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The Bird in Seneca Archaeology, by Charles Foster Wray

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The Bird in Seneca Archaeology, by Charles Foster Wray Vol. 11 MAY 1964 No.1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE THE BIRD IN SENECA ARCHEOLOGY by C U .\RLES FOSTEl{ VVRAY NOTES ON BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY \ THE CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS IN ROCHESTER by RICH ARD T. O 'HARA CITATIONS IN THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY ROCHESTER, NEW YORK PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ESTABLISHED 1881 Publications Committee H. Lou GIBSON, Editor HAROLD C. HODGE, M.D. University of Rochestcr School of Medicine and Dcntistry ]OIIN R. RUSSELL The University of Rochestcr MILROY N. STEWART The pages of the Proceedings are open mainly for the publication of original articles on any aspects of the Natural Sciences of Western New York and the adjacent areas; for the publication of articles by the scientists of the region; and for biographical articles on the scientists of this area or those who have contributed to our knowledge of the Natural History of Western New York. Other articles will be considered by the Publications Committee. Further, the Proceedings will publish the official news, notes and activities of the Academy, its Sections and Members. Authors are requested to submit their articles to any member of the Publications Committee. Membcrs should submit News and Notes to the Secretary of the Academy or the Secretaries of the various sections. Authors may obtain reprints by placing the order when returning proofs, and are furnished 25 reprints free of charge. For larger numbers than this, author obtains reprints at cost. The proceedings are published irregularly, but it is intcnded to produce one volume of six numbers (about 300 pp.) evcry few years. Subscription price $7.50 per volume and $1.50 per issue. For volumes prior to 10, procure the list of available back issues, and their prices, from the Librarian. CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING SUBSCRIPTIONS, SINGLE NUMBERS, MISSING ISSUES AND EXCHANGES SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO: LIBRARIAN, Rochester Academy of Science RUSH Rums LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER ROCHESTER, NEW YORK PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOL. II , NO . 1, PP. 1- 56 MAY, 1964 THE BIRD IN SENECA ARCHEOLOGY by CHARLES rOSTER VVR .\Y 2 ROCHESTEll ACADE:'-[Y OF SCIEXCF THE BIRD IN SENECA ARCHEOLOGY TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 I "TRODUCT rON 4 j:TTlf.:OLOGJC FVIflEN 4 and ·'01 k 4 Clans 6 Dances and Ceremonies 6 Bird Equipment 8 L: Iiircl Feathers 9 as Food 9 ARCIIEOLOGICAL EVIflEK 10 Prehistoric E videllce 10 H istoricEvidence 12 Bird Bones "('sed 12 ,'\wls 12 Fishhooks 1-1 Bird BOlles Csed as OnJ;llllents 15 Beads 15 CIa \\5 16 Birel Motive in A rt and Decoration 17 Beads and Pendants 17 Combs 19 19 Ladles 19 20 Birds Used as Food 21 Hefuse nones 21 Contents 21 Trade Materials 2-1 COKCLusrON 25 LrrERATFRE CITED 26 THE BIRD IN SENECA ARCHEOLOGY 3 ACKNOl/VLEDGMENTS In the preparation of this report, the author was greatly aided by many people who generously offered their ach'ice and knowledge. Special thanks are due Dr. Charles G. Sibley, professor of loolog), of the Department of Conservation, New York State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, who allowed the author to compare the bird bones recovered from his archeological excavations with the osteological collections of that institution. Mr. Charles MacInnes. graduate student and candidate for the degree doctor of philosophy of that same department guided the author through the osteological collections. offering his opinions and advice and verifying' the identi­ fication of many of the bones. 1\[ r. \\falter Listman. ornithologicaI expert of Rochester, N ew York and member of the Genesee Ornithological Society and the Rochester Academy of Science, contribu ted in forma tiol1 a nel ad vice concern ing the great blue heron. 1\1r. Robert Graham of Victor, New York, permitted the inclusion of his brass "thunderbird" discovery in this paper. The author ",ishes to thank the many farm supervisors and land owners. who without any compensation or personal gain and often at their own inconvenience, permitted the author to conduct excava­ tions on their property. Of these, special thanks go to Mr. Gordon Davi(i of Livonia: Messrs. Harry Greene. Theodore Ford, Elmer Miller. Frank Mack. and Dean Desman, all of Honeoye Falls; and :\·fessrs. Sam 1\icClintock, Freel Greene, and Harry Shappe, all of Victor, New York. The photographs used are those of the author. i\Irs. T"'::enneth E. Kidd of Toronto, and NIr. Henry Selden of Avon, l\ew York. Unless otherwise stated, the archeological evidence used in this paper is the result of the author's personal excavations conducted in the Genesee Country of \r\Testern New York during the last thirty years. Finally, the author wishes to thank his wife Alice for her under­ standing and baby sitting while he "'as conducting his field work and \\Titing this manuscript. IWCHESTER A(A[)E~rY OF SCIENCE INTRODUCTION In colonial times wei llOW, the white mall the "hird" must have been the frustrated wish of the Seneca after som of their with the "pale faces". vVith om interest in and appre­ cjation of our feathered it be to turn back the pages of time to see what relationship Ollr III western I\ew York the Seneca had with the birds uf this The of the Iro(lllois was formed sometime before the 1550's and was com posed of the .\fohawks, Oneiclas, ()nol1­ and Senecas. first half of the l8th , they were the to :\ew York State from North Troci L10is League. The younger brother in this COil junior status, in It has been estimated that at the their power Seneca was between three and thousand individuals (Snyderman, The Senecas lived in a restricted area, south of bounded on the west by the Cenesee !{i\'er and the east Seneca Lake. most often in hilltop strongholds that usually were fortified hy had four or more that consisted of two two or more small towns. Unti! these comlllunities were northward from the Li von ia towards Hush ancl New York ( From 16R7 to 1730 their were in the and Geneya . 1 After 17.30 li\'ed in scattered hamlets about the western Lakes and the upper Genesee Frontier towns were estab­ lished in and Ontario. Following the American group of the Seneca moved to the Crand l{j"er area in Canada. In the left homes in Genesee Val alld settled on permanent reservations in the \'icillity of Buffalo and New York. One small group m to Oklahoma. \\'hile another went to \¥isconsin. ETHNOLOCICAL EVlnENCE TYGE\lDS, MYTHS, l\ND FOLK T.,\LES A great deal can he learned about their and folk From these stories we can learn of tions, and perhaps c\'en a hit of their past 11 Parker (192.3, p, XVJTT): "Folklore is one of the most 111 of inforlllatioll that the etll and historian may tap." The Tndian lived close to llature and it is only natural THE BIRD 11\ SE1\F:CA ARCH EOLOG Y 5 that he s ho uld be interes tecl in hi s ,,·ild friend s. Other than himself. anima\,; and bird~ are the main characters in nearly al l hi s legends and myths. In a nalyzing Seneca stories. Parker (1<)23, pp. 29-32) has li s ted their main themes, incidents, and objects. Those that relate to birds are: a burtling \\'itchhead explodes sending forth a clo ud of o\\'k a lonely bird sings fo r its ma te, enchanted feathers or enchanted birds g i\'e special powers to the hero. and the "'ampul1l-covered eagle is indestructible to all except the hero. These stories could only be related durin g- the long ",inter months. It wa ::; strictly tabuo any o ther tillle of tbe year for fear that the birds might li sten and forget to tly south, the squirrel to gather \luts. or a calamity befall the relator and lis tener. It would he impractical to li s t u r relate eYe r)' my th. legend. o r story that relates to birds. Therefore the following are on ly the llJorc important Seneca bird tales and their literary sources: In Canfield, The Legends of the Iroquois: The BU Z7. ards Covering In Converse, Myths and Legends of the New York Iroquois: The Animals and The Birds O -S E-HA-DA-G ,\AR, The Del\' Eagle (Parker's O ri gi n of the Charm Holders :\'fedicine Society) GA-DO -.1 IH and SA-CO-DA-OH. The C u i den Eagle and The Hunter Vulture SG AH-AH-SO-WAH and COT-G00:T, The \\'itch ffa",\.; and The \\' itch Bear vV omen The Dream fo'a s t. JIS-GO-GA. The Robin In Curtin, Seneca Indian Myths: A Bird in Search of a i\hte Grandfather and Grandson and :1n Fagle \\lolJ1an Bald Eagle sends l'vIud-Turtle to the Fdge of the \ "'orld The Bird :\!lecli ci ne The A(h'entures of Y ell owbird Partridge a nd Turtle a nd their Cousin s \ t\fo h'es S wan's Daughters marry Earthquake's Son Q uail kills Cold v\feather and The Thunder fo'alllil y Turkey's Brother goes in search of a \Vife The \i\,Tr en In Curtin and Hewitt, Seneca, Fiction, Legends and Myths : The Orig in of P igeon Songs and D ances O HOHWA (The Owl) and the Two Sis ters 6 ){OCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIE"CE In Seneca Myths and Folk Tales: The Chickadee's Bird 'Woman The '\\1 olf and the Raccoon How the Birds were Painted In Wings and other Indian Tales: How the Partridge his Drum Trust-to-Luck and the Crow the Lazy Boy In Skunny Wundy and other Indian Tales: Raccoon and the Three the \Vood Duek and had his Coat the Gobbler The Owl's Big The ::vrink and the How the Blue Bird and the Cra) \Vol£ and Lost The Buffalo's I-rump and the Brown Birds How Moose and Turkey the Ciants \\'easel and Old Owl The had three of their t clans name(1 after birds~the Sl11pe, and hawk, These clans were divided into tlVO di\'i~ions or moieties, The ol(le:-,1 and perhaps were the turtle, wolf, bear.
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