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Japan's New Security Legislation: Implications for Japanese Security Strategies and the US-Japan Alliance

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Japan's New Security Legislation: Implications for Japanese Security Strategies and the US-Japan Alliance Master's Degree Programme in Languages and Economic and Legal Institutions of Asia and North Africa “Second Cycle (D.M. 270/2004)" Final Thesis Japan's New Security Legislation: Implications for Japanese security strategies and the US-Japan Alliance Supervisor Ch. Prof. Patrick Heinrich Assistant supervisor Ch. Prof. Andrea Revelant Graduand Alice Dell'Era Matriculation Number 988439 Academic Year 2015 / 2016 Japan's New Security Legislation: Implications for Japanese security strategies and the US-Japan Alliance ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to contextualize the latest developments in Japan's Normalization Process, mainly the New Security Legislation and the revision of the Japan-US guidelines, and to explain how they impacted on Japan's security strategies and on the country's relations with both the US and its neighbouring countries. In order to do so, I provide an overview of how Japan's approach to security and its alliance with the US evolved over the time, by referring to the past literature and official documents made available by the US State Department, Japan's MOFA and MOD. I then examine the content of the new guidelines and legislation and discuss the complexity of Japan's security identity, arguing that changes in Japan's approach cannot be considered the mere result of pressure from abroad, specifically that of the US. On the contrary, I stress the role internal players, mainly the conservative leadership, had in making such pressure effective. In this context, I also discuss how Abe's revisionism risks to challenge the liberal values Japan is trying to convey through its Proactive Contribution to Peace Policy. The picture which emerges is that deterrence through the enactment of the new legislation and guidelines is not enough to provide a comprehensive framework for security and to positively advance Japan's contribution to the international community, if not combined with other socio-cultural strategies addressing for example Japan's history issues. i ii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ i LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................... ix 日本国の正常化と新たな安全保障関連法 ............................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Structure of the Thesis and Methodology .................................................................................................. 8 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: THE US-JAPAN ALLIANCE AND THE EVOLUTION OF JAPAN'S SECURITY POLICY .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 2. NEW GUIDELINES FOR JAPAN-US DEFENSE COOPERATION AND SECURITY LEGISLATION .................... 33 3. JAPAN'S NORMALIZATION PROCESS AND FUTURE ROLE IN THE ASIA PACIFIC ...................................... 47 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................. 81 Online sources ......................................................................................................................................... 83 Official Documents ................................................................................................................................. 86 Sources in Japanese ................................................................................................................................. 88 iii iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito, Sept. 27 th 1945 (Source: US Army) 11 Figure 2: National Police Reserve Japan in Camp Etchūjima, Tokyo (Source: Japan MOD) 14 Figure 3: Japanese Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru signs San Francisco Peace Treaty (Source: AP Images) 15 Figure 4: Yoshida signs the US-Japan Security Treaty (Source: Bettman-Corbis) 16 Figure 5: Anpo Protests, May 1960 (Source: Hamaya Hiroshi) 18 Figure 6: SDF personnel reconstructing a road during UN PKO (Source: Government of Japan) 26 Figure 7: US President Clinton and Prime Minister Hashimoto shake hands after signing the Japan-US Joint Declaration, 1996 (Source: Sankei Shinbun) 27 Figure 8: President George W.Bush and Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, 2005 (Source: White House) 29 Figure 9: Prime Minister Abe and President Obama shake hands during 2015 Abe's State Visit (Source: AP Images) 32 Figure 10: Organization of National Security Council (Source: Government of Japan) 33 Figure 11: The Japan Maritime SDF destroyer JS Kurama (DDH 144) leads a formation with the Arleigh-Burke- class guided-missile destroyers USS Gridley (DDG 101) and USS Stockdale (DDG 106). (Source: US Navy) 35 Figure 12: U.S. Defense Secretary Carter and Secretary of State Kerry shake hands with Japanese Defense Minister Nakatani Foreign Minister Kishida, New York City, April 27 th 2015 (Source: US Department of Defense) 36 Figure 13: US Navy Sailor presents a gift to Capt. Masahito Inoue, commanding officer of JMSDF Sub Area Activity, Okinawa 2013. (Source: US Navy) 39 Figure 14: Revision of the US-Japan guidelines as a move to endorse the new Security Legislation (Source: Nikkei Shinbun 40 Figure 15: Outline of the changes to the Security Legislation (Source: Judai News) 41 Figure 16: Japan Disaster Relief Team in Nepal (Source: Jack Board - Channel News) 43 Figure 17: Prime Minister Abe meets UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, September 2013 (Source: UN) 45 Figure 18: Map of Japan and Surrounding Countries (Source: Congressional Research Service) 48 Figure 19: Chinese warships conducting naval exercises in South China Sea, May 2016 (Source: AFP Photo) 49 Figure 20: Abe's visit to Yasukuni Shrine, December 2013 (Source: AFP Photo) 61 Figure 21: People protest against Security Bills outside the parliament, August 2015 (Source: Thomas Peter - Reuters)67 Figure 22: Defense Minister Gen Nakatani and Australian Defense Minister Kevin Andrews meet in Tokyo, June 2015 (Source: AFP Photo) 68 Figure 23: Demonstration for former "comfort women" near the Japanese Embassy in Seoul, November 2015 (Source: AFP Photo) 69 v vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADIZ Air Defense Identification NPR National Police Reserve Zone NSC National Security Council APEC Asia-Pacific Economic NSF National Safety Forces Cooperation NSS National Security Strategy ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ODA Official Development ASEAN Association of South-East Assistance Asian Nations PKO Peace-keeping Operations ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting PMC Post Ministerial Conference BMD Ballistic Missile Defense ROE Rules Of Engagement DPJ Democratic Party of Japan ROK Republic of Korea (South FIP Facility Improvement Program Korea) HNS Host Nation Support SCAP Supreme Commander of Allied IHI Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Powers Industries SDF Self-Defense Forces JSDF Japanese Self-Defense Forces SEALDs Students Emergency Action for LDP Liberal Democratic Party Liberal Democracy MOD Ministry Of Defense SOFA Status of US Forces Agreement MOFA Ministry Of Foreign Affairs TPP Trans Pacific Partnership NDPG National Defense Program UN United Nations Guidelines USFJ United States Forces Japan NDPO National Defense Program Outline vii viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is the result of the help, support and inspiration of many people. I would first like to express my deepest gratitude to my Thesis Supervisor Prof. Patrick Heinrich for his kind assistance and precious advice. Although I was working on my thesis overseas, he has always been very collaborative and willing to guide me in the right direction. His suggestions and comments have been extremely valuable for the development of my work. I would also like to thank my Assistant Supervisor Prof. Andrea Revelant. A special thank goes to my parents and my sister for providing me with unconditional support and constant encouragement throughout my studies and through the process of writing this thesis. They have always been very supportive even in the hardest times, constantly advising and encouraging me. They have always been there for me despite the distance and the long time I spent abroad and they never stopped believing in me. All my accomplishments in school and more generally in life would not have been possible without them. I would also like to thank all my friends and all the people I shared my magical experience in Japan with. Having the opportunity to meet and study side by side with people from all over the world was very challenging and inspirational. Above all, I am grateful to Mr. and Mrs. Hiraishi and their family for always being kind to me and for turning into my second family while I was living in Japan. Thank you for making me experience Japanese culture and helping me enjoy my time in Tokyo to the utmost. Finally, my thoughts and gratitude
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