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AFRO-EUROPEAN WOOD ANATOMY SYMPOSIUM an International IAWA Journal, Vol. 17 (3),1996: 231-268 AFRO-EUROPEAN WOOD ANATOMY SYMPOSIUM An international symposium organized by the Linnean Society of London, the IAWA, and S 5.01 (Wood Quality) of IUFRO 2-4 October 1996, London and Kew, U.K. Conveners: David Cutler and Peter Gasson ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS AND POSTERS H. ABEl, 1. OHTANI2, R. FUNADA2 & K. FUKAZAWA2: IWood Technology Division, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin, Ibaraki 305, Japan; 2Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060, Japan. - Orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall of conifer tra­ cheids. - (Poster) The arrangements of cellulose microfibrils (Mfs) deposited on the innermost sur­ face of cell walls in differentiating tracheids of Abies sacha linens is Masters, Larix lep­ tolepis Gordon, Picea jezoensis Carr. and Picea abies Karst. were examined by field­ emission scanning electron microscopy. The Mfs deposited during formation of the primary walls were not well ordered, and their predominant orientation changed from longitudinal to transverse to the cell axis. The orientation of Mfs in the outermost part of the SI layer was in an S-helix, and changed rotationally in a clockwise direction, viewed from the lumen side, from the outermost to the innermost SI layer. The orien­ tation of Mfs in the S 2 layer was in a steep Z-helix, and no change in the orientation of Mfs was observed within the S 2 layer. On the other hand, the orientation of Mfs in the S3 layer changed rotationally in a counterclockwise direction, from the outermost to the innermost S 3 layer. The orientation of the innermost S 3 layer was in an S-helix with a deviation. From these results, we propose a model for the orientation of Mfs in the cell wall of conifer tracheids. HARRY A. ALDEN I, REGIS B. MILLERI & EDWIN J. BURKE2: IUSDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Center for Wood Anatomy Research, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2398, U. S. A.; 2School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812-1063, U.S.A. - Diagnostic features for sepa­ rating the wood oflodgepole (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) and ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) pine. - (Poster) Foresters, loggers, and workers at sawmills have little difficulty identifying lodgepole (Pinus contorta) and ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa) pine in the forest or as logs with bark. However, once the bark is removed, the wood of these two species is sometimes difficult to distinguish. Although the literature reports several diagnostic features for distinguishing these pines, the features are often not as distinct as presented. In addi­ tion, no detailed study has supported their diagnostic value. The separation of these two species is important because the heartwood and transition wood of either species cannot be adequately treated with preservatives, and the heartwood and/ or transition wood of lodgepole pine is easily mistaken for the sapwood of ponderosa pine. Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 12:54:48PM via free access 232 IAWA Journal, Vol. 17 (3), 1996 We examined samples of both species from various localities. These samples in­ cluded old and secondary growth, large and small diameters, and narrow and wide growth rings. We found that heartwood colour is only diagnostic if it represents the typical light reddish or orange-brown colour of ponderosa pine. The size, distribution, and abundance of dimples is variable within and between trees of the same species. The typical pattern described in most textbooks can be somewhat diagnostic, but only if used in combination with other features. Axial resin ducts tend to be larger in pondero­ sa pine, but when the values are plotted, there is some overlap. It is also critical that resin duct diameter is measured consistently. Generally this means that the thin-walled epithelium cells are not included since they are often torn or destroyed in sectioning. Ray parenchyma continuity can be diagnostic, but again critical methodology must be followed. Radial sections must be cut to expose as much of the height of the ray as pos­ sible. Many rays must be examined and scored to determine the most frequent occur­ rence. The wood of lodgepole and ponderosa pine can be accurately distinguished, but only if the piece is large and mature enough to show heartwood and dimples and the sample is examined microscopically to determine the average axial resin duct tangen­ tial diameter and ray parenchyma continuity. Only by using these features in combina­ tion can these species be distinguished with accuracy. 1. P. ANDRE: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 45 Boulevard du Cap, B.P. 2078, 06606, Antibes, France. - Investigations on circular vessels, by ap­ plication of the vascular microcasting method. - (Poster) Circular vessels have been known for about a century; but hypotheses on their for­ mation are no more than 15 years old. Except for two groups of specialists (Sachs, Cohen, Lev-Yadun, Aloni, and Hejnowicz, Kurczynska), these anatomical structures seem relatively poorly known to wood anatomists. Circular vessels are closed endless vessel rings, enclosed in an open loop of a nor­ mal vessel. If the loop has a sufficient diameter, it often encloses numerous concentric circular vessels. The closing of such a circular vessel results from the opening of a perforation between two vessel elements, which are distant in their cell file, but are in contact as edges of a quasicircular loop of their file. Circular vessels frequently form naturally at branch junctions. To understand this process, it is useful to remember that: "The location of the separating line formed between grain patterns of different size branches is determined by the relative vigour of branches." (Lev-Yadun & Aloni 1989). At the cambial level, this separating line tangentially waves and loops, particularly at its median and upper sides, under the in­ fluence of variable fluxes coming from stem and branches. Consequently, on each side of this line, large strips of parallel cambial cell files have a similar wavy and looped form. In each wood ring, the trace of these developmental irregularities is kept by the location of the vascular cell files, allowing the reconstruction in space and time of past cambial activity. When a branch dies or is cut, the cambial separating line slowly moves toward this branch, the base of which is progressively covered by protection wood (Larsen 1995). Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 12:54:48PM via free access Afro-European Wood Anatomy Symposium, London/Kew, 1996 -Abstracts 233 Under these different conditions, some loops of cambial files often close and pro­ duce circular wood structures and vessels. Vessel casting allows an easy and reliable method of investigating these three-di­ mensional circular patterns. J.P. ANDRE: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (lNRA), 45 Boulevard du Cap, B. P. 2078, 06606, Antibes, France. - Investigations on the vascular organiza­ tion of the bamboos (Phyllostachys sp.) by application of the microcasting method. - (Poster) The main outlines of the bundles and vessel organization of the bamboos are pres­ ently known; but it is obvious that classical histological methods (serial sections) hardly give a clear idea of such an extensive three-dimensional structure. "The general structure of the internode, the composition of the vascular bundle, ( ... ) have been intensively investigated. (. .. ) The composition and structural details of the node, however, were hardly analyzed so far. (. .. ) Difficulties in the preparation of the material and the complex anatomical structure may have caused this negligence." (Ding & Liese 1996, in press). Under certain conditions, the vascular microcasting method achieves this goal. It allows one to visualize all vessels of a culm segment both over a wide range and with a remarkable accuracy, and to examine the vascular cell files in their original mutual arrangement. Some interesting results have already been obtained using this method, for Phyllostachys sp.: I) All vessel ends may be localized in the nodes and internodes. 2) A probable trace of the intercalary meristem is observed at the base of each mature internode of the culm: every pitted metaxylem vessel exhibits a short helically thick­ ened segment (5 elements, in average) approximately at the level of the nodal ridge. 3) In the node, where each metaxylem vessel bends more or less, according to its radial location in the wall, clusters of numerous little conducting cells are connected to the concave side of each vessel bend. TATYANA V. ARSENJEVA: The Botanical Museum, Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof. Popov Str. 2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia. - Trends of adaptation of the wood of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea obovata Ledeb. growing in the industrial districts of the Kola Peninsula. - (Paper) The technical progress taking place in all the countries of the world has made the problem of productivity and preserving forest ecosystems, especially coniferous ones, very urgent. Understanding the laws of adaptation of the water-conductivity complex of the trees to different environmental conditions including the influence of industrial waste is a very important precondition for formulating schemes for regulating the pro­ ductivity of forest ecosystems. This is the aim of the present work, using Pinus sylvestris and Picea obovata as examples. Samples of Pinus sylvestris and Picea obovata were collected in the Monchegorsk region of the Kola Peninsula in Pinetum cladinosum and Pinetum sphagnosum forests affected by atmospheric pollution. The wood of stem, root and branch was investi- Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 12:54:48PM via free access 234 IAWA Journal, Vol. 17 (3), 1996 gated. Preparation and morphometrical measurements were carried out by the method usually used in xylotomy (Jatzenko-Khmelevsky 1954). Only quantitative shifts in indices of wood anatomical structure occur as a result of changes in environmental conditions, in particular, air pollution. In this case the wood of branches was found to be more sensitive than the wood of stem and root.
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