Diameter m 30 Cumulative volume m³ 5,400 Number of pumps - 2+1 Pumping station for recycled Pump flow rate m³/h 500 sludge Pump head m 5 10 Number of pumps - 2 Excess sludge pumps Pump flow rate l/s 20 Pump head m 6 Retention time min 5 Average amount of irrigation water m³/day 675 11 Chlorination tank Duration of irrigation h 4 Maximum amount of irrigation water m³/h 169 Volume m³ 14 Retention time min 30 12 Contact tank Volume m³ 84 Retention time day 1 13 Primary sludge thickener Suspended solids in thickened sludge % 4.5 Volume m³ 650 Duration of digestion day 17 Number of digesters - 2 Volume per digester m³ 1,500 Circulation pump Count - 2+1 Pump flow rate m³/h 150 Mixer Specific energy input W/m³ 2.5 14 Anaerobic digester Energy input per digester kW 1.9 Number of mixers per digester - 1 Heat exchanger Thermal power 288 Compound heat and power Number of modules - 2 Capacity per unit kWel / kWth 90 / 150 Gas tank Volume m³ 1,000 Retention time day 1 15 Secondary thickener Suspended solids in thickened sludge % 4.5 Volume m³ 150 Retention time day 2 Suspended solids in thickened sludge % 4.5 Volume m³ 260 16 Sludge storage tank Mixer Specific energy input W/m³ 20 Energy input kW 5.2 Number of mixers - 1 Working period h/day 8 17 Sludge dewatering Working days day/week 5

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No Units Parameter Unit Amount

Type of equipment belt press Number of machines - 2 Capacity of one machine m³/h 24 Dry solids content % 20 Amount of sludge t/day 30

Settling agent AlCl3 Number of storage tanks - 2 18 Dosage unit for P removal Volume of one tank m³ 35 Number of dosage pumps - 1+1 Dosage capacity of one pump l/h 0-228 Number of pumps - 3+1 Pump flow rate m³/h 500 Effluent pumping station 19 Pump head m 50 Pump type: centrifugal Retention time min 10 Retention tank m³ 200

The flow data, which was made use of in design of the treatment process in both stages of the WWTP, is given in Table 8.

Table 8. Flow Data and Pollutant Parameters Used in Design

Year Parameter Unit 2022 2042

Population Capita 102,500 130,400 Flow rate Minimum m3/h 510 679 Average m3/h 737 998 Design m3/h 1,198 1,646 Maximum m3/h 1,383 1,905

Pollutant Load

Suspended solids (SS) g/cap-day 70 70 Biochemical oxygen g/cap-day 45 45 demand (BOD) Chemical oxygen demand g/cap-day 90 90 (COD) Nitrogen g/cap-day 10 10 Phosphorus g/cap-day 3 3 Pollutant Load SS kg/day 7,215 9,168

BOD kg/day 4,638 5,894

COD kg/day 9,277 11,788 Nitrogen kg/day 1,030 1,310 Phosphorus kg/day 309 393 Source: Mugla Municipality Final Feasibility Report, September 2005

Mugla Basin, which is a closed basin, is not a sensitive area according to the “Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive”, with code 91/271 EEC, of the European Union. On the other hand, discharge sinkholes of the basin reach to the Aegean Sea. Since Gokova Bay is a protected area, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen

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demand (COD) and suspended solid (SS) values are taken considering the values for sensitive areas stipulated in the directive (see Table 9).

Table 9. Discharge Criteria

Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive Discharge Values Parameter Unit Chosen Sensitive Area Less Sensitive Area

BOD mg/L 25 25 COD mg/L 125 125 SS mg/L 35 35 Total N mg/L 10-15 10 Total N mg/L 1-2 1

For the stage two of the WWTP, population estimation is 130,000, and thus, the SS discharge criterion stipulated in the “Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation”, effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 26047 on 8 January 2006, for settlements with population over 10,000 is considered. Discharge of nitrogen in sensitive areas will be made in compliance with the discharge criterion stipulated in the same regulation.

4.1.5.1 Units of the Selected Process

Inlet Structure, Coarse Screen and Pumping Station

The wastewater from the main collector line passes through coarse screen. Bar spacing of coarse screen is 30 mm. A pumping station will be constructed at the outlet of coarse screen.

Fine Screen

Fine screen retains matters that can pass through the coarse screen. The stage one of the WWTP will be composed of two lines, and each of them will be designed to handle the maximum flow of the stage two. Bar spacing of fine screen will be 6 mm. Screens will be cleaned by an automated system that operates according to difference between water levels at the inlet and outlet of the screen. Refuse from coarse and fine screens will be transferred to press machines by belt conveyors. End products will be collected in containers. Disintegrated and dewatered screen waste will be transferred to storage sites by trucks.

Aerated Grit and Grease Chamber

The raw wastewater contains non-biodegradable inorganic compounds. Transfer of these compounds to activated sludge tanks increases the amount of inorganic matters, and affects the efficiency of the overall process. Therefore, inorganic compounds are removed in the aerated grit and grease chamber. Aeration in the aerated grit chamber makes organic compounds and light matters float. Aerated grit and grease retainer will be composed of two lines, each of which will be constructed in stage one, and each of them will be capable of handling the maximum flow in stage two.

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Primary Sedimentation Tank

Primary sedimentation tanks will be rectangular. In stage one, two primary sedimentation tanks will be constructed, and one additional tank will be constructed in stage two. Settling sludge will be scraped, and directed to sludge digestion unit.

Activated Sludge Tanks

Activated sludge tank is proposed to be rotary flow in order to achieve an effective nitrification / denitrification process. Each tank will include a central wall which separates it longitudinally. Rotation of flow will create serial aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic conditions. Stage one will include two tanks, and one tank will be added for stage two.

Pressurized air is supplied to aerators by means of collection and distribution pipes. Pressurized air is distributed in activated sludge section by thin bubble membrane aerators. A separate mixing and aeration process ensures maximum oxygen input. Mixing makes air bubbles stay longer as attached to wastewater rather than float to surface, and this increases transfer of oxygen.

Secondary Sedimentation Tank

Flow will be directed to secondary sedimentation tank after it is processed in aeration tanks. In stage one, two secondary sedimentation tanks will be constructed, and one additional tank will be constructed for stage two. Wastewater will be fed to secondary sedimentation tanks from bottom, and they will be equipped with a bridge scraper. In case one of three tanks is out of operation in stage two, the remaining two will sustain the process. Activated sludge will be separated from clear effluent, and activated sludge will be recycled.

Primary Sludge Thickener

Primary sludge thickener is the first component of the sludge thickening process and it will make the sludge to settle by gravitational force and directed to digester. Primary sludge thickener functions as a storage tank besides thickening. Hydraulic retention time in sludge thickener is one day. Effluent of sludge thickener is recycled back to the WWTP. After the thickening the solid content of the sludge will be between 4 to 6 %.

Gravity Belt Thickener

Secondary sludge which is coming from the secondary settling tank and having approximately 0.8 % of solid content is less dense than primary sludge which is coming from the primary settling tank and having approximately 2 % of solid content.

Waste matters will be thickened before pumping to digester in order to prevent the content of digester from being diluted with less dense solid matters. Sludge thickening process will take place in dewatering unit, which is equipped with a gravity belt thickener. Polymer will be added as the dewatering agent as secondary sludge is fed to gravity belt thickeners. Solid matter will be pumped to digester for treatment. Anaerobic digester

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functions very effectively with an input of 5-8% solid matter. Manufacturers state that mechanical thickeners are capable of operating with a solid content between 5 – 10% while it is 3 – 4% in gravity thickeners. Moreover, mechanical thickeners enable the control of sludge density whereas it is considerably difficult in a gravity thickener. Sludge content will be 5% after thickening. Sludge thickeners will be installed in the thickening and dewatering building.

Anaerobic Sludge Digester

Primary and excess sludge will be pumped into the digester sludge recycle line, and pass through the external heat exchanger, in which it is heated up to 35°C. Sludge mixture in the digester will be obtained by mixing digested sludge with incoming sludge, and the temperature will be kept constant everywhere in the digester to provide an effective microbial activity.

Mixing will also disperse the foam formed on the surface of water in the digester. Mixing in the digester will be achieved either by a mechanical way or by gas diffusion systems. Digested sludge (with 50% solid matter) will be drawn from the bottom of the digester, and directed to the secondary thickener.

The digester is a cylindrical structure with conical top and bottom. Water Temperature inside tank should be 35°C, and retention time in the anaerobic tank will be 10 – 20 days. The design value is 17 days.

Secondary Gravity Sludge Thickener

After the anaerobic digester, the digested sludge will be taken into a tank equipped with a special mechanism similar to the secondary sedimentation tank. Thickener will be fence-type, and it will be installed in a building which will also house sludge dewatering machines. Dry matter content will be at least 25% in these units.

Sludge will be thickened in mechanical thickeners, and then dewatered in sludge dewatering units. Sludge cake is transferred to sludge storage site by belt conveyor.

Sludge Dewatering

Digested sludge will finally be dewatered in the belt filter press. A belt filter pres has single or multiple moving belts to dewater sludge by means of both gravitational drainage and compression. Solids are dewatered by a three-phase process: chemical conditioning, gravitational drainage and compression with cutting.

Capacity of the belt filter press is determined by hydraulic and solid matter loading rates. Hydraulic loading rate of the belt filter press is 0.08 – 0.20 m3/min-m, and its solid loading rate is 180 – 320 kg/h-m. Filtrate from the belt filter press will be pumped into the filtrate storage tank and directed to the inlet of the aeration tank of WWTP.

Amount of dewatered sludge at 15 Sludge density will be 800 kg/m3.

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Polymer conditioning units are composed of chemical measurement pumps, polymer storage and mixing equipments, polymer and solid matter mixers and a control unit. The polymer to be used at the WWTP will be selected by the contactor. According to the information published by a polymer manufacturer (http://www.snfturk.com/tr/teknik.asp), these polymers are not toxic for human. Moreover, they are not corrosive and they are biologically degradable. Measurement pumps generally include a positive displacement membrane, a rotary lobe or porous. Variable frequency motor provides varying polymer feed. Dimensions of polymer storage shall be suitable for transfer of unpacked material.

Sludge Storage Site

Sludge will be suitable for agricultural use provided that the requirements of Soil Pollution Control Regulation is fulfilled. The requirements are that the stabilised sludge shall not include heavy metal exceeding the limits of Appendix I-B in the regulation. Details of this regulation is explained under the title of “Sludge Management”.

However, since sludge can only be used in 8-9 months of agricultural periods in a year, a storage area shall provide three – month storage. Sludge storage area is concrete – covered and outdoor. The sludge filtrate will drain into a filtrate pumping station. On the other hand if the sludge does not meet the requirements of the regulation, then the sludge will be deposited in the lanfill area.

As the amount of dewatered sludge at 15°C will be 25 ton/day in 2042, sludge density will be 800 kg/m3 and the sludge height is selected as 2 m. Storage area shall be designed according to storage periods of 90 days. Therefore, minimum land requirement will be 1,500 m2 (30 x 50 m). In the Conceptual Report that has been approved by Iller Bank, the height of the sludge deposited is deremined to be 2 m., it is not possible to be changed. Then the required storage area is calculated as 1500 m.

Biogas and Cogeneration

Dry and low – pressure gas tank will be employed to store the digester gas that will be utilized in the cogeneration system and the heater. The digester gas, being fed from the low– pressure tank is combusted in two continuously operating combined heat and power (CHP) units. The amount of gas to be produced in the WWTP is 2408 Nm3/d for the year of 2022. This gas will be pumped to the cogenerator and used as fuel to produce heat and electricity

Heat, as another energy source, will be generated during the entire combustion process. Heat will be utilized in several ways. Heat dissipated from the exhaust is benefited in gas – liquid exchanger, which is a part of the cooling cycle of the cogeneration system. The cooling cycle achieves heat exchange directly from the engine, and the cooling cycle keeps the temperature between 35 – 40 °C by means of a liquid – liquid heat exchanger. Temperature in the digester should be within this range for the digestion process to be sustained. Heat generated in cogeneration unit will also be utilized for heating system in the facility Shematic view of the cogeneration system is given in Figure 7.

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Figure 7. General View of Cogeneration System

The flow chart of WWTP process is presented in Appendix-B.

“Project Approval” for the PROJECT will be acquired by the MoEF in 2008.

Discharge of Treated Wastewater

Enhanced technology in wastewater treatment and disposal processes ease production of effluent with desired discharge quality. Besides this, quality of effluent is dependent on investment for the wastewater treatment plant.

Pollutants in the water treated according to public health criteria are mainly biological and chemical matters. Reuse and discharge of wastewater requires improved quality of the final effluent. Possible applications may be:

 Irrigation water (inedible plants, plants that can be eaten when cooked, plants that are eaten raw) and landscape works (direct contact and no direct contact)

 Groundwater feedback

 Industrial use

 Reuse as drinking and service water

Reuse of the wastewater lessens the impacts on fresh water resources that arises from demand. In addition to this, since the amount of untreated discharges will decrease, there will be less impact on aquatic life. Investment costs should be considered to be low to medium for most systems. Operation and maintenance is easier except direct reuse

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systems that require more improved technology and quality control. Supply of wastewater with mor nutrient content will increase agricultural yield.

Reuse of wastewater may be seasonal due to overload in treatment and disposal within periods of heavy precipitation. Seasonal discharge of wastewater will be possible provided that duration of precipitation is longer and/or precipitation is dense. Waterborne diseases and skin diseases may be observed upon direct contact with reused wastewater. Different alternatives were evaluated for discharge of treated wastewater in the WWTP. As a result of assessments, Percolation of treated wastewater to underground at discharge site and pumping the rest amount to the forestry areas, if needed, are made turned out to be feasible (see Figures 8 and 9). Detailed information about the alternatives and difference of this method from other alternatives are given at the end of report in ‘Addendum’ Section.

The wastewater stored in the abandoned sand and gravel quarries having approximately 1.1 million m3 in volume may be utilized as irrigation water in forestry areas, recreational areas and agricultural areas upon acquisition of necessary permits from the Mugla Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization. According to the Technical Methods Comminique of the Water Pollution Control Regulation. This volume of the quarries is almost sufficient for depositing treated wastewater about 8-9 months. In the remaining time the treated wastewater is discharged to the receiving water bodies. If the requirements of the regulation is not fulfilled then treated wastewater will only be utilised in the irrigation of forestry areas and recreational areas.

Figure 8. A View from the Abandoned Sand and Gravel Quarry Area.

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Figure 9. Excavations at the Abandoned Sand and Gravel Quarry Area

Discharge permit will be acquired from Mugla Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization.

As it is declared above, different alternatives for discharging treated wastewater of Mugla WWTP were evaluated.n 2008, Project Introduction File (PIF) was prepared according to Turkish legislation and approved by Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry (PDoEF). In PIF stage, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) permitted for infiltration, evaporation and storage of treated wastewater in proposed abandoned sand and gravel quarry on the Yaraş Road.

In 2011, another study was carried out and new alternatives were evaluated upon the request of World Bank, which is actually the reason for preparation of this revised report. After the evaluation of the all alternatives, the alternative , which is “percolation of treated wastewater to underground at discharge site and pumping the rest amount to the forestry areas” was proposed to be most feasible solution for Mugla Municipality from initial investment and yearly operational costs point of views. Yearly operational costs of the considered alternatives are really very high for a small Municipality, like Mugla. Therefore, in the comparisons, sustainability of the proposed solution from economical point of view is also considered. From environmental point of view also, disposal site will serve as a filtration unit and this will help improving water quality to be mixed with Karabağlar aquifer.

Alternative 4 has also matched with the proposed solution in Approved Project Introduction File.

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Arrangements in disposal site and slope stability investigations were done in order to effective and long-term use according to selected solution. Within this scope, slope stability analysis is made and results can be seen in Annex-3 of Appendix-H. Before starting discharge stability of the slopes will be formed. For this reason, operation of disposal site is divided into two parts, which are: short term operation period and long term operation period.

When we take the long term operation period as a base for slope stability analysiss some solutions were discussed and the solution which is “doing nothing except expropriation of risky areas around the top of the slopes” has become the most feasible and reasonable option with respect to rough cost estimations with approximately 142,500 Euro including fencing and replacement of village road. In this alternative approximately 50 m land from each side will be expropriated and slopes will be formed naturally. As the risky area is fenced, there will be no risk because of slide of the slopes (Figure 1.8 in Annex 1, Appendix-H).

As explained above, treated wastewater will be discharged to Disposal Site. The plan is to use the site for balancing the discharged water amount through infiltration, evaporation and storage for the other purposes processes. To see and evaluate the balancing capacity of the Disposal Site water balance calculations, prepared for 2012- 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035 and 2040 were done (see Table 4.1 in Annex 4.1, Appendix-H).

According to Table, in 2020 water balance turns to positive, this means treated wastewater starts to accumulate in Disposal Site and therefore after 2015 a system should be put into operation for discharging stored wastewater in disposal site. In the beginning, the capacity of the discharging system can be small but towards to 2040 the capacity should be increased up to 14,500 m3/day.

Irrigation of green areas, irrigation of forestry areas, irrigation of agricultural areas and risks under flooding conditions are reviewed in detail in Appendix-H.

In addition to this, as stated in Administrative Procedure Communique of Regulation (Official Gazete dated March 12, 1989 and numbered 21106), since inflow to the WWTP is greater than 10,000 m3, daily samples will be taken from the outlet of WWTP and according to Table 21 of Water Pollution Control Regulation (Official Gazete dated December 31, 2004 and numbered 25687), SS, BOD, COD and pH analysis will be conducted.

Sludge Management

Final disposal of sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants is a major problem. Therefore, a sludge management plan shall be prepared by the CONTRACTOR at the beginning of the operation phase and reviewed and approved by the Environmental Consultant. designed for final disposal of sludge. Several methods are under examination for sludge disposal, and these are:

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1. Agricultural use as fertilizer after composting and preliminary pasteurization process,

2. Drying by solar energy and use as filling material in cement plants,

3. Laying on ground to enrich soil and forest areas, parks and green lands,

4. Combustion in a combustion plant after drying by solar energy and storage of ash,

5. Storage with lime stabilization.

Disposal of sludge according to methods 1, 3 and 5 may be preferred in terms of sustainability. However, the “Soil Pollution Control Regulation” shall be complied with.

According to this regulation, the stabilized sludge to be generated in WWTP will be analyzed in terms of the parameters stated in Annex I-A (b), Annex II-A and Annex II-B These analyses must be carried out in laboratories that are accredited by considering the principles given in Annex IV Summary of the Soil Pollution Control Regulation is also presented in Appendix-A along with the relevant annexes.

The heavy metal content of the stabilized sludge must not exceed the concentrations presented in Annex I-B.

The sludge generated from domestic wastewater treatment plant can be utilized for agricultural purposes if it the content of the stabilized sludge does not exceed the limit values presented in Annex I-B.

If the daily sludge generation of the treatment plant is less that 50 tone in dry basis, the analyses of sludge must be repeted once every six months considering the parameters given in Appendix II-B. If the daily sludge generation is more than 50 tones in dry basis, these analyses must be repeated once every three months.

The owner of the sludge generating facility must apply to the Governorate of the Province in order to take the permit to make the sludge used for agricultural purpose. The application is evaluated by a commission including the members of Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization, Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works and Provincial Directorate of Health.

The commission evaluates the use of sludge on soil in terms of heavy metal load, impacts on physical quality of soil and impacts on surface and groundwater resources. If the commission decides that these impacts are negligiable, then the permit is for the use of sludge for agricultural purpose is given.

The operator of the treatment plant is responsible with the analyses and the records of the sludge.the records of the sludge must include the resultd of sludge analyses, the method applied for stabilizing the sludge, the amount of sludge produced and the amount of sludge utilized for agricultural purposes. These reports will be presented to the Governorate of the Province.

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If the sludge will not be utilized for agricultural purposes and if it is not considered to be a hazardous waste according to the analyses conducted as explained in the previous paragraphs, then the sludge will be disposed to the landfills.

If the sludge is considered as hazardous wastes, they have to be sent to the hazardous waste landfills or hazardous waste incinerators.

The Minisry of Environement and Foresty are responsible with the auditing the compliance to this regulation.

4.1.6. Personnel

There will be 70 employees in the construction phase of the WWTP.

MUNICPALITY will decide on number and qualifications of employees that will be hired during the operational phase of the WWTP. Currently estimated number of employees is given in Table 10 along with qualifications of employees.

Table 10. Number of Employees of the Operational Phase

TASK Count Engineer 3 Electrical-Mechanical Technician 2 Laboratory Technician 1 Qualified Employee 4 Security Guard 3 Secretary 1 Total 14

4.1.7. Settlement of Temporary Personnel

Temporary housing for the construction workers will be established near construction site. This area will be restored after completion of WWTP construction facilities. Main building in the construction site, settlement of employees, car park and storage area will cover 2,000 m2 of area.

The waste handling issues related to the temporary housing for the constructional worker such as sewage management, and garbage disposal services are explained in Sections 6.1 and 6.2.

4.1.8. Type and Number of Construction Machines to be Used

Table 11 presents the type and number of construction machines that will be employed in the scope of the PROJECT.

Table 11. Machinery to be Used at Construction Phase Machine Count Loader 2 Excavator 2 Compactor 1 Dump Truck 4

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Machine Count Concrete Pump Truck 1 Transmixer 3 Truck Crane 1 Water Truck 1 Car 1 Pick-up 2

4.2. UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES (LAND AND WATER UTILIZATION, TYPE OF ENERGY UTILIZED ETC.)

4.2.1. Land Use

The Project Site lies near Hamursuz Hill, Ortakoy and Dugerek, and covers 5.8 ha of area, 2.5 km on the southeast of the city center. In addition to this area, there is 2,000 m2 of area to be used for establishment of construction and settlement facilities, car park and storage site. Expropriation of the whole area has been completed.

4.2.2. Water Utilization

There is water utilization to meet employees’ needs in both construction and operational phases of the PROJECT. Number of employees in the construction phase will be 70. Assuming that water consumption will be 150 L/cap-day, daily water consumption will be 10.5 m3 (70 people x 150 L/cap-day).

By same manner, there will be 14 employees to be working in the operational phase, and daily water consumption will be 2.8 m3 (14 people x 200 L/cap-day).

Water demand for cleaning and bathing in the construction phase will be supplied from water wells to be drilled nearby or from the water network of the city. The water supply of the city is clean enough as the municipality must fullfill the drinking water standards stipulated by Regulation on Potable Waters (see Section 3.1). Drinking water will be provided from either water supply network or private drinking water supplier. Selection of water source is the decision of the CONTRACTOR.

Necessary permits will be acquired from the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (SHW) if water wells are decided to be drilled.

4.2.3. Energy Utilization

Energy demand of the WWTP will be supplied from the present electricity network.

4.3. PROJECT SITE

Project Site lies at the center of Mugla Province as shown in Figure 10. It is located 2.5 km southeast of the city center at the eastern skirts of Hamursuz Hill, near Ortakoy and Dugerek (see Figure 11).

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PROJECT SITE

Figure 10 Project Location

Hamursuz Tepe Project Site

N

Figure 11 Satellite View of the Project Site

Map section and parcel numbers of the land where the PROJECT will be located is 56/903 and 117-118, respectively. Information about borders and coordinates of the Project Site is given in Figure 12 and Table 12, respectively.

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Figure 12. Borders of the Project Site

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Table 12. Coordinates of the Project Site

Coordinates Point Y X

P.1673 31870.950 28603.380 172001 31690.470 28631.670 172052 31672.260 28750.290 903034 32097.040 28811.770 903035 32052.760 28793.240 903036 32035.000 28787.630 903037 32001.200 28786.500 903038 31994.360 28836.580 903042 31891.060 28868.390 903043 31872.000 28809.330 903044 31930.940 28798.100 903045 31995.030 28687.850 903046 31962.560 28688.910 903047 32002.400 28663.460 903048 31897.080 28694.890 903049 31857.010 28710.190 903050 31834.910 28728.180 903051 31762.820 28728.540 903053 31702.780 28551.470 903054 31796.050 28528.650 903055 31869.750 28522.390 903056 31940.450 28518.120 903057 31997.780 28586.140 903058 32003.740 28533.630 903059 32003.170 28513.460 903083 32103.300 28691.440 903351 31712.220 28577.850

The Project Site covers 5.8 ha area. During the construction phase, 2,000 m2 areas will also be utilized temporarily for construction activities such as temporary buildings, car park and storage facilities.

4.4. GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.4.1. General Geology

The Mugla Plain, which is a closed basin, is drained by sinkholes present in it. Its geological characteristics were defined in “Study for Mugla Plain Sinkholes Improvement”, prepared by the Aydin Regional Directorate of the State Hydraulic Works (SHW) in 1996.

Mugla Plain lies in a region where shield sediments of the Menderes massive are outcropped. Core rock of the Menderes massive is observable along the state road connecting Aydin to Cine. Shield sediments are observed in Mugla Plain. Allochthon rocks

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have been placed along a direction from South to northeast of Mugla Plain by dislodging sediment activity. Hence, there is rock of allochthon and autochthon type accumulated in Mugla Plain and its vicinity.

There are rock units, wide-spread in Mugla Plain and its vicinity, in the autochthon deposit with a comprehensive lithologic composition, and they are given as follows. There is Palezoic-aged metamorphic schist including thin calc schist layers, and above this, there is Jura-Cretace-aged Milas Formation, represented by limestone and dolomitic limestone. The Koprucay Formation, containing conglomerate and limestone, overlies these rocks, which are outcropped in a wide area, by transgression. The Yatagan Formation, which has lateral transition with the Koprucay Formation, is younger, has relatively higher clast content. The top sedimentary units of the autochthon deposit are the wide-spread alluvion and slope deposit.

Tectonic melange is the bottom most unit of the allochthon deposit which is present as dislodged onto the autchthon deposit. This unit is observable as a chaotic rock unit developed through dislodging, and is outcropped with various characteristics. Gulluk Formation lies over this unit, and stratigraphically forms the bottom of allochthons. The Gokova Formation, a metasedimentary deposit, overlies this formation with transitive texture, and the Caydere Formation overlies both (see Figure 13).

These rock units are explained as follows. Furthermore, geological map of the Project Site is shown in Appendix-C.

I. Autochthon Rock Units

Late Cretace-Paleocene Limestone Chert limestone Mesozoic Limestone-Marble Palezoic Schist-Gneiss

I.A. Schists (Pzs)

The schist group metamorphic rocks of the Menderes massive constitute the impermeable bedrock in the area that the study was carried out. The unit, composed mainly of phyllite, chloroschist, calc schist, quartz schist and quartzite, is observed on the surface near Yesilyurt in the west of Mugla Plain. It forms the impermeable lower boundary by underlying limestone at an angle of 10-20 degrees towards east. Considering the structural position of the autochthon deposit in the vicinity of Mugla, schist is at a higher elevation in the vicinity of Akcaova in the west of the plain.

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Figure 13. Geological Cross-Section

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I.B. Milas Formation (Mzm)

Limestone units are the units that constitute the surrounding and underground geological structures. The carbonate rocks overlying schist concordantly are mainly composed of dark and fair grey, white rigid limestone and dolomitic limestone. The sections surrounding the plain with higher altitudes are occupied by the limestone of the Milas Formation. Hamursuz Hill is composed of this limestone. Position of Hamursuz Hill in the plain denotes that an early paleotopographic threshold was present in this section.

Outcrops and geometry of the Milas Formation is controlled by faults. Alluvium settled in sections of the plain with lower altitude, and the surrounding higher-elevated sections were formed by strength of the Milas Formation.

The Yatagan Formation and the Koprucay Formation overlie the Milas Formation belonging to the autochthon deposit. These two units of late deposit, presenting lateral and vertical transitions, filled paleotopographic empty spaces.

I.C. Kopruçay Formation (Tk)

This unit, outcropped wide-spread between Mugla and Gokova Bay, is mostly composed of conglomerate and conglomeratic limestone. It is wide-spread in northern sections of Mugla Plain with altitudes higher than 1,000 m. There is an outcrop at an elevation of 650-700 m in the northern part of the plain near Abdullahpinar. The vertical difference in altitudes of the two outcrops is considered as net slip, and it is important as far as the evolution of the plain is concerned.

I.D. Yatagan Formation (Ty)

Clastic Neogene sediments, observed near Yatagan, have developed in paleotopographic ditches as facies. There is a narrow and long outcrop, which appears as paleotopography-fill in the east of the plain. The Yatagan Formation’s being expanding beneath the plain is an evidence for presence of a doline that has been developing since the Neogene. Alluvium lies over the Yatagan Formation in the east of the plain.

I.E. Alluvium (Qal)

Ascension due to faulting around active tectonism in the plain resulted in a rapid sedimentation of alluvium. Material transported from locations with higher altitude filled the plain. It mostly includes coarse and clasty grit and gravel. Coarse clast-sediments appear in the western sections of the plain, and thin clast-sediments appear in the east. According to data in hand, there is thin clast-silt and clay in lower layers of alluvium, and a coarse clastformation has developed in upper layers. Alluvial cones developed through deposition of material that was transported from locations with higher altitudes, and they are densely observed in the east and the northeast of the plain. Former and present slope has considerably developed especially along the northern border of the plain.

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II. Allochthon Rock Units

Late Cretace-Paleocene Ophiolite Eocene Gritstone, Mudstone, Conglomerate, Limestone Mesozoic Limestone Permian Conglomerate, Gritstone, Shale, Clay limestone Late Cretace Tectonic Melange

There are allochthon units located in a dislodging zone along northeast-southwest in the eastern part of the plain, and beneath these allochthon units there is tectonic melange (see Figure 14).

II.A. Tectonic Mélange

This is chaotic unit that typically presents impacts of tectonism beneath dislodging zone. Various lithologic structures are present in an ophiolitic matrix. The outcrop width of tectonic melange varies depending on the relationship between allochthon and autochthon and the characteristic of dislodging zone. For instance, although there is no outcrop of tectonic melange in the eastern section of the plain, outcrops are considerably dense in the north and south of the plain. Nature of tectonism accounts for its absence in the outlet of the plain.

II.B. Gulluk Formation

Allochthon is the bottom unit in the stratigraphic deposit. Allochthon forms the impermeable basement of the deposit. It is mainly composed of conglomerate, gritstone, shale and limestone. It has undergone a significant cataclastic deformation. It is observed in Gulluk near Milas, and is 1,000 m thick. This formation includes wide-spread outcrops in the southeast of Mugla Plain. Due to its impermeable lithology, it is a barrier in front of the plain and an important building block developing the plain. The faults of the Gulluk Formation border the plain near Abdullahpinar and Kurtlar, and there is limestone belonging to the Gulluk Formation lies in the North of the valley.

II.C. Gokova Formation

The unit that concordantly overlies the Gulluk Formation is composed of carbonate rocks of allochthon deposit. It is represented by dolomitic limestone which is fair grey at the bottom and relatively darker in upper levels.

It has developed next to the Gulluk Formation in the east of the plain. It is widespread towards east.

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Figure 14. Generalized Stratigraphic Cross-sectional View of Allochthon Deposit

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This unit, wide-spread from Kurtlar to Gokova Bay in the east of the plain, constitutes the reservoir rock of the groundwater basin of Gokova. The limestone, outcropped near Kurtlar, is the closest point in Gokova reservoir to the plain. allochthon limestone and the limestone in Mugla territory are in contact.

4.4.2. Local Geology

The dolines present in the study area has formed through interactions with each of the carstic pores of the Mesozoic limestone. The SHW has drilled four foundation drilling wells around the Doline I and II in 1990 to examine development of carstic pores in vertical direction.

Data obtained through this study is summarized in Table 13.

Table 13. Information on Foundation Drilling Wells

Drilling Well AR-1 (42681) Drilling Well AR-2 (42682)

Well Depth (m) 100 Well Depth (m) 100

Well Altitude (m) 625 Well Altitude (m) 628

Lithology 0-100 m Limestone Lithology 0-100 m Limestone Depth Permeability 0-8 m 4,3x10-4 Depth Permeability 8-20 m 1.1x10-3 0-8 m 10-5 20-34 m 6.5x10-5 8-20 m 10-5-10-6 34-100 m 10-6 Core Length (m) 66 Core Length (m) 94

Core (%) 66 Core 94

Drilling Well AR-3 (42683) Drilling Well AR-4 (42684)

Well Depth (m) 71 Well Depth (m) 250

Well Altitude (m) 638 Well Altitude (m) 640 0-49 m Slope Debris Lithology Lithology 0-250 m Kireçtaşı 49-71 m Chalky Limestone Core Length (m) 42.5 Core Length (m) 184

Core (%) 59 Core (%) 73

According to data obtained from this study, there is a carstic region, which developed 34 m along vertical direction, in the well AR-1, the limestone present along vertical direction is impermeable, and there is not a well-developed carstic section in AR- 2. There is no adequate information obtained by examining the AR-3 and AR-4. However, there were cave-like spaces in the AR-4, and this implies that there is not a major carstic zone here (SHW, 1996).

There are three stratigraphic deposits in Mugla Plain, and these are the authochthon deposit, the rocks constituting the Menderes Massive, the allochthon deposit, rocks belonging to nappes of “likyen” that were dislodged sediment and late deposit called the neotochthon deposit. Detailed geological information for the Project Site and its vicinity and the geological map are presented in App- B.

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I. Autochthon Rock Units

Late Cretaceous Paleocene Limestone – Chert limestone Mesozoic Limestone - Marble Paleozoic Schist – Gneiss

Paleozoic (Gneiss-Schist): The unit constituting the core of the Menderes Massive lies in the north of Mugla, and it is outside the Project Site.

Mesozoic (Limestone-Marble): It overlies schists of the Menderes Massive gradationally. It has a solid, compact and dolomitic structure and dark grey, fair grey and white color. It constitutes the northern slopes of the examination area. It is bounded by the schist at the bottom and the overlap in the south and southeast. It forms topographic heights in Kurdu Mountain, Kaleli Mountain and Marçal Mountain. It houses several carstic formations due to its highly carstic structure. Limestone is orderly stratified. There were 36 slope-projected measurements between the Sinkhole- 1 and Sinkhole 2. According to this, locations of plates are northwest / northeast and northeast / southeast.

Late Cretaceous – Paleocene (Limestone – Chert limestone): This forms the upper unit of authochthon deposit. There is no detailed information since no samples of it were observed in the examination area.

II. Allochthon Rock Units

Late Cretaceous - Paleocene Ophiolite Eocene Gritstone, Mudstone, Conglomerate, Limestone Mesozoic Limestone Permian Conglomerate, Gritstone, Shale, Clay - limestone Late Cretaceous Tectonic Melange

Tectonic Mélange (Serpentine, Limestone and Gritstone Blocks): They have been present in the region since nappes were dislodged. They are typically observed in the south of Mugla. It is composed of limestone and gritstone blocks in serpentine.

Permian (Conglomerate, Gritstone, Shale, Clay limestone): It forms the lower units of allochthon deposit. It is mainly composed of conglomerate, gritstone, shale and clay limestone of various sizes. The dominant color is reddish purple and brown. Shale grades are grey, dark grey and greenish grey. Archosic gritstone and conglomerates have distinctive purple color. Limestone has a fair grey and white color, and contains a great amount of striped cherts. It is highly permeable due to its carstic structure.

Mesozoic (Limestone): Mesozoic limestone of white, grey and black color overlies the Permian concordantly as massive, thick-layered, dolomitic with chert. It is highly permeable due to its carstic structure.

Eocene and Cretaceous: It is Miocene and Pliocene sediments that cover autochthon and allochthon units discordantly in the region.

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4.4.3. Tectonics

The structures in this region (Southwestern Anatolia, Lycia) were formed as a result of two successive deformations. These are

Horizontal Movements: Resulted in curved and bended brick-like structures with sizes varying from few meters to few kilometers and overlying each other.

Vertical Movements: As a result of these types of deformations, some land sections ascended while some were descending. This resulted in formation of major faults. There are subsidences and uplifts caused by these faults. Compression tectonics is the most effective system from north to south.

4.4.4. Hydrogeology

Sinkholes were formed as a result of carstic structure in Mugla Plain. The plain becomes a lake as there is precipitation over the drainage capacity of the plain, and it starts to dry up as arid period begins. An area of 6,300 decares became lake in 1976, and this was reduced to 3,200 decares by measures taken by the SHW. In order to reduce this area to 800 decares, the measures given below are suggested to be taken in the “Study for Mugla Plain Sinkholes Improvement” along with construction of a flood retarding dam and a precipitation dam.

1. Preservation of the facilities constructed at the discharge points of Sinkhole 1 and Sinkhole 2, and proper functioning of sinkholes should be ensured.

2. Debris on the limestone lying below the maximum water surface elevation of 617 m between sinkholes will be removed for formation of new sinkholes.

3. There should be two 50-m long drifts that will be opened considering layer direction and slope of the limestone lying below altitude of 617 m between sinkholes.

4. If there are no satisfactory results obtained through observations, broad drilling wells with depth of 50 m should be opened.

There are two zones in the Project Site to hold groundwater:

Bahçeyaka Zone: this is the region, which lies by the road branching from the state road between Yatagan and Mugla to Bahçeyaka Village, housing several drilling wells for water supply. This zone is composed of quaternary alluvion, clay, soil and gravel blocks. Thickness of the alluvion varies between 80 and 100 m, and the groundwater level is between 35 and 40 m.

Orta Yaras Zone: Gokova Formation (limestone – dolmitic limestone) as aquifer and conglomerate and clay limestone layers of Gulluk Formation was observed to be present in this zone.

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According to literature survey, there are no geological structures of particular importance and no underground assets in the Project Site.

4.4.5. Seismicity

The earthquake map of Mugla is given in Figure 15. According to this map prepared by General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, the Central District and the Project Site lie within the zone that has first degree earthquake risk which means the region is seismically very active. Active faults around the Project Site are shown in Figure 16.

Figure 15. Earthquake Map of Mugla Province Source: www.deprem.gov.tr

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PROJECT SITE

Figure 16. Active Fault Map

4.4.6. Natural Disasters

There is not a risk of natural disaster except risk of earthquake in Ortakoy and Dugerek, flood risk in sinkholes. Moreover, ponding, the creation of a temporary lake on the area, discharge of which is supplied by sinkholes, are another problem (Mugla Centre Prospective Land Use Development Plan, 2004).

4.5. CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION

The Mediterranean climate prevails in Mugla Province. In addition to the effect of sea and altitude, topography also impacts on climatic characteristics of the region. Due to Mediterranean climate and latitude effect, temperature is moderate in coastal areas and low in mountainous parts in the winter.

The meteorological data recorded in the Mugla Meteorological Station, the closest meteorological station to the Project Site, were assessed to determine the climatic conditions of the region. General information about this station is given in Table 14 whereas detailed long-term meteorological data are presented in Appendix-D.

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Table 14. Mugla Meteorological Station

Working Period 1975-2005

Latitude 37.13

Longitude 28.22

Altitude 646 m

Source:General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Mugla Meteorological Station (1975-2004)

4.5.1. Precipitation

Amount of precipitation is high in summer, and low in winter due to Mediterranean effect. Convective rain is observed in inland areas besides frontal rain (www.mugla.gov.tr).

The long-term meteorological data recorded in the Mugla Meteorological Station between 1975 and 2004 reveals that the amount of average annual precipitation is 1,161.5 mm. As seen from Table 16, most part of the precipitation is observed in winter whereas in summer amount of precipitation decreases significantly. Amount of precipitation is 637.3 mm in winter, and 40.9 mm in summer. Considering average monthly precipitation, highest amount of precipitation is observed in December (251.6 mm) and lowest is observed in July (7.1 mm) (see Figure 17). Average number of days with snow is 4.8, and number of days with snow cover is 2.2.

Figure 17. Monthly Precipitation

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Table 15. Season-based Average Annual Precipitation Data

Season Average Total Precipitation Percentage

Spring 250.5 % 21.6 Summer 40.9 % 3.5 Fall 232.8 % 20.0 Winter 637.3 % 54.9

4.5.2. Temperature

As a characteristic of Mediterranean climate, air temperature is high throughout the year. Average annual temperature is +14.9 oC. The minimum air temperature recorded during the entire measurement period was -9.9 oC (February 9, 1976), and the maximum recorded was +41.6 oC (July 6, 2000). Monthly variations in temperature are presented in Figure 18. January is the coldest month with average temperature of +5.5 oC, and July is the hottest with 26.2 oC. As seen from Figure 18, average monthly temperature curve for Mugla is over +5 0C throughout the year. It is below +10 oC in only four months. Number of months with temperature exceeding +20 oC is four. Temperature is in an increasing trend from January to July, and it decreases from July to December.

Figure 18. Monthly Temperature Data of Muğla Meteorological Station (1975-2005)

4.5.3. Wind

Northerly winds dominate in Mugla due to topographic layout. The directions with the prevailing winds are south, south west and east. Average annual wind speed is 2.2 m/s. Average counts of stormy days and days with powerful wind are 4.6 days and 50.7 days, respectively. North-northeast (NNE) is the direction of the fastest wind. The prevailing wind direction is west-northwest with average speed of 3 m/s and its total

49 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impact Assessment Report

blowing number is 7060. The secondary prevailing wind direction is northwest (NW) with 2.5 m/s of average wind speed and its total blowing number is 3285.

4.6. GEOGROPHIC CONDITIONS

4.6.1. Topographical Structure

The mountains with perpendicular alignment to the Aegean Sea, plains lying between them and peninsulas constitute the topographical structure of the region. The major heights in the region are Sandıras Mountain (2,294 m), Goktepe (2,047 m) in the north of Fethiye and Goktepe (1,892 m) in the north of the city center of Mugla.

There are valleys formed by Cine Creek and Akcay in southeast – northwest direction. Plains with varying sizes lie in the southern part of the region due to lack of streams since limestone prevails in geological structures, and is highly permeable. The most important one among them is the Mugla Plain. It is a closed ditch in the southern part of the region with 30 km of width, and 620 – 630 m elevated. The plain is surrounded by elevated mountains, which are Kaleli Mountain (1,800 m) and Kurdu Mountain (1,600 m) in the north, Karadag (900 m) in the west and Derbent Mountain (900 m) in the south. Hamursuz Hill lies in the middle of the plain, and its altitude is 780 m. The least altitudes of topographical connections of the plain are 700 m. Late tectonism and vertical faults have played an important role in the formation of the plain. The plain has connections with its neighboring drainage basin at an altitude of 700 m in the east and west. The “Aydin – Mugla Highway” in the west and the “Denizli–Mugla Highway” in the east are passing through these connections points.

The Project Site lies in a flat and low altitude area. In order to get rid of the accumulation of rain water, the Project Site will be elevated by 5 m through filling works.

4.6.2. Water Resources

There are streams called Degirmendere, Karamugla and Basmaci creeks flowing through the city and their flow rates decreases significantly in the summer. The origin of Degirmendere Creek is 4.5 km away from the city, and its flow rate is 50 L/s. The origin of Basmaci Creek is 2.5 km away from the city, and its flow rate is 20 L/s. Flow rates of these streams increase in flood periods.

Koycegiz Lake is the most important natural lake within the borders of Mugla Province with a surface area of 65 km2 and depth between 1.5 – 5 m. It is 40 km away from the city center. Besides this, there are some small lagoons at the coastal zone. There are no major water resources at the Project Site and its vicinity.

4.6.3. Soil Condition

There are fields for agriculture with or without irrigation, forest zones, fruit gardens and grasslands in the center of Mugla. Residential areas include soil with capability classes of I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII (Prospective Land Use Development Plan Investigation Report, 2004).

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4.7. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.7.1. Population

The WWTP will serve for the settlements located at the city center of Mugla. The population that will be served for in 2022 and 2042 was determined by utilizing census results obtained by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) and data acquired from the MUNICIPALITY.

The population of Mugla is 715,328 according to results of census in 2000 and 83,511 of this live in the city center, namely 12% of total (see Table 16). There are 11 districts6 in Mugla, and the city center is formally nominated as the “Central District”. The Central District is the fourth largest district in terms of population.

Table 16. Population Distribution of Muğla and the Central District

Rural (%) Urban (%) Total (%)

Turkey 0.41 2.68 1.83

Muğla 2.03 3.04 2.40

Central District 1.10 2.08 1.60

4.7.2. Population Growth Rate

According to the data of TUIK for period between 1990 and 2000, population growth rates of Turkey, Mugla and the Central District are 1.8%, 2.4% and 1.6%, respectively. Distribution of population in Turkey, Mugla and the Central District is given in Table 16. As seen from Table 17, population densities of Mugla and the Central District are far below the average of Turkey.

4.7.3. Education

According to the data of 2000 for Mugla, literacy rate is 93%. It is 97% for male population, and 89% for female population. There are 812 schools in Mugla, and their distribution according to education levels is given in Table 18.

There is also a university in Mugla Province.

Table 17. Population Densities of Muğla and the Central District

Population (Year 2000) Surface Area Population

Total Urban Rural (km²) Density

Turkey 67,803,927 44,006,274 23,797,653 769,604 88

Muğla 715,328 268,341 446,987 12851 56

Central District 83,511 43,845 39,666 1658 50 Source: TURKSTAT, 2000.

6 In Turkish administrative division, a district is the sub- governmental unit of a province governorship.

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Table 18. Distribution of Education Institutions with respect to Grade Grade Number of Institutions Early Childhood 314 Elementary Education 439 Vocational 59 Total 812

4.7.4. Transportation

The access road to the WWTP will be provided by a 2 km in length road, which will be constructed by another Contractor If this road will be the stabilized type, the CONTRACTOR of the PROJECT will then rehabilitate the access road by covering with asphalt.

There is no railway transportation in Mugla Province. Airway transportation is provided with the Milas–Bodrum Airport, 65 km to the northeast of the Project Site, and with the Dalaman Airport, 65 km to the southwest of the Project Site. The 1,124 km long coastal road created various natural bays and ports. The major ports in the province are in Bodrum, Datca, Fethiye, Gulluk, Marmaris and Gocek.

4.7.5. Health Services

There is a public hospital with a capacity of 400 beds, a hospital of the governmental social security institution, known as the SSK, with a capacity of 160 beds and a private hospital with a capacity of 21 beds. The health institutions in the city are listed in Table 19 below.

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Table 19. Health Institutions in the City Center

Name of Institution Bed Count

Mugla State Hospital 501 Bodrum State Hospital 77 Dalaman State Hospital 30 Datça State Hospital 26 Fethiye State Hospital 223

Köyceğiz State Hospital 42

Marmaris State Hospital 79 75.Yıl Milas State Hospital 173 Ortaca State Hospital 52 Yatağan State Hospital 51 Kavaklıdere District Hospital 10 Private Yucel Hospital 50 Private Ahu Hetman Hospital 36 Private Fethiye Letoon H. 50 Private Lokman Hekim Es. H. 35 Private Bodrum Hospital 38 Private Universal Hospital 94 Pirvate Güney Eye Hospital 11 Private Milas İzan Hospital 48 Private Ortaca Yucelen Hospital 31 Total 1657

There will be no infirmaries in the Project Site since it will be sufficiently close to the city center, where the health institutions that may be utilized in an emergency case.

4.8. ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTCIS

Agriculture takes a major part in incomes of the province. The most important agricultural products are wheat, barley, cotton, tobacco, olive, grape, vegetable, water melone, feed crop and fruit along with animal products. Olive production is so important that olive-processing industry is developed in Mugla. There are olive production fields and olive oil plants in the province. Except these, there are marble processing plants and various industrial activities within the borders of the province. However, these facilities are out of the city center of Mugla and will not sent their wastewater to the new WWTP which is the subject of this report.

Tourism is an important sector, which supplies a significant income to the economy of the province, as well. Historical structures and natural beauties have considerably developed the tourism sector in the province. The PROJECT will both enhance public health by eliminating floods in septic tanks and reduce pollution in Gokova Bay, and thus should improve tourism.

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4.9. ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Ecological studies are conducted within the context of this report in order to identify flora and fauna specie of the Project Site and determine critically endangered ones, if any, requiring special protection.

Desktop studies were conducted by reviewing the main literature sources in order to obtain the ecological characteristics of Mugla and its vicinity as well as its floral and faunal inventory. Furthermore, the IUCN Risk Categories were reviewed to identify the category of the flora and fauna specie.

The following sources considered during the desktop studies are:

 “Biodiversity Hotspots” identified by the Conservation International7

 “Global 200” identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)8

 “Red List of Threatened Species” prepared by International Union for Conservation

of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)9

‘Biodiversity Hotspots’ are biologically rich areas that are under the greatest threat of destruction and represent a variety of global ecosystems, identified on the basis of three criteria: i) the number of species present, ii) the number of endemic species in an ecosystem and iii) the degree of threat faced. The Project Site is located in Mediterranean Basin, which surrounds the Mediterranean Sea. The basin's location at the intersection of two major landmasses, Eurasia and Africa, has contributed to its high diversity (see Figure 19).

Figure 19. Biodiversity Hotspot Map of Project Site

7 http://www.conservation.org/xp/CIWEB/ 8 http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/ecoregion_list/index.cfm 9 http://www.iucnredlist.org/

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‘Global 200 ’ ecoregions are based on selection criteria such as species richness, levels of endemism, taxonomic uniqueness, unusual evolutionary phenomena, and global rarity of major habitat types. In terms of Global 200 ecoregions and habitat, the Project Site is a typical Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests which is represented as PA1201 in Figure 20. This ecoregion is situated in parts of Turkey, Greece, and the Aegean that enjoys a Mediterranean climate and encompasses islands, coastal areas and some inland plains. As in all Mediterranean coastal areas, dense human population, extensive settlements, and agricultural activities have largely destroyed the natural habitat. Urbanization, conversion to agriculture, over-grazing and illegal logging are the principal causes of destruction.

Project Site

Figure 20. Global 200 Ecoregion Map of Project Site

Flora

The flora in Mugla includes variety of plant species. Mediterranean climate affects a wide area in the province. Low temperature and precipitation is suitable for plants to grow. Since drought is apparent, xerophytes formations were developed. These are called “maquis formation”. There are needle-leaved forests in mountainous regions with higher altitude.

There are pine forests with significant economic value, meadow mushroom, orchid and orchids italica along with hygrophytes, specific to the Black Sea Region of Turkey, and specie belonging to tropics in the shoreline.

Forest coverage is 15,119.5 ha in the Central District, and area without plant coverage is 7,243 ha (www.ogm.gov.tr). Tree specie in the Project Site and its vicinity are given below.

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Juniperus excelsa

It is observed between altitudes of 300 and 2,300 m in arid and rocky habitats, and they are usually 15-20 m tall. They can be observed in suitable habitats throughout Turkey.

Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis

It is spread over Middle, Western and Southern Anatolia. Forest zone is constituted by pine and oak, which is observed between altitudes of 50 and 1,700 m.

Pinus brutia

It is wide-spread in Turkey the most as compared to the rest of the world. It is locally spread in Western and Middle Black Sea Region besides forming large forests in Mediterranean and Aegean regions. There is an area of 3,729,866 ha covered by Turkish Pine forest in Turkey. Turkish Pine can be observed between altitudes of 1,000 and 2,000 m. It is photophilic, and may grow as tall as 20 m. It was given this name because of its young offshoots generally with dark red color.

Platanus orientalis

This species can naturally grow in alluvial soil, bottom of valleys and forests, and it is observed at an altitude of 1,000 m. diameter of its body can be 10 m, and its height can be 30 m. It has large palmate leafs and flowers forming spherical piles.

The majority of the taxa defined belong to the “Mediterranean Phytogeographic Region” the Project Site lies in grid “C” according to the grid system invented by P. H. Davis. The map showing the vegetation in Mugla and the Project Site is given in Figure 21.

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Figure 21. Vegetation in Muğla and the Project Site (Source: www.ogm.gov.tr)

As seen from Figure 21, the vegetation in the Project Site is mainly composed of natural pine forest and Pinus brutia. Plant specie in the Project Site and its vicinity were listed through site surveys and literature research. In addition to these, there may be some missing specie in local flora researches considering floral richness of Turkey. Therefore, all the identified flora specie presented in the “Flora of Turkey” was considered in order to eliminate any missing species in the scope of surveys carried out. Besides these, the “Turkish Plants Data Service”, prepared by “The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey”, was also made use of in compiling the flora list.

There is no specie, which are in danger, and need to be protected according to the “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007”, in the Project Site. Moreover, App.-I of the Berne Convention, which Turkey also signed, does not cover any species in present in the Project Site.

Latin names of the species along with relative abundance and endemism status of each species are given in Table E.1 in Appendix- E.

Fauna

According to the decisions taken by the Central Hunting Commission for 2007 – 2008 Hunting Term, effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 26574 on 6 July 2007,

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App.-I lists the specie that are protected by the Ministry of Forestry.

App.-II lists the specie that is protected by the Central Hunting Commission.

App.-III lists the specie that can only be hunted within periods determined by the Central Hunting Commission.

According to the Decision of the Central Hunting Commission, hunting is restricted in the areas described below. As seen from Figure 18, there are no areas defined as “National Park”, “Natural Park”, “Nature Protection Area”, “Special Environmental Protection Area”, “Wild Life Rearing Site” and “Wild Animal Settlement Site” within the borders of the Project Site.

Ula District Mugla-Central District, Yaras, Kestanelik; eastern border: the line connecting Damlacık Tepe, Yellibelen Tepe and Kestanelik, western border: the state highway connecting Mugla to Marmaris, northern border: the line connecting Meseli Tepe, Kuyugedigi and Dambası Tepe and the state highway connecting Mugla to Denizli, southern border: the state highway connecting Mugla to Ula.

All the reptiles are listed in App. I of the Decision of the Central Hunting Commission, and they are under protection (see Table F.1 in Appendix-F). Therefore, hunting and keeping them is forbidden. Specie of mammals present in the Project Site and its vicinity are given in Table 20.

Table 20. Specie of Mammals LATIN NAME COMMON NAME CHC* 2007-2008 IUCN 2007** BERN Sciurus vulgaris Chipmunk App.-I NT App.-III Erinaceus europaeus Porcupine App.-I LR/lc App.-III Hystrix cristata Crested Porcupines - LC - Lepus europaeus Brown Hare App.-III LR/lc App.-III Vulpes vulpes Fox App.-III LC - * CHC stands for the Central Hunting Commission ** NT : Near Threatened LR : Lower Risk LC : Least Concern

Other specie of the local fauna (reptiles and birds) were assessed in terms of the international conventions that Turkey signed, and are given Appendix–F. According to the result of assessment of fauna species it can be stated that there are no rare or endangered animals, reptiles, birds etc. that either are found at the Project Site or use the site as a migratory route.

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REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY

MAP OF HUNTING ZONES IN MUĞLA

Project Site

Figure 22. Map of Hunting Zones in Mugla Province

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5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

This section of the report provides a summary of PROJECT specific environmental issues associated with constructional and operational phase of the wastewater treatment plant. These issues are mainly associated with noise, air and dust emissions, wastewater effluents, storage and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. These may cause impacts on the ambient air and water quality as well as ecology and sensitive receptors. Hence, mitigation measures are assessed in this section, as well.

5.1. LIQUID WASTES

5.1.1. Domestic Wastewater

Domestic wastewater will be generated due to daily water utilization (for drinking, bathing, washing, etc.) by employees. For the construction and operational phases of the PROJECT, there will be 70 and 14 employees, respectively. Assuming that 90% of water consumed transforms into wastewater and daily water consumption is 150 L/cap for construction phase as water will be consumed for drinking, bathing and washing purposes. However, in operational phase, water will be utilized for cleaning of the administration, cogeneration, workshop buildings, irrigation of green areas and for laboratory works in addition to drinking and bathing purposes for operational staff, so daily water consumption is 200 L/cap for operational phase. The estimated amount of wastewater for construction and operational phases of the PROJECT will be 9.45 m3/day (70 people x 0.90 x 150 L/cap-day) and 2.5 m3/day (14 people x 0.90 x 200 L/cap-day), respectively.

Assumptions made for the amount of water consumed are based on the water consumption data was acquired from the MUNICIPALITY. A summary of these data is given in Table 21.

Table 21. Water Consumption Data

Water Consumption Unit 2020 2040

Net Average Consumption L/cap-day 150 185 Net Unmeasured Legal Consumption and Net Illegal L/cap-day 27 10 Consumption Net Total Water Consumption L/cap-day 177 195 Amount Returning to the Wastewater System (80 % of net L/cap-day 142 156 consumption) Water Inlet from Gates L/cap-day 7 8

Total Amount of Wastewater L/cap-day 148 164

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5.1.2. Rain Water

The Project Site lies at a lower elevation than its surroundings; hence, rain water is accumulated at the Project Site. This problem inhibits the site arrangement as well as construction facility of the treatment plant.

5.1.3. Filtrate Water

Filtrate water will result from sludge thickeners and sludge dewatering units. In addition to this, there will be leakage water from pump stations, screens, wash water and grit chamber.

Maximum amount of leakage water from the facility will be 132 m3/day. Utilization of leakage water is explained in Section 6.1.3.

5.2. SOLID WASTE

Solid waste to be generated in the construction phase will be inorganic construction waste, excavation waste and domestic solid waste generated by the employees. In the operational phase, there will be sludge and domestic solid waste generation in addition to the solid waste originating from maintenance of machinery and equipment to be utilized in the operational phase.

5.2.1. Domestic Solid Waste

Assuming that there will be 3 kg/cap-day10 of solid waste generation, there will be 210 kg (70 people x 3 kg/cap-day) of solid waste in the construction phase. In the operational phase, there will be 42 kg (14 people x 3 kg/cap-day) of solid waste.

5.2.2. Construction Waste

The solid waste arising from construction works is composed mainly of reusable and recyclable materials (broken or unused metal or wooden concrete formwork materials, broken or unusable metal or wooden parts construction cages, used clothes or equipment).

5.2.3. Excavation Earth

Excavation works will be carried out prior to the construction activities for digging a foundation, site preparation and road opening. Total amount of excavations are expected to be 10,000 m3 at construction phase. No excavation works will be carried out at the operational phase of the PROJECT.

10 Solid waste generation in Mugla is 3 kg/cap-day according to the regional statistics 2004 of TUIK.

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5.2.4. Sludge

There will be sludge generation due to biological wastewater treatment process. Amount of dewatered sludge at 15C will be 15 ton/day in 2042. Details about storage and disposal of the sludge are given in Section 6.2.3.

5.3. HAZARDOUS WASTE

5.3.1. Waste Oil

Waste oil to be generated in the construction phase will be limited to waste oil resulting from the equipment used. Maintenance of the equipment shall be made in places with appropriate infrastructure, where oil separator exist and the oils are collected and disposed by the firms certified by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. Hence, there will not be significant amount of waste oil generation.

A deal will be made with a catering firm to meet food demand of employees. Since there will be no cooking in the Project Site, generation of waste cooking oil is out of concern. In the operational phase, there will be waste lubrication oil. Besides, oil in the wastewater will be scraped from the surface in grit and grease removal unit (aerated grit chamber), and this will add to total generation of waste oil in the operational phase.

5.3.2. Medical Waste

Since the Project Site lies in the city center, no hospital or infirmary will be established in the scope of the PROJECT. The health institutions in the city will be benefited in case of an emergency. This ensures that there will be no generation of medical waste in the scope of the PROJECT.

5.3.3. Waste Batteries and Accumulators

Waste accumulators will be resulting from equipment and cars utilized in the construction and operational phases. Accumulators of cars will changed in places with appropriate infrastructure in the workshop unit of the WWTP facility or the accumulator supplier workshop. Mobile radios will be the waste battery sources.

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5.4. AIR EMISSIONS

5.4.1. Gaseous Emissions

Energy demand of the WWTP will be supplied from the present network. There will be no emissions resulting from fossil fuels. Exhaust emissions from heavy machinery to be used in construction and the cars that belong to the MUNICIPALITY and to be used during the construction and operation phases will be controlled by regular maintenance.

Heating of buildings will be provided by utilization of biogas that will be generated by the process. The H2S content of the biogas will be very low, nearly 0.0002-0.0005 % in volume. Therefore, the use of biogas for heating purpose will both prevent the direct emission of biogas to air and decrease the amount of the sulphur emission. This will both prevent biogas from being emitted into air and decrease amount of pollutants that are resulting from heat generation. To sum up, there will be no organic gas or vapor to be emitted into air in the operational phase.

5.4.2. Dust Emissions

The activities that may result in dust generation are given below:

 Transportation on unpaved roads,

 Excavation works for roads and foundations,

 Transport, utilization and storage of construction materials and

 Transport of excavated material.

The dust emission factor of 9.9 gr/m2-day has been used in calculating the dust emissions resulting from the construction activities. This factor has been calculated based on a formula given by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) considering various construction sites. The formula below has been used to calculate dust emission rates in construction sites:

Excavation works will be carried on 5,000 m2 of area. Working period will be nine months, and there will be 12 hours of working a day.

  g  day   5,000m2  Dust Emission = 9.9 x x  2   30 day m day 12 hours  9months x   1 month 

Amount of dust = 15.3 g/hour ≈ 0.015 kg/hour

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This value is below 1.5 kg/hour, the limit value stipulated in the Annex-2, Table 2.1 of the Regulation on the Control of Air Pollution Originating from Industrial Establishments (Official Gazete dated July 22, 2006 and numbered 26236) and determines the requirement of modelling study. Thus, modelling study is not required.

Vegetal top soil with a thickness of 0.3 m will be removed from surface before excavation works begin. Excavation earth of 10,00 m3 will be used in filing works in the Project Site, and thus, it will be transported to appropriate places with trucks. There will be 165,000 m3 of earth to be used in filling works. Therefore, 155,000 m3 of the filling earth will be transported outside the Project Site. All these processes will result in dust generation.

Since the distance covered for transportation of excavation materials is short, there will be negligible amount of dust generation due to transport of vegetal soil. Emission coefficients for calculation of dust generated during excavation and filling works are given in Table 22.

Table 22. Emission Factors to be Used for Dust Calculations

Activity Unit Emission Coefficient

Excavation kg/ton 0.025 Loading kg/ton 0.01 Unloading kg/ton 0.01 Source : www.cedgm.gov.tr

 Dust emission due to excavation:

Depth of vegetal soil = 0.30 m

Density of material = 1.6 ton/m3

Total amount of excavation = ((5,000 m2 x 0.30 m) + 10,000 m3) x 1.6 ton/m3 = 18,400 ton

Hourly amount of excavation = 18.400 ton / (9 ay x 30 gun x 12 hours) = 5.6 ton/hour

Dust emission = 5.6 ton/hour x 0.025 kg/ton = 0.142 kg/hour

 Dust emission due to loading:

Amount of material extracted = 10,000 m3/(9 monthsx30 days x 12 hours) x 1.6

ton/m3 = 4.94 ton/hour

Dust emission = 4.94 ton/hour x 0.01 kg/ton = 0.05 kg/hour

Soil to be used in filling works will be transported to appropriate areas, and hence, there will be no dust generation during unloading of this material.

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 Dust emission due to unloading:

Amount of material = 165,000 m3 / (9 months x 30 days x 12 hours) x 1.6 ton/m3 = 81.5 ton/hours Dust emission = 81.5 ton/hour x 0.01 kg/ton = 0.815 kg/hour

Total amount of dust emission = 0.015 + 0.142 + 0.05 + 0.815 = 1.022 kg/hour

This value is below the limit value of 1.5 kg/hour, which is stipulated in the “Regulation on Control of Air Pollution Originating from Industrial Establishments” (RCAPOIE) to decide on whether a modeling study is necessary, and thus, conducting a modeling study is not necessary. Mitigating measures for dust emissions is given in Section 6.3 under the topic of “Air Emissions”.

5.5. ODOR

There will be odor formation in some units of the WWTP. These are;

 Inlet pumping station

 Screen house

 Pump ditches

 Grit and grease removal equipment

 Sludge thickener

 Sludge dewatering unit

Measures that shall be taken against odor formation are given in Section 6.4.

5.6. NOISE

There will be noise and vibration due to works carried out with construction machines from the preparation of land for construction to start-up of the WWTP. Noise in the construction phase will result from the machinery and vehicles that will be used for excavation, loading and transportation.

The noise emission criteria that concern the WWTP are stipulated in the “List B” of the “Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise” (RAMEN), effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 26809 on 7 March 2008 Equivalent

Sound Power Levels (LW) of equipment and machinery used in construction phase are determined in accordance with the “Regulation on Environmental Noise Emission Originating from the Equipment Used in Open Area” (Official Gazette dated January 22,

2003 and numbered 25001). Sound Power Levels (LW) of the equipment and machinery to be used in the PROJECT is presented in Table 23.

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Table 23. Construction Machinery and Equipment and Their Sound Power Levels (Lw)

Machinery / Equipment Count Lw (dB)

Loader 2 115 Exkavator 2 103 Compactor 1 105 Dump truck 4 101 Concrete pump truck 1 101 Transmixer 3 115 Truck Crane 1 101 Water Tanker 1 90 Car 1 85 Pick-up 2 85

Total sound power level of all sources can be calculated by the formula (1) presented below7. In the formula, it is assumed that all sound sources are on the same plane.

n Li 1 10 LWT 10log 10 ………………………………… (1) n i1

In this formula;

n = Number of sources

Li = Sound power level of each source (dBA)

LWT = Total noise power level

 100 110 120 105 115  L  10 log 1x10 10 1x10 10 1x10 10 1x10 10  2x10 10  WT  

= 122 dB

Sound power level (Lp), caused by machinery or equipment, at a certain point can be calculated using the Formula (2) below11.

 Q  LP  LWT 10 log  …………………………………....(2)  4..r 2 

Lp : Sound power level (dBA)

Q : Constant selected with respect to the roughness of the ground (Q=2)

r : Distance (m)

11 Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise, Type A Certificate Program Seminar Notes- METU Continuing Education Center, Ankara, 2007

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Atmospheric absorption may decrease the sound power level further since all the activities will be at the outdoor. Nonetheless, atmospheric absorption is excluded from calculations in order to consider the worst case scenario. Noise level with respect to distance was calculated by using the formula given above, and calculations are summarized in Figure 23.

140

120

100 …. ….

80

60 Gürültü Seviyesi (dBA) Gürültü 40

20

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Mesafe (m)

Figure 23. Noise Distribution with respect to Distance

Variation of noise level with respect to distance is given in Table 24.

Table 24. Noise Distribution with respect to Distance

r (m) Lw (dB)

0 122 10 94,0 20 88,0 26 85,7 30 84,5 40 82,0 50 80,0 75 76,5 100 74,0 150 70,5 200 68,0 300 64,5

Noise level due to construction activities drops below the limit value of 70 dBA, which is stipulated in the RAMEN for the closest sensitive receptor, at 150 m of distance from the Project Site. Since the closest sensitive receptor is 1,100 m, the city center, there will be no noise level exceeding the limit value at the sensitive receptor.

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Table 25 presents the criteria stipulated in, Table 5 of Annex VIII of the RAMEN for the noise level that shall not be exceeded at the closest sensitive receptor to the place where noise emitting activities take place. These criteria will be fulfilled in every phase of the PROJECT.

Table 25. Limit Values for Environmental Noise (Table 5 of annex VIII of the RAMEN)

Activity (Construction, Demolition and Repair) Ldaytime (dBA)

Building 70 Road 75 Other Sources 70

During construction period precautions will be taken according to Occupational Health and Safety Act (issued in the Official Gazette, dated 11.01.1974 and numbered 14765) Article 22; necessary equipment will be supplied to the workers, such as head gears, earmuffs and ear-plugs. Furthermore during all the works rules specified by the “Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety” (issued in the Official Gazette, dated 09.01.2003 and numbered 25311) will be obeyed.

In context of these legislation the followings are required:

The employee must prepare a health and safety plan and train the workers to ensure that they have clearly understand this plan and their responsibilities. The training session must be completed before the initiation of construction period and when a new worker arrives, the training session must be repeated for the new comer.

At the facilities where heavy and dangerous works are not being carried out, the noise level must not exceed 80 dBA. However, at the work places where more noisy works are done, noise level can increase up to 95 dBA. In such situations, head gears, earmuffs and ear-plugs must be provided to the workers.

Before being employed, their health will be checked and the ones having problem with their ears and nervous system will not be employed.

According to assessment made according to the Article 23 of the RAMEN, there will be no such sensitive receptors as schools, hospitals and houses in an area with 150 m of radius around the Project Site in order to fulfill the limit value of 70 dBA stipulated in Table 5 of annex VIII of the RAMEN. Activities taking place near residential areas shall be suspended except daytime period (07:00-19:00) in compliance with the criteria stipulated in Table 1-2 of the RAMEN. The Project Site is 1,100 m away from residential areas, and thus, necessary permits will be acquired from the municipality for continuation of activities within excluded time period.

The Project Owner shall present the information on start and completion date, working periods and permits acquired from the municipality on a table that can be easily seen. This Table should be displayed at the building of the MUNICIPALITY in a place where public can easily access. The limit values for sensitive areas will be complied with

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during PROJECT activities. All the necessary measures will be taken in order to minimize noise level (see Section 6.5).

The “Noise Regulation” and the “Vibration Regulation” published by the “Ministry of Labor and Social Security” will be complied with for noise level that employees will be subject to. Further mitigation measures for noise are given is Section 6.5.

5.7. ACCIDDENT RISK DUE TO TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS USED

Accidents during construction may be considered as risks for employees. Besides this, increasing traffic load due to PROJECT activities may increase accident risk for local people. However, these risks are not specific to the PROJECT but common to all similar projects. It will be possible to minimize the potential accident risks by erection of warning signs within and outside the construction site and by the use of personal protective equipment. Risk of accident to be resulted by the technology and materials used in the scope of the PROJECT are negligibly low provided that the Occupational Health and Safety legislation will be fully complied with. The policies and procedures related to Occupational Health and Safety will be effective in every phase of the PROJECT, and all the activities will be carried out in compliance with the regulations and standards implemented in Turkey and safety certificates published by manufacturers. According to the Labour Law (Official Gazette dated June 10, 2003 and numbered 25134) and related occupational health and safety legislation the followings will be implemented: The CONTRACTOR will be responsible with taking all the necessary measures and maintaining all the needed means and tools in full in order to ensure occupational health and safety in the establishment. A health and safety plan and emergency response plan will be prepared by the Conractor and they will train the workers to ensure that they have clearly understand this plan and their responsibilities. The training session must be completed before the initiation of construction period and when a new worker arrive, the training session must be repeated for the new comer. The construction works will mostly be carried out during daytime. However, in case it needs to be continue at the night time, necessary illumination for ensuring safe working conditions will be provided. The workers will wear helmets in the construction area to protect their head from any falling object. Warning signals will be inserted around the dangerous locations such as excavated ares. Moreover, the excavated areas will be surrounded by wooden curtains. Safety harnesses and signal devices will be provided for the staff working at the deeply excavated areas and excavation works will be stopped at rainy weathers. Top boots will be provided for the staff working inside the water. Guardrails will be constructed at the high buildings and stairs in order to prevent the worker falling from high points.

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Emergency Response Plans (ERP) will be prepared by the Contarctor prior to the construction phase and by the operator prior to the operation phase in the scope of the PROJECT and these will be strictly obeyed. The requirements are monitored by the Project Manager of the Consultant during construction and operation periods. The primary objective of the ERPs is to describe the actions to be taken in an emergency case. Natural disasters, accidents and sabotages are classified as “emergency case” in the scope of this PROJECT. The measures to be taken to warn the endangered population prior to hazardous situations are the major concerns of ERPs. Beside these, the following items will be of concern in preparing ERPs:

 The tools required for an immediate response in an emergency state (fire, explosion etc.) will be identified and stored in a separate place. Mattocks and oars face masks, protective eye-glasses, gloves, various pumps, electrical engines with explosion protection, wireless and similar equipment shall be listed among these tools.

 It will be planned in advance how the heavy construction machinery like scoop and bulldozer will respond to any emergency state and the parking locations of this machinery will be chosen accordingly.

 ERP’s will also comprise the list of emergency response teams, the locations of safety equipment, emergency exists, emergency procedures as well as the telephone numbers to be contacted.

ERP’s will be continuously reviewed by the CONTRACTOR and all the relevant equipment will be periodically inspected and maintained. Key personnel will be trained on this topic. The construction CONTRACTOR will be responsible for this during the construction period whereas during the operational period operational CONTRACTOR will be responsible.

 The nearest security unit (police or gendarme) and fire department will be alarmed in case of emergency.

According to the “Regulation on Structures Constructed at Disaster Areas” (Official Gazette numbered 23098 and dated September 2, 1997) and the “Regulation on Protection of Buildings Against Fire” (Official Gazette numbered 25865 and dated July 1 2005) the following precautions will be taken:

Any building will not be erected at the locations where snowslide, rock fall and landslide is observed. If there is a flood risk, the height of the building and the locations of the rooms in the building will be arranged accordingly. If there is a fire risk at the region, the buildings will not be constructed from the materials like wood, etc that can burn easily. There must be emergency exits and fire escape stairs at the buildings. Moreover, the foundations and the bodies of the buildings shall be strong enough against any potential earthquake.

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6. MITIGATION MEASURES

Related regulations and guidelines of Turkish environmental legislation will be complied with in order to minimize the environmental impacts originating from the construction and operation of the PROJECT. Environmental impacts and mititgation measures in operation and decommissioning phases are given in detail in Chapter 8.3.

6.1. LIQUID WASTES

6.1.1. Domestic Wastewater

Amount of wastewater to be generated in the construction and operation phases of the PROJECT is calculated as 9.45 and 2.7 m3/s, respectively (see Section 5.1.1).

Domestic wastewater to be generated in the construction phase of the PROJECT will be collected in unleaking septic tanks that will be constructed by approval of the Municipality in compliance with the “Regulation on the Tanks Constructed where Sewer System Construction is Inapplicable”, effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 13783 on 13 March 1971. Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization will control the compliance to the this regulation. The septic tank will be checked regularly by the constructional staff and when it is filled up sewage trucks will be employed to empty and transport the sewage to the present and very simple wastewater treatment facility which is located on the Marmaris road at the western part of the urban city.

Wastewater generated in the operational phase will be treated in the WWTP, and the “Water Pollution Control Regulation”, effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 25687 on 31 December 2004, will be complied with in terms of discharge quality. Since the flow rate of this wastewater is rather low, it will not affect the process in the WWTP

.Analysis of discharged wastewater shall be made daily in the operational phase BOD, COD, suspended solids, pH, P and N are the parameters to be analzed as stated in Section 3.2. Prior to the initiation of operational phase, discharge permit will be received from Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization. The water samples will be taken from the discharge of the WWTP by the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization and sent to the laboratories authorized by the MoEU to carry out environmental analyses.

6.1.2. Rain Water

As stated in Section 5.1.2, in order to prevent the accumulation of rain waters, site will be filled and it will be elevated prior to the construction activities. Moreover, a drainage system will be established around the facility to collect rain water and conveyed the collected stromwater to the river nearby the WWTP. Amount of wastewater to be collected will be rather lower than the amount of wastewater that will be collected from the entire city. Therefore, it is not expected to bring about an additional load to the WWTP.

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6.1.3. Filtrate Water

Effluent originated from sludge thickeners and leakage water from sludge dewatering units will be directed to filtrate water storage tank along with wastewater from pump stations, screens, wash water and grit chamber. Filtrate water collected within the system will be directed to aeration tank of WWTP.

6.2. SOLID WASTE

6.2.1. Domestic Solid Waste

Solid waste generation in the construction and operational phase of the PROJECT will be 210 kg/day and 45 kg/day. Solid waste generated will be collected by the MUNICIPALITY, and disposed of in compliance with the “Solid Waste Control Regulation” (SWCR), effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 20814 on 14 March 1991.

Recoverable waste, e.g. glass, plastic and metal packaging materials and paper, will be separated and stored in containers, and given to licensed waste recovery companies in compliance with the “Regulation on Control of Packaging Materials”, effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 26562 on 24 June 2007.

6.2.2. Excavation

Amount of excavations will be 10,000 m3, all of which will be used in filling works in the Project Site. Excavated material will be stored in an appropriate area at the Project Site in compliance with the “Regulation on Control of Excavation Material, Construction and Demolition Wastes”, effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 25406 on 18 March 2004. Appropriate area means a place in the construction site where the storage for a certain period of time is possible for reuse of the excavated material when needed. It does not require any permeability or similar ground conditions and will be determined by the MUNICIPALITY.

Moreover, in compliance with the same regulation, vegetal top soil that will be removed prior to excavation works will be stored in an appropriate area, and used in landscape works. Appropriate area means a place in the construction site where the storage for a certain period of time is possible for reuse of the excavated material when needed. It does not require any permeability or similar ground conditions. In order to keep the quality of the vegetal soil, the interval between its removal and the reuse will be as short as possible. During storage, surface of vegetal soil will be grassed. Vegetal top soil will be stored in a separate place than excavates and other solid wastes. Vegetal soil will be laid back, and will be planted with local vegetation following the competition of construction works.

6.2.3. Waste Sludge

Sludge will be analyzed in order to determine whether its content is considered as a hazardous waste or not in compliance with the “Hazardous Waste Control Regulation” (HWCR), effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 25755 on 14 March 2005, and it will be utilized in agriculture, forest and landscape works provided that it is not within the

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context of hazardous waste. If the sludge is determined to be hazardous, then it will be sent to a licenced hazardous waste disposal facility that is the nearest disposal facilities selected in order to reduce the transportation costs of hazardous wastes. Nearest hazardous waste disposal facilities to the Mugla Province are located in Izmir or Manisa provinces of Turkey. These facilities can be employed or other facilities can be selected from other provinces. The licenced facilities are the facilities that have been approved by MoEF for disposal of hazardous wastes. On the other hand, if the sludge is non- hazardous, excess amount of sludge that is not utilized for agricultural purposes will be stored in a concrete paved area. Decision on the way sludge will be utilized will be taken in accordance with the preferences of farmers, the MUNICIPALITY and the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization.

Sludge will be dewatered in compliance with the WPCR. Raw sludge cannot be utilized in agriculture, in cultivated areas, forests and grasslands according to the “Soil Pollution Control Regulation” (SPCR). Moreover, processed sludge cannot be used for production of vegetables that are in contact with soil while growing.

Sludge may be utilized in agriculture according to the related tables given in the SPCR depending on its composition.

Sludge cannot be used if amount of any of the heavy metals in it exceeds the limit value. Besides, the terms given below also restricts utilization of sludge:

 In case of yield in grassland and feed crop, before at least three weeks pass

 In vegetable and fruit yielding fields,

 10 months before the yield in fields that are planned to be used for yielding vegetable and fruit.

To sum up, SPCR stipulates the restrictions on utilization of sludge and procedures for acquisition of permits. According to this regulation, sludge shall be utilized for agricultural products to be processed such as cotton, tobacco, etc. rather than for products that are directly consumed by people.

In addition to these uses of sludge, it may also be made use of in soil rehabilitation, in green lands and in landscape works. Moreover, it may also be stored.

Since the agricultural utilization of sludge will be seasonal, a storage area will be arranged for three-month storage of sludge. This will be an outdoor facility with concrete – covered bottom and concrete walls. The sludge filtrate will be drained from the bottom of the storage area to filtrate pump station by means of drainage pipeline. The collected wastewater will then elevated to inlet of the aeration tank by filtrate pumps.

As the amount of dewatered sludge at 15C will be 25 ton/day in 2042, sludge height and density will be 2 m and 800 kg/m3, respectively. Storage area shall be designed according to storage periods of 90 days. Therefore, minimum land requirement will be 1,500 m2 (30 x 50 m).

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6.2.4. Waste Oil

There will be no significant waste oil generation during construction activities. In the operational phase, there will be generation of waste oil due to equipment used. Oil will be supplied in barrels, and be transported to the Project Site by trucks. It will be stored in an area, which has a connection to an oil trap not to let leaking oil mix with soil. Besides, oil scraped in the aerated grit chamber will be stored in a separate tank, be prevented from being mixed with pollutants. Unpolluted waste oil will be transferred to recycling facilities whereas polluted oil will be properly disposed of.

Any kind of waste oil to be generated in the scope of the PROJECT will be transported, stored and disposed of in compliance with the HWCR and the “Regulation on Control of Waste Oil”, effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 25353 on 21 January 2004. The requirements of this regulation are explained in Appendix-A.

6.2.5. Waste Batteries and Accumulators

Waste batteries and accumulators will be collected and handled in compliance with the “Regulation on Control of Waste Batteries and Accumulators”, effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 25569 on 31 August 2004. The requirements of this regulation are explained in Appendix-A.

6.3. AIR EMISSIONS

Gas emissions will result from vehicles, and will be controlled through regular maintenance of them.

Dust emissions resulting from construction activities may vary according to the type of activity, soil and wind. Dust particles are transported by air when wind speed exceeds 3 m/s. Particles with diameter greater than 100 m settle at a distance between 6- 10 m when wind speed is 4 m/s. Particles with diameter between 30 and 100 m settle after traveling 100 m from the source in the same wind condition.

Particles with diameter less than 10 m travel for a longer time, and they may be transported out of the construction site by the effect of atmospheric turbulence. To sum up, small particles may travel 500 m in the air whereas particles with diameter more than or equal to 30 m only travel 100 m from the construction site.

Possible negative impacts due to dust emission are listed below:

 Impacts on flora by inhibiting photosynthesis,

 Disturbance in the terrestrial fauna,

 Respiratory illnesses,

 Increasing turbidity in surface water.

Impacts due to dust emission will be minimized through implementation of the following measures:

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 The contractor will be required to use equipment that minimizes dust emission

 In order to prevent or minimize dust formation at soil piles or similar spots, soil piles shall be watered in dry weather for dampening.

 30 km/hour speed limit shall be set on non-paved roads.

 Both the site and access roads shall be mechanically cleaned or water-sprayed to prevent dust formation.

 Trucks carrying loose materials and rock wastes will be covered during the transportation.

 The workers will be trained in order to prevent unloading from high for example from truck haulage during material transfer.

The mitigating measures that will be taken in compliance with the Appendix-1 of the RCAPOIE for excavation to be made inside the Project Site are as follows:

 Carriers will be covered

 Transportation roads will be wetted when necessary

 30 km/hour speed limit shall be set on non-paved roads.

 Both the site and access roads shall be mechanically cleaned or water-sprayed to prevent dust formation.

 Trucks carrying loose materials and rock wastes will be covered and be watered during the transportation.

The measures presented above will be taken in excavation areas. In addition to these, the “Occupational Health and Safety Regulation”, effective since publication in Official Gazette no. 25311 on 9 December 2003, will be complied with in order to minimize the negative impacts of dust emission on employees.

In context of these legislation the followings are required:

 The employee must prepare a health and safety plan and train the workers to ensure that they have clearly understand this plan and their responsibilities. The training session must be completed before the initiation of construction period and when a new worker arrive, the training session must be repeated for the new comer.

 Dust generating activities will be realized by a closed system, if they are technologically and economically viable

 Aspiration system, water curtains and vacuums will be utilized to prevent the spreading of the dust.

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 Depending on the content of the dust, different personal protective equipments and protective masks will be provided to the workers.

 At the end of each shift, the workers employed in dust generating works will be provided to have a bath and they will be prevented to sleep or eat before having bath.

 Each worker will have a medical control before employment and the ones having respiratory and circulatory disorders and skin problems will not be employed for dust generating works.

In conclusion, there will be no adverse impact either on the local air quality or on the human health provided that particle matter emission is maintained at acceptable levels.

Significant amount of dust is not expected to be generated in the operational phase.

6.4. ODOR

The major odor sources in the facility are given in Section 5.5. The only measure that can be taken against odor is to cover buildings where odor is generated. Proper working conditions as stipulated in the “Labor Law” and related regulations will be provided. In addition to these, the minimum hourly air exchange rate shall be 6 for these buildings. Air exchange rate in PROJECT units that are operated infrequently may be low, and these structures will be constructed using sulfate-proof concrete.

6.5. NOISE

Noise Emission in the Operational Phase

The major noise sources will be pumps, blowers, sludge trucks and loaders and belt filter press. Another noise source will be generators.

All the measures including insulation will be taken generator building, blower building and buildings housing belt filter press and pumps. Transmission of noise waves in buildings will be in two ways, which are;

 Transmission by the structure itself

 Transmission by sound waves

Insulation will be made for three surfaces: ceiling, floor and side walls. Special insulated doors will be used since sound is transmitted mostly through spaces at the bottom of the door and key holes. A good insulation can decrease sound pressure level down to 40 dBA. During the operational phase, there will be no noise reaching to sensitive receptors.

Project Owner will take necessary precautions to keep noise level below the limit value stipulated in the RAMEN for industrial establishments. Measures can be taken;

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- At source

- Between source and receptor

- At receptor

Measures to be taken at source

Prevention of noise at source is the most effective way of noise control. The primary objective is to select equipment emitting lower sound power level. High- technology equipment to be used in the facility and closed cabins for noise emitting equipment will minimize noise level. It is hard to indicate noise levels of equipments at this stage of the Project. The noise levels of the equipments are determined by the supplier and the contractor. Therefore, the noise levels of the equipments will be determined by them. The main issue is complying with the limit values at the sensitive receptors stipulated by Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise. This is also confirmed by the officials of Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.

Measures to be taken between source and receptor

Noise curtains, barriers and natural obstructions can be classified in this category. Plant cover and bushes surrounding noise sources block noise transmission. A plant cover with a width of 50 m will decrease sound level by approximately 3 dBA.

Measures to be taken at receptor

Primary measure to be taken at receptor is insulation in buildings made according to the international standards. Employees will be supplied with earlaps and protective clothes to wear within working periods.

Monitoring Studies

No noise measurement studies have been conducted in the scope of the PROJECT. However, a background noise measurement study will be conducted for proper assessment of noise in the scope of monitoring studies in the construction and operational phases. Background noise measurements will be started just before the initiation of construction activities and continue throughout the construction phase. These measurements will be conducted by a company authorized to carry out noise measurements.

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7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

7.1. TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES

Handling of wastewater that is accomplished by leaching septic systems became problematic issue since wastewater amount increases with the increasing population. As a result of the rapid increase in urban population, overflow problem from the septic systems have been experienced very commonly. Overflowing wastewater can reach to the groundwater resources, cause odor problem and soil pollution. Moreover, wastewater leaching down to groundwater table may reach drinking water supplies and also Gokova Bay by means of sinkholes. These situations threaten both environment and public health.

In order to prevent all these problems, Modified Bardenpho Process (MB) with extended aeration and nitrogen removal, which is the selected process in the waste water treatment plant , was designed to overcome wastewater handling problem. This process is commonly used for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In addition, sludge thickening will be achieved by sludge dewatering.

Carrousel type synchronous denitrification process was considered as an “Alternative Project” of the PROJECT. Synchronous denitrification is flexible, and its treatment efficiency is sufficient for organic loading of various wastewater types. Moreover, methane generated as a by-product of the treatment sludge can be utilized as fuel. Anaerobic digestion provides 70% of the facility’s energy requirement. Thus, it possesses a considerable economic value. Process flow diagrams of the PROJECT and the Alternative Project are presented in Appendix-B.

Mugla Province lies in the edge of a carstic plain. Water collected by the natural drainage system infiltrates into the soil, and moves towards the sea through carstic pores. Thus, there are two alternatives for the discharge of the effluent. The first one is pumping the effluent into Kara Creek, which is a branch of Akarca Creek that flows into the sea at Gokova Bay (see Figure 20). ”Effluent Discharge Line” is shown as “Aritilmis Atiksu Terfi Hatti” and Wastewater Treatment (WWT) is shown as “AAT” at the figure. Energy expenses to supply a head of 200 m to the effluent for pumping it to the outside of the basin are given in Table 26.

Table 26. Expenses Associated with Pumping of Effluent to the Outside of the Basin

Average Flow Daily Energy Expense* Annual Expense* Year Rate (m3/h) (YTL) (€) (YTL) (€) 2012 595 1,296 741 473,000 270,000 2017 662 1,442 824 526,000 301,000 2022 737 1,606 918 586,000 335,000 2027 797 1,738 993 634,000 362,000 2032 861 1,877 1,072 685,000 391,000 2037 927 2,022 1,155 738,000 422,000 2042 998 2,175 1,243 794,000 454,000 * NTL stands for the New Turkish Lira

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In stage one (at year 2022), the energy expense for pumping the effluent to the Kara Creek is calculated as 586,000 YTL. The annual energy expense of the WWTP and its annual cumulative expense are 62,000 and 700,000 YTL, respectively. Therefore, this alternative has very high operational cost and seems to be infeasible considering budget of the MUNICIPALITY.

On the other hand, second alternative involves reuse of water at the basin after necessary arrangements. This alternative is feasible when the environmental issues and operational costs are considered.

7.2. OTHER ALTERNATIVES

There are no alternatives for the Project Site. All the alternatives of the PROJECT are different investment options developed for the realization of the PROJECT. Besides these alternatives, there is also a “no action” alternative, in which the PROJECT will not be realized. The aim of the no action alternative is to evaluate the benefits and cost in the present situation. Making these quantitative evaluations are generally demanding, so, instead, different scenarios are prepared regarding the PROJECT’s realization and unrealization, and they are presented to the decision makers.

It is clear that absence of a wastewater treatment plant, namely “no action “alternative contribute to soil and ground water pollution and pollution in Gokova Bay. On the other hand, serious threat on environment and public health will be eliminated by construction of a WWTP.

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Figure 24. Pumping the Effluent to the Outside of the Basin

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8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1. INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Scope

This section of the report includes the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in which a series of mitigation measures to remove or minimize the environmental impacts resulting from the activities performed during construction and operation periods of the PROJECT and monitoring plans are presented. They are mostly determined considering both the WB’s criteria and the national legislation.

The purpose of the EMP prepared for the PROJECT is as follows:

 to address the environmental consequences resulting from the activities performed during construction and operational phases of the PROJECT,

 to specify related mitigation measures considering both the national legislation and WB’s criteria,

 to propose environmental monitoring program,

 to set-up an institutional structure where environmental issues are followed up during construction and operational phases of the PROJECT,

 to inform local people, governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) about the PROJECT.

A World Bank Category A Project such as Mugla WWTP Project requires two public consultations: In general, the first public consultation is held to discuss the draft ToRs for the EIA study, and the second public consultation is to discuss the draft EIA document. As stated above, two public consultation meetings were held by MUNICIPALITY in Mugla city center. The details related to these meetings are presented in Appendix G.

Both MUNICIPALITY and the CONTRACTOR will take their responsibilities for monitoring environment to achieve and sustain a sound environmental performance during implementation of the PROJECT. An environmental monitoring report will be prepared by the CONTRACTOR during construction phase and be submitted to the MUNICIPALITY every month. During operational phase, MUNICIPALITY will prepare an environmental Monitoring report and submit it to the IB every four months.

DOKAY predicts that the environmental performance of the proposed PROJECT will comply with both the national environmental legislation and WB’s criteria provided that the items mentioned in the EMP will be ensured.

The mitigation measures and the monitoring plan proposed in the EMP require the approval of the WB. In this regard, the scope of the EMP follows the typical EMP format of the WB.

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8.2. RESPONSIBLE PARTIES

MUNICIPALITY has signed a protocol with the IB to develop a project, on which the credit taken from the WB will be used for establishment of a wastewater treatment plant, which has been developed within the scope of the above mentioned protocol and prepared by Temelsu-Dornier Schneider Common Initiative for the MUNICIPALITY.

After the determination of the possible environmental impacts to be occurred during construction and operational phase of the PROJECT, the EMP proposes mitigation measures in order to minimize or, if possible, completely remove these impacts together with the monitoring program. Principals of the public consultation meetings with the local people, who may be affected from the PROJECT and the representatives of local NGO’s have also been presented in this EMP.

Declarations related to the responsible parties of the PROJECT are presented below:

 WB: Reviews all the activities related to the PROJECT that it finance and states “no objection” for the feasible ones or suggests points to be strengthened.

 IB: Accomplishes quality assurance function to satisfy the WB requirements during preparation of EMP, which is a credit requirement. IB evaluates whetheR the EMP is feasible in terms of format and content and acquaints the WB.

 Temelsu-Dornier Schneider Common Initiative: As being the Implementation Consultant, takes the responsibility to execute the PROJECT according to the IB and therefore WB requirements.

 DOKAY: takes the responsibility to prepare the EMP document of the PROJECT according to the format provided by the IB.

 MUNICIPALITY: As being the beneficiary of the PROJECT, takes the responsibility to both MoEF and IB for acquiring necessary permissions related to construction of the PROJECT, implementation of the precautions defined in the EMP during construction and operation period. In this context, every six months, the MUNICIPALITY will prepare an Environmental Monitoring Report to affirm compliance to the EMP and submit it to the IB and the MoEU.

 CONTRACTOR: Takes the required precautions denoted in the EMP to minimize environmental impacts that may occur during implementation of the PROJECT and performs public consultation meetings suggested in the EMP. CONTRACTOR will be responsible to the MUNICIPALITY.

 MoEF: Enforces the items 18 and 19 of the Turkish EIA Regulation issued on the Official Gazette dated 16.12.2003 and numbered 25318. These items are related with “Monitoring and Control of Investment” in case MUNICIPALITY does not fulfill the requirements of the EMP. According to Article 18, MoEF monitors and controls

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whether the Project Owner complies with the commitments given in the final EIA Report or Project Introduction File (PIF).

8.3. MITIGATION MEASURES

8.3.1. Construction Phase

Temelsu-Dornier Schneider Common Initiative, conducting engineering works of the PROJECT, prepares documents required for construction tender. Therefore, this EMP including the evaluation and minimizing precautions of environmental impacts that may pose during construction will be presented to the requesting firms with tender documents prior to the proposal period. The main responsibility of the CONTRACTOR to be determined by tender is as presented below:

 In order to contribute PROJECT’s environmental performance, educating the construction staff to raise the environmental consciousness and assigning a person responsible for “ Health, Safety and Environment”

 Fulfilling the requirements of Turkish Environmental Legislation mentioned in Chapter 3, and taking necessary mitigating precautions,

 Acquiring licenses required in accordance with the national legislation presented in Chapter 3 to conduct construction activities,

 In addition to the present legal framework, fulfilling the new national or international legislation that may come into force or be issued during construction phase.

MUNICIPALITY will assign an engineer, in charge with implementing the EMP, as the authority of “HSE” and follow the compliance by audits.

8.3.2. Operational Phase

MUNICIPALITY will be responsible for fulfilling the requirements in the EMP for the facility that will have been constructed by the CONTRACTOR. CONTRACTOR has to commit and prove that he/she will provide the facility approval conditions mentioned in the tender document.

Below are the requirements that need to be fulfilled by the MUNICIPALITY:

 Assigning an engineer to implement the EMP as the HSE authority and follo the compliance with internal audits,

 Educating operation and maintenance staff to raise the environmenta consciousness to provide their contribution to the PROJECT’s environmental performance,

 Fulfilling the requirements of Turkish Environmental Legislation mentioned in Chapter 3 and taking necessary mitigating precautions,

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 In addition to the present legal framework, fulfilling the new national o international legislation that may come into force or be issued during operational phase.

Potential environmental impacts that may pose in water, air, soil and other receiving media during construction and operational phase of the PROJECT and the proposed mitigation measures are presented in Table 27.

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Table 27. Potential Environmental Impacts of the Project and Mitigation Measures. Cost of Institutional Phase Issue Mitigating Measure Mitigation Responsibility

Work sites shall be watered under warm, dry, and windy weather conditions. Materials shall be loaded and unloaded without slueing; 30 km/hour speed limit shall be set Included in the Construction Dust CONSTRUCTOR on non-paved roads. Top of the trucks will civil works be covered when carrying the excavations. Dust suppression system will be used in if crusher is installed.

Air Emission Regular maintenance of heavy machinery. (exhaust gases Exhaust emissions of the heavy machinery Included in the CONSTRUCTOR Construction from heavy shall regularly be measured, controlled, and civil works machinery) recorded by the authorized institutions.

Local people will be informed prior to such activities that may cause a temporary Noise and disturbance; Regular maintenance of heavy vibration machinery. Construction works should be No cost CONSTRUCTOR Construction (Excavation and carried out during the day time period implementation drilling works) (07.00-19.00) stated in Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise.

Excavated material will be stored at the Excavated Included in the Project Site and all of it will be used for CONSTRUCTOR Construction material civil works backfilling.

Vegetative top soil of the Project Site will be stripped prior to excavation works and will Vegetative top Included in the be stored in the construction site away from CONSTRUCTOR Construction soil civil works the other excavations to be used in landscaping.

Formed where construction sites are established. Wastes will be collected in the Domestic solid closed containers at the Project Site and Included in the CONSTRUCTOR Construction waste handled by the MUNICIPALITY at the waste civil works disposal sites by trucks having necessary license.

Hazardous Waste (such as Hazardous wastes will be handled in florescent lamp, compliance with Regulation on Control of water/temprerat Hazardous Wastes, Regulation on Waste ure isolation Oil, Regulation on Control of Used Batteries Included in the CONSTRUCTOR Construction marerial, waste and Accumulators (i.e., disposal of these civil works oil, waste wastes to a proper landfill or collection by a batteries and company certified by the MoEF for collection accumulators and disposal. batteries)

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Cost of Institutional Phase Issue Mitigating Measure Mitigation Responsibility

Formed where construction sites are established. It will be collected in unleaking septic tanks that will be constructed in compliance with the “Regulation on the Domestic Included in the Tanks Constructed where Sewer System CONSTRUCTOR Construction wastewater civil works Construction is Inappliance” and sewage trucks will be employed for transport of sewage from the septic tank to the present wastewater treatment facility.

Drivers of the vehicles carrying materials to construction site should obey speed limit of Public health Included in the 30 km/hour. Warning signals should be CONSTRUCTOR Construction and safety civil works installed the sites where heavy construction facilities are carried out.

Water will be sucked by a drainage system or pumps to prevent it accumulate it in pits and muddy water sucked is discharged after allowing soil to settle down. Barriers should be used to obstruct soil collapse in deep excavation areas. Compliance with the Occupational relevant Occupational Health and Safety Included in the health and CONSTRUCTOR Construction Regulation of Turkey (e.g., use of personal civil works safety protective equipment and compliance with excavation techniques detailed in Article 24 of the Regulation as within three days of the start of construction works in terms of number of workers measures being taken, etc.)

Noise will be minimized at the source with proper installation of noise barriers and Contractor (In trial Noise and Included in the Operation isolation. Employees will be supplied with operation Period) and vibration operational costs earlaps to wear within working periods if Municipality necessary.

Wastes will be collected in the closed Contractor (In Domestic solid Included in the Operation containers at the Project Site and handled trial operation Period) waste operational costs by the MUNICIPALITY and Municipality

Excess sludge will be analyzed in accordance with Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes, and used for agricultural purposes as fertilizer, if suitable. If it is not used as fertilizer and it is not the hazardous waste, then it will be disposed to the solid waste disposal area. If it is not used as fertilizer and determined to be hazardous waste, then collection by a company certified by the MoEF for collection Contractor (In trial Included in the Operation Excess sludge and disposed at the certified hazardous operation Period) and operational costs waste storage site anywhere in Turkey or in Municipality İZAYDAS which is the certified facility for disposal of hazardous materials. There is neither such a disposal area nor certified collection company exist in Mugla Province. Certified collection and transportation companies can be employed from Izmır or Manisa as they as they are the nearest provinces or other facilities from other provinces can be selected. Similarly, the nearest hazardous waste storage area is located in İzmir

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Cost of Institutional Phase Issue Mitigating Measure Mitigation Responsibility

Hazardous wastes will be handled in compliance with Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes, Regulation on the Control of Waste Oil, Regulation on Control of Used Batteries and Accumulators (i.e. Hazardous collection by a company certified by the Waste (such as MoEF for collection and and disposal to the florescent lamp, certified hazardous waste storage site water/temperatu Contractor (In trial anywhere in Turkey or in İZAYDAS which is Included in the Operation re isolation operation Period) and the certified facility for disposal of hazardous operational costs material, waste Municipality materials.) there is neither such a disposal oil, waste area nor certified collection company exist in accumulator and Mugla Province. Certified collection and batteries) transportation companies will be employed from Izmir or Manisa as they as they are the nearest provinces. Similarly, the nearest hazardous waste storage area is located in Izmir.

Domestic wastewater will be directed to the Contractor (In trial Domestic Included in the Operation WWTP and treated and discharged in operation Period) and wastewater operational costs compliance with WPCR. Municipality

Top of the building where odor is generated will be covered. Minimum hourly air Contractor (In trial circulation rate shall be 6 exchanges for Included in the Operation Odour operation Period) and these buildings. Buildings that have low air operational costs Municipality circulation rate with an odour problem shall be constructed from sulfate-proof concrete. Compliance with the relevant Occupational Health and Safety Regulation of Turkey (including use of personal protective Occupational equipment and preparation of an emergency Contractor (In trial Included in the Operation health and action plan, to be prepared by operation Period) and operational costs safety CONTRACTOR and approved by the Municipality MUNICIPALITY prior to the start of the activities, for accidents during maintenance of sewerage and water supply systems).

The chlorine will be stored in a building in Contractor (In trial Hazardous the facility. This building will be aerated Included in the Operation operation Period) and material properly. A shower will also be installed in operational costs Municipality the building.

Disposal of Included in the Contractor (In trial Wastewater will be treated according to Operation treated Contractor operation Period) and Regulation and chlorination will be applied. wastewater Contract. Municipality

Wastewater will be treated according to Aquifer water From Municipality Operation Regulation and aquifer water quality will be Municipality quality Budget monitored periodically.

Health and Disposal site will be fenced and necessary From Municipality Operation Municipality Safety precautions will be taken. Budget

Decommissio Abandon of No mitigation measures are required since - Municipality ning disposal site no construction works will arise.

* CONTRACTOR’s responsibilities will be stated in the tender document.

8.4. MONITORING PLAN

“Environmental Framework of Turkey’s Municipal Services” document, which was prepared by the IB for infrastructural projects financed by the WB states that results concerning environmental monitoring activities which are required during implementation

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and operational period of the PROJECT within the context of EMP, should be declared to IB with observation reports as well.

It is suggested that environmental monitoring studies should be conducted separately because different activities during construction and operation period of the PROJECT will result different possible environmental impacts. Data acquired during monitoring studies will be compared with national legislation items which are mentioned in Chapter 3.

8.4.1. Construction Phase

Monitoring every environmental parameter continuously is not practical and necessary. Environmental monitoring functions according to the characteristics of existing environmental conditions and identifies unacceptable changes during construction period. In this context, monitoring plan is designed to commit that “project activities have no permanent negative effect on environmental resources “.

For construction period, water and air quality, waste management applications and noise levels will be monitored and the results will be compared to legal limiting values. CONTRACTOR will prepare a report about monitoring studies according to the following program and offers it to the MUNICIPALITY:

 Daily environmental non-compliance report (if any)

 Weekly environmental report (containing environmental problems occurred during that week and precautions taken)

 “Monthly Environmental Monitoring Reports” in which environmental performance of the PROJECT is evaluated according to EMP requirements.

8.4.2. Operational Phase

In the operational phase of the PROJECT, fewer environmental effects are expected than construction period. MUNICIPALITY will present environmental monitoring studies to the IB within a report at least every six months in operational phase.

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Table 28. Monitoring Plan When What Where How is the parameter to be monitored- Phase parameter is to be is the parameter to is the parameter to be monitored/ Monitoring Cost Responsibility frequency of measurement or monitored? be monitored? type of monitoring equipment? continuous?

Nearest neighboring Daily observation by the Project Construction Dust sensible receptor Site observation of dust No cost CONTRACTOR staff for routine control implementation (ex. backyard of the nearest house) Air emissions from heavy Heavy Check to see that operatimng Once, prior to allowing Included in the civil Construction CONTRACTOR machineries machineries permit is valid equipment onto project site works Monthly and especially during the activities that increase noise levels (measurements should be performed more frequently depending on the complaint of Noise and vibration Nearest Noise measurement with a the public) Included in the civil Construction (Excavation, drilling and neighboring CONTRACTOR calibrated sound level meter Measurements will be repeated if works blasting works) sensible receptor a new facility will be performed that cause an increase in noise level or construction works will be carried out during night time after getting necessary permissions. Site observation and document review whether or not disposal Excavated material disposal Excavation and No cost Construction area and the method are Daily by the constructional staff CONTRACTOR method storage sites implementation approved by the related municipality.

Vegetative top soil conditions Excavation and Site observation of disposal site No cost Construction (height of the storage-1.5 m Daily by the constructional staff CONTRACTOR storage sites and storage technique implementation at max. and cover over piles)

Construction waste disposal Construction and Site observation of disposal site No cost Construction Daily by the constructional staff CONTRACTOR method storage sites and storage technique implementation

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When What Where How is the parameter to be monitored- Phase parameter is to be is the parameter to is the parameter to be monitored/ Monitoring Cost Responsibility frequency of measurement or monitored? be monitored? type of monitoring equipment? continuous? Site observation at collection site whether collection and disposal Daily control whether the Domestic solid waste Construction and Included in the civil Construction of the domestic solid wastes are domestic solid wastes are CONTRACTOR disposal method storage sites works in compliance with Solid Waste collected and stored properly Control Regulation Site observation at collection site whether collection and disposal Daily control whether the Hazardous waste disposal Construction and Included in the civil Construction of the hazardous wastes are in domestic solid wastes are CONTRACTOR method storage sites works compliance with Hazardous collected and stored properly Waste Control Regulation. Domestic wastewater Measurement of wastewater No cost Construction Septic tank Daily by the constructional staff CONTRACTOR disposal method level in septic tanks implementation Excavation and Public health and safety No cost Construction construction site, Site observation Daily by the constructional staff CONTRACTOR measures implementation storage sites Site observation of Daily by the constructional staff, Occupational health and Included in the civil Construction Construction site implementation of mitigation quarterly audits by environmental CONTRACTOR safety measures works measures consultant. Monthly measurements Nearest (measurements should be Noise measurement with a Included in the Operation Noise and vibration neighboring performed more frequently MUNICIPALITY calibrated sound level meter operational costs sensible receptor depending on the complaint of the public) Site observation at collection site whether collection and disposal Daily recordings and monthly Domestic solid wastes Operation and Included in the Operation of the domestic solid wastes are assessment of the solid wastes MUNICIPALITY disposal method maintenance sites operational costs in compliance with Solid Waste generated. Control Regulation

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When What Where How is the parameter to be monitored- Phase parameter is to be is the parameter to is the parameter to be monitored/ Monitoring Cost Responsibility frequency of measurement or monitored? be monitored? type of monitoring equipment? continuous? Treatment plant and excess sludge storage site (if Site observation of sludge sludge is not storage procedures and facility hazardous it will (non-hazardous) Once everyyear (if non- be sent to solid If hazardous (as determined by hazardous) Included in the Operation Excess sludge waste storage, if elemental analysis of sludge in MUNICIPALITY compliance with the criteria operational costs hazardous treated stated in Soil Pollution Control Twice a year (if hazardous) in complience with Regulation) site observation of Regulation on the sludge collection methods at the Control of sludge collection site Hazardous Wastes Daily recordings and monthly Hazardous waste disposal Construction and Site observation of hazardous assessment of the solid wastes Included in the Operation MUNICIPALITY method storage sites waste disposal method generated. Annual audits of the operational costs system Domestic wastewater Connection pipes Site observation to insure pipe is No cost Operation Once, MUNICIPALITY disposal method to the WWTP properly connected implementation At the building where odour No cost Operation Odour Site observation Daily by the operational staff MUNICIPALITY generation is implementation expected Daily by the operational staff, MUNICIPALITY and Occupational health and Site observation of personal Included in the Operation Operation site quarterly audits by environmental Environmental safety measures safety equipment use by staff operational costs consultant Consultant

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Table 29. Discharge Site Water Quality/Quantity Monitoring Plan MONITORING PLAN

2011 2012 2013 2014 No. Activity Responsible 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 Analysis of Effluent in WWTP Muğla Mun. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 Water Level Observation in Disposal Site Muğla Mun. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 Water Quality Analysis in 5 Monitoring Wells Muğla Mun. X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4 Water Level Observation in 5 Monitoring Wells Muğla Mun. X X X X X X X X X X X X

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8.5. INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING

In general, in this section of EMP’s, the recommendations related to the institutional strengthening are provided in order to ensure that environmental measures are applied for the environmentally sound and sustainable project development.

In this report, this section is mainly based on what proposed for construction phase in terms of environmental monitoring. The recommendations on institutional strengthening for the operational phase will be formed when the organizational structure for that phase is finalized.

In this context, in the construction phase of the PROJECT, the MUNICIPALTY will hire an Environmental Consultant to follow up and implement the requirements of the EMP and hence commitments of the EIA Report. So, the following sub-sections were structured based on this proposed methodology.

8.5.1. Equipment Purchase

The Environmental Consultant will utilize his own equipment for environmental monitoring works since the Environmental Consultant will be a company authorized by the Turkish MoEF for carrying out environmental measurements and analyses according to the requirements of the Turkish environmental legislations.

8.5.2. Training

The Environmental Consultant will assign an Environmental Engineer for performing the proposed environmental monitoring works at the Project Site. Prior to the execution of the construction works, Environmental Engineer will carry out a training campaign for the constructional staff of the staff of the Contractor in order to increase the environmental awareness of the construction staff and to convey the requirements of the EMP and EIA Report.

The scope of the training will include mainly the scope of the EMP, the relevant environmental legislations of Turkey, requirements of the WB and Performance Standards of the IFC and the following concepts should be included in the training program:

 Understanding of the PROJECT’s environmental requirements and their implementation at the site by the staff (i.e. what kind of environmental impacts are expected and what kind of mitigation measures are proposed; where and how take these measures);

 Understanding of the procedures to be followed in improper situations;

 Reporting principals and understanding rules;

 The PROJECT’s environmental dimension and informing the related official institutions about it;

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 Understanding how to treat the public and media visiting the site; and

 Understanding how to act in case of unexpected environmental accidents.

The CONTRACTOR is in charge of keeping the records related to the environmental training of the staff. Internal audits should test the effectiveness and the adequacy of the training

8.5.3. Consultancy Services,

The Environmental Consultant to be hired by the MUNICIPALITY will do provide environmental consultancy services to ensure the compliance with environmental rules and regulations as well as guidelines and to meet the necessities that may occur during audits by the WB or local authorities such as the provincial directorates of the MoEF in Mugla.

On a monthly basis, the Environmental Consultant will do carry out monitoring work outlined in Section 8.4 and will hold meetings with construction contractor to obtain information about the progress in the works as well as environmental issues encountered. The Environmental Consultant will report the findings of the audits every two months during the construction period.

8.5.4. Public Relations

Relations with the Media

It is the MUNICIPALITY’s responsibility to communicate with the media as a requirement of general implementations rules of public investments. For this reason, the CONTRACTOR will not arrange a direct meeting with media without the permission and/or presence of the MUNICIPALITY. A procedure, concerning the relations with the media, should be prepared and applied when such authorization is given to the CONTRACTOR.

Handling Complaints

In the construction phase of the PROJECT, the CONTRACTOR will prepare a procedure to direct complaints to the MUNICIPALITY. The MUNICIPALITY is responsible to deliver the phone numbers, mail and e-mail addresses to interest groups (local people and NGO’s) for receiving and recording any complaints. Hence, a public relations mechanism should be constructed for the complaints from NGO’s and governmental establishments of the province. Any complaints received will be recorded and directed by the relevant units to the related technical personnel in the construction site to take necessary measures and corrective actions. The complainant will be informed about the progress after necessary measures are taken and the subject environmental problem is resolved. All records of complaints and relative action taken will be recorded by the relevant unit.

A public relation mechanism should be established by the MUNICIPALITY in the operational phase of the PROJECT like the one developed in the construction phase and

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the public relations process will be followed by this mechanism in order to evaluate complaints and suggestions from people.

8.5.5. Special Studies

No additional special study is foreseen at the moment. On the other hand, based on the findings during the implementation phase of the EMP, there might be a need for a special study. Its methodology and cost could be determined when it is needed.

8.6. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

This chapter gives information about how and by whom the environmental Monitoring data which is conducted to achieve a balanced environmental performance of the PROJECT, will be used.

8.6.1. Constructional Phase

MUNICIPALITY, the owner of the PROJECT, is the responsible party to minimize or eliminate possible environmental impacts of the PROJECT. In this sense, for construction period, the MUNICIPALITY will ensure that the EMP is added to the tender documents before the CONTRACTOR is determined. Therefore, to guarantee the environmental performance of the PROJECT, CONTRACTOR will be aware of his/her responsibilities in the construction period before putting out to tender and prepare the bid taking into consideration these points. In this way, CONTRACTOR can not claim that he is uninformed about EMP after the tender and PROJECT’s environmental performance will not be endangered.

CONTRACTOR will perform the following activities for a balanced environmental performance:

 Assigning his/her own HSE personnel to implement the EMP and synchronize with the MUNICIPALITY HSE personnel;

 Working in coordination with Environmental Consultant to ensure that the personel working in the construction period are educated to raise the consciousness on environmental issues and EMP requirements.

 Minimization of the emissions and noise originating from the construction equipments, protection of water resources, compliance with the requirements of EMP concerning waste management.

MUNICIPALITY will inform the local public and NGO about public relations in the construction period in the meeting of the presentation of this EMP (refer to Chapter 8). This process will be carried out by the public relations department in the MUNICIPALITY. In the construction period, a public relations mechanism will be constructed for the complaints from NGO’s and governmental establishments in the city.

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This mechanism will handle the following subjects:

 Informing the public about the progress of the PROJECT,

 Taking the complaints and recording them,

 Handling the complaints in a quick and effective manner and answering them.

In the construction period, CONTRACTOR, who will conduct the environmental monitoring studies according to the issues stated in EMP under the control of MUNICIPALITY Personnel, will present the results to the MUNICIPALITY with monthly environmental monitoring reports.

CONTRACTOR, who will conduct the environmental monitoring studies according to the issues stated in EMP under the control of MUNICIPALITY and Environmental Consultant, will present the results to the MUNICIPALITY with monthly environmental monitoring reports.

MUNICIPALITY will evaluate the monitoring reports which are presented by the CONTRACTOR in terms of related environmental regulation and declare to the. Moreover, MUNICIPALITY will provide each copy of the environmental Monitoring reports to be kept in the MUNICIPALITY and in the field office of CONTRACTOR to present it to authorities in the controls that are made by Mugla Province Director of Environment and Urbanization.

When non-compliance is detected by the Province Directorate of Environment and Urbanization or the IB, CONTRACTOR will fix the situation and declare it to the MUNICIPALITY.

Within the context of this EMP, the task distribution concerning anticipated activities in the construction phase is presented in Table 30.

Table 30. Task Distribution related to the construction phase EMP requirements Task Item CONTRACTOR MUNICIPALITY

Environmental Quality Monitoring (water, air, soil, noise, etc.) R1 S Training of Key Personnel2 R S Training of Staff R S Corrective Actions R S Internal Audit R S Reporting R S Relations with the Media A R3 Handling complaints R S (R: responsible, S: supervisor, A: assistant) 1 Measures should be conducted by the qualified institutions and establishments according to the national legislation 2 Training activities will be carried out in coordination with Environmental Consultant 3 Relations with the media is the responsibility of MUNICIPALITY as a requirement of general implementation rules of public investments. This forbids the CONTRACTOR from arranging a direct meeting with the media.

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8.6.2. Operational Phase

As the proposed environmental monitoring works for the operation phase are very limited and the organizational structure of the operational staff is not certain yet, there is no detailed proposal for institutional arrangements at the moment. In short, there should be one HSE officer in the organizational structure of the MUNICIPALITY who will be responsible for following up the EMP requirements, related to the operational phase, and coordination with Environmental Consultant to be hired by MUNICIPALITY.

8.7. CONSULTATION WITH NGO’S AND PROJECT-AFFECTED GROUPS

A public relation mechanism should be set up and applied throughout the construction and operational phases of the PROJECT. In this respect, local people and NGO’s as well as local authorities will be informed about the project progress. Hence, any public objection that might be raised by local people due to lack of information could be prevented and good relations between the local people and project owner as well as contractors can be formed and maintained.

Any complaint raised by local people or NGO’s will be recorded and followed up whether or not corrective actions, if necessary, are taken. Therefore, a log book for such complaints will be available at the site office (during the construction phase) or at the wastewater treatment plant administrative building (during the operational phase).

8.7.1. Construction Phase

At the beginning and at the end of each construction season during the construction phase, public consultation meetings will be held in the nearest settlement or at the MUNICIPALITY building. In these meetings, the relevant stakeholders (villagers, village head, representatives of local NGO’s as well as local authorities) will be informed about the progress of the PROJECT development.

During public consultation meetings, minutes of meeting will be taken together with a list of participants by signing an attendance sheet. In the monitoring reports, there will be an annex including these minutes and the participant list as well as a copy of the presentations and brochures, if available.

The firstand second public consultation meetings of the construction period took place in Nail Cakirhan Meeting Hall at Konakalti Iskender Alper Cultural Center. Final lists related to the interest groups was determined by the MUNICIPALITY before the meetings, and invitations were sent to these groups. Detailed information about the meetings and the participant records are given in Appendix-G.

8.7.2. Operational Phase

During the operational phase of the PROJECT, these public consultation meetings should be held twice a year since the operational works will be routine and limited with the locale of the treatment plant.

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During public consultation meetings, minutes of meeting will be taken together with a list of participants who will sign an attendance sheet. These records should be kept by the MUNICIPALITY.

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9. REFERENCES

1. World Bank “Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook”, July 1998.

2. Mugla Environmental Situation Report, 2003

3. Mugla Municipality Final Feasibility Report, 2005

4. Mugla Structural Plan, 2004

5. Ozturk, I., Timur H., Koskan U., (2005): Atiksu Aritiminin Esaslari: Evsel, Endustriyel Atiksu Aritimi ve Aritma Camurlarinin Kontrolu, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara.

6. Toprak, H., (2000) (Extended 3. Publication): Atiksu Aritma Sistemlerinin Tasarim Esaslari, Volume-1 and Volume-2, Dokuz Eylul University, Engineering Faculty Publication, No.240-241, ISBN : 975-441-148-4 ve 975-441-149-2, Izmir.

7. Toprak, H., 2005. Aktif Camur Surecinin Đsletilmesi. Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Izmir.

8. Toprak, H., 2005. Aktif Camur Surecinin Tasarimi. Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Izmir.

9. Study for Mugla Plain Sinkholes Improvement, SHW, 1996

10. http://www.mugla.gov.tr

11. www.dmi.gov.tr

12. www.tuik.gov.tr

13. www.deprem.gov.tr

14. www.ogm.gov.tr

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX-A SUMMARY OF PROJECT RELATED TURKISH LEGISLATION APPENDIX-B FLOWCHART OF WWTP AND ALTERNATIVE PROJECT APPENDIX-C GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF THE PROJECT SITE APPENDIX-D METEOROLOGICAL DATA OF MUGLA PROVINCE APPENDIX-E FLORA INVENTORY APPENDIX-F FAUNA INVENTORY APPENDIX-G PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETINGS APPENDIX-H TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ON DISCHARGE OF TREATED WASTEWATER OF MUGLA WWTP

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Appendix-A SUMMARY OF PROJECT RELATED TURKISH LEGISLATION

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Municipality Law (Law Numbered 5393)

This law is published on the Official Gazette dated July 13, 2005 and numbered 25874. the aim of this law is is to regulate the establishment, responsibilities and scope of authorities of municipalities.

According to Article 15 of this law, municipalies are responsible with the construction of infrastructures such as sewer system and wastewater treatment plants.

Environment Law (Law Numbered 2872)

This law is published in the Official Gazette dated August 11, 1983 and numbered 18132. Purpose of this law is to protect the destruction, deterioration, and extinction of the environmental values and the ecological balance, to remedy current degradation, to improve, and develop and to prevent pollution of the biological, physiological, social, economic and cultural environment in which is the common asset of all the living beings, all through their life conduct their relationships and mutually interact, in line with the principles of sustainable environment and sustainable development. With the amendment of the law, A Supreme Environment Board, chaired by the Prime Minister, shall be established, and its main tasks include: the formulation of the targets, policies and strategies; the definition of legal and administrative measures to include environment aspects to economical decisions; the resolution of environment-related disputes among the ministries and agencies, etc. Municipalities are also obliged to set up or organize household solid waste disposal facilities. The law as umbrella legislation to ensure above mention objectives outlines the rules and principles on organization, procedures, encouragement and penal provisions.

According to Article 8 of this regulation, directly disposing the wastes to the environment or transporting, storing and handling those by the methods in contravention of the rules of related regulations are strickly forbidden.

According to Article 11, if the establishment of a project poses potential environmental impacts, then this project requires preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Project Introduction File. Before the approval of any of these reports by Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, the establishment of the project can not be initiated.

According to Article 11, municipalities are responsible with construction of sewer ayatem and wastewater treatment plant for the collection of wastewater at the locations which are under the responsibility of municipalities. The user of these infrastructures has to contribute to the payment of investment, operational, maintenance and cleaning costs.

According to Article 12, the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization is responsible with controlling the complience to that law.

According to Article 14, the noise and vibration limits are determined by the related regulations. Emitting noise and vibration above these limits are strickly forbidden. In order to

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decrease noise levels, the owner of the residences of facilities have to take necessary precautions.

According to Article 28, the polluters are responsible with paying for any destruction or deterioration they create on environment.

Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise

This regulation is published on the Official Gazette dated March 7, 2008 and numbered 26809. It has been prepared to develop an environment, which does not disturb physical and psychological health of people with noise. The regulation determines basis and criteria on environmental noise, the levels of noise and the measures for decreasing environmental noise.

According to Article 22, noise level of the facilities can not exceed the limit values presented in Table 4 of Annex-VIII of this regulation. These limit values are given in Table A.1.

Table A.1. Standard Noise Level Values at Receptors for Industrial Facilities

L L L Areas day evening night (dBA) (dBA) (dBA)

Areas including noise sensitive areas, place of education, cultural activities, health and 60 55 50 summer resort and camping sites

Areas with both noise sensitive areas and industrial activities (predominantly residential) 65 60 55

Areas with both noise sensitive areas and industrial activities (predominantly industrial) 68 63 58

For each facilities in which industrial zone and industrial region 70 65 60

Source: Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise, Annex VIII, Table 4

According to Article 23, the environmental noise generated by construction activities can not exceed the limit values stipulated by Table 5 of Annex-VIII of this regulation. These limit values are given in Table A.2. If the construction activities of public utilities are needed to be carried out at evening and night time, the noise limit of evening is determined by subtracting 5 dBA from daytime noise levels, and the noise level of night time is determined by subtracting 10 dBA from day time noise level.

Table A.2. Limit Values of Environmental Noise at the Construction Area Operation type (construction, destruction and L (dBA) maintenance) day Building 70

Road 75

Other Sources 70 Source: Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise, Annex VIII, Table 5

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According to Article 25, vibration generated by the use of heavy machinery during the construction activities can not exceed the limit values stipulated by Table 7 of Annex-VIII of this regulation. These limit values are presented in Table A.3.

Table A.3. Maximum Allowable Limit Values Generated by Heavy Machinery during Construction Activities Maximum Allowable Vibration (Peak Value-mm/s) Continuous Vibration Intermittent Vibration

Nearest Settlement 5 10

Industrial and Trade Areas 15 30 Source: Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise, Annex VIII, Table 7

Soil Pollution Control Regulation

This regulation is published on the Official Gazette dated May 31, 2005 and numbered 25831. The purpose of this regulation is prevention of pollution of soil as a receiving environment. This regulation defines the scope of the activities causing soil pollution; discharge of hazadous substances, waste, cleaning sludge and compost of domestic and urban waste water discharged to soil; the techniques to control the soil pollution and administrative principles and penal law sanction.

According to Article 7 of this regulation, the stabilized sludge to be generated at the WWTP will be analzed in terms of the parameters stated in Annex I-A (b), Annex II-A and Annex II-B. These analyses must be carried out in accredited laboratories by considering the principles given in Annex IV.

According to Article 9, the heavy metal content of the sludge must not exceed the concentrations presented in Annex I-B.

According to Article 10, the sludge generated at domestic wastewater treatment plant can be utilized for agricultural purposes if it the content of the sludge does not exceed the limit values presented in Annex I-B.

If the daily sludge generation of the treatment plant is less that 50 tone in dry basis, the analyses of sludge must be repeted once every six months considering the parameters given in Appendix II-B. If the daily sludge generation is more than 50 tones in dry basis, these analyses must be repeated once every three months.

The owner of the sludge generating facility must apply to the Governorate of the Province in order to take the permit to make the sludge used for agricultural purpose. The application is evaluated by a commission including the members of Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization, Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works and Provincial Directorate of Health.

The commission evaluates the use of sludge on soil in terms of heavy metal load, impacts on physical quality of soil and impacts on surface and groundwater resources. If the commission decides that these impacts are negligiable, then the permit is for the use of sludge for agricultural purpose is given.

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According to Article 11, the operator of the treatment plant is responsible with the analyses and the records of the sludge.the records of the sludge must include the resultd of sludge analyses, the method applied for stabilizing the sludge, the amount of sludge produced and the amount of sludge utilized for agricultural purposes. These reports will be presented to the Governorate of the Province.

According to the Article 13, stabilized sludge can not be utilized for agricultural purposes if the content of the sludge exceeds the limit values stipulated by Annex I-B and Annex I-A (a) of this regulation . Moreover, raw sludge can not be utilized for agricultural purposes.

Stabilized sludge cannot be used for production of vegetables that are in contact with soil while growing. It shall be utilized for agricultural products to be processed rather than for products that are directly consumed by people. Besides, the terms given below also restricts utilization of sludge:

• In case of yield in grassland and feed crop, before a certain period of time passes (at least three weeks)

• In vegetable and fruit yielding fields,

• 10 months before the yield in fields that are planned to be used for yielding vegetable and fruit.

If the sludge will not be utilized for agricultural purposes and if it is not considered to be a hazardous waste according to the analyses conducted as explained in the previous paragraphs, than the sludge will be disposed to the municipal landfills.

If the sludge is considered as hazardous wastes, they have to be sent to the hazardous waste landfills or hazardous waste incinerators.

According to Article 16, the Minisry of Environement and Foresty are responsible with controlling the compliance to this regulation.

Annex I.A (a) presents the heavy metal limit values on soil. These values are presented in Table A.4.

Table A.4. Heavy Metal Limit Values on Soil pH 5- 6 pH6 Heavy Metal (Total) mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace Lead 50  300  Cadmium 1  3  Chromium 100  100  Cupper * 50  140  Nickel* 30  75  Zinc * 150  300  Mercury 1  1.5   Ministry of Environment and Urbanization can increase the limit value by 50 % ensuring that pH value is higher than 7 and it is determined that this does not have significant adverse impact on environment, public health and groungwater resources.

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 These limit values can be exceeded at the areas where feed crop is harvested considering that it is scientificly prooved that this situation does not have significant impact on environment and human health.

Annex I.A (b) presents the limit values on that must be achieved after treatment of contaminated soil treatment. These values are presented in Table A.5.

Table A.5. Limit Values that must be Achieved after Treatment of Cotaminated Soil

Parameter Limit Values Chlorur Ion (mg Cl - /l) (Total) 25 Sodium (mg Na/l) (Total) 125 Cobalt (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 20 Arsenic (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 20 Molibdenum (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 10 Stannum (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 20 Barium (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 200 Floride (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 200 Free Cyanide (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 1 Complex Cyanide (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 5 Sulphur (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 2 Bromine (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 20 Benzene (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.05 Buthyl benzene (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.05 Toluole (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.05 Xylole (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.05 Phenol (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.05 Selenium (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 5 Talium (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 1 Uranium (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 5 Organo-chloride compounds (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.5 Pesticides –Personal (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.5 Pesticides –Total (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 2 PCB Polychlorinated biphenols (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.5 Hexachlore benzol (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.1 Pentachlore benzol (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.1 - HCH (lindan) (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace) 0.1

Annex I-B of this regulaton presents the maximum allowable heavy metal content of stabilized sludge to be utilized for agricultural purposes (see Table A.6).

Table A.6. Maximum Allowable Heavy Metal Content of Stabilized Sludge to be Utilized for Agricultural Purposes Heavy Metal (Total) Limit Value (mg/kg Material Dried in Furnace) Lead 1200 Cadmium 40 Chromium 1200 Cupper 1750 Nickel 400 Zinc 4000 Mercury 25

Annex II-A lists the parameters to be analzed in soil samples. These parameters are;

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 Lead (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace)

 Cadmium (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace)

 Chromium (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace)

 Cupper (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace)

 Nickel (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace)

 Zinc (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace)

 Mercury (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace)

 Nitrogen (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace)

 Phosphorus (mg/kg Soil Dried in Furnace)

 pH

 Organic Material

Annex II-B lists the parameters to be analzed in stabilized sludge samples. These parameters are;

 Lead (mg/kg Material Dried in Furnace)

 Cadmium (mg/kg Material Dried in Furnace)

 Chromium (mg/kg Material Dried in Furnace)

 Cupper (mg/kg Material Dried in Furnace)

 Nickel (mg/kg Material Dried in Furnace)

 Zinc (mg/kg Material Dried in Furnace)

 Mercury (mg/kg Material Dried in Furnace)

 Nitrogen (mg/kg Material Dried in Furnace)

 Phosphorus (mg/kg Material Dried in Furnace)

 pH

 Organic Material

 Dry Material

 Loss of Combution

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Annex IV of this regulation defines the sampling and analyses methods. Soil samples will be generated by mixing 25 soil samples taken from the agricultural areas that do not exceed 50 decare. However, by the permit of Governorate of the province same sampling method can be applied to an area that does not exceed 200 decare. Soil samples shall be taken from 25 cm depth. If the soil depth is less than 25 cm, then sampling depth can be at least 10 cm.

Stabilized sludge sample will be formed by mixing at least 25 different representative sludge sample.

Heavy metal analyses shall be started after strong acid fragmentation. Reference analyses method shall be atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Regulation on the Control of Air Pollution Originating from Industrial Establishments

This regulation is published on the Official Gazette dated July 22, 2006 and numbered 26236. This regulation sets the principles for controlling emissions of soot, smoke, dust, gas, steam, and aerosols due to industrial and energy production. Production facilities listed in regulation must obtain a preliminary Emission Licence (at planning phase) and Emission Permit (at operation phase) (Mugla WWTP is not included in this list therefore emission licenece is not required for this facility.). Procedures for the issuance of preliminary and assorted permits are detailed in the Regulation. Emission threshold values are indicated in the Regulation.

This regulation is utilized for evaluation of dust emissions expected from the construction of the facility. According to Table 2.1 of Annex 2 of this regulation, air pollution modeling study in order to determine the distribution and background dust concentration is required if the calculated dust concentration is above 1.5 kg/hour.

Solid Waste Control Regulation

This regulation is published on the Official Gazette dated March 14, 1991 and numbered 20814. This regulation defines the bases on collection, transportation, recycle, evaluation, disposal and sanitization of the domestic wastes in residential areas, yard wastes from park lands, gardens and grounds, huge solid wastes, non-hazardous domestic waste from industrial and commercial sector, sludge produced in domestic waste water treatment plants and the sludge produced in non-hazardous industrial treatment plants.

According to Article 4 of this regulation, the households or facilities that are generating the solid wastes are responsible with minimizing the waste generation, providing separate collection and recycling the wastes.

According to Article 5, municipalities are responsible with proper collection and disposal of solid wastes and taking the necessary measures to minimize the impact on environment.

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According to Article 8, hazardous wastes, packing materials and domestic solid wastes shall be collected and store separately.

According to Article 18, disposal of solid wastes to river, lake, sea and similar receiving environments, streets and forests are strickly forbidden. Waste containers where solid wastes are collected shall be kept close and shall be located on the streets at the time of collection by the municipality.

Acording to Article 28, water content of stabilized sludge shall be 65 % to be stored with municipal solid wastes. It can be increased to 75 % ensuring that this situation will not disturb the stability of storage and will not create odour problem.

Regulation on the Control of Hazardous Wastes

This regulation is published by the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and in the Official Gazette dated March 14, 2005 and numbered 25755. The purpose of this regulation is by taking the hazardous chemicals under control, to arrange the administrative as well as technical principles and procedures to protect the human beings and the environment from the negative effects of these chemicals. This regulation defines the provisions on production, collection, labeling and packaging, temporary storage, interim storage, transportation, recovery, disposal, prohibition on import and export, limitations and authorization, market surveillance and control, the preparation and distribution of the security information forms legal and technical responsibility matters related to the wastes which are classified as hazardous.

Article 9 of this regulation, the consignor of hazardous wastes are responsible with taking the necessary measures for the minimization of waste generation, taking permission from the Governor’s Office for the temporary storage of wastes inside the plant in accordance with the decisions stated under this regulation, funding the expenses made for the qualification of wastes,

According to Article 11 of this regulation, the transportation of the wastes is made by people or companies with appropriate licenses and with appropriate vehicles for this job. The code number of the waste in the same container and in the same car should be the same.

According to Article 22, hazardous wastes are disposed to the licenced hazardous wastes disposal areas separate from municipal solid wastes.

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ANNEX- 3

CATEGORIES OR GENERIC TYPES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE LISTED ACCORDING TO THEIR NATURE OR THE ACTIVITY WHICH GENERATED THEM (WASTE MAY BE LIQUID, SLUDGE OR SOLID IN FORM)

A) Wastes displaying any of the properties listed in Annex -5 and which consist of:

1) Anatomical substances; hospital and other clinical wastes

2) Pharmaceuticals, medicines and veterinary compounds

3) Wood preservatives

4)Biocides and phyto-pharmaceutical substances

5) Residue from substances employed as solvents

6) Halogenated organic substances not employed as solvents excluding inert polymerized materials

7) Tempering salts containing cyanides

8) Mineral oils and oily substances (e.g. cutting sludges, etc.);

9) Oil/water, hydrocarbon/water mixtures, emulsions

10) Substances containing PCBs and/or PCTs (e.g. dielectrics etc.);

11) Tarry materials arising from refining, distillation and any pyrolytic treatment (e.g. still bottoms, etc.);

12) Inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnishes

13) Resins, latex, plasticizers, glues/adhesives

14) Chemical substances arising from research and development or teaching activities which are not identified and/or are new and whose effects on man and/or the environment are not known (e.g. laboratory residues, etc.);

15) Pyrotechnics and other explosive materials

16) photographic chemicals and processing materials

17) Any material contaminated with any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-furan

18) Any material contaminated with any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin

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B) Wastes which contain any of the constituents listed in Annex-4 and having any of the properties listed in Annex -5 and consisting of:

19) Animal or vegetable soaps, fats, waxes;

20) Non-halogenated organic substances not employed as solvents;

21) Inorganic substances without metals or metal compounds;

22) Ashes and/or cinders;

23) Soil, sand, clay including dredging spoils;

24) Non-cyanidic tempering salts;

25) Metallic dust, powder;

26) Spent catalyst materials;

27) Liquids or sludges containing metals or metal compounds;

28) Residue from pollution control operations (e.g. baghouse dusts, etc.) except (29), (30) and (33);

29) Scrubber sludges;

30) Sludges from water purification plants;

31) Decarbonization residue;

32) Ion-exchange column residue;

33) Sewage sludges, untreated or unsuitable for use in agriculture;

34) Residue from cleaning of tanks and/or equipment;

35) Contaminated equipment;

36) Contaminated containers (e.g. packaging, gas cylinders, etc.) whose contents included one or more of the constituents listed in Annex-4;

37) Batteries and other electrical cells;

38) Vegetable oils;

39) Materials resulting from selective waste collections from households and which exhibit any of the characteristics listed in Annex-5;

40) Any other wastes which contain any of the constituents listed in Annex-4 and any of the properties listed in Annex-5.

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ANNEX- 4

CONSTITUENTS OF THE WASTES IN ANNEX-4 WHICH RENDER THEM HAZARDOUS WHEN THEY HAVE THE PROPERTIES DESCRIBED IN ANNEX-5

Wastes having as constituents:

C1 Beryllium; beryllium compounds;

C2 vanadium compounds;

C3 chromium (VI) compounds;

C4 cobalt compounds;

C5 nickel compounds;

C6 copper compounds;

C7 zinc compounds;

C8 arsenic; arsenic compounds;

C9 selenium; selenium compounds;

C10 silver compounds;

C11 cadmium; cadmium compounds;

C12 tin compounds;

C13 antimony; antimony compounds;

C14 tellurium; tellurium compounds;

C15 barium compounds; excluding barium sulfate;

C16 mercury; mercury compounds;

C17 thallium; thallium compounds;

C18 lead; lead compounds;

C19 inorganic sulphides;

C20 inorganic fluorine compounds, excluding calcium fluoride;

C21 inorganic cyanides;

C22 the following alkaline or alkaline earth metals: lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium in uncombined form;

C23 acidic solutions or acids in solid form;

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C24 basic solutions or bases in solid form;

C25 asbestos (dust and fibres);

C26 phosphorus: phosphorus compounds, excluding mineral phosphates;

C27 metal carbonyls;

C28 peroxides;

C29 chlorates;

C30 perchlorates;

C31 azides;

C32 PCBs and/or PCTs;

C33 pharmaceutical or veterinary coumpounds;

C34 biocides and phyto-pharmaceutical substances (e.g. pesticides, etc.);

C35 infectious substances;

C36 creosotes;

C37 isocyanates; thiocyanates;

C38 organic cyanides (e.g. nitriles, etc.);

C39 phenols; phenol compounds;

C40 halogenated solvents;

C41 organic solvents, excluding halogenated solvents;

C42 organohalogen compounds, excluding inert polymerized materials and other substances referred to in this Annex;

C43 aromatic compounds; polycyclic and heterocyclic organic compounds;

C44 aliphatic amines;

C45 aromatic amines C46 ethers;

C47 substances of an explosive character, excluding those listed elsewhere in this Annex;

C48 sulphur organic compounds;

C49 any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-furan;

C50 any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin;

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C51 hydrocarbons and their oxygen; nitrogen and/or sulphur compounds not otherwise taken into account in this Annex.

ANNEX- 5

PROPERTIES OF WASTES WHICH RENDER THEM HAZARDOUS

H1 Explosive

Substances and preparations which may explode under the effect of flame or which are more sensitive to shocks or friction than dinitrobenzene

H2 Oxidizing

Substances and preparations which exhibit highly exothermic reactions when in contact with other substances, particularly flammable substances

H3-A Highly flammable

a) Liquid substances and preparations having a flash point below 21 °C (including extremely flammable liquids),

b) Substances and preparations which may become hot and finally catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature without any application of energy

c) Solid substances and preparations which may readily catch fire after brief contact with a source of ignition and which continue to burn or to be consumed after removal of the source of ignition

d) Gaseous substances and preparations which are flammable in air at normal pressure

e) Substances and preparations which, in contact with water or damp air, evolve highly flammable gases in dangerous quantities

H3-B Flammable

Liquid substances and preparations having a flash point equal to or greater than 21 °C and less than or equal to 55 °C.

H4 Irritant

Non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, can cause inflammation.

H5 Harmful

Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve limited health risks.

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H6 Toxic

Substances and preparations (including very toxic substances and preparations) which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve serious, acute or chronic health risks and even death.

H7 Cancerogen

Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce cancer or increase its incidence.

H8 Corrosive

Substances and preparations which may destroy living tissue on contacts.

H9 Infectious

Substances containing viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known or reliably believed to cause disease in man or other living organisms.

H10 Teratogenic

Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence.

H11 Mutagenic

Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence.

H12

Substances and preparations which release toxic or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or an acid.

H13

Substances and preparations capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance, e.g. leachates, which possesses any of the characteristics listed above.

H14 Ecotoxic

Substances and preparations which present or may present immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of the environment.

Notes

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1) About the signs for labeling hazardous specifications, the Different Hazardous Chemicals Regulation published on 11/07/1993 dated and 21634 numbered Official Newspaper is valid.

2) Test Methods:

The methods to be used for gaining a definite meaning to the hazardous specifications to this attachment, are explained at (Attachment 5) of 67/548/EEC numbered order of European Union Instructions. The actual versions of this order are valid which contain 84/449/EEC numbered additional orders and additional Commission Directions version. These methods are based on international institutions and especially Organization of Economical Cooperation Directorate studies and recommendations.

The manuals determining hazardous specifications will be published by The Ministry.

ANNEX- 6

Threshold concentrations for the wastes marked with (M) in Annex-7

The waste considered as hazardous must contain one or more of the specifications listed on (Attachment 5) or carry one or more characteristics of H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H10 a) Flash point<=55 ºC, b) One or more substances classified as very toxic at a total concentration of ≥0.1 % c) One or more substances classified as toxic at a total concentration of ≥3 % d) One or more substances classified as harmful at a total concentration of ≥25 % e) One or more corrosive substances classified as R35 at a total concentration of ≥ 1 % f) One or more corrosive substances classified as R34 at a total concentration of ≥ 5 % g) One or more irritant substances classified as R41 at a total concentration of ≥ 10 % h) One or more irritant substances classified as R36, R37 and R38 at a total concentration of ≥ 20 % a) One or more substances known to be carcinogenic of category 1 or 2 at a total concentration of ≥ 0.1 % i) One or more substances toxic for reproduction of category 1 or 2 classified as R60, R61 at a total concentration of ≥ 0.5 % j) One or more substances toxic for reproduction of category 3 classified as R62, R63 at a total concentration of ≥ 5 % k) One or more mutagenic substances of category 1 or 2 classified as R46 at a total concentration of ≥ 0.1 %

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l) One or more mutagenic substances of category 3 classified as R40 at a total concentration of ≥ 1 %

Note

The R codes (risk possibility) are shown at the Different Hazardous Chemicals Regulation at (Attachment 7), which is published on Official Gazette dated 20/04/2001 and numbered 24379.

ANNEX- 7

HAZARDOUS WASTE LIST

Chapters of the List:

(01) Wastes resulting from exploration, mining, dressing and further physico-chemical treatment of minerals and quarry

(02) Wastes from agricultural, horticultural, hunting, fishing and aquaculture production, food preparation and processing

(03) Wastes from wood processing and the production of paper, cardboard, pulp, panels and furniture

(04) Wastes from the leather, fur and textile industries

(05) Wastes from petroleum refining, natural gas purification and pyrolytic treatment of coal

(06) Wastes from inorganic chemical processes

(07) Wastes from organic chemical processes

(08) Wastes from the manufacture, formulation, supply and use (MFSU) of coatings (paints, varnishes and vitreous enamels), adhesives, sealants and printing inks

(09) Wastes from the photographic industry

(10) Inorganic wastes from thermal processes

(11) Inorganic metal-containing wastes from metal treatment and the coating of metals, and non-ferrous hydrometallurgy

(12) Wastes from shaping and surface treatment of metals and plastics

(13) Oil wastes (except edible oils, 05 and 12)

(14) Wastes from organic substances used as solvents, coolants and wastes from pushing gases

(15) Wastes packaging; absorbents, wiping cloths, filter materials and protective clothing not otherwise specified

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(16) Wastes not otherwise specified in the list

(17) Construction and demolition wastes (including excavation of polluted soil)

(18) Wastes from human or animal health care and/or related research (except kitchen and restaurant wastes not arising from immediate health care)

(19) Wastes from waste treatment facilities, off-site wastewater treatment plants and the water industry

(20) Municipal wastes and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes including separately collected wastes

Regulation on the Control of Waste Oil

This regulation is published by the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry and in the Official Gazette dated July 30, 2008 and numbered 26952. The objective of this Regulation is to ensure that waste oils are not dispersed into absorbing environment either directly or indirectly in a harmful way; are stored, transported and disposed of without giving any harm to the environment or human health; to define technical and administrative standards of waste oils, installing temporary storage and recycling facilities and organizing legal and technical basis towards determining the principles, policies and programs.

According to Article 5 of this regulation, the direct disposal of waste oil to the any receiving environment is strickly forbidden.

According to Article 9, the waste oil generating facilities are responsible with minimizing their waste oil generation, collecting the waste oils originating from different sources separately and providing the transportation of these wastes by the certified by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization for the transportation firms to the certified waste oil disposal facilities by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.

Regulation on Control of Used Batteries and Accumulators

This regulation is published by the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry and in the Official Gazette dated August 31, 2004 and numbered 25569 (amended in March 03, 2005). This Regulation arranges prohibitions, limitations, responsibilities, precautions, inspections about labeling and marking of batteries and accumulators, decreasing the dangerous materials in production, collecting, transferring the waste batteries and accumulators separately from household and other wastes, dispose and import, transit pass and export.

Article 13 of this regulation defines the duty of consumer on handling and control of the waste batteries and accumulators. Article 13 of this regulation is given below:

Consumers of batteries and accumulators are obliged to;

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a) collect used batteries apart from residential (household) wastes, and deliver used batteries to the collection points to be established by enterprises engaged in the distribution and sales of battery products, or by municipalities; b) deliver the old accumulator when replacing their vehicles’ accumulators to the temporary storage places established by the enterprises engaged in the distribution and sale of accumulator products and enterprises operating vehicle maintenance/repair sites free of charge; and pay a deposit if a new accumulator is to be purchased when delivering the old one;

According to Article 15, transportation of these wastes is achieved by the firms that are certified by the governorate of the province.

According to this regulation, the waste batteries and accumulators have to return to the battery and accumulator producers to provide recycling and disposal of these wastes.

Regulation on Control of Excavation Material, Construction and Demolition Wastes

This regulation is published in Official Gazette dated March 18, 2004 and numbered 25406. The aim of the Regulations is to organize the technical and administrative issues as well as the general conditions to be adapted primarily in reduction of excavation earth, constructional and destruction wastes at source, collection, temporary deposition, transportation, recovery, utilization and removal of excavation earth, construction and destruction wastes in a way not causing any damage to the environment.

According to Article 13, excavation, demolition and construction wastes must not be disposed to receiving environments such as lakes, rivers, etc. they must be stored at the recycling or storage areas determined by the municipalities.

According to Article 14, the consignors of excavation wastes are responsible with the implementation of measures necessary for minimizing dust and noise levels. They are also responsible with covering surrounding of the excavation site.

The excavated material will be used as backfilling material at the site as much as possible. The excavated material that will be used as backfilling can be temporarily stored at the site ensuring that 2000 m2 area out of the constrcuction area is available.

During excavation works, natural drainage systems will be protected and necessary precautions will be taken against erosion and agains any potential damage on cables of telecommunication and energy systems.

During the excavation, vegetative top soil is separately stripped and strored from other excavation materials. The quality of quantity of vegetative top soil is protected as much as possible. This soil is reused on parks, gardens, green fields and agricultural areas.

According to Article 17, the consignor is responsible with paying the costs of collection, transportation and disposal of excavation wastes.

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According to Article 24, the excavation materials are transported by the vehicles authorized by the municipalities.

Article 25 of this regulation defines the precautions to be taken during the transportation of excavated materials. According to this article, the precautions must be taken by the consignor or the firm transporting these materials in order to prevent environmental pollution and any potential damage on public health and public goods. For this purpose, the top of the material shall be covered in order to prevent spillages. Moreover, the mud on the wheels of the truck shall be cleared of. The municipality can regulate the time of transportation in order to decrease the impact of this activity on traffic load of the region.

According to article 41, the following issues will be considered during the storage of excavated materials:

 The stored materials will be daily compacted by a compactor.

 Necessary warning signals shall be inserted around the storage sites.

 The storing activities will not prevent natural surface flow or natural drainage.

 The vegetative top soil of the storage are will be stripped prior to the storage activities.

 Accession to the storage site will be available.

 Dust generation will be minimized within the storage site by water spraying and other possible precautions.

 The wheels of the vehicles will be cleaned at the exit of storage area.

According to Article 45, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization is responsible with controlling the compliance to this regulation.

Regulation on Control of Packaging Materials

This regulation is published on the Official Gazette dated June 24, 2007 and numbered 26562. The purpose of this regulation is; to determine the principles, policies and programs on packing material and its wastes, to produce packaging materials that have particular criteria in terms of environment, and have basic conditions/provisions and characteristics, to prevent the packaging wastes from direct and indirect disposal to the receiving environment in such a way that they cannot cause any harm on the environment, to prevent the packaging wastes from being formation, reducing the amount of the packaging wastes that shall be removed by means of reusing, recycling and recovering of the packaging wastes that cannot be prevented from being formation, to generate the necessary technical and administrative standards related with the packaging waste management.

According to Article 26 of this regulation, the consignors of packing materials are responsible with collecting the packing materials separate from the other solid wastes.

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According to Article 27, the municipalies shall prepare packing wastes management plant. This plan includes the way of collection and separation of packing wastes by the municipality. The municipalities can transfer this job to the firms that are certified for collection and separation of packing wastes. These firms will carry out this job in accordance with the management plans prepared by the municipalities.

Collection and separation of packing wastes are except the municipalities of the by the certified firms awarded by the municipalities are banned.

Collection of these wastes by the municipal solid waste collection truck and disposal to the municipal solid waste landfills are banned.

ANNEX-1. Definition of Packing Wastes

The Ministry of Environment and Urbanzation decide whether a material is packing or not according to the definitions given in Annex-1.

If a material is not the part of a product, if it is not necessary for protecting and supporting the product, then this material is considered as packing material.

The coverages that are designed to be filled in the stores or disposable materials designed for the same purpose are considered as packing materials.

The supporting parts of packings or the pieces attached to the packings are considered as packing materials.

The following examples are considered to be packing materials:

 Stretch film covering CD boxes

 Disposable plates and cups

 Stretch films, soft packs and sandwich bags used in shops

 Packings of fast-foods

 The covers of water, fruit juice, mineral waters, shampoo, detergent, etc.

 Supporting materials such as papperboard, expanded plastics, etc.

 Viols of eggs

The following examples are not considered as packing materials:

 Flowerpots

 Storage boxes of maintenance metrials

 Teabags

 Wax covering the cheese

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 The boxes that are used to protect CD

 Disposable fork, spoon and knife

 The brush of mascara

 The stickers on the packing materials

 Plastic, metal or other ridges sued for packing

 Measuring cups of detergents

 Shopping bags

 Plastic bags, envelopes and boxes used by couriers

Regulation on Urban Wastewater Treatment

This regulation is published on the Official Gazette dated January 8, 2006 and numbered 26047. The purpose of this regulation is to protect the environment against the adverse effects of urban waste water collection, treatment, and discharge as well as the waste water discharge from certain sectors. This regulation covers the technical and administrative principles pertaining to the collection of the urban and specific industrial waste water that is discharged into the sewage system, their treatment and discharge as well as its monitoring, reporting and controlling.

According to Article 6 of ths regulation the related authority is responsible with construction, operation and maintenance of urban wastewater treatment plant that can work effectively under the existing locak meteorological conditions.

According to Article 8, the discharge limits presented in Table 1 and Table 2 of Annex IV of this regulation has to be achieved by the treatment plants. These limits are presented in Table A.6 and Table A.7, respectively.

Table A.6. Discharge Limits for Urban Wastewater Treatment* Minimum treatment Reference measurement Parameters Concentrations ( mg/l) efficiency (%) method Homogen, unfiltered, not precipitated raw sample. Five Without Nitrification1 70-90 days before and after incubation Biochemical oxygen 25 measurements in the totally demand (BOD at 5 darkened room at the 20ºC 20ºC) 40 Article 8 (c) (±1ºC) temperature. Adding a nitrification inhibitor. Homogen, unfiltered, not Chemical Oxygen 125 75 precipitated raw sample. Demand (COD) Potassium dichromate method. 35 902 - Filtration of the representative sample with 0.45 μm Total Suspended 35 Article 8 (c) 90 Article 8 (c) membrane. To dry and weigh at Solids (TSS) (More than 10,000 E.P.) (More than 10000 E.P.) 105 ºC temperature.

60 Article 8 (c) 70 Article 8 (c) - Centrifuge of the representative

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Minimum treatment Reference measurement Parameters Concentrations ( mg/l) efficiency (%) method (Between 2,000-10,000 E.P.) (Between 2000-10000 E.P.) sample (five mins. with average 2,800 – 3,200 g acceleration). To dry and weigh at 105 ºC temperature. * Concentration values or treatment efficiencies will be applied. 1 If it is possible to make correlation between BOD5 and parameter that is used instead, this parameter can be exchanged with another parameter: such as Total Organic Carbon (TOC) or Total Oxygen Demand (TOD). 2 This condition depends on the size of the settlement. Analyses of the lagoon water discharges are prepared with filtered samples; total suspended solid concentrations must not exceed 150 mg/l in unfiltered samples.

Table A.7. Discharge Limits for Secondary Urban Wastewater Treatment* Minimum treatment Reference measurement Parameters Concentrations ( mg/l) efficiency (%) method 2 mg/l P (Between 10,000-100,000 E.P.) Molecular Absorption Total Phosphorus 80 1 mg/l P Spectrophotometer (More than 100,000 E.P.) 15 mg/l N (Between 10,000-100,000 E.P.) Molecular Absorption Total Nitrogen1 70-80 10 mg/l N Spectrophotometer (More than 100,000 E.P.)2 *One or both two parameters can be applied according to the local conditions. Concentration values or treatment efficiencies will be applied.

Regulation on Environmental Audits

This regulation is published on the Official Gazette dated January 5, 2002 and numbered 24631. The aim of this regulation is to determine the procedures and basis of environmental inspections for environmental protection at all phases from the establishment of facility, the process, production and to final disposal of waste.

According to Artcile 6 of this regulation, the establishments have to prepare a Facility and Operation Information Form and sent to Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. Moreover, they have to provide necessary documents during the audits of Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and other institutions. They have to provide the necessary analyses to be carried out by the certified laboratories.

Water Pollution Control Regulation

This regulation is published in the Official Gazette dated December 31, 2004 and numbered 25687. The aim of this Regulation is to protect surface and ground water sources potential and determine necessary juridical and technical basis for prevention of water pollution in accordance with the development targets for the best usage of water sources. This Regulation includes the quality classifications of water, their usage aims, planning basis and limits on water quality protection, discharge criterion of waste water and basis of discharge permission, the basis and principleson waste water substructure facilities and monitoring and control methods, prevention of water pollution.

According to Article 4, water resources must be protected. For this purpose, amont of wastewater and waste load in the wastewater shall be minimized. The optimum treatment

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techniques shall be selected in terms of technical and economic aspects. One common treatment plant shall be established for different wastewater sources having same characteristics.

According to Article 43, the municipalities are responsible with collection and handling of wastewaters. Inhabitants of the region under the directorship of the municipalities has to be connected to the collection and handling systems.

According to Article 54, the operators of the WWTPA are responsible with monitoring the efficiency of the treatment plant and keeping the related records and reports. The characteristics and the amount of wastewater shall be recorded and kept. The period of sampling from the outlet of the wastewater treatment plant will be determined in the discharge licence. The operators of the WWTP are responsible with these sampling and measurements.

Regulation on Potable Waters

This regulation is published by Ministry of Health and on the Official Gazette dated February 17, 2005 and numbered 25730. The aim of this regulation is to provide limit values and quality criteria for the potable waters to be used by public.

According to Article 6, water can be regarded as clean if it complys with parameters given in Annex 1 (see Tables A.8, A.9, A.10 and A.11).

According to Article 8, these limit values have to be complied with for the tap water.

According to Artile 10, potable waters will be controlled and monitored by the Ministry of Health in compliance with the period stated in Annex 2 (see Table A.12).

Annex 1. Limit Values

Table A.8. Microbiologic Parameters

Parameter Parametric Limit (number/100 ml)

Escherichia Coli ( E. Coli ) 0/100 ml

Enterococci 0/100 ml

Coliform bakteria 0/100 ml

Table A.9. Chemical Parameters

Parameter Limit Value Unit

Acrylamide 0.1 μg/L

Antimony 5.0 μg/L

Arsenic 10 μg/L

Benzene 1.0 μg/L

Benzo (a) pyrene 0.010 μg/L

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Parameter Limit Value Unit

Boron 1 mg/L

Bromate 10 μg/L

Cadmium 5.0 μg/L

Chromium 50 μg/L

Copper 2 mg/L

Cyanide 50 μg/L

1,2-dichlorethane 3.0 μg/L

Epichlorite 0.10 μg/L

Floride 1.5 mg/L

Lead 10 μg/L

Mercury 1.0 μg/L

Nickel 20 μg/L

Nitrate 50 mg/L

Nitrite 0.50 mg/L

Pesticides 0.10 μg/L

Total pesticides 0.50 μg/L

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 0.10 μg/L

Selenium 10 μg/L

Tetrachloroethane and trichlorethane 10 μg/L

Trihalomethanes 100 μg/L

Vinyl Chloride 0.50 μg/L

Table A.10. Indicator Parameters

Parameter Limit Value Unit

Aluminum 200 μg/L

Ammonium 0.50 mg/L

Chloride 250 mg/L

C. perfringens 0 number/100 ml

Color Acceptable by the consumers and no abnormal change

Conductivity 2500 (at 20 °C) μS / cm pH 6.5 and  9.5

Iron 200 μg/L

Mangan 50 μg/L

Odour Acceptable by the consumers and no abnormal change

Oxidizability 5.0 mg/L O2

Sulphate 250 mg/L

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Sodium 200 mg/L

Taste Acceptable by the consumers and no abnormal change

Number of Colonies at 22 °C No abnormal change

Coliforms 0 Number /100 ml

Total Organic Carbon No abnormal change

Turbidity Acceptable by the consumers and no abnormal change

Table A.11. Radioactivity

Parameter Limit Value Unit

Tritium 100 Bq/L

Total Indicative Dose 0.10 mSv/yıl

Alpha Emitters 0.1 Bq/L

Beta Emitters 1 Bq/L

Annex 2. Monitoring

Table A.12. Sampling and Monitoring Periods Amount of Water Distributed or Produced Daily Number of Sampling per Year Number of Auditing per Year m3  100 2 1 100 and  1000 4 1 4 1 After 1000 m3/day flowrate, 3 monitoring After 1000 m3/day flowrate, 3 audits will 1000 and  10000 will be added to this number for every be added to this number for every 3300 1000 m3/day flowrate increase. m3/day flowrate inxcrease 31 3 After 10000 m3/day flowrate, 3 After 10000 m3/day flowrate, 1 audits will 10000 and  100 000 monitoring will be added to this number be added to this number for every 10000 for every 1000 m3/day flowrate increase. m3/day flowrate increase. 301 10 After 100000 m3/day flowrate, 3 After 100000 m3/day flowrate, 3 audits 100000 monitoring will be added to this number will be added to this number for every for every 1000 m3/day flowrate increase 25000 m3/day flowrate increase

Regulation on Protection of Buildings Against Fire

This regulation is published in the Official Gazette dated July 26, 2002 and numbered 24822. The aim of this regulation is to define the necessary precautions to minimize loss of life and property in case of fire.

Article 30 defines the design, construction, protection and maintenance of safety exits.

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Every building used by the people will include an emergency exit to be used in case of fire and other emergency cases. Emergency exits shall be constructed in a way to protect people from smog, heat and other dangers in case of fire.

Emergency exits shall have appropriate dimentions and shall be in appropriate number to serve for the whole population.

Locations of emergency exits shall be clearly indicated by warning signs.

If required, emergency exits shall be illuminated adequately.

Article 31, emerbency exits start from a location of building and end at a street at the ground level. The basic components of emergency exits are as follows:

 Exits from rooms and other independent locations,

 Corridors and passages in in each floor,

 Exits of each floors,

 Stairways leading to ground floor,

 Ways leading from end of stairs to final exit,

 Final exit to the streets.

Elevators are not considered as the part of emergency exits.

According to Article 35, emergency exits shall be easily accessed as long as the building is used by people. Doors of emergency exits shall be opened easily.

According to Article 38, fire escape will be used for evacuating people from the building in a short time and secure way in case of fire. Construction material of fire exits shall be fire proof. The directors of the buildings are responsible with the construction of fire excapes.

Regulation on Structures Constructed at Disaster Areas

This regulation is published by Ministry of Public Works and Settlement and on the Official Gazette dated July 14, 2007 and numbered 26582. This regulation aims to determine the technical requirements of the buildings to be constructed in disaster areas.

According to Article 4, any construction activities shall not be constructed at the areas if one of the landslide, rockfall and snowlide are observed at this area.

According to Article 5, foundations of the buildings have to be strengthened if there is the risk of flood in order to make the building resistant to floods.

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Article 6 is related with the protection against fire. According to this article, if there is a fire risk at the site of a building, then this building shall be constructed In compliance with the articles of Regulation on Protection of Buildings against Fire.

According to Article 7, which mention the precautions to be taken against the earthquake, the buildings shall construct in compliance with regulation on Buildings Constructed in Earthquake Areas.

Labour Law (Law Numbered 4857)

This law is published in the Official Gazette dated June 10, 2003 and numbered 25134. The purpose of this law is to regulate the working conditions and work-related rights and obligations of employers and employees working under an employment contract.

Artcile 5 defines the principle of equal treatment. According to this principle, no discrimination based on language, race, sex, political opinion, philosophical belief, religion and sex or similar reasons is permissible in the employment relationship.

Unless there are essential reasons for differential treatment, the employer must not make any discrimination between a full-time and a part-time employee or an employee working under a fixed-term employment contract (contract made for a definite period) and one working under an open-ended employment contract (contract made for an indefinite period).

Accrding to Article 77, with a view to ensure occupational health and safety in their establishments, employers shall take all the necessary measures and maintain all the needed means and tools in full; and employees are under the obligation to obey and observe all the measures taken in the field of occupational health and safety.

In order to ensure compliance with and supervision of the measures taken for occupational health and work safety at the establishment, the employer must inform the employees of the occupational risks and measures that must be taken against them as well as employees’ legal rights and obligations and, in this connection, he must provide the employees with the necessary training on occupational health and safety.

According to Article 91, the State shall follow up, supervise and inspect the implementation of labour legislation governing working conditions. This duty shall be performed by officials of the Ministry of Labour and Social Security in sufficient numbers and with the necessary qualifications, specially empowered to exercise supervision and to make visits of inspection.

According to Article 92, for the purpose of implementing Article 91, the administrative authorities and the competent officials responsible for following up, supervising and inspecting working conditions shall be entitled.

During an inspection it shall be the duty of the employer, his representatives, the employees and any other person concerned to attend whenever summoned by the authorities or officials responsible for inspection, to give them any information requested, to

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present for their inspection and, if necessary, to hand over all relevant documents and records, to provide them with every assistance in the exercise of their functions as indicated in the first paragraph, and to comply, without any attempt at evasion, with all relevant orders and requests received in this connection.

The reports prepared by the authorities and officials empowered to follow up, supervise and inspect working conditions shall be held as valid until they are disproven.

According to Article 93, the authorities and officials responsible for following up, supervising and inspecting working conditions shall not, in the performance of their duties, cause any derangement of or hindrance to the normal progress of operations and the work of the establishment, except in so far as may be deemed necessary by the nature of their responsibilities; and they shall observe strict secrecy with respect to all they have seen and learned concerning the technical secrets of the employer and the establishment and his financial and commercial circumstances, unless it is necessary to disclose these matters in order to institute official proceedings, and they shall not reveal the names and identities of employees and other persons from whom they have received information or who have made reports to them.

According to Article 95, the municipalities and other authorities competent to issue permissions for the setting up and opening of establishments shall, before giving the said permisions, investigate the existence of the opening and operating certificate which must have been granted by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security in accordance with pertinent labour legislation.

Municipalities and other authorities may not give opening and operating licences to establishments which have not yet been granted opening and operating certificates by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security.

Public institutions and organisations shall communicate to the competent regional directorate of labour the results of their occupational health and safety inspections and supervisions at establishments as well as the actions they will take regarding these establishments.

Municipalities and other authorities competent to give permits for setting up and opening establishments shall communicate every month to the relevant regional directorates of labour lists of names and addresses of employers and establishments for which they have issued permits as well as the nature of the work to be performed until the fifteenth day of the following month.

Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety

This regulation is published by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security and on the Official Gazette dated December 9, 2003 and numbered 25311. This regulation includes the precautions that shall be taken on the workplaces in order to minimize health and safety risks.

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According to Article 5, employers are responsible with protecting the health and safety of the workers.

According to Article 6, employers are responsible with the following issues:

They have to prevent occupational risks, train the workers, take all the necessary precautions, make necessary arrangements and provide equipments in order to protect health and safety of the workers.

The employer shall take the following principals into consideration to provide occupational health and safety:

 Preventing risks

 Assessing the risks that can not be prevented

 Coping with the risks at the source

While determining the duty of a worker, health and safety of the worker shall be considered.

Necessary warning signals shall be inserted in the locations that are very dangerous.

Acoording to Article 7, employer shall hire one or more responsible person for the prevention of health and safety risks and implementation of protective activities.

According to Article 8, the employers shall take the measures for first aid, fire fighting and evacuation of workers considering the number of the employees and necessary number of responsible persons. They shall make the necessary arrangement to provide the contact with the necessary institutions in case of emergency.

According to Article 9, employers are also responsible with assessing the risks by considering the group of workers that are under special risks. According to the results of this assessment, they shall determine the protective measures and equipments. The occupational accidents that shall also be recorded and the records shall be kept by the employer.

According to Article 12, the workers have to be trained that includes special health and safety precautions depending on the content of the job. This training session shall be conducted;

 Before the initiation of work,

 When the workplace or the work changed,

 When the equipments change,

 When a new technology is applied.

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Training sessions shall be repeated when required. The employer shall adequately emphasize the health and safety risks that can be faced and the related precautions that must be taken agains these risks.

Guidelines on Worker Health and Occupational Safety

This guideline was published on the Official Gazete dated January 11, 1974 and numbered 14765. It defines the health conditions that must be accomplished at the residential areas of the workers. Moreover, necessary precautions that must be taken to prevent potential occupational accidents and diseases are als defined in this guideline.

According to Article 2, every employer and worker has to comply with the issues stated in this guideline.

According to Article 3, the employer has to train and inform the workers about the health and safety rules that they are obliged to comply with.

According to Article 16, the workplaces shall be illuminated adequately by the day light or by lamps.

According to Article 21, closed workplaces have to be aerated at least once for one hour. Sharp temperature decreases during the aeration will be prevented during winter time.

At the workplaces where heavy and dangerous works are being carried out, the noise level shall be below 95 dB. In such conditions, earmuffs and ear-plugs have to be provided for the workers. If heavy and dangerous works ae not being conducted, then noise level must be below 80 dB.

According to Article 32, drinking water must be free from patogens.

According to Article 36, if lunch time is not long enough to go home, then the employer have to provide a safe place where workers can have their lunch.

According to article 39, cleaning places shall be provided for the workers to wash their hands and bodies. Flowing water and necessary cleaning equipments shall be provided.

According to Article 76, if dust generatin activities such as construction will be conducted, then the following precautions have to be taken;

 Dust generating activities will be realized by a closed system, if they are technologically and economically viable

 Aspiration system, water curtains and vacuums will be utilized to prevent the spreading of the dust.

 Depending on the content of the dust, different personal protective equipments and protective masks will be provided to the workers.

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 At the end of each shift, the workers employed in dust generating works will be provided to have a bath and they will be prevented to sleep or eat before having bath.

 Each worker will have a medical control before employment and the ones having respiratory and circulatory disorders and skin problems will not be employed for dust generating works.

According to Article 78, in order to protect workers from the adverse impacts of noise, the following precautions shall be taken:

 Before the installation of noise generating equipment and machinery, floor of workplace shall be covered with isolation material against noise and vibration.

 Before being employed, workers shall have health checks and the ones having problem with their ears and nervous system will not be employed to be worked for noise generating activities.

According to Article 79, in order to protect workers from the adverse impacts of vibration, the following precautions shall be taken:

Before being employed, workers shall have health checks and the ones having problem with their bones, arthrosises and vascular system will not be employed to be worked for vibration generating activities.

According to Article 116, adequate fire extinction equipment and personnel who can use these equipments shall be present at the workplaces.

According to Article 128, mobile fire extinguishers shall be controlled and checked once every 6 months.

According to Article 134, recently employed workers shall be informed about the emergency exits and equipments to be used in case of fire. Employer shall be responsible with that.

Guidelines on Worker Health and Safety on Constructive Works

This guideline are published on the Official Gazette dated September 12, 1974 and numbered 15004. This guideline sets the health and safety precautions that must be taken in construction works.

According to Article 6, the construction works shall be carried out during daytime. However, in case it needs to be continue at the night time, necessary illumination for ensuring safe working conditions will be provided.

According to Article 7, helmets shall be used by the workers to protect their heads from falling objects. Guardrails will be constructed at the high buildings and stairs in order to prevent the worker falling from high locations.

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According to Article 8, dangerous locations will be surrounded by the barriers and warning signals and lightes will be inserted.

According to Article 17, entrance and exit of vehicles and car parks shall be specified.

According to Article 18, the excavation areas will be surrounded by wooden curtains prior to the initiation of xcavation activities.

According to Article 20, necessary precautions will be taken in excavation sites in order to protect electricity cables, gas pipes, water ways and sewer system, if any.

According to Article 23, if the excavations are deeper than 150 cm, the walls of the excavated area will be supported in order to prevent collapsing.

According to Article 25, for the excavations deeper than 150 cm, ladder will be provided for the workers.

According to Article 26, safety harnesses and signal devices will be provided for the staff working at the deeply excavated areas such as sewer system excavations.

According to Article 27, excavation works shall be stopped at rainy weathers. After the rain is ceased, necessary precautions will be taken before the excavation activities initiate.

According to Article 28, shelters shall be provided to the workers in order to protect from rain.

According to Article 29, top boots will be provided for the staff working inside the water.

According to Article 30, heavy machineries will be controlled by competent operators and any worker aill not be present at their working areas.

According to Article 43, if there is flood risk, emergency exits will be determined at the excavation areas.

Noise Regulation

This regulation is published by Ministry of Labor and Social Security and published on the Official Gazette dated December 23, 2003 and numbered 25325. This regulation includes the necessary measures to protect the workers from the potential adverse impacts of noise.

According to Article 5, weekly average noise exposure levels and sound pressure levels are as follows:

 Exposure limit values: weekly average exposure level= 87 dB (A) and sound pressure level= 200 Pai

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 Highest effective exposure values: weekly average exposure level= 85 dB (A) and sound pressure level= 140 Pai

 Lowest effective exposure values: weekly average exposure level= 80 dB (A) and sound pressure level= 112 Pai

Weekly average noise exposure levels shall not exceed 87 dB (A).

According to Article 7, in order to decrease exposure, noise will be destroyed or minimized at source, as much as possible. If possible, noise shall be minimized by using different technologies. If technology alteration is not possible, noise isolators shall be used and personel protective equipments shall be distributed.

According to Article 8, personal protective equipments are earmuffs and ear-plugs. Employer shall be responsible wih use of these equipments.

According to Article 9, exposure levels stated in Article 5 shall not be exceeded.

Vibration Regulation

This regulation is published by Ministry of Labour and Social Security and on the Official Gazette dated December 23, 2003 and numbered 25325. This regulation includes the necessary measures to protect the workers from the potential adverse impacts of vibration.

Article 5 explains the exposure limits to the vibration. According to this article, for the exposure to vibration on hand and arm,

1. Limit value for daily exposure is 5 m/s2 for 8 hour working period.

2. Effective value for daily exposure is 2.5 m/s2 for 8 hour working period.

For the exposure to vibration on the whole body,

1. Limit value for daily exposure is 1.15 m/s2 for 8 hour working period.

2. Effective value for daily exposure is 0.5 m/s2 for 8 hour working period.

Law on Natural and Cultural Heritages (Law Numbered 2863)

This law is published on the Official Gazette dated July 23, 1983 and numbered 18113. The aim of this law is is to define the issues related with the natural and cultural assets, regulate the related activities and facilities, and determine the responsibilities of authorized institutions.

According to Article 4 of this law, if any natural and cultural asset is founded, then the nearest museum or the headmen of the village or the other civil administrations has to be informed at most in three days.

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According to Article 9 of this regulation, cultural or natural assets can not be used, disturbed, relocated without the permission of Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

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Appendix-B FLOWCHART OF WWTP AND ALTERNATIVE PROJECT

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MUGLA WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT MODIFIED BARDENPHO PROCESS

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ALTERNATIVE NO.1 – MUGLA MUNICIPALITY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS WITH DENITRFICATION

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Appendix-C GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF THE ROJECT SITE

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Appendix-D METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR MUGLA PROVINCE

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Enlem : 37.13 Boylam : 28.22 Yukseklik : 646 m ( MUGLA ) MUGLA

METEOROLOJIK Rasat S. A Y L A R ELEMANLAR (YIL) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII YILLIK

Ortalama Yerel Basinc (hPa) 30 941.5 940.6 939.6 938.7 939.1 938.0 936.0 936.8 940.0 942.2 942.7 941.8 939.8 En Yuksek Yerel Basinc (hPa) 30 957.1 955.4 953.2 950.3 947.3 945.6 943.2 943.0 947.8 950.5 953.2 953.5 957.0 En Dusuk Yerel Basinc (hPa) 30 910.0 918.4 918.0 924.8 927.8 927.8 929.1 930.4 931.1 931.0 927.6 920.4 910.0

Saat 07 deki Ortalama Sicaklik (C) 30 2.6 2.5 4.5 8.5 13.8 18.8 21.8 21.1 16.5 11.2 6.3 4.0 11.0 Saat 14 deki Ortalama Sicaklik (C) 30 9.1 9.8 13.2 17.3 23.1 28.6 32.4 32.3 28.5 22.6 15.3 10.2 20.2 Saat 21 deki Ortalama Sicaklik (C) 30 5.1 5.6 8.1 11.8 16.8 22.0 25.4 24.8 20.7 15.4 9.7 6.4 14.3 Ortalama Sicaklik (C) 30 5.5 5.9 8.5 12.3 17.6 22.9 26.2 25.7 21.6 16.1 10.2 6.8 14.9 Ort. Sicaklik >= 5 C Old. Gunler Sayisi 30 19.0 18.6 26.6 29.7 31.0 30.0 31.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 28.0 23.1 329.0 Ort. Sicaklik >= 10 C Old. Gunler Sayisi 30 1.4 2.6 10.8 22.9 30.6 30.0 31.0 31.0 30.0 30.0 18.0 4.6 242.9 Ortalama Yuksek Sicaklik 30 10.0 10.8 14.2 18.4 24.3 29.7 33.3 33.2 29.2 23.4 16.2 11.1 21.2 Ortalama Dusuk Sicaklik 30 1.5 1.6 3.4 6.9 11.4 16.2 19.7 19.5 15.1 10.3 5.4 3.0 9.5

En Yuksek Sicaklik Gunu 30 18 7 27 24 26 13 6 12 1 1 1 4 6 En Yuksek Sicaklik Yili 30 1987 2004 2001 1989 1990 2001 2000 2002 2003 1991 2004 2004 2000 En Yuksek Sicaklik (C) 30 18.8 21.2 26.8 29.8 35.7 38.8 41.6 40.8 38.8 34.5 27.6 20.4 41.6

Yuk. Sicaklik >=30 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 3.2 15.1 26.9 26.3 13.0 2.2 86.7 Yuk. Sicaklik >=25 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 0.3 2.7 14.4 26.7 30.8 31.0 27.0 12.4 0.7 146.0 Yuk. Sicaklik >=20 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 0.2 2.9 11.1 25.7 29.5 31.0 31.0 29.9 24.1 5.9 0.1 191.4 Yuk. Sicaklik <=-0.1 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 0.1 0.1 0.2 Gunluk En Yuksek Sicaklik Farki

En Dusuk sicaklik Gunu 30 8 9 1 10 4 1 1 24 28 28 25 22 9 En Dusuk sicaklik Yili 30 2004 1976 1985 1997 1990 1991 1983 1977 1992 1985 1995 2002 1976 En Dusuk Sicaklik (C) 30 - 7.8 - 9.9 - 8.5 - 3.6 1.0 6.7 11.3 13.2 5.6 0.20 - 4.0 - 6.8 - 9.9

Dus. Sicaklik <=-0.1 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 11.7 9.6 4.6 0.3 2.6 7.4 36.2 Dus. Sicaklik <=-3 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 3.8 3.8 1.2 0.0 0.3 2.0 11.1 Dus. Sicaklik <=-5 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 1.0 1.4 0.4 0.3 3.1 Dus. Sicaklik <=-10 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 0.0 Dus. Sicaklik <=-15 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 0.0 Dus. Sicaklik <=-20 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 0.0 Dus. Sicaklik >=20 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 0.1 3.4 14.7 13.2 1.6 0.0 33.0 Dus. Sicaklik >=15 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 0.1 3.9 19.7 29.7 29.6 15.7 2.5 0.1 101.3 Dus. Sicaklik >=10 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 0.1 0.2 0.7 4.5 21.3 29.4 31.0 31.0 29.2 16.1 3.6 0.8 167.9 Dus. Sicaklik >=5 C Old. Ort. Gunler Sayisi 30 6.9 5.7 10.4 22.4 30.5 30.0 31.0 31.0 30.0 29.3 16.3 10.4 253.9

Ortalama Toprakustu Minimum Sicaklik 30 0.3 0.3 1.9 5.0 9.3 14.0 17.8 17.6 13.0 8.3 3.9 1.8 7.8 En dusuk Toprakustu Minimum Sicaklik 30 - 8.9 -12.0 -10.3 - 4.8 - 0.4 1.0 2.0 10.2 3.4 - 2.7 - 6.9 - 8.6 -12.0 Top. us. min. sic. <=-0.1 C Old. Gunler Sayisi 30 15.0 13.1 9.0 1.4 0.0 0.2 5.4 11.0 55.1 Top. us. min. sic. <=-3 C Old. Gunler Sayisi 30 8.0 6.3 2.6 0.0 1.6 4.2 22.7 Top. us. min. sic. <=-5 C Old. Gunler Sayisi 30 3.1 2.7 0.9 0.3 1.5 8.5

Appendix-D 2 / 5 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Istasyonun Calisma Suresi : 1975 - 2004 ARASTIRMA ve BILGI ISLEM DAIRE BASKANLIGI Enlem : 37.13 Boylam : 28.22 Yukseklik : 646 m ( MUGLA ) MUGLA METEOROLOJIK Rasat S. A Y L A R ELEMANLAR (YIL) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII YILLIK Top. us. min. sic. <=-10 C Old. Gunler Sayisi 30 0.2 0.0 0.2

Ortalama Buhar Basinci (hPa) 30 7.1 6.9 7.6 9.4 12.0 13.9 15.5 15.6 13.2 11.2 9.3 8.0 10.8 Saat 07 deki Ortalama Bagil Nem (%) 30 86 84 85 84 77 67 61 64 71 81 87 87 77 Saat 14 deki Ortalama Bagil Nem (%) 30 63 58 52 48 42 34 31 31 33 42 56 66 46 Saat 21 deki Ortalama Bagil Nem (%) 30 78 75 73 70 64 54 48 51 55 66 77 82 66 Ortalama Bagil Nem (%) 30 76 72 70 67 61 52 47 49 53 64 73 78 64 En dusuk Bagil Nem (%) 30 16 12 6 5 6 4 5 5 3 5 10 18 3

Saat 07 deki Ortalama Bulutluluk (0-10) 30 5.0 4.9 4.3 4.1 2.6 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.6 4.1 5.4 2.9 Saat 14 deki Ortalama Bulutluluk (0-10) 30 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.6 4.8 2.9 1.8 2.0 2.2 3.5 4.7 5.8 4.1 Saat 21 deki Ortalama Bulutluluk (0-10) 30 4.2 4.0 3.5 3.3 2.2 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.6 1.7 3.3 4.4 2.4 Ortalama Bulutluluk (0-10) 30 4.9 4.8 4.4 4.3 3.2 1.5 0.8 0.8 1.2 2.6 4.1 5.2 3.2 Ort. Acik Gunler Sayisi (bult. 0.0-1.9) 30 8.7 7.8 8.5 7.8 11.6 21.3 26.5 26.8 23.4 16.3 10.9 7.6 177.2 Ort. Bulutlu Gunler Sayisi (bult. 2.0-8.0) 30 13.9 13.8 16.8 18.2 17.6 8.6 4.5 4.1 6.5 12.9 13.5 14.3 144.7 Ort. Kapali Gunler Sayisi (bult. 8.1-10.0) 30 8.4 6.7 5.7 4.1 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.8 5.6 9.1 43.4

Saat 07 deki Ort. Toplam Yagis Miktari (mm) 30 98.5 67.5 41.4 27.9 10.9 2.1 0.6 0.3 4.1 19.9 65.0 110.7 448.9 Saat 14 deki Ort. Toplam Yagis Miktari (mm) 30 62.8 46.6 42.0 19.9 21.6 6.8 1.4 5.5 4.4 18.2 51.3 73.8 354.3 Saat 21 deki Ort. Toplam Yagis Miktari (mm) 30 59.7 41.2 39.4 22.8 21.8 13.4 4.8 2.7 5.8 15.9 47.0 59.7 334.2 Ortalama Toplam Yagis Miktari (mm) 30 226.0 159.7 122.3 74.7 53.5 24.7 7.1 9.1 14.3 54.8 163.7 251.6 1161.5 Gunluk En Cok Yagis Miktari (mm) 30 138.9 96.0 103.5 90.9 78.5 45.6 30.8 68.2 47.7 107.2 119.5 155.6 155.6 Yagis >= 0.1 mm Oldugu Gunler Sayisi 30 13.5 12.1 10.3 10.3 7.8 3.5 1.6 1.6 2.5 5.8 9.9 14.5 93.4 Yagis >= 10 mm Oldugu Gunler Sayisi 30 6.1 4.7 3.6 2.2 1.6 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.7 4.4 6.9 32.8 Yagis >= 50 mm Oldugu Gunler Sayisi 30 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.8 1.1 4.3 Ortalama Kar Yagisli Gunler Sayisi 30 1.6 1.2 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 4.8

Ortalama Kar Ortulu Gunler Sayisi 30 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.2 2.2 En Yuksek Kar Ortusu Kalinligi (cm) 10 17.0 25.0 12.0 0.0 5.0 25.0 Ortalama Sisli Gunler Sayisi 30 2.9 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 3.3 5.1 17.1 Ortalama Dolulu Gunler Sayisi 30 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 5.0 Ortalama Kiragili Gunler Sayisi 30 7.9 6.3 3.7 0.5 0.1 3.2 5.7 27.1 Ortalama Orajli Gunler Sayisi 30 3.6 2.4 2.8 3.5 4.8 3.2 2.1 2.0 1.7 2.3 3.2 4.6 36.2

Saat 07 deki Ortalama Ruzgar hizi (m/s) 30 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.8 2.6 1.9 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.9 Saat 14 deki Ortalama Ruzgar hizi (m/s) 30 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 Saat 21 deki Ortalama Ruzgar hizi (m/s) 30 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 Ortalama Ruzgar Hizi (m/s) 30 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2

En Hizli Esen Ruzgarin Yonu 30 NE NNE SE NNE ESE NNE NNE NNE NW WNW ENE SSW NNE En Hizli Esen Ruzgarin Hizi (m/s) 30 25.6 30.0 28.7 20.9 17.2 17.9 20.6 17.6 19.2 27.6 27.8 26.1 30.0

Ort. Firtinali Gun Say. (ruz.hiz>=17.2 m/s) 29 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.9 4.6

Appendix-D 3 / 5 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Istasyonun Calisma Suresi : 1975 - 2004 ARASTIRMA ve BILGI ISLEM DAIRE BASKANLIGI Enlem : 37.13 Boylam : 28.22 Yukseklik : 646 m ( MUGLA ) MUGLA METEOROLOJIK Rasat S. A Y L A R ELEMANLAR (YIL) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII YILLIK Ort. Kuv.Ruz. Gun Say. (ruz.hiz 10.8-17.1 m/s) 29 5.1 5.4 4.3 3.9 3.4 4.2 5.3 4.7 2.9 3.0 4.2 4.3 50.7 N Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 78 65 72 75 69 84 97 62 69 65 73 74 883 N Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.2 2.4 2.2 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.4 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.1 NNE Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 88 100 96 64 81 86 133 101 91 107 96 95 1138 NNE Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.3 3.0 2.4 2.3 1.9 2.9 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.7 NE Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 114 120 108 78 93 93 106 78 104 120 91 97 1202 NE Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.3 2.4 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 ENE Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 190 151 198 204 181 166 139 147 168 201 168 186 2099 ENE Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.4 E Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 204 172 153 187 125 95 63 87 90 120 165 221 1682 E Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.8 ESE Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 256 239 240 241 172 96 72 67 97 146 245 322 2193 ESE Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 2.2 1.8 1.7 2.4 2.7 2.3 SE Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 170 151 138 162 123 69 87 58 99 111 166 171 1505 SE Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.5 SSE Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 145 133 185 171 151 86 81 107 133 136 172 151 1651 SSE Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5

S Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 90 86 125 154 155 105 99 120 136 143 119 115 1447 S Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.5 SSW Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 71 55 77 93 93 76 54 57 82 83 80 54 875 SSW Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.7 2.2 SW Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 28 24 28 36 37 35 29 34 27 31 25 35 369 SW Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.6 1.7 1.9 1.1 1.9 WSW Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 47 55 65 76 66 74 83 61 75 62 51 54 769 WSW Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 3.0 2.6 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.5 2.3 W Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 122 124 141 147 144 149 178 160 150 137 107 100 1659 W Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.9 WNW Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 509 451 507 464 667 712 795 882 723 477 406 467 7060 WNW Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 NW Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 248 237 241 170 250 383 403 400 269 276 201 207 3285 NW Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.5 NNW Ruzgarin Esme Sayilari Toplami 30 129 157 140 110 132 257 278 222 163 179 118 128 2013 NNW Ruzgarin Ortalama Hizi (m/s) 30 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.2

Ortalama 5 cm Toprak Sicakligi (C) 30 4.6 5.8 9.1 14.1 21.0 27.6 32.0 31.1 25.6 17.7 10.0 6.0 17.1 En dusuk 5 cm Toprak sicakligi (C) 30 - 1.8 - 4.5 - 0.7 5.0 9.4 14.3 20.7 21.1 14.5 7.7 1.0 - 1.7 - 4.5 Ortalama 10 cm Toprak Sicakligi (C) 30 5.1 6.3 9.5 14.4 21.0 27.2 31.4 30.9 26.0 18.5 10.7 6.6 17.3 En dusuk 10 cm Toprak sicakligi (C) 30 - 0.6 - 1.1 0.5 5.7 10.9 15.0 22.4 23.6 16.2 9.1 2.4 - 0.3 - 1.1 Ortalama 20 cm Toprak Sicakligi (C) 30 5.1 6.0 8.9 13.5 19.8 25.6 29.7 29.5 25.4 18.6 11.1 6.8 16.7 En dusuk 20 cm Toprak sicakligi (C) 30 0.5 0.0 1.8 5.8 10.9 16.1 21.8 23.9 17.9 10.9 4.2 0.7 0.0 Ortalama 50 cm Toprak Sicakligi (C) 30 6.8 7.0 9.1 13.0 18.3 23.6 27.8 28.5 25.7 20.3 13.6 8.9 16.9 En dusuk 50 cm Toprak sicakligi (C) 30 3.6 3.2 3.6 7.0 11.6 15.2 22.3 25.2 20.6 13.3 8.0 4.1 3.2

Appendix-D 4 / 5 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Istasyonun Calisma Suresi : 1975 - 2004 ARASTIRMA ve BILGI ISLEM DAIRE BASKANLIGI Enlem : 37.13 Boylam : 28.22 Yukseklik : 646 m ( MUGLA ) MUGLA METEOROLOJIK Rasat S. A Y L A R ELEMANLAR (YIL) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII YILLIK Ortalama 100 cm Toprak Sicakligi (C) 30 8.5 8.0 9.2 12.1 16.1 20.7 24.8 26.3 25.1 21.5 15.9 11.1 16.6 En dusuk 100 cm Toprak sicakligi (C) 30 5.9 5.6 5.9 6.8 11.3 15.6 21.0 23.2 21.6 16.3 11.3 7.4 5.6

Ortalama Buharlasma (mm) 30 94.2 152.8 225.1 292.4 271.0 193.0 114.1 45.1 Gunluk En Cok Buharlasma (mm) 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 13.0 14.8 17.0 15.6 15.5 10.7 7.0 0.0 17.0 Gunluk Ort. Guneslenme Suresi (saat,dakika) 30 04:05 05:03 06:06 07:03 08:27 10:13 10:45 10:45 09:40 07:26 05:08 03:37 07:22 Gunluk Ort. Guneslenme Sidt.(cal/cm^2.dak) 30 166.30 231.01 313.35 385.88 456.59 512.92 508.39 462.76 392.07 285.50 191.37 138.44 337.05 Aylik En Yuk. Guneslenme Sidt.(cal/cm^2.dak) 30 1.08 1.40 1.50 1.56 1.84 1.53 1.45 1.34 1.95 1.25 1.11 0.99 1.95 Ortalama Deniz Suyu Sicakligi (C) 0.0

En Yuksek Deniz Suyu Sicakligi (C) En dusuk Deniz Suyu Sicakligi (C)

Istasyonun Calisma Suresi : 1975 - 2004 ARASTIRMA ve BILGI ISLEM DAIRE BASKANLIGI

Appendix-D 5 / 5 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impcat Assessment Report

Appendix-E FLORA INVENTORY

Appendix-E 1 / 13 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impcat Assessment Report

FLORA INVENTORY

The flora inventory is prepared in the light of the site surveys and literature studies. The reference named “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Volume 1-10, 1965- 1988” of P. H. Davis is utilized in the determination of species. This book is also the reference for the authors of the taxa stated in the list. The regional flora list is prepared in alphabetic order. The habitat, flora zone, endemism and relative abundance of species as well as risk classes existing in Red Data Book of Turkey are mentioned in the list. The scale and abbreviations stated in the list are defined below. The Dictionary of Plant Names was utilized for the names of specie in Turkish and for its locally used names as well. Besides, the Turkish Plant Data Service of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey was made use of in preparing this inventory.

PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF TURKEY

[Davis P.H., Harper P.C. and Hege I.C. (eds.), 1971. Plant Life of South-West Asia. The Botanical Society of Edinburg]

EUR.-SIB.(EUX): European-Siberian Region( sub-region); Col.: Kolsik secture of Oksin sub- region

MED.: Mediterranaen Region (Eastern Mediterranaen sub-region); W.A: Western Anatolian Region; T.: Taurus Region; A.:Amanus Region

IR.-TUR.: Iran-Turanien Region; C.A.: Central Anatolia Region; E.A.: Eastern Anatolian Region (Mes: Mezsopotamia)

X: Most probably Central European/Balkan sub-region of European-Siberian Region

Appendix-E 2 / 13 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impcat Assessment Report

(mt): Mountain

Relative Abundancy Classes:

1 Very Rare

2 Rare

3 Moderately Abundant

4 Abundant

5 Very Abundant

Risk Classes according to IUCN (2007)

Red Data Book of Turkey has been classified the endemic and rare species according to Red List Categories published by IUCN in 2007. Explanation of these caterories are given below:

EW : “Extinct in the wild” A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalised population (or populations) well outside the past range.

CR : “Critically Endangered” A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future.

EN : “Endangered” A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future.

VU : “Vulnerable” A taxon is vulnerable when it is critically endangered in middle term.

LR : “Lower risk” A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated, does not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa included in the Lower Risk category can be separated into three subcategories:

(cd) :”Conservation Dependent” Taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxon- or habitat-specific conservation program targeted towards the taxon in question, the cessation of which would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories above within a period of five years.

(nt) :“Near Threatened” Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but which are close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

(lc) :“Least Concern” A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened.

Appendix-E 3 / 13 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impcat Assessment Report

THE BERNE CONVENTION

[Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats]

Appendix1 : Conserved flora specie

Appendix-E 4 / 13 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impcat Assessment Report

Table E.1. Regional Flora Inventory PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIVE LATIN NAME ENDEMISM IUCN 2007 BERN REGION ABUNDANCE Aceraceae Acer sempervirens - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Amaryllidaceae Galanthus gracilis - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Narcissus tazetta - - - - 2 subsp. aureus Sternbergia candida + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Sternbergia clusiana - Irano-Turanian - - 2 Sternbergia - - - - 3 fischeriana Sternbergia sicula - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggyria - - - - 2 Apiaceae Ainsworthia - E. Mediterranean - - 3 trachycarpa Ammi visnaga - Mediterranean - - 3 Bupleurum gracile - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Eryngium glomeratum - - - - 2 Ferulago humilis + E. Mediterranean - - 1 Ferulago mughlae + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Lagoecia cuminoides - Mediterranean - - 2 Microsciadium - E. Mediterranean - - 3 minutum Scandix australis - - - - 2 subsp. grandiflora Scandix pecten- - - - - 3 veneris Torilis arvensis subsp. - - - - 3 arvensis Araceae Arisarum vulgare - Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. vulgare Arum byzantinum - Black Sea - - 2 Arum maculatum - - - - 3 Biarum bovei - Irano-Turanian - - 2 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia hirta - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Aristolochia parvifolia - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Asclepiadaceae Vincetoxicum canescens subsp. - - - - 3 canescens Ceterah officinarum - - - - 2 Asteraceae Anthemis cretica - - - - 2 subsp. pontica Anthemis rosea + E. Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. carnea

Appendix-E 5 / 13 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impcat Assessment Report

PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIVE LATIN NAME ENDEMISM IUCN 2007 BERN REGION ABUNDANCE Carduus acicularis - Mediterranean - - 3 Carduus argentatus - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Carlina corymbosa - Mediterranean - - 3 Centaurea cyanus - - - - 3 Centaurea urvillei - E. Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. urvillei Chrysanthemum - Mediterranean - - 2 segetum Crepis micrantha - - - - 3 Crepis sancta - - - - 3 Geropogon hybridus + Mediterranean - - 2 Hedypnois cretica - Mediterranean - - 2 Inula anatolica + - - - 3 Inula heterolepis - E. Mediterranean - - 1 Jurinea consanguinea - - - - 2 Ptilostemon - E. Mediterranean - - 1 chamaepeuce Pulicaria arabica - - - - 2 Rhagadiolus stellatus - Mediterranean - - 2 var. stellatus Scorzonera eriophora + - - - 1 Taraxacum serotinum - - - - 2 Tragopogon longirostis var. - - - - 2 longirostis Urospermum - Mediterranean - - 3 picroides Athyriaceae Cystopteris fragilis - - - - 2 Boraginaceae Alkanna areolata var. - E. Mediterranean - - 2 areolata Alkanna tinctoria - Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. tinctoria Alkanna tubulosa - E. Mediterranean - - 1 Anchusa azurea var. - - - - 2 azurea Buglossoides - - - - 2 incrassata Echium plantagineum - Mediterranean - - 3 Lithodora hispidula - E. Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. hispidula Myosotis cadmaea - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Myosotis ramosissima - - - - 3 subsp. ramosissima Onosma frutescens - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Onosma nanum + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Onosma roussaei - Irano-Turanian - - 3 Brassicaceae Alyssum corsicum - - - - 3

Appendix-E 6 / 13 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impcat Assessment Report

PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIVE LATIN NAME ENDEMISM IUCN 2007 BERN REGION ABUNDANCE Alyssum fulvescens - E. Mediterranean - - 2 var. fulvescens Alyssum giosnanum + - - - 3 Alyssum smyrnaeum - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Alyssum strigosum - - - - 2 subsp. strigosum Cardamine hirsuta - - - - 3 Erophila verna subsp. - - - - 2 praecox Hirschfeldia incana - - - - 3 Iberis attica - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Isatis lusitanica - - - - 3 Malcolmia chia - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Ricotia carnosula + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Thlaspi perfoliatum - - - - 3 Campanulaceae Asyneuma limonifolium subsp. - - - - 2 limonifolium Asyneuma linifolium + E. Mediterranean (mt) - - 3 subsp. linifolium Campanula delicatula - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Campanula drabifolia - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Campanula erinus - Mediterranean - - 2 Legousia pentagonia - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Legousia speculum- - Mediterranean - - 3 veneris Capparaceae Cleome iberica - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Caryophyllaceae Arenaria deflexa - E. Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. deflexa Minuartia hybrida - Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. hybrida Polycarpon - - - - 3 tetraphyilum Silene behen - - - - 2 Silene delicatula + E. Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. delicatula Silene + E. Mediterranean - - 2 echinospermoides Silene rigidula - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Silene vulgaris var. - - - - 2 vulgaris Stellaria media subsp. - - - - 2 postii Vaccaria pyramidata - - - - 3 var. pyramidata Velezia rigida - - - - 2 Cistaceae

Appendix-E 7 / 13 Mugla Municipality Mugla Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Environmental Impcat Assessment Report

PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIVE LATIN NAME ENDEMISM IUCN 2007 BERN REGION ABUNDANCE Fumana arabica var. - - - - 3 arabica Convolvulaceae Convolvulus betonicifolius subsp. - - - - 2 betonicifolius Convolvulus - - - - 3 compactus Crassulaceae Sedum caricum - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Sedum hispanicum - Irano-Turanian - - 2 var. hispanicum Cupressaceae Juniperus excelsa - - - - 2 Dipsacaceae Knautia integrifolia - Mediterranean - - 3 var. integrifolia Ericaceae Erica arborea - - - - 2 Erica manipuliflora - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia apios - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Euphorbia + E. Mediterranean - - 3 austroanatolica Euphorbia characias - E. Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. wulfenii Euphorbia falcata subsp. falcata var. - - - - 3 falcata Euphorbia herniariifolia var. - - - - 2 herniariifolia Euphorbia kotschyana - E. Mediterranean (mt) - - 3 Euphorbia peplus var. - - - - 2 peplus Euphorbia rigida - - - - 3 Euphorbia stricta - Eur.-Sib. - - 3 Euphorbia taurinensis - - - - 2 Euphorbia - E. Mediterranean - - 1 valerianifolia Fabaceae Astragalus asterias - Irano-Turanian - - 3 Astragalus parnassi - E. Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. parnassi Dorycnium hirsutum - Mediterranean - - 3 Genista anatolica - E. Mediterranean - - 4 Lathyrus cicera - - - - 2 Lathyrus setifolius - Mediterranean - - 3 Medicago constricta - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Medicago coronata - Mediterranean - - 3

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PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIVE LATIN NAME ENDEMISM IUCN 2007 BERN REGION ABUNDANCE Medicago lupulina - - - - 2 Medicago polymorpha - - - - 2 var. polymorpha Medicago rigidula var. - - - - 3 rigidula Melilotus neapolitana - - - - 3 Onobrychis - Mediterranean - - 2 aequidentata Ononis pusilla - Mediterranean - - 2 Ononis spinosa - Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. antiquorum Psoralea bituminosa - Mediterranean - - 3 Scorpiurus muricatus - Mediterranean - - 2 var. subvillosus Trifolium campestre - - - - 2 Trifolium dasyurum - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Trifolium glanduliferum var. - E. Mediterranean - - 3 granduliferum Trifolium globosum - - - - 2 Trifolium hirtum - Mediterranean - - 3 Trifolium lucanicum - Mediterranean - - 2 Trifolium physodes - Mediterranean - - 3 var. physodes Trifolium scabrum - - - - 1 Trifolium speciosum - - - - 1 Trifolium stellatum - - - - 2 var. stellatum Trifolium tomentosum - - - - 3 Trigonella carica + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Trigonella cariensis - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Trigonella - Mediterranean - - 3 monspeliaca Vicia cuspidata - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Vicia ervilia - - - - 3 Vicia galilaea - - - - 2 Vicia hybrida - - - - 3 Vicia lathyroides - - - - 2 Fagaceae Quercus cerris var. - Mediterranean - - 3 cerris Quercus infectoria - Eur.-Sib. - - 3 subsp. infectoria Quercus ithaburensis - E. Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. macrolepis Quercus pubescens - - - - 3 Gentianaceae Centaurium erythraea - Eur.-Sib. - - 2 subsp. erythraea Erodium gruinum - E. Mediterranean - - 2

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PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIVE LATIN NAME ENDEMISM IUCN 2007 BERN REGION ABUNDANCE Geranium lucidum - - - - 2 Geranium purpureum - - - - 3 Illecebraceae Herniaria hirsuta - - - - 2 Iridaceae Crocus biflorus subsp. - E. Mediterranean - - 3 biflorus Crocus cancellatus + E. Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. cancellatus Crocus chrysanthus - - - - 2 Gladiolus anatolicus + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Gynandriris - - - - 3 sisyrinchium Iris purpureobractea + E. Mediterranean - - 3 Iris suaveolens - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Iris unguicularis - Mediterranean - - 3 Juncaceae Luzula forsteri - Eur.-Sib. - - 3 Lamiaceae Ajuga bombycina + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Ajuga orientalis - - - - 3 Ballota acetabulosa - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Lamium cariense - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Lavandula stoechas - Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. stoechas Melissa officinalis - - - - 3 subsp. officinalis Phlomis grandiflora - E. Mediterranean - - 2 var. grandiflora Phlomis lycia - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Phlomis pungens var. - - - - 3 pungens Salvia cadmica + - - - 2 Salvia sclarea - - - - 3 Salvia viridis - Mediterranean - - 2 Scutellaria rubicunda + E. Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. brevibracteata Sideritis curvidens - Mediterranean - - 3 Sideritis lanata - Mediterranean - - 2 Sideritis leptoclada + E. Mediterranean - - 3 Sideritis pisidica + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Stachys cretica - E. Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. cassia Teucrium polium - - - - 3 Teucrium scordium - Eur.-Sib. - - 3 subsp. scordium Thymus cilicicus - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis var. - - - - 2 longicaulis

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PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIVE LATIN NAME ENDEMISM IUCN 2007 BERN REGION ABUNDANCE Liliaceae Allium amethystinum - Mediterranean - - 2 Allium ampeloprasum - Mediterranean - - 3 Allium paniculatum - Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. paniculatum Allium paniculatum - Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. paniculatum Allium stamineum - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Asphodelus fistulous - Mediterranean - - 2 Colchicum balansae + E. Mediterranean - - 3 Colchicum burttii + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Colchicum variegatum - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Fritillaria acmopetala - E. Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. acmopetala Fritillaria carica + E. Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. carica Fritillaria elwesii + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Fritillaria forbesii + E. Mediterranean - - 3 Fritillaria sibthorpiana + E. Mediterranean - - 2 Ornithogalum + E. Mediterranean - - 2 alpigenum Ornithogalum - E. Mediterranean - - 2 montanum Ornithogalum nutans - - - - 3 Ornithogalum - - - - 3 orthophyllum Tulipa orphanidea - E. Mediterranean - - 4 Tulipa saxatilis - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Oleaceae Phillyrea latifolia - Mediterranean - - 3 Onagraceae Epilobium lanceolatun - - - - 2 Orchidaceae Anacamptis - - - - 2 pyramidalis Cephalanthera - Eur.-Sib. - - 3 longifolia Cephalanthera rubra - - - - 3 Comperia comperiana - Irano-Turanian - - 2 Limodorum abortivum - - - - 3 Neotinea maculata - Mediterranean - - 2 Ophrys apifera - - - - 3 Ophrys argolica - E. Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. argolica Ophrys holoserica - Mediterranean - - 2 subsp. holoserica Ophrys mammosa - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Ophrys oestrifera - - - - 2 subsp. oestrifera Ophrys reinholdii - E. Mediterranean - - 2

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PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIVE LATIN NAME ENDEMISM IUCN 2007 BERN REGION ABUNDANCE subsp. reinholdii Orchis anatolica - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Orchis morio - - - - 3 Orchis provincialis - Mediterranean - - 3 Platanthera bifolia - Eur.-Sib. - - 2 Serapias vomeracea - E. Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. orientalis Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata - - - - 1 Papaveraceae Papaver argemone - - - - 2 subsp. argemone Pinaceae Pinus brutia - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Plantaginaceae Plantago bellardii - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Plantago lagopus - Mediterranean - - 3 Platanaceae Platanus orientalis - - - - 3 Poaceae Aegilops biuncialis - - - - 2 Aegilops umbellulata - Irano-Turanian - - 2 subsp. umbellulata Bromus scoparius - - - - 3 Bromus tectorum - - - - 3 Cynosurus echinatus - Mediterranean - - 2 Dactylis glomerata - Eur.-Sib. - - 3 subsp. glomerata Poa annua - - - - 2 Rostraria cristata var. - - - - 3 cristata Polygalaceae Polygala supina - - - - 2 Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis - - - - 2 var. arvensis Cyclamen coum var. - - - - 3 coum Cyclamen - Mediterranean - - 2 hederifolium Lysimachia - E. Mediterranean - - 2 atropurpurea Ranunculaceae Adonis flammea - - - - 3 Anemone blanda - - - - 2 Anemone coronaria - Mediterranean - - 2 Clematis vitalba - - - - 3 Consolida orientalis - - - - 2 Nigella arvensis var. - - - - 3 glauca

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PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIVE LATIN NAME ENDEMISM IUCN 2007 BERN REGION ABUNDANCE Ranunculus ficaria - - - - 2 subsp. ficariiformis Rosaceae Crataegus aronia var. - - - - 3 aronia Crataegus monogyna - - - - 2 Rubiaceae Asperula brevifolia - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Galium canum subsp. - E. Mediterranean - - 2 ovatum Galium floribundum - - - - 2 subsp. floribundum Galium murale - Mediterranean - - 2 Rubia tenuifolia - E. Mediterranean - - 3 subsp. tenuifolia Sherardia arvensis - Mediterranean - - 3 Valantia hispida - - 3 Scrophulariaceae Digitalis cariensis - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Digitalis ferruginea - Eur.-Sib. - - 4 subsp. ferruginea Verbascum cariense + E. Mediterranean - - 4 Verbascum + E. Mediterranean - - 4 chrysochaete Verbascum lydium + E. Mediterranean - - 3 var. lydium Sinopteridaceae Cheilanthes fragrans - - - - 3 Solanaceae Hyoscyamus niger - - - - 2 Styracaceae Styrax officinalis - - - - 3 Thymelaeaceae Daphne gnidioides - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Daphne sericea - E. Mediterranean - - 2 Urticaceae Parietaria lusitanica - Mediterranean - - 3 Valerianaceae Centranthus - Mediterranean - - 3 calcitrapa Valeriana dioscoridis - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Valerianella costata - Mediterranean - - 4 Valerianella orientalis - E. Mediterranean - - 3 Valerianella vesicaria - - - - 2

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Appendix-F FAUNA INVENTORY

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FAUNA INVENTORY

The fauna inventory was compiled through site serveys and literature researches besides the observations of the local people. An evaluation was made in terms of specie’s biological (reproduction, nutrition and adaptation) and ecological characteristics (especially habitat suitability). IUCN Risk Classes for faunal specie are given as follows.

 EXTINCT (EX)

 EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)

 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)

 ENDANGERED (EN)

 VULNERABLE (VU)

 NEAR THREATENED (NT)

 LEAST CONCERN (LC)

 DATA DEFICIENT (DD)

 NOT EVALUATED (NE)

According to the “BERN Convention” (Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats);

Appendix II: has the list of species, protection of which are obligatory. Each contracting party shall take the required legal and administrative measures. The following actions will especially be forbidden regarding the species listed.

a. all forms of deliberate capture and keeping and deliberate killing;

b. the deliberate damage to or destruction of breeding or resting sites;

c. the deliberate disturbance of wild fauna, particularly during the period of breeding, rearing and hibernation, insofar as disturbance would be significant in relation to the objectives of this Convention;

d. the deliberate destruction or taking of eggs from the wild or keeping these eggs even if empty;

e. the possession of and internal trade in these animals, alive or dead, including stuffed animals and any readily recognizable part or derivative thereof, where this would contribute to the effectiveness of the provisions of this article.

Appendix III: contains the list of the faunal species under protection. Each contracting party is responsible with taking the required legal and administrative measures to

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ensure the protection the faunal species mentioned in Appendix III. Abuse of the wild faunal species in Appendix II will be arranged in order to keep populations away from danger considering the conditions asserted in the Article 2. Measures regarding this will include the following:

a) Closed seasons and / or other procedures related to abuse;

b) Temporary or local prohibition of abuse in a reasonable scale in order to protect the population;

c) arrangement on the issues of selling alive or dead animals, keeping them to sell later, transporting them to sell or giving proposal to sell them.

According to the decision of the Central Hunting Commission in Hunting Term, which became effective upon publication in Official Gazette no. 26574 on 6 July 2007 by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry;

Species listed in Appendix-I are protected by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.

Species listed in Appendix-II are protected by the Central Hunting Commission.

Appendix-III includes the game animals whose hunting is allowed for certain terms determined by the Central Hunting Commission.

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Table F.1. Reptilia LATIN NAME BERN IUCN 2007 CHC 2007-2008* SOURCE** TESTUDINIDAE Testudo graeca App.-II VU App.-I L GAPP.KONIDAE Hemidactylus turcicus App.-III - App.-I L Asaccus elisae App.-III - App.-I L AGAMIDAE Agama (Laudakia) stellio App.-II - App.-I O SCINCIDAE Ablepharus kitaibeili App.-II - App.-I L Chalcides ocellatus App.-II - App.-I L Mabuya aurata App.-III - App.-I L LACERTIDAE Lacerta danfordi App.-III - App.-I L Lacerta trilineata App.-II LC App.-I L Ophisops elegans App.-II - App.-I O ANGUINIDAE Ophisaurus apodus App.-II - App.-I L AMPHISBAENIDAE Blanus strauchi App.-III - App.-I O TYPHLOPIDAE Typhlops vermicularis App.-III - App.-I O BOIDAE Eryx jaculus App.-III - App.-I L COLUBRIDAE Coluber jugularis App.-II - App.-I Q Coluber najadum App.-II - App.-I Q Coluber nummifer App.-III - App.-I L Coluber rubriceps App.-III - App.-I Q Eirenis modestus App.-III - App.-I L Elaphe quatuorlineata App.-II - App.-I L Elaphe situla App.-II LC App.-I L Malpolon monspessulanus App.-III - App.-I L Telescopus fallax App.-II - App.-I L VIPERIDAE Vipera ammodytes App.-II - App.-I L Vipera xanthina App.-II LC App.-I L * CHC: Decision of the Central Hunting Commission **SOURCE Q Questionnairre O Observation L Literature

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Table F.2. Aves LATIN NAME IUCN 2007 BERN CHC 2007-2008* SOURCE** STRIGIDAE Aegolius fuenerus LC App...-II App.-I L Asio otus LC App...-II App.-I L Bubo bubo LC App...-II App.-I L ALCEDINIDAE Alcedo atthis LC App...-II App.-I L PHASIANIDAE Alectoris graeca LC App.-III L Perdix perdix LC App.-II L Coturnix coturnix LC App.-III O MOTACILLIDAE Anthus pratensis LC App...-II App.-I L Anthus trivialis LC App...-II App.-I L CAPRIMULGIDAE Caprimulgus europaeus LC App...-II App.-I L FRINGILLIDAE Carduelis carduelis LC App...-II App.-I L CICONIIDAE Ciconia ciconia LC App...-II App.-I O COLUMBIDAE Columba livia LC App...-III App.-III O Columba oenas LC App...-III App.-II O Columba palumbus LC App...-III App.-III O Streptopelia decaocto LC App...-III App.-II O Streptopelia turtur LC App...-III App.-III O CORVIDAE Corvus corax LC App...-III App.-II O Corvus corona LC App...-III App.-III O Pica pica LC App...-III App.-III O CUCULİDAE Cuculus canorus LC App...-III App.-I L PICIDAE Dendrocopos major LC App...-II App.-I Q Dendrocops syriacus LC App...-II App.-I Q Dyrocopus martius LC App...-II App.-I Q Picus canus LC App...-II App.-I Q Picus viridis LC App...-II App.-I Q FALCONIDAE Falco peregrinus LC App...-II App.-I O Falco tinnunculus LC App...-II App.-I O RALLIDAE Fulica atra LC App...-II App.-I L Gallinula chloropus LC App...-III App.-I O HIRUNDINIDAE Hirundo rustica LC App...-II App.-I L MEROPIDAE Merops apiaster LC App...-II App.-I L

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LATIN NAME IUCN 2007 BERN CHC 2007-2008* SOURCE** ORIOLIDAE Oriolus oriolus LC App...-II App.-I L TIMALIIDAE Panurus biarmicus LC App...-II App.-I L PARIDAE Parus ater LC App...-II App.-I L PASSERIDAE Passer domesticus LC App...-III App.-III O Passer hispaniolensis LC App...-III App.-II O PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax aricstotelis LC App...-II App.-I O Phalacrocorax carbo LC App...-III App.-I L SYLVIDAE Prinia gracilis LC App...-II App.-I O TURDIDAE Saxicola torquata LC App...-II App.-I L Turdus pilaris LC App...-II App.-I L STURNIDAE Sturnus vulgaris LC App...-III App.-III O TYTONIDAE Tyto alba LC App...-II App.-I L UPUPIDAE Upupa epops LC App...-II App.-I L CHARADRIIDAE Vanellus vanellus LC App...-II App.-I L * CHC: Decision of the Central Hunting Commission **SOURCE Q Questionnairre O Observation L Literature

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Appendix-G PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETINGS

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PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING

Local people, local NGO’s and MUNICIPALITY have been attended a “Public Consultation Meeting” for the PROJECT that had been developed by the MUNICIPALITY. The aim of this meeting is informing the above mentioned interest groups about the PROJECT, explaining the possible environmental impacts that the PROJECT may result in, and the proposed precautions, and take opinions and suggestions of the participators.

Date, time, place and subject of the meeting have been announced on a local newspaper. The announcement is presented in Figure G.1.

Hamle Gazetesi (Hamle Newspaper) (September 3, 2007)

Figure G.1. Advertisement on newspaper to announce the Public Consultation Meeting

As to be seen from the announcement, the meeting took place in Nail Cakirhan Meeting Hall at Konakalti Iskender Alper Cultural Center at 2 pm on September 10, 2007. A final list related to the interest groups has been determined by the MUNICIPALITY before the meeting, and invitations have been sent to these groups. The list of participators is presented in Figure G.2 and some photos from the meeting are in Figure G.3.

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Figure G.2. Public Consultation Meeting Participation Records

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Figure G.2. Public Consultation Meeting Participation Records (Cont’d)

Figure G.3. Photos from the Meeting.

In the meeting, the PROJECT has been introduced and it was noted that the target was to serve people in the city center better through establishment of the sewerage network, rehabilitation of the present water supply network as well as the wastewater treatment plant.

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Besides, the interest groups, who had attended the meeting, have been informed. At the end of meeting, opinions of the participators about the PROJECT have been taken. It is possible to say that the meeting had a positive ambience and the participators supported the establishment of the PROJECT. Moreover, often repetition of the consultation meetings with increased number of participators was demanded from the MUNICIPALITY by the interest groups.

Second public consultation meeting of the construction phase was held in Nail Cakirhan Meeting Hall at Konakalti Iskender Alper Cultural Center at 2 pm on June 17, 2008. The list of related interest groups was determined before for the first meting. This list was reviewed by the MUNICIPALITY in order to sent the invitations. Moreover, date, time, place and subject of the meeting have been announced on a local newspaper (see Figure G.4).

Devrim Gazetesi (Devrim Newspaper) (June 13, 2008)

Figure G.4. Advertisement on newspaper to announce the Public Consultation Meeting

The list of participators of the second public participation meeting is presented in Figure G.5. Minutes of both meetings are not recorded but instead video records are available at the MUNICIPALITY. Therefore, only the participation list of people with their signatures are provided in this Appendix.

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Figure G.5. Public Consultation Meeting Participation Records

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Figure G.5. Public Consultation Meeting Participation Records (Cont’d)

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At the beginning of the meeting, representative of Temelsu was informed the participants anbout the PROJECT. Then, environmenatal impacts and assessment studies related with the PROJECT was presented by the representative of DOKAY.

After informing the participants about the PROJECT, their questions was received. The first question was about the cost of the PROJECT, which was answered by the representative of DOKAY as 10 million Euro. The second question was the way of handling the excess sludge discharged from anaerobic digestor. It is explained that the sludge will be analzed and if it does not contain any hazardous materials, it will be used for agricultural purposes but this subject will be considered at the operation phase of the PROJECT in details. As the last question, the disposal methods and the uses of treated wastewater was asked. Like the use of excess sludge, this subject will be considered during the operation phase however, as it is written in the EIA Report, it is planned that wastewater will be reused at the basin after necessary arrangements and permits.

In general, the first and second meetings reveal that the public support the development and realization of the PROJECT.

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PUBLIC DISCLOSURE MEETING

Local people and MUNICIPALITY have been attended the “Public Disclosure Meeting” for the PROJECT that had been developed by the MUNICIPALITY. The aim of this meeting is to inform the above mentioned interest groups about the environmental and social impacts of the PROJECT.

Date, time, place and subject of the meeting have been announced on a local newspaper. The announcement is presented in Figure G.6.

Figure G.6. Advertisement on Newspaper to Announce the Public Disclosure Meeting

The list of participators of the public disclosure meeting is presented in Figure G.7.

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Figure G.7. Public Consultation Meeting Participation Records

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At this meeting the importance of the PROJECT including environmenatal and social impacts related with the PROJECT was presented by the representative of DOKAY.

The views from the meeting are given in Figure G.8, Figure G.9 and F.10 below.

Figure G.8. A View From Public Disclosure Meeting-I

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Figure G.9. A View From Public Disclosure Meeting-II

Figure G.10. A View From Public Disclosure Meeting-III

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Appendix-H TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ON DISCHARGE OF TREATED WASTEWATER OF MUGLA WWTP

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1. DISCHARGE ALTERNATIVES AND PROPOSED OPTION Different alternatives for discharging treated wastewater of Muğla WWTP were evaluated for this project since 2005. In 2005, in Feasibility Study different alternatives which were suggesting pumping the effluent outside of the catchment area were evaluated. However, the results showed that due to the high operational costs these alternatives will not be feasible regarding Muğla Municipality’s choice. After the feasibility study, in 2008 during the preparation of the PIF (project introduction file), General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) permitted for infiltration, evaporation, and storage of treated wastewater in proposed abandoned sand and gravel quarry on the Yaraş Road. Project Introduction File (PIF) was prepared in line with that discharge option and approved by Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry (PDoEF). In 2011, another study was carried out and new alternatives were evaluated upon the request of World Bank to confirm if the selected discharge option, which is discharging to the quarry is technically, environmentally, and economically feasible as a long term solution. These alternatives and their brief explanations are below. Also all the alternatives can be seen in Annex 1 (Figure 1.1-1.10 and Table 1.1).

Alternative 1: Pumping of treated wastewater from WWTP to downstream location of Ula Irrigation Reservoir at Ula Creek in the neighboring catchment area, which connects to Gökova Bay.

Ula Creek is closest creek to Muğla city within neighbouring catchments. But, in order to reach this creek passing a hill is needed and at the same time in order to avoid some nuisances treated wastewater shall be discharged at the downstream location of Ula Irrigation Reservoir, which is under operation. This alternative has two sub- alternatives:

Alternative 1a: A route following Muğla-Ula-Akyaka Road.

In this alternative, first there is 7.85 km pumping line (Ø 700 mm steel pipe) from WWTP up to hills at Muğla-Ula-Akyaka Road. Elevation difference is 160 m (780-620 m). Then wastewater will flow 5.35 km (Ø 700 mm steel pipe) with gravity up to downstream of Ula Irrigation Reservoir.

Alternative 1b: A route following Muğla Plain and hills at southern part of Yeniköy settlement area.

In this alternative, first there is 6.0 km pumping line (Ø 700 mm steel pipe) from WWTP up to hills in southern part of Yeniköy settlement. Elevation difference is 230 m (850-620m). Then wastewater will flow 6.2 km (Ø 700 mm steel pipe) with gravity up to downstream of Ula Irrigation Reservoir. Alternative 2: Pumping of treated wastewater from WWTP to Kızılağaç Branch of Ula Creek. This alternative has the same route with Alternative 1b up to downstream location of Ula Irrigation Reservoir. From here, additional gravity pipeline (5.3 km Ø 700 mm steel pipe) shall be laid up to discharge point at Kızılağaç creek. Kızılağaç Creek connects to

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Ula Creek at downstream location of Ula town (Figure 1.2). This alternative was thought in order to eliminate possible negative effects of treated wastewater in Ula town.

Alternative 3: Lining of discharge site and pumping of treated wastewater to the forestry areas. This alternative was created as a modification of proposed solution in Project Introduction File. Abandoned quarry is planned to be lined with impermeable layer and to be used as a storage area in order to prevent Karabağlar aquifer from possible negative effects of treated wastewater disposal. As lining material, PVC based membrane with 2 mm thickness shall be used. Geotextile shall be laid at bottom to protect the membrane. After arrangements, total utilizable area of the site is 61,000 m2 and total utilizable volume is 555,000 m3. Final layout and cross-sections of the site can be seen in Figure 1.3,1. 4 and 1.5 in Annex 1. A new pumping station shall be constructed near the discharge site and stored wastewater shall be pumped to the forestry area for irrigation and infiltration purposes. By calculating required area; worst case scenario permeability (2.34x10-6 m/s), founded by drilling studies, was used. Runoff coefficient was selected as 0.20. In this case required area is 95,000 m2. For collecting and infiltrating runoff volume total area is selected 120,000 m2. Pumping line and proposed forestry areas can be seen in Figure 2. Main pumping line shall consist of 3,200 m Ø 600 mm steel pipe and 600 m Ø 400 mm steel pipe. Secondary pipes are Ø 180 mm HDPE pipe and total length is 1,400 m. Distribution pipes shall be Ø 65 mm drain flex perforated pipe and total length is approximately 9,000 m. Especially length of main pipes can change according to exact place of forestry areas. In Figure, below, schematic drawing of irrigation system in forestry area can be seen. At the same time, forestry area needs to be arranged for proper distribution and infiltration of treated wastewater.

Figure: Schematic Drawing of Irrigation System in Forestry Area

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Alternative 4: Percolation of treated wastewater to underground at discharge site and pumping the rest amount to the forestry areas. The difference of this alternative from Alternative 3 is that abandoned quarry will not be lined with impermeable layer and to be used as a filtration area after arrangements (Approved alternative in PIF Stage). Leakage capacity of the area was found by drilling studies (realized by Arbiogaz Company in 2009 and by supplementary studies (realized by Prof. Serdar Bayarı) in 2011. There are different permeability coefficients but under all circumstances, abandoned quarry has an adequate infiltration capacity and shall be used by arranging the site. In the calculations, minimum permeability coefficient 2.34x10-5 m/s, which was calculated from the hydrogeological studies at the site, is used in order to stay on the safe side. According to minimum permeability coefficient, filtration capacity of the disposal site is 8,080 m3/day. To be at safe side, permeability coefficient decreased gradually starting from 2020. It is taken 95% in 2020 while it is taken 75% in 2040. As seen in Section 3.3, this alternative also needs a disposal system especially after 2020. Therefore, pumping line to forestry area shall be constructed also in this alternative. This is the excess amount of the treated wastewater. Pumping of irrigation water to city recreational areas shall be supplied from WWTP between April-October months. Despite required pumping capacity of this alternative is smaller than Alternative 3, a pumping station and pumping line was thought same as Alternative 3 in order to eliminate worst scenario conditions in the future. In case the quarry was full for some reasons (heavy rain conditions, an unexpected clogging in the quarry area or an unexpected increase in coming treated wastewater) all wastewater in quarry area shall be pumped to the forestry area. Hence, pumping to forestry area was designed same as Alternative 3. In alternative 3, all of the treated water shall be pumped. However, in Alternative 4 rest of the water after percolation shall be pumped.

In Table 1.1 (Annex 1), properties of the alternatives, initial investment costs, yearly operational costs, advantages, and disadvantages of the above mentioned alternatives can be seen. As a result, Alternative 4 was proposed to be the most feasible solution for Muğla Municipality from initial investment and yearly operational costs point of views. Yearly operational costs of the other 3 alternatives are really very high for a small Municipality, like Muğla. Therefore, in the comparisons, sustainability of the proposed solution from economical point of views is also considered. It is assumed that disposal site will serve as a filtration unit and this will help improving water quality to be mixed with Karabağlar aquifer. In 2011, PDoEF and DSİ declared that they are in consent with this alternative and the official confirmation letter of PDoEF can be seen in Annex2.

2. EXPLANATION OF THE PROPOSED SOLUTION

2.1. General Discharge site exists inside of Karabağlar Plain and it is in 2.0 km distance to Düğerek town and 5.0 km distance to Muğla city. Infiltrated flow interferes and feeds

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Karabağlar Plain underground water, which is used for small-scale irrigation purposes but not for drinking purposes. Ground and underground water of Karabağlar Plain mix with Gökova aquifer with several sinkholes. Initially total capacity of the Disposal site was 1,100,000 m3 but since Muğla Municipality did not expropriate the entire quarry, total area decreased approximately to 370,000 m3. But in order to obtain slope stabilities at the disposal site, as will be described later, municipality needs to expropriate some more plots. Treated wastewater, discharged to Disposal Site will be infiltrated, evaporated, and used for other purposes like irrigation of forestry areas.

2.2. Arrangement in Disposal Site and Slope Stability

In order to effective and long-term use, some arrangements will be made inside of the disposal site. As present situation, slopes of the side walls in the disposal site are almost vertical and they are thought as unstable after filling the disposal site with treated wastewater. Within this scope, slope stability analysis is made and results can be seen in Annex 3. On the other hand there are some disposed materials, big stones, tyres, trees and other things inside of the disposal site. These materials will be thrown out of the site by the Municipality. At the same time it is advised to do some extra clearing works (like distribution of fine material evenly, forming of slopes towards to minimum elevations), except big ones explained above, before using cells. This will decrease the clogging risk and cause long-term effective use of the site. After cleaning the bottom, disposal site will be divided into cells and used in turn (Refer Figures 1.6, 1.8, and 1.9). Before starting discharge, slopes will be stabilized. Operation of disposal site is divided into two parts, which are:  Short-term operation period – Pilot cells (2012-2013): In this period, two cells with minimum elevation, which are in the closest location to discharge structure, will be used. Total volume of these cells is approximately 60,000 m3. Water will be risen up to 618.00 m in the cells. Water height will be app. 8.0 m in Cell 1 and 5.0 m in Cell 2 if no infiltration occurs. Infiltration capacity of the treated wastewater will be monitored during the pilot cells operation and necessary actions will be taken for the final discharge system, which is explained in Section 5. Treated wastewater will be diverted to the cell, which is under operation. Plan and cross-sections of the disposal site, which will be used for short-term can be seen in Annex 1 (Figure 1.6-1.7).

In short-term operation period some precautions should be taken. In some parts of the cells, especially in close parts to Concrete Plant, rock fill is needed in critical slope sections. It is advised that in sensitive slope parts rock fill shall be made and height of the fill shall be increased parallel to water height during short-term operation period.  Long-term operation period - (2014-2040): In this period, disposal site will be divided into 2 big cells and all of the disposal site will be used according to experiences obtained from the short-term operation period. Total volume of the site is approximately 370,000 m3. Water will be risen up to 627.50 m in the cells. Water

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height will be app. 14.0 m in Cell 1 and 7.5 m in Cell 2 if no infiltration occurs. Plan and cross-sections of the disposal site, which will be used for long-term can be seen in Annex 1 (From Figure 1.8 to 1.14).

Based on the slope stability analysis, the solutions for the long term slope stability and their potential risks are as follows: - Alternative 1 Doing nothing except expropriation of risky areas around the top of the slopes. In this alternative approximately 50 m land from each side will be expropriated and slopes will be formed naturally by sliding of the earth from top to bottom. Expropriation distance was determined by adding 20 m to natural slide distances from each side in order to be at safe side. Natural slide distances of the critical cross-sections can be seen in Section 2.2 in Annex 3. As the risky area is fenced, there will be no risk foreseen at outside of the fences because of slide of the slopes (Figure 1.8 in Annex 1). - Alternative 2 Making of buttress at the slope toe and excavation of slopes to an angle of 1H:1V or 3H:2V, where required (Figure 1.9-1.11 in Annex 1). - Alternative 3 Excavation of slopes of the discharge site to an angle of 3H:2V with one berm (Figure 1.12-1.14 in Annex 1).

For all alternatives rough cost estimations are prepared and presented below: Alternative 1: The unit cost of rock fill with the required geometry and including transportation is 20.71 Euro/m3 and total estimated amount is 90,750 Euro for approximately 4,382 m3 volume, required for short-term operation period. According to calculations, extra area to be expropriated is around 51,000 m2. Cost of land per m2 is 0.8 Euro as a rough estimation. Therefore extra cost for expropriation is approximately 40,800 Euro. Total amount for Alternative 1 is approximately 142,500 Euro including fencing and replacement of village road (Figure 1.8). Alternative 2: The unit cost of rock fill with the required geometry and including transportation is 20.71 Euro/m3 and total estimated amount is 369,675 Euro for approximately 17,850 m3 volume, required for long-term operation period. The cost of excavation including transportation is 2.83 Euro/m3 and total excavation amount is around 245,000 m3 and costs to 693,840 Euro. Total amount for Alternative 2 is approximately 1,112,850 Euro including expropriation, fencing and replacement of village road. Alternative 3: The unit cost of rock fill with the required geometry and including transportation is 20.71 Euro/m3 and total estimated amount is 90,750 Euro for approximately 4,382 m3 volume, required for short-term operation period.

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The cost of excavation including transportation is 2.83 Euro/m3 and total excavation amount is around 325,000 m3 and costs to 919,750 Euro. Total amount for Alternative 3 is approximately 1,065,250 Euro including expropriation, fencing and replacement of village road. From the alternatives, Alternative 1 was selected by Muğla Municipality and applied.

2.3. Water Balance Calculations

As explained above, treated wastewater will be discharged to Disposal Site. The plan is to use the site for balancing the discharged water amount through infiltration, evaporation and storage for the other purposes processes.

To see and evaluate the balancing capacity of the Disposal Site a water balance table is prepared. Some assumptions are made during the calculations, which are:

 During 2012 and 2013, short-term operation system, explained above, will be applied. Surface area of Cell 1 and Cell 2 are app. 19,000 m2 and total volume is 90,000 m3.

 After 2014, long-term operation system will be started. Surface area of Cell 1 and Cell 2 are app. 40,000 m2 and total volume is 370,000 m3.

 Minimum value of the permeability coefficients, obtained from the drilling studies in 2009, is used for safety of the calculations. This minimum permeability coefficient is 2.34x10-6 m/s.  In order to be at safe side, permeability coefficient was decreased 5% starting from 2020. In 2040 water balance calculations, permeability coefficient was taken 25% of the original.  It is assumed that 50% of the irrigation capacity of the city center green areas will be developed in 2012, 75% in 2014 and full capacity will be used in 2015.

Water balance calculations, prepared for 2012-2015, 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040 can be seen in Table 4.1 in Annex 4.1. According to Table, in Disposal Site and therefore after 2015 a system should be put into operation for pumping stored wastewater in disposal site. At the beginning, the capacity of the pumping system may be small but towards to 2040 the pumping capacity should be increased up to 14,500 m3/day.

2.4. Irrigation of Green, Forestry, and Agricultural Areas

2.4.1. Irrigation of Green Areas One of the aims of the project is to use treated wastewater for irrigation of green areas in the city. The irrigation water of green areas will be pumped directly from WWTP and this treated water will not reach to Disposal Site. Most of the cities in Turkey use this method in order to minimize domestic or underground water usage for irrigation. Most important thing for usage of treated wastewater as irrigation water is not to get in touch with people and to be sure that this water is not drunk. Necessary precautions should be taken for satisfying these

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criteria for sanitary application, such as disinfection of treated wastewater and putting warning signs in the parks where treated water is used. In Figure 4.1 (Annex 4.2), grass areas, flower gardens and areas with trees, which are under responsibility of Muğla Municipality, are shown. On the other hand in Table 4.2 (Annex 4.2) areas of the irrigatable regions are given. In below Table 1, total water requirement for irrigation of the Municipality areas are calculated. Unit water requirements are calculated on the base of literature information. The water demand for irrigation of green areas is around 4,000 m3/day. Table 31: Green Areas of Muğla Municipality and Water Requirement

Type of Total Area Unit Water Total Water Area (m2) Requirement Requirement (L/m2-day) (m3/day) Grass Area 142,241 10 1,422.41 Flower 9,234 10 92.34 Gardens Areas with 127,906 20 2,558.12 Trees TOTAL 279,381 4,072.87

As it is known, within the scope of the WWTP construction contract, an irrigation pumping line, starting from discharge building of WWTP, was laid down through the request of Muğla Municipality. Total capacities of the irrigation pumps are 170 m3/h, which is 4,080 m3/day. Since the capacities of irrigation pumps in WWTP are determined with the request of Muğla Municipality from the beginning, the total water requirement, calculated in Table 35, is same with the pump capacities. Municipality’s irrigation period will take 6 months starting at the beginning of April and finishes at the beginning of October. Muğla Municipality tries to get license from Provincial Directorate of Environment nowadays for using treated wastewater as irrigation water. The pumping line, explained above, is not connected to any reservoir of the Municipality now. Muğla Municipality will continue this pumping line up to the small reservoirs, existing inside of the Municipality parks, and use this water for the irrigation of the green areas inside the parks. As a first step, Muğla Municipality will use a GEKA (Southern Aegean Development Agency) grant for irrigation of 41,000 m2 area in the city center. The construction tender will be done on 21.11.2011. With this grant 410 m3/day treated wastewater will be used as a first step. The irrigation process will be started after getting the license by the Municipality.

Parallel to GEKA grant, Municipality will construct this year another pipeline for irrigation of 14,500 m2 green area with its own capital. With this constructions 145 m3/day treated wastewater will be used as the second step.

Location of the green areas, to be irrigated in the first and second step can be seen in Figure 4.1 (Annex 4.2).

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Other irrigation lines is planned to be completed and put into operation between 2012 and 2014.

2.4.2. Irrigation of Forestry Areas As it is mentioned in previous sections, except infiltration and evaporation activities, Disposal Site will be used for balancing treated wastewater for the other disposal methods. As it is also explained in “Water Balance” section, water balance turns to positive after 2015. This means infiltration and evaporation capacity is not enough starting this year for eliminating treated wastewater in Disposal Site and it starts to accumulate. Therefore after 2015 spraying to forestry system, in addition to the irrigation system for green areas should be put into operation for discharging stored wastewater from the disposal site. In this extent, spraying it to forestry areas seems as an applicable solution since:  Muğla has wide forestry areas approximately 3,500 ha close to city center of 3-5 km.  Muğla is located in a dry climate region especially in summer and this maximizes forest fire risks.  Muğla uses this method since years for the treated wastewater of TOKİ Mass Buildings. However, there is not any monitoring procedure for impacts

According to water balance calculations the amount of water to be sprayed to forestry areas by the years are as follows. These amounts are approximate values and will be clear with the operation of Disposal Site. - 2020: 200,000 m3/month - 2025: 250,000 m3/month - 2030: 310,000 m3/month - 2035: 365,000 m3/month - 2040: 425,000 m3/month

A new pumping station will be constructed near the disposal site and excess water will be pumped to forestry areas. Pumps can be selected in to stages:  2025: 220 m3/h (2+1)  2040: 220 m3/h (3+1)

Proposed location for forestry areas and pumping line can be seen in Figure 1.2 in Annex1. Muğla Municipality will get official permission from Regional Directorate of Forestry. As the proposed location is agreed by the parties, required area for spraying, length of the main and secondary pipes are explained in Section 2. That is why it is not repeated here. After determination of the exact place for spraying, detailed designs should be prepared and constructions should be completed latest at the second half of 2014.

2.4.3. Irrigation of Agricultural Areas As an alternative, excess wastewater can also be used for irrigation of agricultural areas. The intension and demand of farmers will be clear after the start of the operation. “Wastewater Treatment Plants Technical Procedures Bulletin”, published on 20.03.2010, is reference regulation in this sector in Turkey. This Bulletin organizes and

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explains properties of treated wastewater to be used as irrigational purposes and shows different agricultural treated wastewater usage and properties of treated wastewater for this application. For using treated wastewater in this sector it should fit with the below criteria according to Turkish legislations. a-Agricultural Irrigation: Food products processed as commercially b-Irrigation areas with limited entrance c- Agricultural irrigation: Plants not to be used as food Area of Treatment Type Quality of treated Monitoring Application Application wastewater Period Distance a) Orchards and - -pH=6-9 -pH: Weekly -Minimum 90 vineyards Secondary m to the -BOD5 < 30 mg/L -BOD : treatment 5 wells, used b)Grass Weekly -TSS < 30 mg/L for drinking production and - -TSS: Daily water. reclamation Disinfection -Fecal coliform -Coliform: agriculture areas < 200/100 mL -Minimum 30 Daily m to the c) Pasture areas -Residual Chlorine > 1 -Residual people if mg/L chlorine: sprinkling continuous system is used This alternative is still considered by the Municipality and used by getting required permissions. The olive trees near to the site seem a good solution, if agreed by the farmers.

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Annex-1 TABLE 1.1: DISCHARGE ALTERNATIVES OF TREATED WASTEWATER OF MUĞLA WWTP

Altern Reference Initial Investment Cost Yearly Operational Cost Advantages and Disadvantages and Properties of the Alternative Properties of the Route atives Drawings (Euro) (Euro) Opportunities Treaths

- Discharge to outside of - Total length is app. 13.2 km. For the year 2015: - Treated WW will be discharged into a - The route follows 9.7 km Muğla-Ula-Akyaka Highway. According to catchment area The Route consist of 7.85 km Maintenance: 31,511 riverbed outside of catchment area, that 2007/3 Circular of "General Directorate of Highways" (GDoH) (published In this alternative treated WW shall pumping line and 5.35 km gravity Energy: 234,647 flows to Aegean Sea. on 01.02.2007), parallel construction along the Highways are nearly be pumped to Ula Creek at line. Pump head is app. 160 m Total: 266,159 imposibble except some special conditions. That is why getting Altern (780m - 620m). Ø 700 mm steel For the year 2040: permission from General Directorate of Highways seems very difficult. downstream of Ula Irrigation Figure 1.1 ative pipe is used. 3.049.000 Maintenance: 31,511 - Expropriation and right of way values are not included to initial Reservoir. Figure 1.2 1a This route follows Muğla-Ula- Energy:362,426 investment cost as it will be defined by GDoH and it is not possible to Akyaka Road. Total: 393,937 estimate this figure at this stage without an official application. Future Values of Main. & Energy Costs (2012-2040): - Operation costs are very high. Total: 39,190,966 (calculations are based 8% discount rate) - Discharge to outside of - Total length is app 12.2 km . For the year 2015: - Treated WW will be discharged into a - App. 3.5 km of the route follows very steepy areas in the southern part catchment area The Route consist of 6.0 km Maintenance: 33,104 riverbed outside of catchment area, that of Yeniköy Settlement Area. Selected route can create a problem from In this alternative treated WW shall pumping line and 6.2 km gravity Energy:321,096 flows to Aegean Sea. construction point of view. be pumped to Ula Creek at line. Pump head is app. 210 m Total: 354,200 - Expropriation and right of way values are not included to initial Altern downstream of Ula Irrigation (830m - 620m). Ø 700 mm steel For the year 2040: investment cost as it will be defined by GDoH and it is not possible to Figure 1.1 ative Reservoir. pipe is used. 3.120.000 Maintenance:33,094 estimate this figure at this stage without an official application. Figure 1.2 1b This routes follows Muğla Plain and Energy: 495,951 - Operation costs are very high. hills at southern part of Yeniköy Total: 529,045 Settlement Area. Future Values of Main. & Energy Costs (2012-2040): Total:52,504,857 (calculations are based 8% discount rate) - Discharge to outside of - Total length is app. 17.5 km. For the year 2015: - Treated WW will be discharged into a - The route follows 3.6 km Muğla-Ula-Akyaka Highway. According to catchment area The Route consist of 6.0 km Maintenance: 43,962 riverbed outside of catchment area, that 2007/3 Circular of "General Directorate of Highways" (published on In this alternative treated WW shall pumping line and 11.5 km gravity Energy: 321,096 flows to Aegean Sea. 01.02.2007), parallel construction along the Highways are nearly be pumped to Kızılağaç Creek near line. Pump head is app. 210 m Total: 365,058 imposibble except some special conditions. That is why getting Altern Kızılağaç Village. This branch (830m - 620m). For the year 2040: permission from General Directorate of Highways seems very difficult. Figure 1.1 ative connects to Ula Creek at Ø 700 mm steel pipe is used. 4.215.000 Maintenance: 43,962 - Expropriation and right of way values are not included to initial Figure 1.2 2 downstream of Ula town. Energy: 495,951 investment cost as it will be defined by GDoH and it is not possible to This routes follows Muğla-Ula- Total: 539,913 estimate this figure at this stage without an official application. Akyaka Road. Future Values of Main. & Energy Costs (2012-2040): - Operation costs are very high. Total: 53,724,093 (calculations are based 8% discount rate) - Discharge to inside of - Total length is app. 3.8 km. For the year 2015: - Initial investment cost and yearly - Expropriation and right of way values are not included to initial catchment area The Route consist of pumping Maintenance: 16,931 operational costs are acceptable in investment cost as it will be defined by GDoH and it is not possible to In this alternative treated WW shall lines. Pump head is app. 80 m Energy: 123,498 compared with alternatives 1 and 2. estimate this figure at this stage without an official application. be pumped to abondoned quarry as (700m - 620m). Ø 600 mm (3.2 Figure 1.1 Total: 140,429 - Pipeline up to abondoned quarry is - Leakage capacity of the forestry areas may be decreased by time. Altern agreed. Quarry shall be covered and km) and Ø 400 mm (0.6 km) steel Figure 1.2 For the year 2040: already constructed. - Inconvenience can be created within the cose settlement areas. ative used as storage area. Stored WW pipes will be used as main pipes. Figure 1.3 2.721.500 Maintenance: 16,931 - Muğla-Denizli Highway shall be crossed 3 shall be pumped to forestry areas As distribution pipes Ø 180 mm Figure 1.4 Energy: 190,751 prependiculary at on location. This will not near Muğla-Denizli Highway. (1.4 km) HDPE pipe and Ø65 mm Figure 1.5 Total: 207,682 create problem as parallel costruction. drainflex perforated pipe (9.0 km) Future Values of Main. & Energy Costs (2012-2040): will be used. Total: 25,169,200 (calculations are based 8% discount rate) - Discharge to inside of - Total length is app. 3.8 km. For the year 2015: - Initial investment cost and yearly - Expropriation and right of way values are not included to initial catchment area The Route consist of pumping Maintenance: 12,202 operational costs are acceptable in investment cost as it will be defined by GDoH and it is not possible to In this alternative treated WW shall lines. Pump head is app. 80 m Energy: 68,124 compared with all other alternatives. estimate this figure at this stage without an official application. be pumped to abondoned quarry as (700m - 620m). Ø 600 mm (3.2 Figure 1.1 Sub-Alt. 1: 1,250,000 Total: 80,326 - Pipeline up to abondoned quarry is - Leakage capacity of the forestry areas may be decreased by time. Altern agreed. Quarry shall be arranged km) and Ø 400 mm (0.6 km) steel Figure 1.2 Sub Alt. 2: 2,220,300 For the year 2040: already constructed. - Inconvenience can be created within the cose settlement areas. ative and used as infiltration area. pipes will be used as main pipes. From Figure 1.6 Sub Alt. 3: 2,171,700 Maintenance: 12,202 - Muğla-Denizli Highway shall be crossed 4 Excess WW shall be pumped to As distribution pipes Ø 180 mm to (Sub-Alternatives are Energy: 135,376 prependiculary at on location. This will not forestry areas near Muğla-Denizli (1.4 km) HDPE pipe and Ø65 mm Figure 1.14 explanied in Chapter 3.2) Total: 147,578 create problem as parallel costruction. Highway. drainflex perforated pipe (9.0 km) Future Values of Main. & Energy Costs (2012-2040): will be used. Total: 18,420,589 (calculations are based 8% discount rate)

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Annex-3

Stability of Discharge Site

1. Introduction

In the project of Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Muğla city, the abandoned gravel quarry will be used as discharge site of the treated water from the sanitary sewerage system. At the discharge site treated water is supposed to percolate through the bottom of the quarry. Water level at the discharge site will raise depending to the permeability of the formation and reusing the stored water. The slopes of the quarry varies and their stability should be checked for short and long term considering the operation of WWTP; discharge, storage and reuse of the treated water.

2. Geotechnical Evaluations and Stability Analysis

The discharge site is located within the alluvial cone deposits and has an irregular shape with longest and shortest length of 245 and 120 m. Maximum height of the slope reaches to 27 m. According to the borehole S9 drilled in this formation was described as very dense, slightly silty, sandy, coarse gravel with occasional boulders with SPT = Refü. The discharge site will be operated within cells. Stability analyses have been performed for the slopes of cell 1 and 2, which will be used first, considering present condition and two operation stages. At the first operation stage an intermediate water level was considered and at the second operation stage final water level. Measures to provide slope stability were determined for these two stages. The case of taking no measure was also considered for the assessment of failure extension. Slope stability analyses of the discharge site are performed with software Slide. Seismic coefficient is taken as kh=0.2 g considering the discharge site is located at earthquake zone 1. Analyzed cases are mentioned below in details.

2.1 Present Condition (Section 1-1, 2-2, 3-3)

Present conditions of three cross sections (1-1, 2-2, and 3-3) from cell 1 and 2 are analyzed. Locations of the cross sections are presented in Figure 3.1. Slope height and slope angle are given for the cross sections below. Section Slope height (m) Slope angle () 1-1 23.16 m 44

2-2 20.05 m 70

3-3 22.00 m 38-72

Internal angle of friction () is taken as 40 for dense gravel. Pore pressure coefficient (ru) is considered as 0.1. Cohesion (c) value of 32 kPa for the alluvium gives a factor of safety for cross sections 1-1, 2-2 and 3-3 FS=1.62, 1.00, 1.16 respectively (Figure

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3.2-3.4). Considering the present geometry of the slopes and same soil parameters (c=32 kPa =40) the critical section is evaluated as 2-2. Water levels for this section are also higher than the others and measures will be determined considering the geometry of the section 2-2. 2.2 Taking no measure at water level 2 for all sections When the water level at the discharge site rises without taking any measure, slope fails and extends of the failure widens especially for seismic case; factor of safety (FS)<1. To simulate the influence of water on the soil behavior the parameters under the water is taken as c=15kPA and =36. Analyses are performed for all cross sections (1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4, 5- 5, and 6-6) to determine the extension of the failure (Figure 3.5-3.10). Location of cross sections can be seen in Figure 3.1. Distance from the top of the slope in seismic case for all cross sections is given. Section Water level- Distance from top of the Stage 2 slope in failure 1-1 13.5 m 9.4 m 2-2 16.5 m 15 m 3-3 14.5 m 8.3 m 4-4 9.4 m 5-5 17.8 6-6 11.1 m

2.3 Stability Analysis at Section 2-2 for short term (Stage 1) and long term (Stage2) i) Buttress at the toe of the slopes for wl=7 m (Stage 1) at Section 2-2 A buttress at an intermediate level of operation (water level=7m) is considered to stabilize the slope. 7 m high buttress with a top width of 3.0m and bottom width of 7.0 m gives a FSstatic=1.24 (Figure 3.11). ii) Buttress at the toe of the slope and excavation of slopes for final wl=16.5 m (Stage2) at Section 2-2 Construction of a buttress at the toe of the slopes brings some increase of the stability level for an intermediate stage. But, for the long term stability the slopes over buttress should be excavated to a lower slope angle. This case is analyzed for the final water level of 16.5 m. The decrease of the geotechnical parameters of the soil both over and under water are considered in the analyses. The parameters of the soil over and under treated water are given below. Soil over water c=25kPa and =38 ru = 0.15 Soil under water c=15kPa and =36 Slope geometry established with an angle of 3H:2V (horizontal: vertical) gives required factor of safety for a maximum water level of 16:5 m; FSstatic=1.97 FSseismic=1.16 (Figure 3.12, 3.13).

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iii) Excavation of slopes without any other measure at an intermediate stage for final wl=16.5 m (Stage 2) at Section 2-2 If a measure such as buttress at an intermediate stage is not taken, slopes of the discharge site can be stabilized with excavation. Slope composition established with an angle of 3H:2V (horizontal: vertical) gives required factor of safety for a maximum water level of 16.5 m; FSstatic=2.20 FSseismic=1.19 (Figure 3.14,3.15). 2.4 Stability Analysis at Section 1-1 for short term (Stage 1) and long term (Stage2) The section 1-1 has a slope angle of 44 and height of 23.16 and gives a factor of safety=1.62 for the present condition. At the first stage water level of 4 m gives FS=1.44 and water level=13.5m FS=1.38 (figure 3.16 and 3.17). If the slope is excavated to the slope angle of 3H/2V FS=1.65 and 1.05 are obtained for static and seismic case (Figure 3.18 and 3.19). 2.5 Stability Analysis at Section 3-3 for short term (Stage 1) and long term (Stage2) The section 3-3 has a slope angle of 66-72 and height of 22.00 and gives a factor of safety=1.16 for the present condition. At the first stage water level of 5 m gives FS=0.9 (Figure 3.20). 5 m high buttress with a top width of 3.m and bottom width of 5.0 m gives a FS=1.03 for static case (Figure 3.21). At the second stage water level of 14.5 m slope over the buttress is excavated to a slope of 3H/2V and analysis gives FS =1.73 and 1.10 for static and seismic cases (Figure 3.22,3.23).

2.6 Stability Evaluation at Section 4-4, 5-5, 6-6 for long term (Stage 2) For the other cells, which will be operated in later period critical cross sections are given as 4-4, 5-5 and 6-6 Section Slope height (m) Slope angle () Water level-Stage 2 4-4 21.54 m 37 7.5 m

5-5 27.00 m 50 7.5 m

6-6 23.55 m 57 7.5 m

Those cells will be operated in next stages and an urgent measure is not necessary. Excavation of the slope to the slope angle 3H:2V will be adequate for the required stability. 3. Conclusion Stability of the slopes at discharge site is analyzed considering the present and future conditions. T present condition, which can be valuated as short term, slopes have a limited stability. Stability of the slopes can be diminished in natural condition such as heavy rain falls or with operation of the plant.

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When the Waste Water Treatment Plant is operated, the treated water will percolate through the bottom of the discharge site. However as the water level at the discharge site increases slopes will encounter failure. For the stability of two cells discharge site three alternatives are applicable rather than unrealistic expensive measures at deep vertical walls; Alternative 1 Doing nothing except expropriation of risky areas around the top of the slopes Alternative 2 Excavation of slope an angle of 3H:2V (section 1-1) Buttress at the slope toe and excavation of slopes an angle of 1H:1V (section 2-2) Buttress at the slope toe and excavation of slopes an angle of 3H:2V (section 3-3) Alternative 3 Excavation of slopes to an angle of 3H:2V with one berm (This alternative is applicable through all discharge area). Slopes will be excavated from the beginning. Alternative 2 enables to take measures in two levels. Buttress at the toe provide stability for an intermediate level of operation. With excavation of the slopes required stability can be obtained finally.

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Figure 3.2: Stability analysis for present condition of slope at section 1-1

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Figure 3.3: Stability analysis for present condition of slope at section 2-2

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Figure 3.4: Stability analysis for present condition of slope at section 3-3

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Figure 3.5: Stability analysis at section 1-1 for Stage 2 (wl=13.5 m) without taking any measure-seismic case

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Figure 3.6: Stability analysis at section 2-2 for Stage 2 (wl=16.5 m) without taking any measure- seismic case

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Figure 3.7: Stability analysis at section 3-3 for Stage 2 (wl=14.5 m) without taking any measure- seismic case

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Figure 3.8: Stability analysis at section 4-4 for Stage 2 (wl=7.5 m) without taking any measure- seismic case

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Figure 3.9: Stability analysis at section 5-5 for Stage 2 (wl=7.5 m) without taking any measure-seismic case

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Figure 3.10: Stability analysis at section 6-6 for Stage 2 (wl=7.5 m) without taking any measure- seismic case

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Figure 3.11: Stability analysis for Stage 1 (wl=7 m) with buttress at the toe at section 2-2-static case

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Figure 3.12: Stability analysis for the final condition –Stage 2 (wl=16.5 m) with buttress and excavation at the slope of section 2-2 -static case

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Figure 3.13: Stability analysis for the final condition–Stage 2(wl=16.5 m) with buttress and excavation at the slope of section 2-2 -seismic case

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Figure 3.14: Stability analysis for the final condition –Stage 2 (wl=16.5 m) with excavation at the slope of section 2-2 –static case

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Figure 3.15: Stability analysis for the final condition –Stage 2 (wl=16.5 m) with excavation at the slope of section 2-2 -seismic case

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Figure 3.16: Stability analysis for wl=4 m- Stage 1 at section 1-1 without taking any measure-static case

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Figure 3.17: Stability analysis for wl=13.5 m-Stage 2 at section 1-1 without taking any measure-static case

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Figure 3.18: Stability analysis for wl=13.5 m-Stage 2 at section 1-1 with excavation at the slope -static case

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Figure 3.19: Stability analysis for wl=13.5 m- Stage 2 at section 1-1 with excavation at the slope -seismic case

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Figure 3.20: Stability analysis for slope at section 3-3 for Stage 1-wl=5 m without taking any measure-static case

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Figure 3.21: Stability analysis for slope at section 3-3 for Stage 1 wl=5 m with buttress -static case

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Figure 3.22: Stability analysis for slope at section 3-3 for Stage 2 wl=14.5 m with buttress -static case

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Figure 3.23: Stability analysis for slope at section 3-3 for Stage 2 wl=14.5 m with buttress -seismic case

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Annex-4

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Table 4.1: Water Balance of Discharge Site (Abandoned Sand and Gravel Quarry)

2012 Unit January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Treated Wastewater m3/day 3.000 3.100 3.200 3.300 3.400 3.500 3.600 3.700 3.800 3.900 4.000 4.100 m3/month 90.000 93.000 96.000 99.000 102.000 105.000 108.000 111.000 114.000 117.000 120.000 123.000 1.278.000 Precipitation m3/month 11.869 9.125 6.732 4.015 2.706 1.320 385 446 913 3.284 9.026 13.178 62.997 Evaporation m3/month -401 -514 -847 -1.161 -1.861 -2.946 -4.017 -4.057 -2.777 -1.384 -646 -390 -21.001 Infiltration m3/month -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -1.402.091 Irrigation (Green Areas) m3/month - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - 0

Total m3/month -15.373 -15.230 -14.956 -14.987 -13.995 -13.467 -12.472 -9.453 -4.705 2.058 11.539 18.947 -82.094 Cumulative Total m3/month -15.373 -30.603 -45.559 -60.546 -74.541 -88.009 -100.481 -109.934 -114.638 -112.580 -101.042 -82.094 Total Volume m3 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 Ratio to Total Volume % -0,17 -0,34 -0,51 -0,67 -0,83 -0,98 -1,12 -1,22 -1,27 -1,25 -1,12 -0,91

2013 Unit January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Treated Wastewater m3/day 4.200 4.300 4.400 4.500 4.600 4.700 4.800 4.900 5.000 5.100 5.200 5.300 m3/month 126.000 129.000 132.000 135.000 138.000 141.000 144.000 147.000 150.000 153.000 156.000 159.000 1.710.000 Precipitation m3/month 11.869 9.125 6.732 4.015 2.706 1.320 385 446 913 3.284 9.026 13.178 62.997 Evaporation m3/month -401 -514 -847 -1.161 -1.861 -2.946 -4.017 -4.057 -2.777 -1.384 -646 -390 -21.001 Infiltration m3/month -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -116.841 -1.402.091 Irrigation (Green Areas) m3/month - - - -60.000 -60.000 -60.000 -60.000 -60.000 -60.000 - - - -360.000

Total m3/month 20.627 20.770 21.044 -38.987 -37.995 -37.467 -36.472 -33.453 -28.705 38.058 47.539 54.947 -10.094 Cumulative Total m3/month -61.467 -40.697 -19.653 -58.640 -96.635 -134.103 -170.575 -204.028 -232.733 -194.674 -147.136 -92.188 Total Volume m3 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 90.000 Ratio to Total Volume % -0,68 -0,45 -0,22 -0,65 -1,07 -1,49 -1,90 -2,27 -2,59 -2,16 -1,63 -1,02

2014 Unit January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Treated Wastewater m3/day 5.500 5.700 5.900 6.100 6.300 6.500 6.700 6.900 7.100 7.300 7.500 7.700 m3/month 165.000 171.000 177.000 183.000 189.000 195.000 201.000 207.000 213.000 219.000 225.000 231.000 2.376.000 Precipitation m3/month 11.869 9.125 6.732 4.015 2.706 1.320 385 446 913 3.284 9.026 13.178 62.997 Evaporation m3/month -1.403 -1.799 -2.965 -4.065 -6.512 -10.313 -14.058 -14.201 -9.719 -4.846 -2.261 -1.364 -73.502 Infiltration m3/month -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -2.951.770 Irrigation (Green Areas) m3/month - - - -90.000 -90.000 -90.000 -90.000 -90.000 -90.000 - - - -540.000

Total m3/month -70.514 -67.655 -65.213 -153.030 -150.787 -149.973 -148.654 -142.736 -131.786 -28.543 -14.216 -3.167 -1.126.275 Cumulative Total m3/month -162.703 -230.357 -295.571 -448.601 -599.388 -749.361 -898.015 -1.040.751 -1.172.537 -1.201.080 -1.215.296 -1.218.463 Total Volume m3 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 Ratio to Total Volume % -0,44 -0,62 -0,80 -1,21 -1,62 -2,03 -2,43 -2,81 -3,17 -3,25 -3,28 -3,29

2015 Unit January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Treated Wastewater m3/day 7.900 8.100 8.300 8.500 8.700 8.900 9.000 9.200 9.400 9.600 9.800 10.000 m3/month 237.000 243.000 249.000 255.000 261.000 267.000 270.000 276.000 282.000 288.000 294.000 300.000 3.222.000 Precipitation m3/month 11.869 9.125 6.732 4.015 2.706 1.320 385 446 913 3.284 9.026 13.178 62.997 Evaporation m3/month -1.403 -1.799 -2.965 -4.065 -6.512 -10.313 -14.058 -14.201 -9.719 -4.846 -2.261 -1.364 -73.502 Infiltration m3/month -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -245.981 -2.951.770 Irrigation (Green Areas) m3/month - - - -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 - - - -720.000

Total m3/month 1.486 4.345 6.787 -111.030 -108.787 -107.973 -109.654 -103.736 -92.786 40.457 54.784 65.833 -460.275 Cumulative Total m3/month -1.216.977 -1.212.632 -1.205.845 -1.316.876 -1.425.662 -1.533.636 -1.643.289 -1.747.026 -1.839.812 -1.799.355 -1.744.571 -1.678.737 Total Volume m3 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 Ratio to Total Volume % -3,29 -3,28 -3,26 -3,56 -3,85 -4,14 -4,44 -4,72 -4,97 -4,86 -4,72 -4,54

2020 Unit January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Treated Wastewater m3/day 17.111 17.111 17.111 17.111 17.111 17.111 17.111 17.111 17.111 17.111 17.111 17.111 m3/month 513.335 513.335 513.335 513.335 513.335 513.335 513.335 513.335 513.335 513.335 513.335 513.335 6.160.016 Precipitation m3/month 11.869 9.125 6.732 4.015 2.706 1.320 385 446 913 3.284 9.026 13.178 62.997 Evaporation m3/month -1.403 -1.799 -2.965 -4.065 -6.512 -10.313 -14.058 -14.201 -9.719 -4.846 -2.261 -1.364 -73.502 Infiltration m3/month -233.682 -233.682 -233.682 -233.682 -233.682 -233.682 -233.682 -233.682 -233.682 -233.682 -233.682 -233.682 -2.804.181 Irrigation (Green Areas) m3/month - - - -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 - - - -720.000 Irrigation (Forestry Areas) m3/month -200.000 -200.000 -200.000 -200.000 -200.000 -200.000 -200.000 -200.000 -200.000 -200.000 -200.000 -200.000 -2.400.000

Total m3/month 90.119 86.979 83.420 -40.397 -44.153 -49.340 -54.020 -54.103 -49.153 78.091 86.418 91.467 225.330 Cumulative Total m3/month 90.119 177.098 260.519 220.122 175.969 126.630 72.609 18.507 -30.646 47.445 133.863 225.330 Total Volume m3 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 Ratio to Total Volume % 0,24 0,48 0,70 0,59 0,48 0,34 0,20 0,05 -0,08 0,13 0,36 0,61

2025 Unit January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Treated Wastewater m3/day 18.535 18.535 18.535 18.535 18.535 18.535 18.535 18.535 18.535 18.535 18.535 18.535 m3/month 556.051 556.051 556.051 556.051 556.051 556.051 556.051 556.051 556.051 556.051 556.051 556.051 6.672.614 Precipitation m3/month 11.869 9.125 6.732 4.015 2.706 1.320 385 446 913 3.284 9.026 13.178 62.997 Evaporation m3/month -1.403 -1.799 -2.965 -4.065 -6.512 -10.313 -14.058 -14.201 -9.719 -4.846 -2.261 -1.364 -73.502 Infiltration m3/month -221.383 -221.383 -221.383 -221.383 -221.383 -221.383 -221.383 -221.383 -221.383 -221.383 -221.383 -221.383 -2.656.593 Irrigation (Green Areas) m3/month - - - -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 - - - -720.000 Irrigation (Forestry Areas) m3/month -250.000 -250.000 -250.000 -250.000 -250.000 -250.000 -250.000 -250.000 -250.000 -250.000 -250.000 -250.000 -3.000.000

Total m3/month 95.135 91.994 88.436 -35.381 -39.138 -44.324 -49.005 -49.087 -44.137 83.106 91.433 96.482 285.517 Cumulative Total m3/month 95.135 187.129 275.565 240.184 201.047 156.723 107.718 58.631 14.494 97.601 189.034 285.517 Total Volume m3 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 Ratio to Total Volume % 0,26 0,51 0,74 0,65 0,54 0,42 0,29 0,16 0,04 0,26 0,51 0,77

2030 Unit January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Treated Wastewater m3/day 20.030 20.030 20.030 20.030 20.030 20.030 20.030 20.030 20.030 20.030 20.030 20.030 m3/month 600.915 600.915 600.915 600.915 600.915 600.915 600.915 600.915 600.915 600.915 600.915 600.915 7.210.979 Precipitation m3/month 11.869 9.125 6.732 4.015 2.706 1.320 385 446 913 3.284 9.026 13.178 62.997 Evaporation m3/month -1.403 -1.799 -2.965 -4.065 -6.512 -10.313 -14.058 -14.201 -9.719 -4.846 -2.261 -1.364 -73.502 Infiltration m3/month -209.084 -209.084 -209.084 -209.084 -209.084 -209.084 -209.084 -209.084 -209.084 -209.084 -209.084 -209.084 -2.509.004 Irrigation (Green Areas) m3/month - - - -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 - - - -720.000 Irrigation (Forestry Areas) m3/month -310.000 -310.000 -310.000 -310.000 -310.000 -310.000 -310.000 -310.000 -310.000 -310.000 -310.000 -310.000 -3.720.000

Total m3/month 92.298 89.157 85.599 -38.218 -41.975 -47.161 -51.842 -51.924 -46.974 80.269 88.596 93.645 251.469 Cumulative Total m3/month 92.298 181.455 267.054 228.835 186.861 139.699 87.857 35.933 -11.041 69.228 157.824 251.469 Total Volume m3 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 Ratio to Total Volume % 0,25 0,49 0,72 0,62 0,51 0,38 0,24 0,10 -0,03 0,19 0,43 0,68

2035 Unit January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Treated Wastewater m3/day 21.601 21.601 21.601 21.601 21.601 21.601 21.601 21.601 21.601 21.601 21.601 21.601 m3/month 648.024 648.024 648.024 648.024 648.024 648.024 648.024 648.024 648.024 648.024 648.024 648.024 7.776.288 Precipitation m3/month 11.869 9.125 6.732 4.015 2.706 1.320 385 446 913 3.284 9.026 13.178 62.997 Evaporation m3/month -1.403 -1.799 -2.965 -4.065 -6.512 -10.313 -14.058 -14.201 -9.719 -4.846 -2.261 -1.364 -73.502 Infiltration m3/month -196.785 -196.785 -196.785 -196.785 -196.785 -196.785 -196.785 -196.785 -196.785 -196.785 -196.785 -196.785 -2.361.416 Irrigation (Green Areas) m3/month - - - -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 - - - -720.000 Irrigation (Forestry Areas) m3/month -365.000 -365.000 -365.000 -365.000 -365.000 -365.000 -365.000 -365.000 -365.000 -365.000 -365.000 -365.000 -4.380.000

Total m3/month 96.706 93.565 90.007 -33.810 -37.567 -42.753 -47.434 -47.516 -42.566 84.677 93.004 98.053 304.367 Cumulative Total m3/month 96.706 190.271 280.278 246.468 208.901 166.148 118.715 71.198 28.632 113.310 206.314 304.367 Total Volume m3 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 Ratio to Total Volume % 0,26 0,51 0,76 0,67 0,56 0,45 0,32 0,19 0,08 0,31 0,56 0,82

2040 Unit January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Treated Wastewater m3/day 23.252 23.252 23.252 23.252 23.252 23.252 23.252 23.252 23.252 23.252 23.252 23.252 m3/month 697.556 697.556 697.556 697.556 697.556 697.556 697.556 697.556 697.556 697.556 697.556 697.556 8.370.677 Precipitation m3/month 11.869 9.125 6.732 4.015 2.706 1.320 385 446 913 3.284 9.026 13.178 62.997 Evaporation m3/month -1.403 -1.799 -2.965 -4.065 -6.512 -10.313 -14.058 -14.201 -9.719 -4.846 -2.261 -1.364 -73.502 Infiltration m3/month -184.486 -184.486 -184.486 -184.486 -184.486 -184.486 -184.486 -184.486 -184.486 -184.486 -184.486 -184.486 -2.213.827 Irrigation (Green Areas) m3/month - - - -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 -120.000 - - - -720.000 Irrigation (Forestry Areas) m3/month -425.000 -425.000 -425.000 -425.000 -425.000 -425.000 -425.000 -425.000 -425.000 -425.000 -425.000 -425.000 -5.100.000

Total m3/month 98.537 95.397 91.838 -31.979 -35.735 -40.922 -45.602 -45.685 -40.735 86.509 94.836 99.885 326.345 Cumulative Total m3/month 98.537 193.934 285.772 253.794 218.059 177.137 131.535 85.850 45.115 131.624 226.460 326.345 Total Volume m3 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 370.000 Ratio to Total Volume % 0,27 0,52 0,77 0,69 0,59 0,48 0,36 0,23 0,12 0,36 0,61 0,88

Assumptions: In 2012 and 2013 short-term operation system will be applied. Starting with 2014 whole area will be used. Minimum permeability coefficient, obtained from drilling studies, is applied. It is suggested that disposal site will loose 5% of its permeability in 2020 and 25% in 2040. 50% of the irrigation pumps in WWTP will be in operation in 2015, 75% in 2014 and 100% in 2015.

2012 ve 2013'de deşarj sahasının ilk bölümlerinin kullanılacağı düşünülmüştür. 2013'den itibaren deşarj sahasının tamamının kullanılacağı düşünülmüştür. Hesaplamalarda, sondaj çalışmalarından elde edilen geçirimlilik katsayılarının minimum değeri kullanılmıştır. 2020 Yılında deşarj sahasının geçirimliliğinin %5'ini, 2040 yılında ise %25'ini kaybedeceği öngörülmüştür. Atıksu Arıtma Tesisinde bulunan sulama suyu pompalarının 2013 yılında yarısının 2015 yılında ise tamamının devreye gireceği düşünülmüştür.

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Table 4.2: Green Areas Of Muğla Municipality

No Name of the Park and Green Areas Green Area Flower Groumd Number of Area with Total Area Gardens Tree Trees m2 1 İnsan Hakları Parkı 370 70 914 1354 2 Muğlaspor Parkı 920 920 3 2.nolu Sağlık Ocağı Altı Üçgen Alan 400 400 4 Düğerek Düğün Salonu 500 500 5 Otogar Adliye Arası Refüj 250 250 500 6 Salık Meslek Yüksek Okulu Karşısı 80 20 100 7 Düğerek Meydanı ve Adnan Menderes Bulvarı Refüj 20 150 170 8 İsmail Hakkı Tonguç Parkı(Sınırsızlık Meydanı) 800 1460 2260 9 Kışla Parkı 11720 100 adet 800 24400 10 Uğur Mumcu Bulvarı 2880 1684 3846 8410 12 Bölge Trafik Kavşağı 620 780 1400 13 Düğerek 41 Evler Kav.+Otopark Düz.+Tedaş Önü 250 230 480 14 Kocamustafendi İlköğretim Okulu Önü 30 adet 250 250 15 Çınar Caddesi 100 100 16 Titiz Benz. Altı 200 200 17 Milli Piyango Önü 250 250 18 İsmet Çatak Cad.+Devlet Hastanesi Karşısı 250 250 19 Tekel Kavşağı 80 80 20 Bankalar Cad.+Özer Türk Cad. 200 200 21 Sanayi Uğur Mumcu Kavşağı Ağaçlık Alan 730 adet 16000 16000 22 Düğerek Cezaevi Kavşağı 165 165 23 Düğerek Giriş Kavşağı 190 190 24 Açık Pazar Yerindeki Yeşil Alanlar 100 100 25 Belediye Çevresi 80 30 110 26 Yeni Belediye Binası Çevresi 200 50 250 27 Milli Egemenlik Meydanı 830 150 980 28 Belediye Parkı 2080 1958 4038 29 Akyol Parkı 1657 30 1824 3511 30 Nazım Hikmet Parkı 3812 40 3733 7585 31 Ersan Gümüşalan Parkı 2200 1908 4108 32 DSİ Önü Parkı 1500 257 1757 33 Eski Cezaevi Arkası 250 250 34 Cumhuriyet Meydanı (300 m2 dıs alan fıskıye.) 700 100 800 35 Eski Tansa Yerindeki park 500 500 36 Kurşunlu Camii Yanı 100 100 37 Akyol Memurlar Sitesi Parkı 1000 1000 38 Ticaret Lisesi Önü ve Büfeli Parkı 25 adet 50 50 39 Düğerek İlkokulu Karşısı Kavşak 527 527 40 Otogar İçi Minibüs Garajı ve Çevresi 200 250 adet 200 41 Aylin Karaca Kavşağı 150 150 42 Cumhuriyet Caddesi Yol Kenarı 50 50 43 Düğerek Pazar Yeri 300 300 44 Ziraat Bankası Karşısı 50 50 45 Emniyet Kademe Karşısı Kavşak 150 30 180 46 Akyol Pazar Yeri Girişi 100 50 150 47 Serpil Park 100 185 285 48 Konakaltı Kültür Merkezi 240 10 250 49 Yekap 1 Parkı 378 adet 740 740 50 Avcılar Sokak Üçgen Alan 400 400 51 Doktorlar Sitesi Parkı 900 2296 3196 52 Atatürk Bulvarı Yürüyüş Yolu Kenarı 1. Kısım 822 adet 2200 2200 53 Atatürk Bulvarı Refüj 1. Kısım 340 adet 3000 3000 54 İtfaiye Altı Mezbaha Yolu- Köpek Evi 250 adet 1470 1470 55 Özbekler Evi ve Kültür Evi 30 30 56 Düğerek Hayvan Pazarı ve Pazaryeri Kenarı 55 adet 0 57 Bölge Trafik Yücelen Arası 215 adet 800 800 58 Akkaya Yol Kavşağı 115 adet 1000 1000 59 Osman Günsan Parkı 1100 1367 2467 60 Atatürk Cad.Evler-Yürüyüş Yolu Arası (Türkcell Pehlivanoğlu) 315 adet 12900 12900 61 Bellona Önü Ağaçlık Alan 94 adet 4000 4000 62 Atatürk Cad.Evler-Yürüyüş Yolu Arası (Bellona Karamuğla D.) 300 adet 14000 14000 63 Orhaniye Dere Kenarı Zakkumlar ve Huzurevi Kar. 360 adet 1500 1500 64 Turan Şahin Parkı 2582 18 869 3469 65 Yalçın İnan Parkı 2000 1208 3208 66 Stadyum Karşısı Dere Kenarı 123adet 0 67 Parke Atl.+Hamursuz İskender Alper Cad.+Rektörlük Ç. 250adet 0 68 Kuranoğlu Üstü 3350 2180 6adet 5530 69 Emek Sitesi içindeki Parklar 6060 6910 12970 70 Akyol Muğlaspor Tesisleri Çevresi ve Anaokulu Çevresi 55adet 0 Appendix-H 57 / 73

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70 Akyol Muğlaspor Tesisleri Çevresi ve Anaokulu Çevresi 55adet 0 71 32 Evler Parkı 1300 700 37adet 2000 72 Orta Sanayi ve Döşemeciler Karşısı 110adet 1000 1000 73 Şehit Özden Aşınmaz Caddesi 151adet 0 74 Şehitler Anı Ormanı (2.El oto Pazarı Üstü) 1500adet 31000 31000 75 Fen Lisesi Önü 75adet 0 76 Atatürk Cad. 3. Kısım Çamlar 11adet 0 77 Emniyet Kademe Karşısı (Çamlar ve Çınarlar) 30adet 0 78 Ayşegül Parkı 295 283 578 79 Muğla 2000 Derneği Parkı 3938 40 987 4965 80 Toptancı Hali İç ve Dış Kısım-Nakliyeciler 470 88adet 470 81 ADLİYE ÖNÜ 50 82 Uğur Mumcu Kavşağı 11412 100 11512 83 Ahmet Taner Kışlalı Parkı 6950 250 6128 13328 84 Yeni Mezarlık 460adet 164493 85 Munise Hamdi Doğruel Parkı 640 400 1040 86 Eğer Gediği 2300 100 2400 87 Org.Mustafa Muğlalı İşhanı Etrafı 120 120 88 Akyol Girişi Zakkumlar 370adet 250 250 89 Eski Mezarlık 30 67424 90 Emin Arslan Parkı 513 17 567 1097 91 M.Eren Parkı 770 30 1000 1800 92 Köfteciler Önü ve Dere Kenarı 1000 1000 93 Spor İl Müd. Karşısı 515 55 570 94 Pehlivanoğlu Karşısı Kavşak 240 60 300 95 Sekibaşı Kadın Dayanışma Evi 145 20 165 96 Yekap 2 Parkı 580 820 1400 97 Atatürk Cad. Refüj 2. Kısım 1430 580 2010 98 Atatürk Cad.Yürüyüş Yolu Kenarı 2930 600 3530 99 Spor Kompleksi 1500 3698 5198 100 Yücelen Hast.- Ermaş Önü 1000 1000 101 Saburhane Meydanı 20 20 102 112 Evler Semt P.(Şehit Kom.Er Osman Kara Parkı) 450 250 902 1602 103 Düğerek Yürüyüş Yolu Kenarı 710 710 104 Anadolu Lisesi Çevresi 80adet 0 105 Latif Sepil Parkı 1720 60 1228 3008 106 Kandere Kenarı Ağaçlık Alan 1115adet 1000 1000 107 Düğerek İlkokulu Arkasındaki Park 1900 1523 3423 108 Sağlık Müdürlüğü Karşısı 65 109adet 65 109 Düğerek Çayır Yolu Kaldırımı Ağaçlar 366adet 0 110 İtfaiye Altı Yeşil Alan 150 150 111 Kötekli Gençlik Parkı 1000 800 1800 112 Tarım İl Müdürlüğü 20 30 50 113 Mevhibe İnönü Parkı 9850 100 10350 20300 114 Kireç Sanayi Kavşağı 260 260 115 Düğerek Çayır Yolu Kavşağı 370 370 116 Recai Güreli Okul Karşısı Yeşil Alan 290 290 117 Öğretmen Evi Karşısı Yeşil Alan 600 30 290 920 118 Muğla Şehitliği Karşısı Kavşak 3100 100 3200 119 İzciler Parkı 1000 1000 120 Saburhane Ecza Odası Karşısı 10adet 50 50 121 Karşıyaka Semt Parkı 450 187adet 300 750 122 Orhaniye Semt Parkı 50 50 123 Orhaniye Camii Karşısı 50 50 124 Asar Su Deposu Altı 200 400 600 126 Celali Bahçesi 86adet 100 100 127 Fen Lisesi Karşısı Refüj 2600 2600 128 Türk Telekom Karşısı park 380 220 600 129 Düğerek Soda Kavşağı 350 350 130 Yeni Mezbaha Karşısı 540 540 131 Basmacı Deresi Mutluluk Ormanı 1100adet 17000 17000 132 G. Mustafa Kemal Kong.Merk.Çevresi 2700 200 2160 5060 133 Mehmet Ağa Koca Havuz Parkı 6300 100 3800 10200 134 Huzurevi Karşısı Park 250 180 430 135 Kışla Parkı Yamaç Alan 7000 250 7250 136 Kötekli Semt Parkı 1000 500 1500 137 Üçerenler Yeşil Alan 180 180 138 telekom Altı Parklar (4 adet) 1530 1020 2550 139 Kötekli Mezarlığı 5000 140 TOKİ 3666adet 0 Appendix-H 58 / 73

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141 Karabağlar Yayla Yolu Kenarları 4000 142 Genç Yapı Parkları 1000 460 144adet 3400 5024 143 Sanayi Parkı 1000 1000 144 Söğütlü Önü Yeşil Alan 500 500 145 Sertaç Market Karşısı Yeşil Alan 30 105adet 30 147 Atatürk Cad. 3 Kısım Refüj 660adet 5000 5000 148 EGEHAN ÖNÜ REFÜJ 1500 149 Düğerek Girişi Semt Parkı 1400 845 2245 153 Düverek Futbol Sahası Kenarı Ağaç. 300adet 1500 1500 154 Düverek Mezarlığı 39745 155 YUCELEN KARSISI 1600 1600 156 Arıcılar birliği önü yeşil alan 3200 3200 157 sertaç market yanı yeşil alan 365 528 893 158 şehitlik eger gedığı arası kaldırımlar 1604adet 160 EMNİYET KADEME YANI YEŞİL ALAN 1600 167 ÇINAR SITESI KARSISI KAVSAK 2500 172 zahire pazarı 50 10 60

Toplam 142241 9234 0 127906 636865

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Annex-5

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Annex-6

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