The Role of the Environment in Poverty Alleviation
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The Role of the Environment in Poverty Alleviation Edited by paolo galizzi Associate Editor, alena herklotz people and the environment series The Role of the Environment in Poverty Alleviation ................. 17007$ $$FM 08-12-08 13:14:30 PS PAGE i PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT LECTURE SERIES The Sustainable Development Legal Initiative (SDLI) of the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice at Fordham University School of Law organizes an annual lecture series on environment and development, in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), The Wildlife Con- servation Society (WCS), and Fordham University’s Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Every spring, the partners select a broad issue within the sustainable development theme and organize a series of lectures with expert panelists. Past series, held in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy, examined Con- serving Biodiversity in the Developing World, The Role of Environment in Poverty Alleviation, and (Mis)Conceptions and Changing Perceptions: The Role of Markets, Education, and Media. The 2008 lecture series focuses on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD), a rapidly evolving market for the payment of ecosystem services that has several critical implications for climate, poverty, and biodiversity. Fordham University Press publishes a companion series based on the annual lecture series, beginning with The Role of the Environment in Poverty Allevia- tion. The Press will publish new volumes based on the corresponding panel discussions; the books draw on the lectures and also include contributions from other experts in the field. ................. 17007$ $$FM 08-12-08 13:14:30 PS PAGE ii The Role of the Environment in Poverty Alleviation PAOLO GALIZZI, EDITOR ALENA HERKLOTZ, ASSOCIATE EDITOR FORDHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK 2008 ................. 17007$ $$FM 08-12-08 13:14:31 PS PAGE iii Copyright ᭧ 2008 Fordham University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permis- sion of the publisher. Fordham University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third- party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The role of the environment in poverty alleviation / Paolo Galizzi, editor.—1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8232-2802-7 (cloth : alk. paper)— ISBN 978-0-8232-2803-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Economic development—Environmental aspects. 2. Sustainable development. 3. Poverty—Environ- mental aspects. 4. Poverty—Prevention—Environ- mental aspects. I. Galizzi, Paolo. HD75.6.R644 2008 362.5Ј6—dc22 2008022283 Printed in the United States of America 10 09 08 5 4 3 2 1 First edition ................. 17007$ $$FM 08-12-08 13:14:31 PS PAGE iv To Jim Leitner, for his friendship, vision, and humanity —pg To Adam and Brittany Levinson, with gratitude and recognition for their support —ah ................. 17007$ $$FM 08-12-08 13:14:31 PS PAGE v ................. 17007$ $$FM 08-12-08 13:14:32 PS PAGE vi CONTENTS list of contributors xi foreword Jeanmarie Fenrich, Olav Kjørven, Steve McCormick, and Joseph M. McShane xxiii preface xxvii Paolo Galizzi and Alena Herklotz introduction xxxi Paolo Galizzi and Alena Herklotz PART I Poverty Reduction and the Environment Are Not Opposing Goals 1. Advancing a New Paradigm: Institutional and Policy Breakthroughs Toward Poverty Reduction and Sound Environmental Management Elspeth Halverson and Charles I. McNeill 3 2. Managing Environmental Wealth for Poverty Reduction: A Review David Pearce 30 3. Ecoagriculture: Agriculture, Environmental Conservation, and Poverty Reduction at a Landscape Scale Sara Scherr, Jeffrey A. McNeely, and Seth Shames 64 ................. 17007$ CNTS 08-12-08 13:14:37 PS PAGE vii viii ͉ Contents 4. Conserving Biodiversity and Ensuring Sustainable Livelihoods: Sustainable Production and Consumption in Global Supply Chains Tensie Whelan 87 5. Restoring Ecosystems and Renewing Lives: The Story of Mhaswandi, a Once-Poor Village in India Marcella D’Souza and Crispino Lobo 121 PART II Investing in the Environment, Protecting Communities from Natural Disasters 6. The International Disaster Risk Reduction Regime: Escaping the Cycle of Poverty and Tragedy Alena Herklotz 145 7. Unanticipated Consequences of the Tsunami Response Annie Maxwell 169 8. Lessons from Hurricane Katrina Sacha Thompson 187 PART III Knowledge Necessary to Meet Poverty-Alleviation Goals 9. Knowledge Necessary to Meet Poverty-Alleviation Goals Gillian Martin Mehers, Elisabeth Crudgington, and Keith Wheeler 217 10. Conservation Information Jean-Louis Ecochard 230 11. Building Enterprises to Reach Low-Income Markets Yasmina Zaidman, Helen Ng, and Adrien Couton 253 12. Including Natural Capital in Environmental Decision Making Heather Tallis, Gretchen C. Daily, Joy Grant, Peter Kareiva, and Taylor Ricketts 272 ................. 17007$ CNTS 08-12-08 13:14:37 PS PAGE viii Contents ͉ ix PART IV Legal Empowerment of the Poor 13. The Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor Naresh Singh 305 14. Opportunities in Environmental Stewardship: Climate Change and Legal Empowerment of the Rural Poor Olav Kjørven and Estelle Fach 329 conclusion 356 Paolo Galizzi and Alena Herklotz index 359 ................. 17007$ CNTS 08-12-08 13:14:37 PS PAGE ix ................. 17007$ CNTS 08-12-08 13:14:37 PS PAGE x CONTRIBUTORS adrien couton is the Water Portfolio Manager at Acumen Fund. He has experience studying and working in eight different countries. His professional background includes private equity, an Internet startup, service with the World Bank in water and sanitation consult- ing, and four years with McKinsey & Company, working mostly in the energy and transportation sectors. He holds master’s degrees in management from HEC Paris, in political sciences from the University of Paris, and in public administration from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. elisabeth crudgington currently holds the position of Learn- ing and Leadership Officer at the World Conservation Union (IUCN), working to promote and build capacities for effective learning and leadership within the IUCN community and beyond. A strong interest in the role of communication, learning, and leadership in driving pos- itive change is at the core of her learning and professional practice. Her previous projects with IUCN include coediting the publications Communicating Protected Areas and Achieving Environmental Objectives, help- ing develop the World Conservation Learning Network, and establish- ing Web-based communication platforms to stimulate knowledge sharing and learning. gretchen daily is Senior Fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment of Stanford University. An ecologist whose work ranges ͉ xi ͉ ................. 17007$ CTRB 08-12-08 13:14:46 PS PAGE xi xii ͉ Contributors from conservation science to environmental policy analysis to public outreach, she is one of three founders of the Natural Capital Project and serves as its chief emissary to financial and government leaders. She is working to develop a scientific basis and political and institu- tional support for managing Earth’s life-support systems. She has published more than 150 scientific and popular articles. Her most recent book is The New Economy of Nature: The Quest to Make Conservation Profitable, coauthored with journalist Katherine Ellison. She serves on the boards of The Nature Conservancy and the Beijer International Institute for Ecological Economics, and is Director of the Center for Conservation Biology at Stanford University. marcella d’souza is Executive Director of the Watershed Organi- zation Trust (WOTR). Prior to her work with WOTR, D’Souza orga- nized a community-led indigenous-based healthcare system in Peru; coordinated the Women’s Promotion Programme of the Indo-German Watershed Development Programme in Maharashtra; and founded and managed as its first executive director the Sampada Trust, a mi- crofinance institution. D’Souza has published several articles, books, and training manuals and has consulted for the German Agency for Technical Cooperation, as well as the International Fund for Agricul- tural Development. She was recently awarded the ICONGO-Khemka Foundation Karmaveer Noble Laureate Award. Marcella is an alumna of the Government Medical College, Nagpur, and a Takemi Fellow of the Harvard School of Public Health. jean-louis ecochard joined The Nature Conservancy as Chief Information Officer in 2002. He is an information-technology execu- tive with more than twenty-five years’ experience in developing suc- cessful information solutions in both the private and public sector. As CIO, Ecochard is responsible for developing both short- and long- range strategies for using information technology throughout the Conservancy. A native of France, Ecochard began his career by work- ing as an independent consultant for major corporations and govern- ments, then founded Network Research Group, a software consulting ................. 17007$ CTRB 08-12-08 13:14:46 PS PAGE xii Contributors ͉ xiii company that led national and international projects, including trad- ing systems for Salomon Brothers