OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 30 SPRING 1980 NO. 2 The Archaeological Society of Ohio Officers—terms expire 1980 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio President—Steve Fuller, Associate Editor, Martha P. Otto, 2591 Seville Rd.. Wadsworth, Ohio 44281 Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio Vice President—Frank Otto, Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, 1503 Hempwood Dr., Columbus, Ohio Zanesville, Ohio 43701 Executive Secretary—Jan Sorgenfrei, All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archae­ Pandora, Ohio ologist should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, re­ Treasurer—Mike Kish, quests for back issues, changes of address, and other 39 Parkview Ave., Westerville, Ohio matter should be sent to the business office. Recording Secretary—Scott Haskins, Columbus, Ohio PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY Editor—Robert N. Converse, OF ADDRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Ohio SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Trustees Editorial Office Term expires 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Ernest Good, 3402 Civic Place, Business Office Grove City, Ohio 1980 Summers Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, William C. Haney, Route 1, Box 256, Worthington, Ohio 43085 Kittshill, Ohio 45645 1980 Alva McGraw, 1177 Eastern Ave., Membership and Dues Chillicothe, Ohio 45601 1980 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Dr., payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Fairborn, Ohio 1980 bership $8.50; Husband and wife (one copy of publication) Dana Baker, 17240 TWP Rd. 206 $9.50; Contributing $25.00. Funds are used for publish­ Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340 1982 ing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society Steve Balazs, 1010 N. Mulberry St., of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 1982 has no paid officers or employees. Douglas Hooks, 120 Yoha Dr., The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and Mansfield, Ohio 44907 1982 subscription is included in the membership dues. Wayne Mortine, Scott Dr., Oxford Heights, Newscomerstown, Ohio 1982 Back Issues Regional Collaborators Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: David W. Kuhn, 2642 Shawnee Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $4.00 Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse .... 3.00 Mark W. Long. Box 467, Wellston. Ohio Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse .... 7.00 Steven Kelley, Seaman. Ohio Back issues—black and white—each 3.00 William Tiell. 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, Ohio Back issues—four full color plates—each 3.00 Robert Jackman, Box 30, Wellsville, Ohio 43968 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior James L. Murphy, 102 Wilbur Ave., to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available Columbus, Ohio 43215 from time to time Write to business office tor prices and Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 availability. STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE Robert N. Converse, Chairman Jack Hooks, Chairman Dana Baker, Chairman Ensil Chadwick Martha Otto, Chairman Jan Sorgenfrei Wayne Mortine William Tiell Charles Stout, Sr. Don Bapst Charles Stout, Sr. Alva McGraw Jan Sorgenfrei Gordon Hart Bert Drennan David Brose John Winsch AUDITING COMMITTEE SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Robert Hill, Chairman MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Charles Stout, Jr. COMMITTEE Don Gehlbach Robert Converse, Chairman Jack Hooks Owen Cowan Kendall Saunders Lar Hothem Tom Stropki Jeff Carskadden Jack Lanam Wayne Mortine Steve Parker Martha Otto EXHIBITS COMMITTEE George Morelock Gordon Hart Steve Balazs, Co-Chairman Ed Hughes RAFFLE COMMITTEE Don Gehlbach, Co-Chairman Charles Voshall Billy Hillen William Haney, Chairman John Baldwin Graig Clola Frank Otto Jerry Hagerty Earl Noble Dorothy Good FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Jan Sorgenfrei, Chairman Mike Kish, Chairman Alva McGraw, Chairman Doug Hooks Lar Hothem Dwight Shipley Don Bapst Dorothy Good David Kuhn Ernest Good Marylyn Harness Gilbert Dilley Jack Hooks Martha Otto Earl Townsend Joy Jones 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENTS PAGE Four Slate Effigies 4 It has been my pleasure to serve the The 25 Cent Ashtabula 6 membership of the Archaeological Society of A Hancock County Birdstone 7 Ohio during the past two years. I would like to take the opportunity to express my sincere Geometry of the Hopewell Earthworks ... 8 appreciation for the generous help given to The Brookover-Simpson Site (33AN3) 13 me by the officers and trustees who so Bloody Point 16 unselfishly donated their time, skills and energy in order to make the ASO an organiza­ Artifacts From the Sellers Collection 17 tion of which we can all be proud. Without The Great White 17 their help and cooperation, myjobwould have Saw Salvaging 18 been impossible. My thanks also go to those An Interesting Artifact 20 members who supplied the ARCHAEOLOGIST with articles, participated in the meetings and Wayne Co. Uniface Blade 21 offered a helping hand when needed. Primitive Man's Portrayal of an Through the combined efforts of many Effigy Bird Pipe 22 dedicated individuals, the ASO is financially Archaic Broad Bladed Stemmed Points.. .23 sound and is experiencing a steady growth in Bar Amulets 24 membership. Currently, there are over 2,000 members. I am confident that the new slate of Paleo Square Knives 27 officers and trustees will serve you to the best The Snake 28 of their ability. I urge that you continue to Another Distinctive Style in support them and your society. Thank you for Fort Ancient Pipes 30 an experience for which I am honored and will always be grateful. A Fine Blade 31 North American Indian Dugout Steve Fuller Discoveries 32 Ohio Obsidian 33 Artifacts in the Newman Collection 34 Franklin County Find 35 Erie Co. Bust Birdstone 36 The Puzzle of Primitive Pipe Migration Patterns 38 Some Nice Flint From The William Piatt Collection 39 Where's The Point? 40 A Yellow Creek Fluted Point 41 Birdstones—Prehistoric Art 42 The Artistic Archaic 44 An Unusual Carved Stone Artifact From Northeast Ohio 45 News Release 46 Book Review 47 Necrology 47

FRONT COVER. BACK COVER. Some examples of fine black Ohio flint from the collection of A bust type bird stone from Erie County, Ohio. See article Myers Campbell, Mingo Junction. Ohio. this issue.

3 Four Slate Effigies By Dr. Russell J. Long 675 Alma, Beaumont, Texas 77705

Anytime I think of effigy stones I think of The whole piece is polished but not as well as the late Dr. Gordon F. Meuser. He had over E-2. On the front angle under the head two 200 in his collection. The last time I saw him pits were sunk for drilling across the corner was at an auction at Delaware. Even though like a birdstone but the drilling was never he had not seen me in more than 20 years he completed. The greatest length is three and wanted to know if I still had my effigy stones, one-half inches. and E-2 in the accompanying photograph in Fred Cline, a jeweler at Arcanum, had a particular. duplicate of this effigy. The rear hole was The effigy he asked about is from Richland drilled more from both the base and the crest. county. It is diamond-shaped and made of dark On the front angle were two pits on the front blue banded slate. It is flat on one side and has face, the higher one being shallow and the a pronounced ridge at the middle of the short lower one deeper but still was incomplete. He axis on the other side. The ridge extends to told me (Cline 1953) that this was a personal the flat side on both edges. The whole stone is find along Greenville creek, Darke county. well polished. Unlike most effigies this one is Effigy E-6 was found by Louis Pore in drilled on both ends, parallel to the greatest southern Hancock county. The material is width of the piece. The drilling was done from gray-blue slate with weak banding. There is both sides at each hole. The most unique thing some polish but overall the workmanship is about this artifact is the presence of a head rough. Greatest length is fourand five-eighths with eyes and ears on one end. It resembles a inches. fox head. The opposite end is tapered upward Effigy E-8 is from Allen county and again is from the flat side and viewed headon it does made of gray-blue slate. It shows no banding. resemble a turtle with the drilling holes for Workmanship is the crudest of the four pieces. eyes. (See detail photographs of the two There is some polish. Greatest length is six ends.) The greatest length of the piece is four and five-sixteenth inches. and one-eighth inches. All four of these effigies are surface finds. Effigy E-3 is also drilled and would do credit Converse (1978) points out the variation of to modernistic art. It has form without detail. It the workmanship in these artifacts. The four was found by Leroy and Joseph Thompson in illustrate the whole range. the extreme southwest corner of Liberty township, Hardin county. The stone is flat on one side and crested the long axis on the BIBLIOGRAPHY other. The "head" rears up, running forward Cline, Fred from the base. The material is dark slate with 1953 Personal communication. faint banding. The hole at the tail is drilled Converse, Robert N. from the base then countersunk on the crest. 1978 Ohio Slate Types p. 61.

4 Fig. 1 (Long) E-2 Richland county; E-6 Hancock county; E-3 Hardin County; E-B Allen county. Photographs by Arthur Neuman. The 25 Cent Ashtabula By William Piatt Rt. #1 West Farmington, Ohio

Four years ago I purchased a large frame of flint from my cousin Charles Crocker of Bradenton, Florida. The focal point of the frame was this magnificent Ashtabula spear. The point is of black flint with a slight bluish cast and is an example of the work of a superior technician in the art of flint making. It is 6 inches long and 3 inches wide. The following is from Mr. Crockers notes: Very large Ashtabula spear. Blue black flint. A gift to Charles Crocker by Curt Moore. It was found by a young boy in a cleared swamp in Parkman Twp. Geauga county, Ohio, in 1923. Curt paid the boy a quarter for it. The boy brought it to Will Cromwell's drug store one night and Curt persuaded him to sell it. This is one of the finest Ashtabula's found. A side note to this frame: Mr. Crocker was a cabinet maker and he made his own frames. His notes say: The wood in this frame came from a black walnut timber in a barn on the S. S. Marsh farm, rt. 307 River Road, Lake County, Ohio. This barn was built before 1840 by the Mormans that settled in the Kirtland area for a short while. Photo by J. Usselman

6 A Hancock County Birdstone By Joe Green Ottawa, Ohio

The birdstone in the illustrations was found barn. The area is described as a rich black a few miles southeast of Findlay, Ohio, in muck-like soil with a few high sand knolls. Hancock County in late June 1974. It was Many artifacts have been found in the field in found by the two year old son of Brad Schlum- the past but none have been of slate. bohm, Tadd, while playing in a field near their

Fig. 1 (Green) Obverse and reverse of banded slate birdstone found by two year old Tadd Schlumbohm.

7 Geometry of the Hopewell Earthworks closest to a written record of a prehistoric people yet discovered north of the Rio Grande'

By James A. Marshall (As told to John B. Carlson)

When early settlers began moving west of ancestors of the Indians were responsible for the Appalachians in the late 18th and early the building of these embankments. 19th centuries, they literally stumbled across Today, archeologists call the people who concentrations of embankments 5 to 30 feet built most of them the Hopewell. Their artistic high that formed octagons, circles, squares, accomplishments and far-flung trade networks and ellipses. Some of the squares extended of 2,000 years ago are commonly emphasized almost a quarter-mile on a side. The circles in describing their lifeways. But, during the were up to a mile around. And parallel earthen past 13 years after surveying 57 of the earth­ walls, forming great avenues, stretched from works, I have found a depth of intelligence some of the enclosures for distances up to and capability among the Hopewell that adds four-and-a-half miles. unexpected dimensions to our understanding The settlers' Indian neighbors had no of them. My analysis reveals that: memory as to who built these impressive struc­ • The earthworks were constructed using a tures, or when they were formed. The Indians standard unit of measure. themselves were judged "too savage and • Plans were made to scale before the earth­ averse to labor" to have accomplished such works were built, just as an architect draws up elaborate feats of engineering. Thus arose the plans before building a house. myth of a "lost race of mound builders" that • A knowledge of geometry was demon­ dominated the public imagination in America strated that entailed at least the use of right for more than a century. triangles with precise geometrical proportions. Influenced by religious concepts and a • There existed among the Hopewell a longing to link North America to the Old "school of mathematics" whose musings on World's emerging discovery of its antiquity, geometrical concepts, differed from the some speculators attributed the earthworks to Pythagoreans of ancient Greece only in almost anyone known to have built a mound. degree. They included the Scythians of Herodotus, My interest in prehistoric geometry began the Israelites of the Bible, the Romans, the in high school when I read a magazine article Vikings, and the barrow-builders of England. about the huge ground drawings on the Nazca Places like Malaya, Egypt, and the Lost Island Plains in Peru. There a prehistoric people had of Atlantis came in for contention, and explana­ piled rocks of contrasting colors to form not tions were sought in tales of the Welsh prince, only effigies, but parallel lines, rhomboids and Madoc, and the Book of Mormon. It was other geometric figures extending for thou­ assumed that since the gifted members of the sands of feet in all directions. The author of "lost race" no longer existed, they had been the article pondered over who might have built exterminated by the Indians. these works and why. To me, the mystery was Some investigators drew inspiration from how much mathematical and astronomical the vanished Central and South American knowledge might have gone into their civilizations, explaining the earthen construc­ construction. tions as the work of people who moved to Years later I asked leading professional Mexico after building them, advancing there archeologists what was known about prehis­ to higher achievements. The people respon­ toric geometry. One, Pedro Armillas, whose sible for the earthworks "must have had some specialty is Meso-American archeology, re­ acquaintance with the arts and sciences," the plied: "Nothing. No one talks orthinks in those surveyors observed. terms." But these findings only kept alive the I pointed out that, in the absence of written concept of a superior race. So overriding was records, such knowledge might be revealed the prejudice against America's native inhabi­ by methods used as standard procedure tants that it was not until the early 1900s that among civil engineers—my field. Northwest­ people began to acknowledge, largely through ern Archeological Program director Stuart the efforts of Smithsonian scientists, that the Struever—who was then beginning to build a

8 more meaningful understanding of the ancient Within Newark itself there once was a square human experience in our region—explained covering about 30 acres. that I could do such research right here at All three features are related to each other, home. There was no need to go to Peru, as shown in the accompanying diagram, (page Mexico or some other far-off place. 4). The pattern is not accidental, for it occurs So, in December, 1965,1 drove for the first over and over again at other places. The right time to Newark, O., where the Hopewell earth­ triangles establishing earthwork relationships works have survived better than in most other are always of the simplest kind, with propor­ places, to begin my surveys. tions such as base 3, altitude 4, hypotenuse 5, and so on. Yet they would not be attained The locations the ancient inhabitants chose repeatedly unless the ?ncient engineers knew for the earthworks were primarily in lowlands, mathematical relationships. associated with rivers. The early settlers from Europe found such sites best suited for their The Newark square was puzzling at first towns and farms as well. Little or no trace because it generated triangles of odd propor­ tions in the analysis. My first survey was remains of the embankments in cities such as oriented to two linear embankments in Cincinnati, Chillicothe, and Marietta. Newark's Square Park, embankments that The Ohio town of Circleville, founded in were purported to be the west corner of the 1806, was laid out using the outlines of two original square. The data did not fit in with the circular embankments, one inside the other. old Smithsonian surveys, however. Then I Circle Street followed the contours of the discovered that the old image of the square larger one, about 1,200 feet in diameter, while earthworks still shows up in aerial photos. The Circle Alley was along the inner one. Now, the supposed west corner was actually near the actual embankments and streets no longer north one, so the square built by the Hopewell exist. When Marietta was founded in the winter some 2,000 years ago lay adjacent to the of 1787-88, residents labelled the 10-foot-high present one. The embankments now in Square parallel embankments that extended 680 feet Park are fake ones, apparently built by the down to the Muskingum River the Sacra Via. WPAinthe 1930's. Today, the route is known as Warren Street. Plotted out in its true position, the square At Mount City, near Chillicothe—a mound was situated perfectly to form a right triangle group enclosed by rectangular earthen walls with two equal sides in respect to the Great covering 13 acres—visitors to the Federally- Circle, and a triangle of base 1, altitude 2 pro­ protected site see only replicas of original em­ portions in relation to the octagon. bankments. During World War I, the area As the diagram shows, the Hopewell became a military training center, Camp oriented their plans to true north-south and Sherman, and most of the mounds and earth­ east-west directions. This they apparently did works were levelled to make room for a group by sighting on the North Star, then extending of army barracks. a straight line over a great distance. The east- Many other embankments in less-populated west line probably was formed by building areas met the fate of farmers' ploughs and soil simple 3-4-5 right triangles on the north-south erosion. The modern practice of deep chisel- axis. Squares could be formed by the same ploughing churns the soil so much that the procedure. earthworks often are undetectable even in All of this supposes that the Hopewell used aerial photographs, where original conforma­ a standard unit of measure, just as we use tions show up as contrasting lighter or darker yards, meters, rods, and other units. But this is shades. I'm still looking for many works that not just supposition. It can be demonstrated in were reported in the literature in the 1800's, fact. When a grid composed of squares 57 including some in Union County, Illinois, meters (187 feet) on a side is placed within the northwestern Indiana, and northeast Iowa. various types of earthworks, it fits almost At Newark, however, an octagon about perfectly. The accompanying diagram shows 1,500 feet across is still preserved as part of a this in greater detail. municipal golf course. Each of its eight sides In the June, 1967, issue of Scientific Ameri­ is straight and measures about 625 feet in can, Rene Millon of the University of Roches­ length. At seven of the eight sides are 15-foot ter described how the pre-Columbian center openings. The octagon is joined by parallel atTeotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico — larger walls to a circle more than 1,000 feet in than imperial Rome at the height of its power diameter. About a mile away is the Great Circle in A. D. 500—was laid out along the lines of a —with walls 8 to 14 feet high—that covers 26 precise grid. Millon's mapping showed that: acres of what once was a public fairground. "The basic modular unit of the plan is close to 57 meters. A number of residential structures Hopewell were well on the way in working out are squares of this size. The plan of many of geometrical principles. The evidence of their the streets seems to repeat various multiples grid system exists now only in the remnants of of the 57-meter unit." the earthworks themselves. The fact that the same unit of measure was An insight into straight lines made over used both at Teotihuacan and Ohio can be great distances comes from the work of Maria seen in figures 1, 2 and 3. It is one of the Reiche, a German mathematician and astrono­ strongest arguments yet presented for pre­ mer who has been studying the Nazca ground historic contact between Meso-American and drawings in Peru for more than 30 years. "To North American peoples. I consider it virtually draw straight lines the Nazcans stretched impossible for the Hopewell to have developed strings from posts," she reports, "lining up their mathematics independently of influences three or more in successive rows to keep the from another culture. overall straight line." This is not conjecture on There is also some indication that the her part. She has found the remains of some people at Teotihuacan did not invent their of the Nazca posts, and has carbon-dated them mathematical system either, but acquired it to A.D. 500 when the ground drawings were from elsewhere. The diagonal of a 57-meter made. square measures 264 feet, which is exactly 66 Dr. Reiche's work also supports the con­ feet multiplied by 4. In the Old World, 66 feet tention that the Hopewell made small-scale was the length of a commonly-used unit of plans before executing their grand designs. measure called a chain, a measure that can be She has found several six-foot squares con­ traced back as far as 3,000 B.C. Is this a coinci­ taining duplicate layouts near some of the dence? I don't know. The field of worldwide largest designs in the Peruvian desert. prehistoric geometry is in a rudimentary stage Some investigators have suggested that of development, and the answers to such the Hopewell earthworks were aligned with questions will depend on much more research. astronomical phenomena. In the book, In Tentative answers to other questions are Search of Ancient Astronomies, for example, more easily resolved: How were the circles John A. Eddy, senior staff member at the High made? How were straight lines run over great Altitude Observatory at Boulder, Colo., pro­ distances on the countryside? Did the earth­ jects a line through the centers of the Newark works function in Hopewell life in association octagon and circle combination, and claims with astronomical phenomena, such as the that this line points to the northernmost rise of chanqing of seasons? the moon at the latitude of Newark, a position Considering first the circles: These could reached in cycles of 18.61 years. have been made simply by stretching a thong Claims such as this are distressing, be­ from a stake, and at a measured distance on cause the investigator did not go out in the the line, scribing the form. An alternative field, make accurate measurements, or do method —known to have been used by some adequate research. The azimuth arrived at is early peoples —entailed many individuals not even stated by Eddy. He merely examined linking hands to form a human chain, and a map made in the 1840's by an Ohio positioning themselves in a circle over the newspaper editor and a Chillicothe physician. countryside. Groves of forest in the eastern Eddy then made some computations and drew woodlands would have made both methods erroneous conclusions. impractical. An octagon-circle combination like the one The most likely answer is that the Hopewell at Newark also occurs 65 miles away at a place staked out a formal grid of 57-meter squares, called High Banks. If the Newark works had similar to the grid system used at Teotihuacan. the astronomical significance Eddy claims, it The "mathematicians" of the community would seem that the one at High Banks should worked out the points on this grid, which, when be oriented the same way. It is not. joined, would form a circle. Octagons were If there are any specific astronomical formed in a similar manner, but their shapes associations in connection with the Hopewell involved triangles as well. earthworks, they have yet to be demonstrated. In other words, both the people at Teotihua­ I have found none so far. can and the Hopewell in Ohio employed the Frequently, I am asked why the Hopewell 57-meter grid, but the Hopewell went beyond made the earthworks, considering the vast the formal arrangement of intersecting lines amount of manpower and effort that went into at Teotihuacan, developing more imaginative their construction. Archeologists generally forms. The geometry of Pythagoras and Euclid agree that they were not fortifications. My in ancient Greece was more rigorous, but the reply is summed up by Robert Silverberg,

10 author of Mound Builders of Ancient America, who says: "There is a stunning vigor about Ohio Hopewell, a flamboyant fondness for excess, that manifests itself not only in the intricate geometrical enclosures and the massive mounds but in gaudy displays of conspicuous consumption: To envelop a corpse from head to feet in pearls, to weigh it down with many pounds of copper, to surround it with master­ pieces of sculpture and pottery, and then to bury everything under tons of earth—this betokens a kind of cultural energy that numbs and awes those who follow after." It is enough for me to be "numbered and awed" by the conceptual abilities that went into the construction of the Hopewell earth­ works. I don't need to know what purpose they Done with the aid of aerial photos, the latest surveys of the served, whether ceremonial or otherwise. The Hopewell earthworks confirm, and in some cases correct, Hopewell knowledge and experimentation in those done by the Smithsonian and earlier surveyors. This geometry was certainly retained and trans­ aerial photo shows the Golden Eagle "circle" in southern mitted in "books" of some kind. The earthen Illinois (arrow), which may represent an early experimental effort in earthwork building, since it is less precise than its works come closest to a written record of a counterparts in Ohio. prehistoric people yet to be discovered north of the Rio Grande.

How the 57-meter (equals 187 feet) grid approximates the dimensions of the Hopewell earthwork squares and circles: ^^ -i\j| L < i "^ •Azimuth227', 78 926 feet kl * 187 It-el f * »•

I k J About the author: •Azimuth 47*, 27 951 feet James A. Marshall is a civil engineer, living in Roselle, III., with experience in the engineering departments of Chicago- Fig. 1 The Newark square: five times 57 meters on a side (or area municipalities and leading engineering firms. After 13 5x 187 feet = 935 feet) years, he says he has only begun studying the engimatic prehistoric structures he tells about here. Jim Marshall, whose survey and analysis of Ohio earthworks reveals a knowledge of geometrical concepts 2,000 years ago, says groups of earthworks separated by as much as 14 miles in the Scioto River valley were aligned with each other.

11 /109.8 feel

1108.2 feel Fig. 2 The Liberty square, in Ross County, O., some 70 miles Fig. 3 The High Banks circle: It almost exactly circumscribes from Newark: six times 57 meters on a side (or 6x187 feet = a square of four times 57 meters (or4x 187 feet = 748 feet). 1,122 feet) The diagonal of a 57-meter square measures 264 feet. The 528-foot radius of the circle is twice that distance.

Lines drawn north-south and east-west through the centers of the octagon, square and Great Circle at Newark form a rectangle. Lines connecting the centers of all three features then form triangles of simple proportions, as seen by the -*-East numbers in the diagram. The same pattern occurs on more than 30 earthwork groups in Ohio. "This could not be the result of chance, " says Jim Marshall. Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico was laid out in conform­ ance with a precise grid. One pair of small circles divided into quadrants —chiseled in stone and found two miles apart—formed a line perpendicular to the city's north-south axis through the dominating Temples of the Sun and Moon. Inset: A residential compound measuring 57 meters on a side. Jim Marshall is convinced that the same unit measure was used both at Teotihuacan and in the Hopewell earthworks. However, he also believes the Hopewell mathe­ matical concepts were more advanced. At least, the Hopewell designs were more imaginative.

12 The Brookover-Simpson Site (33AN3) By Thomas Glover Roger Rowe 462 Westview Drive 755 Western Drive Wooster, Ohio 44691 Wooster, Ohio 44691

Introduction laub (1945). Murphy (1975: 33-37) pointed The Brookover-Simpson site (33AN3) was out that much of the black to gray Upper surveyed by the first author between 1963 Mercer flint cannot be distinguished from and 1966. Artifacts were surface finds and black to gray Zaleski flint, and for the purpose were identified with the help of the second of this paper no attempt was made to separate author. Site was checked by Shane and the two flint types. Half (50.4%) of the artifacts Murphy (1967: 344) during their 1965 survey collected had been chipped from Upper of the Hocking River Valley. They limited the Mercer/Zaleski flint, 20.2% from Flint Ridge, site to knolls on the lllinoian terrace on what 19.1% from Brush Creek, while the raw was then part of Mr. James Brookover's farm. material for 10.3% is unknown. Artifacts were found by the first author scattered over an area about 150 acres in Discussion extent including a lower Wisconsin terrace. Table 1 presents the breakdown of types and materials used for flint artifacts found on Site the Brookover-Simpson site. Paleo-lndian The Brookover-Simpson site is located on artifacts were very scarce on the site, account­ James Brookover and Kevin Simpson farms ing for about 1% of known points. One fluted just south of the conjunction of the Hocking point (Fig. 2, A) was found on the Wisconsin River and Federal Creek in section 15, Rom J terrace. Archaic points comprise the largest Township, Athens County, Ohio (Fig. 1). component consisting of about 83% of identi­ Coordinates of the site are N 39°17' 30"- W fiable points. One hundred thirty-two Brewer- 81 ° 53' 00". The site has two elevations, the ton series points (Fig. 2, E-H), 56% of known lower level consisting of a Wisconsin outwash points, was the largest Archiac component. terrace, and the upper an lllinoian outwash The next largest Archiac component was the terrace. Sturgeon and Associates (1958: 31) Lamoka series (Fig. 2, C-D), about 21% of put a maximum elevation of 685 feet above known points. sea level for an lllinoian terrace and 625 feet Other identifiable Archaic points made up for a Wisconsin terrace at Stewart, Ohio, Y2 a minor portion of artifacts. Woodland material mile southwest of the Brookover-Simpson site was also a minor component of the site, about (Fig. 1). Present low water elevation of the 12% of known points, and represented by Hocking River at the mouth of the Federal Adena, Chesser Notched, and Jack's Reef Creek is 583 feet (Sturgeon and Associates, Corner-Notched (Fig. 2, l-M). Ten triangular 1958: 16). The upper level was largely points of Fort Ancient or Late Woodland origin destroyed by the construction of the Federal were found on the site (Fig. 2, N-O). The arti­ Hocking High School and a smaller part of the facts that cannot be assigned to a specific lower level was destroyed by Brookover's farm culture are broken points, retouched flakes, operation displaced by the school. At present endscrapers, and blanks (Table 1). Brookover's portion of the site is in pasture and Simpson's portion is under cultivation. Table 2: Stone artifacts other than flint found on the Brookover-Simpson site. Methods All artifacts were surface finds during Identification Total periods the site was under cultivation. The Rubbed hemetite 4 following sources were used for identifying Fullgrooved axes 2 points: Celts 3 Converse 1970 Hemetite cone 1 Murphy 1975 Worked quartz 3 Pruferand Baby 1963 Unknown worked stone 1 Ritchie 1971 The Brookover-Simpson site is dominated Shane and Murphy 1967 by Archaic material with artifacts of the Flint varieties used in the manufacture of Brewerton series making up over half of artifacts from the site were identified using identifiable points. This pattern follows the Murphy (1975: 31-37) and Stout and Schoen- same results Shane and Murphy (1967: 329-

13 Table 1. Known points and indeterminate flint artifacts found on the Brookover-Simpson Site.

Identification Numbers and Flint Types Totals KNOWN POINTS Paleo 3 Fluted 1(UorZ-1)* Piano 2(UorZ-2) Archaic 180 Brewerton side-notched 57(UorZ-31, F-11, B-8, Unk-7) Brewerton corner-notched 51 (UorZ-30, F-11, B-11, Unk-7) Brewerton eared-notched 5(UorZ-3, B-2) Brewerton eared triangle 5(UorZ-1,F-3, B-1) Lamoka 49(UorZ-24, F-18, B-10, Unk-5) Kirk 3(UorZ-3) Newton Falls 5(UorZ-2, B-3) Archaic Bevel KB-1) Lake Erie Bif. 1(Unk-1) Bottleneck KF-1) Vosburge KF-1) Snook Kill 1(Unk-1) Woodland 28 Adena 6(UorZ-1,F-4, Unk-1) Jack's Reef 12(UorZ-12) Chesser Notched 10(UorZ-4, B-5, Unk-1) Fort Ancient or Late Woodland 10 Triangles 10(UorZ-6, B-4) Hatted Scrapers 15 Brewerton side-notched 10(UorZ-7, F-1, B-1, Unk-1) Brewerton corner-notched 4(UorZ-2, F-1, B-1) Lamoka KB-1) INDETERMINATE Points 5(UorZ-1,F-1, B-2, Unk-1) 5 Bases 68 Stemed frags 35(UorZ-25, F-1, B-6, Unk-3) Corner-notched frags 15(UorZ-11, B-3, Unk-1) Side-notched frags 15(UorZ-4, F-9, B-1) Bifurcated 3(UorZ-2, Unk-1) Tip frags 40(UorZ-24, F-8, B-5, Unk-3) 40 Blade frags 47(UorZ-26, F-11, B-7, Unk-3) 47 Drills 5(UorZ-3, F-1, B-1) 5 Punches 4(UorZ-4) 4 Blanks 30(UorZ-7, F-8, B-8, Unk-7) 30 Endscrapers 41(UorZ-20, F-10, B-8, Unk-3) 41 Hafted scrapers KB-1) 1 Choppers 4(UorZ-3, B-1) 4 Cores 6 Conical 3(UorZ-2, B-1) Irregular 3(UorZ-2, B-1) Retouched flakes 156(UorZ-68, F-37, B-31, B-31, Unk-20) 156 643 *UorZ=Upper Mercer or Zaleski flints, F=Flint Ridge flint, B = Bush Creek flint, and Unk=Unknown flint.

14 356) found on 11 of the 16 sites they surveyed Ritchie, W. A. in the Hocking River Valley. Brookover-Simp­ 1971 A typology and nomenclature for New son site appears to represent seasonal oc­ York projectile points. New York State cupation of small groups of Middle Archiac Museum and Science Service Bulletin 384, Albany. hunters and gatherers on two large outwash Shane, O. C. and J. L. Murphy terraces, an ideal area for habitation by prehis­ 1967 Survey of the Hocking Valley, Ohio, In toric man in the Hocking River Valley. Studies in Ohio Archaeology, O. H. Prufer and O. H. McKenzie, eds., pp. 329- Converse, R.N. 356. Western Reserve University Press, 1970 Ohio Flint types. Ohio Archaeologist 12 Cleveland. (4). Stout, W. and R. W. Schoenlaub Murphy, J. L. 1945 The occurrence of flint in Ohio. Geologi­ 1975 An archaeological history of the Hocking cal Survey of Ohio Bulletin 46. Columbus. Valley. Ohio University Press, Athens. Sturgeon, M. T. and Associates Prufer, O. H. and R. S. Baby 1950 The geology and mineral resources of 1963 Paleo-lndians of Ohio. The Ohio Histori­ Athens County, Ohio. Geological Survey cal Society, Columbus. of Ohio, Bulletin 57. Columbus.

Fig. 2 (Glover and Rowe) A-fluted point; B- Newton Falls; C and D-Lamoka; E and F- Brewerton Corner-Notched; G and H-Brew- erton Side-Notched; Iand J-Adena; K and L- Jack's Reef Corner Notched M-Chesser Notched; N and O-triangular.

15 Bloody Point By John R. Heath Sullivan, Ohio 44880

The artifact (Fig. 1), was found while as spoke shaves. Both notches have pressure surface hunting in Sullivan township Ashland retouch, and also show wear. Both edges of County, Ohio, in a field of virgin soil that was the blade also show wear. This artifact was plowed for the first time. After quite thoroughly probably used as a knife. covering the approximately ten acres with poor results, I made one more pass across the The measurements are: length 5 inches, high end of the field. Just above a small creek width, 1% inches at base, thickness % inch. on a sandy ridge, about one inch of this point The name of this point is derived from its was sticking out of the soil. To my surprise, color. The dark streaks up through the center after pulling it out, I had a complete piece. of both sides looks like dried blood. One edge Usually larger points are broken or damaged. is eggshell white, the other is tan mottled with The two notches part way up the edge of white. I have been unable to identify this the blade seem to have been put there for use material.

to

OD -

O :

ro - l\> - 1/

— 3 Fig. 1 (Heath) Obverse and reverse of Ashland County point.

16 Artifacts From the Sellers Collection By Paul V. Sellers, Lewistown, Missouri

Fig. 2 (Sellers) Several flint knives. Black knife on left is from Ohio and is nine inches long. Black knife on right is from Washington County, Ohio, and is eight inches long. The other knives are from Missouri.

Fig. 1 (Sellers) A poryphyry axe from Macon County, Missouri.

The Great White By Jack Rosenfeld 4704 Glengate Dr. Columbus, Ohio 43227 During the 4 years I have been surface hunting, I always joked with my friends that it may take a life time of surface hunting but I will never rest until I find "The Great White." Well my dream and ambition came true sooner than I expected. On June 3, 1979, while surface hunting in Ross County near Chilli­ cothe, I was about to give up and call it a day when I decided to try one more field. An unlikely area, it was a flat open field consisting of many acres some distance from water. As I started walking toward the center of this field, I spotted something white about 10 yards away and, to my surprise, it was a perfect, all white 3% inch long beautiful notched base dove tail point just lying there completely exposed and unbroken. Needless to say, I was very happy and excited by my discovery.

17 Fig. 1 (Tiell): Five examples of reclaimed ceremonial and decorative artifacts on which saw-salvaging was applied.

Saw Salvaging By William W. Tiell, Lakewood, Ohio

Often early man would salvage his broken butterfly bannerstone, (top row, center) has stone ceremonial and decorative artifacts. saw and snap markings on each edge of the One method of salvaging was to remove wing tips. After one wing was broken, the other portions of the remainder to make an irregular side was probably removed to retain its edge straight. The preliminary step was to saw balance and cosmetic symmetry. (Double wing or score the stone at the point of removal to a salvaging appears quite often on winged depth of one-half to two-thirds the thickness. bannerstones.)The top, right, gorget may have After cutting, a quick snap would remove the been a small, three hole, sandal-sole type. Its unwanted appendage. Efforts were then di­ top and bottom ends were removed by using rected to smoothing edges on a newly-shaped the saw and snap technique. Pictured in the art form. Figure 1 illustrates five examples of bottom row, center, is an Ohio pipestone saw-salvaged forms. The two reclaimed gor­ blocked end tube pipe. It had a salvage groove gets on the left were originally much longer. cut around the fractured end but it was again Additional holes have been drilled to facilitate shattered before the salvaging could be suspension. (The top gorget has notching and completed. incising-a frog effigy.) The salvaged winged Sometimes the displaced fragments were

18 Fig. 2 (Tiell): Seven slate appendages that have been separated by saw salvaging.

retained by early man and used, possibly as a charmstone, fetish or trinket. Three of the seven appendages, shown in Figure 2, have polish and wear on the edges. Two have incising on the face. All seven are from the Joseph Witzman collection and represent about 2% of the many slate pieces he has found over 35 years of surface hunting. They were all found in Wayne County, Ohio. Note the two wing tips (upper right) which show little damage. They were evidently removed for symmetry or balance. Figure 3 is an enlargement of saw-salvaged edges illustrating the saw and snap markings in closer view. Saw salvaging can perhaps give us a closer insight into early man by showing us one phase of hisresourcefullnessand ingenuity. Many of his thoughts are similar to our thoughts of today. We, many times, have saved damaged treasures by modifying and refining a basic design. Fig. 3 (Tiell): Enlargement (3x) of "saw and snapped " edges.

19 An Interesting Artifact By Robert W. Blickensderfer 235 Fifield Avenue, Conneaut, Ohio 44030

The object shown in Figure 1 appears to be small perforations. The artifact was brought a double-bowl pipe made of hard grey igneous back from the American Southwest many material. The bowls are irregular, curving away years ago. from the center. Both flat sides of the artifact It is truly a pipe form? Is it rare or common? are drilled with two holes for a total of four Comments would be appreciated.

.....M.iM-rvVtXU^VLBLssi

Fig. 1 (Blickensderfer) Two views of a double-bowl artifact.

20 Wayne Co. Uniface Blade Steve Fuller Wadsworth, Ohio

The illustrated uniface blade was found by ripples towards the opposite end. Many Kurt Battig in May, 1979 approximately two uniface blades have secondary pressure miles southwest of Wooster, Wayne Co., Ohio chipping on the obverse side. True uniface during the construction of Green Meadows blades are usually over two inches and may housing allotment. The site lies on the western be over five inches long. Fine flint of good uplands of the Killbuck Creek Valley in flat to fracturing quality was a prerequisite for gently undulating terrain. A short distance making fine blades." north of the find there is an intermittent tribu­ While not unusual to find artifacts of the tary of Killbuck Creek. Paleo period in this area, the unique aspect of The blade conforms to the description of the find is the material from which it is made. Fluted Point-Piano Complex uniface blades 1 The blade is fashioned from the modular chert as set forth by Converse. "Blades are always referred to variously as Indiana hornstone and long in proportion to width. They may vary in Harrison Co. flint. Characterized by a lime­ thickness, some being quite thin and others stone rind, this material occurs primarily in thick or keel-shaped. Long shallow flake scars southern Indiana and sections of northwestern on the face of the blade are flake scars of Kentucky, some 300 statute miles distant from previous blades struck from the parent core Wayne Co., Ohio. The nomadic lifestyle of and are nearly always struck from the same these early inhabitants, or possible trade direction. The reverse, or flat side, seldom connections with the area would seem to be shows secondary chipping and will have a implicated. percussion bulb at one end with radiating

Fig. 2 Reverse of Wayne Co. uniface blade. Percussion bulb Fig. 1 Obverse of Wayne Co. uniface blade. is located in lower center of illustration. Primitive Man's Portrayal of an Effigy Bird Pipe By D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Ohio

Representing the well publicized family of There is some question about the antiquity so-called "great pipes" from the lower Mis­ of these pipes which were once assigned to sissippi valley the pictured bird effigy could the late Mississippian period. Part of the be regarded as a "poor second cousin" to its confusion relates to their partial association more skillfully executed relatives. Despite its with the earlier Copena focus in the lower rather crude craftsmanship this pipe and some Mississippi basin and their appearance in the 50-odd known similar family members portray late Hopewellian period Seip mound in a kind of elegance and spirit not featured in Southern Ohio. Associated micacious material other effigy pipe forms. The majority of the plus the greenish tan heavily mica-impregnated effigies which are found primarily in the states steatite used in crafting the pipes in both of Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia portray contexts identifies the same North Carolina various species of acquatic birds in a graceful locus and a dating of 300 to 500 AD. Despite repose. We can surmise the curiosities of flight this evidence it is interesting to note there are which impressed our forefathers probably comparable examples connected with the represented an almost supernatural power Southern Temple Mound period which en­ that prehistoric man viewed with both awe compasses the interval of 1000 to perhaps and high esteem. The graceful appearance of 1500 Ad. which may be another indication of most members of the water fowl family ancient mimicry. including swans, cranes and ducks provided Fortunate collectors rate these pipes esthetically pleasing models for the primitive among the finer artifacts in their possession. artist. Since the Mississippi valley waterways Considering their scarcity, pleasing form and were also critical to these early inhabitants in terms of subsistence, transportation, trade and realistic presentation, they are valued expres­ protection considerable time would have been sions of primitive sculpture. spent in observing and recording the life forms existing there.

Figures 1 & 2 (Gehlbach) Two views of bird effigy pipe crafted from steatite.

22 Archaic Broad Bladed Stemmed Points By Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio

This point type is one of the less frequently all surfaces and which in many cases nearly encountered in Ohio and has been generally obliterates any of the scars from primary overlooked by collectors. So few of them have percussion flaking. This characteristic will be been identified and reported that little can be found even on larger pieces. These pressure deduced about their distribution or cultural flakes may be no more than V% inch in width but affiliation. From the high degree of skill will run from the edge of the blade to the evidenced in their chipping execution and center or even farther. symmetry there seems to be little doubt that Materials in this type are usually of very the type is Archaic in origin. high quality and are quite often colorful The stem is rather heavy and slightly although not always of Flint Ridge origin. expanded with grinding present in varying Much of it is from unidentifiable sources. degree from slight to heavy. The blade is broad Average sizes are from 2Y2 to 3V2 inches and its outline excurvate or shield shaped — although larger specimens are known. quite often leaving a somewhat blunted This type should not be confused with appearance on some of the shorter examples. Hopewell or Adena types since the chipping Although most of them are not extremely technique and stem treatment is completely barbed—especially the smaller ones—when different. When viewed from the side this type barbing is present the ends are rounded or will present a smoothly curved silhouette from blunted. tip to stem—this in contrast to the normal A unifying characteristic of the type is the tabular appearance of Hopewell points or the extremely fine pressure flaking which covers "thickest at the tip" outline of Adena points.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Broad Bladed Stemmed Points. Pickaway County, Licking County, Franklin County, largest point Franklin County. Bottom row —Madison County, Richland County.

23 Bar Amulets By Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio

Bar amulets have long been among the but more often the hole is directed obliquely highly prized pieces among collectors. They in a more or less straight line rather than the may be tentatively divided into two types both two angular conjoining holes found in the of which are rare. One variety is long and other style. The vast majority of this type is slender wjth small flared ends and two conjoin- made of varieties of hardstone with gneiss ing holes drilled into each end exactly like predominating. those found in birdstones. This variety is Both types have been found with Red almost always made of slate and examples Ocher burials although only the hardstone nearly nine inches long are known. type occurs thus far in Ohio. Identical examples The sound type is shown in the accompany- have also been found in Adena mounds. A ing illustration. It is shorter with more exag- curious feature is that a number of the gerated flared ends and a more pronounced hardstone specimens are not drilled but are hump in the center. It also is drilled at the ends completely finished in all other respects.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Four classically styled Ohio bar amulets from the collection of Col. Raymond C Vietzen, Elyria, Ohio. TOP—Made from highly polished gray Ohio pipestone, this well made specimen was found near Rosemont, Mahoning Co.. Ohio. UPPER CENTER— With the deeply scooped base and perforations located at the bottom of the concavity, this specimen may be related to the boatstone. Made from gray Ohio pipestone, it was found near Adrian. Seneca Co.. Ohio in 1897. LOWER CENTER —An extremely rare and well made specimen fashioned from black and white porphyritic granite, highly polished. Found in Shelby Co., Ohio. BOTTOM - A highly stylized example made from dark gray slate. Found near Mt. Vernon, Knox Co., Ohio. For scale, this specimen measures 6" in length.

24 A group of projectile points from different cultures showing the range and variation of Flint Ridge flint. Editor's collection. 25 Some outstanding Ohio flint from the collection of John Baldwin, West Olive, Michigan.

26 Paleo Square Knives By Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio

This flint tool must be considered as one of presence of a flute or flutes removed from one the rarest types of Ohio flint work. I have seen or both ends and/or from each face of the less than two dozen of them in collections blade. These flutes are not usually as pro­ around Ohio although this scarcity may be a nounced as those found on fluted points but reflection of the lack of information or recogni­ they are there nevertheless. There is little tion of the type among collectors. The wide consistency in the presence or absence of variation of flint knife design in Ohio obviates grinding or dulling of the blade edges since the classifying all knives with a square outline as examples observed may have alternate grind­ originating in the Paleo period. The following ing or sharpening on any combination of sides distinctive characteristics will enable the or ends. From guesswork, it is my impression collector to decide whether he has found or that the narrow end is most often sharpened has seen a bona fide Paleo knife. although this is clearly refuted on some These unique tools are usually about three specimens. times as long as they are wide even though Black Upper Mercer flint is most often one or two specimens have been seen which encountered as is the use of high quality chert are longer in proportion to width. In length —a duplication of the occurence of similar they are normally around 3V2 to 4 inches. One materials in fluted points. I have never seen a of its most distinctive attributes—and the one Paleo square knife of Flint Ridge flint although which determines its Paleo origin —is the I have seen one of highly colored chert.

fi t -*l 2T m T

^M

•• *Bi--'^" E i ^fe / \ f m

Fig. 1 (Converse) Obverse and reverse of two Paleo square knives from the author's collection. Knife on left is of cream colored chert from an unidentifiable source. It was found in 1888 by the grandfather of O. B. Hill (now deceased) on the family farm northwest of North Lewisburg in Logan County. It is fluted on its narrow end on one side and at the wide end on the other. The second knife is of Upper Mercer flint and was found in Knox County — originally collected by Stanley Copeland. It also is fluted on opposite sides at each end.

27 iff1**--.*-...: * , '^

Fig. / (Tie/0 Pipe in the form of a snake head. 4%" long. From Ohio.

The Snake By William W. Tiell, Lakewood, Ohio

Throughout the ages man has used the on a rattlesnake. Figure 4 is of a Fort Ancient snake as a symbol for his effigies, totems, and sandstone bear effigy pipe. On its side is decorations. Early man of Ohio was no excep­ incised a line drawing of a snake. The wedge­ tion to snake symbolism. Many of his more like cut across this snake was probably lasting artifacts have survived the ages to show cermonially rendered. Other pipes have us of his snake applications. In Adams County appeared with this same "killed" peculiarity. there is a large earthen monument dedicated Why was the snake used as a effigy? to the snake. Incised snakes are found on rock The rattlesnake and copperhead were petroglyphs, tablets, gorgets, pendants, and plentiful in Ohio as many early pioneer farmers pipes. A dimensional example of snake would attest. To kill a half dozen or more application is the pipe pictured in Figure 1. rattlesnakes in a normal day's work was a The hollow head is the bowl and a shorten relatively common happening. The abundance body is the mouthpiece. It is from Ohio and is of snakes would probably allow early man to made of a compact granite. focus on some attributes of the snake that was Many of the Fort Ancient people illustrated greatly admired. Its striking speed and deadli- the snake by inscribing it on their large ness or perhaps its adaptability to changing sandstone pipes. Some of their more objective seasons would make the snake an object of incising can be seen in Figures 2-4. Figure 2 wonder. These traits would also give the snake depicts a snake incised on a Fort Ancient an aura of mysticism. elbow pipe from Wyandot County, near Upper Sandusky. Two stylized tails can be seen in The snake has been symbolically depicted the lower left corner area. Figure 3 shows a in man's first graphics to his more recent turtle sandstone pipe with a snake incised on pictorials. Of all the reptiles it is the most illus­ the underside. The snake's tail has two wedge­ trious with its symbol arousing many of the like strikes across it. They could be "killed" same emotional sensations today as it did strikes or perhaps they represent the rattles thousands of years ago.

28 Fig. 2 (Tiell) Fort Ancient engraved elbow pipe 7%" high from Wyandot County. Ohio.

Fig. 3 (Tiell) Fort Ancient turtle effigy pipe from Crawford County, Ohio. 4Vi" high.

K'r.JC.

Fig. 4 (Tiell) Fort Ancient bear effigy pipe from Ohio. The snake measures 3!4" from tail to nose.

29 Another Distinctive Style in Fort Ancient Pipes By D. R. Gehlbach Columbus, Ohio

An interesting pipe form is the so-called stem opening positioned on the curvilinear egg shaped or "pebble" shaped pipe which is side whereas in the smaller pipe these associated with the late Fort Ancient focus in features are reversed. the southern Ohio River drainage basin. The As is the case of many of the oval pipe pictured examples which represent the only forms appearing late in the prehistoric Fort known occurrence of this form at the well- Ancient horizon, these specimens exemplify exploited Clarke village site in Clermont both a very functional type of stylization and, County, Ohio, are interesting specimens. They based on the numbers recovered, regular are unusual in that the major features are usage in the day to day subsistence of the reversed. In the larger example the bowl cavity resident population. appears on the flattened top surface with the

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Two pebble pipes crafted from sandstone, from Clarke village site, Clermont County, Ohio.

30 A Fine Blade By Gary Davis, Box 133 Bainbridge, Ohio

Pictured is a very fine flint blade made of deep red and gray translucent Carter Cave flint. It is 6 inches long and 2 and Ye, inches wide. It was found in the spring of 1978 near Buckskin Creek in Ross County, Ohio. There is some controversy surrounding the cultural affiliation of this piece —it has been called Hopewell and Paleo by two of my learned friends. However, in the "Archaeology of Eastern North America", Volume 4, 1976, are pictured late Adena artifacts from the West River site and Sandy Hill site of Maryland. The blade in the illustration is very similar in shape, size, and chipping. It also exhibits resharoen- ing beginning one inch from the base like that on the Sandy Hill and West River specimens -a trait present on 30% to 40% of the excavated pieces. After further study, it is my conclusion that this blade is late Adena.

(Editor's note: As one of the people who examined this fine piece it was my conclusion that it belong in the Piano period. This assessment is based on the rather widespread occurence of identical sized blades scattered around Ohio of Carter Cave flint with basal grinding —a non-Adena trait. In addition, there are a number of stemmed lanceolate blades of the same material of classic Piano design and almost identical size.)

INCHES

Fig. 1 (Davis) Six inch blade of Carter Cave flint from Ross County.

31 North American Indian Dugout Discoveries By Lar Hothem 65 Oberle Carroll, Ohio 43112

Indian dugout watercraft, whether of early find, published in these pages, gave the historic or prehistoric origin, remain a fas­ erroneous impression that only two other cinating and little-known field. Here is a listing dugouts had been found. This was based on a of North American finds, mostly Eastern, that garbled wire-release, and here stands are known to have taken place. Any informa­ corrected. tion available to the writer has been included. The writer would like to hear from anyone Basic research sources were personal com­ with documented information on additional munications and various publications. dugout discoveries. A previous article by the writer on the Ohio Lar Hothem

Number of Location Date Dimensions Est. age dugouts found Two Canada, Ontario — — — One Delaware — — — One Florida, Hall — 19 ft. long, bottom — Lake only One (of Georgia, Chatta­ Ca. 24 ft. long, interior Ca. AD Two) hoochee River 1974 width 18 in. 1700-1725 One Georgia, Oco­ 1931 or — nee River 1932 One Louisiana, in 1977 About 20 ft. long bayou One Massachusetts, 1965 10 ft. 11 in. long, Poss. Great Pond at 2 ft. 3 in. wide 1700's Weymouth One Michigan, Rose 1970s 17 ft. long Lake One (of Michigan, In­ Late — — Three) dian Lake 1970's One New York, Lake — — Wallenpaupack " Two, (poss. New York, Caz- Pre-1861 About 15 ft. long — Four) enovia Lake One New York, NYC, 1906 Portion, 7 ft. 3 in. — Manhattan long, 3 ft. wide One, (poss. North Carolina, — Portion, about 9 ft. 945 years, Eight) Black Lake long, 26 in. wide +/- 45 yr One Ohio, Savannah 1976 22)4 ft. long, 3000 Lake 3YA ft. wide years One Southwestern 1970(?) — U.S. river One Tennessee, 1797 32)4 ft. long, interior Pre-1797 river width, 20 in. One Virginia, Pow­ 1963 Reconstructed from hatan Creek pieces; 26 ft. 6% in. long, 25Y* in. wide (All rights reserved)

32 Ohio Obsidian By William W. Tiell Lakewood, Ohio

One of the rarest materials from which Ohio chip found in Erie County, Ohio, nearthe Esch blades and points were made is obsidian. It is mound site. Photograph 3 shows a obsidian extremely unusual in this region because of point from his collection which was found in the great distance from its place of origin. It is Ohio. Its exact origin is not known. More native to states west of the Rocky Mountains. reports of obsidian surface finds are from Knox Obsidian was created by the melting of sand County, Ohio (Ensil Chadwick, personal com­ during a volcanic eruption. It is identified by munication), and Logan County, Ohio (M. E. its glass-like surface and its semi-transparent Burdett, personal communication). qualities—it is often called "nature's glass". The earliest written reports of worked The primary color of this stone is black of obsidian from Ohio were by Squier and Davis various densities. Other less common colors in 1848. They described knives of flint and include dull red, combinations of dull red and obsidian that had been taken from several of blacks, and also blacks with small white the mounds at Mound City and Hopewell Ross inclusions (snowflake obsidian). County, Ohio. As reports of obsidian finds The point in Figure 1 was found by John accumulate, more accurate trade patterns and Wallace in the fall of 1933 adjacent to his cultural development of early man can be father, William Wallace's farm in Jefferson assessed. County, Ohio. The farm is located 3 miles Smith, Arthur George north-northwest of Richmond. It has side 1961 Obsidian in northern Ohio. Ohio Archae­ notches and a slightly polished base. Another ologist 11(1): 17. Ohio obsidian find is Gary Davis' point shown Squier, Ephraim and Edwin Davis in Figure 2. He found it in Twin Township, east 1848 Ancient monuments of the Mississippi of Bourneville, Ross County, Ohio. Arthur valley. Smithsonian Contributions to George Smith (1961) wrote about a obsidian Knowledge I. Washington, D.C.

Fig. 1 (Tiell) Point from Jefferson Fig. 2 (Tiell) Obsidian stemmed point Fig. 3 (Tiell) Obsidian point from Ohio. County, Ohio. Striped translucent ob­ from Ross County, Ohio. Translucent Striped, and similar to #1 in density; 7 sidian of black and gray; length l /s inch. black; length 1% inch. length Vh inch.

33 Artifacts in the Newman Collection By Stephen Kelley P.O Box #1 Seaman, Ohio 45679 Figure 1 illustrates an interesting artifact found during 1977 by Mr. and Mrs. Gary Newman of Winchester, Ohio. It was re­ covered on a bluff overlooking a small creek in Adams County. The relic is approximately 5 inches long by 2 inches wide. It is made of cannel coal and apparently was fashioned for a pendant. Two large notches designate the top whereas tally marks are notched around the remainder of the piece. It was found in a freshly plowed field in a layer of yellow subsoil that had obviously been previously undis­ turbed. The pendant had been deposited on top of the surface by the plowing process and had started cracking into several pieces before its discovery. Within inches of the pendant were the artifacts pictured in Figure 2. These were also discovered within the same zone of subsoil which indicates the possibility that all the artifacts were deposited at one time in a small Fig. 2 (Kelly) Top Row: Archaic side-notched points and cache. The specimens in Figure 2 include two prismoidal weight; Bottom Row: Expanded-base drill and small side-notched points heavily ground on unground side-notched point. their bases and a damaged prismoidal weight, types which are diagnostic of the Early Archaic culture. Also in the Newman collection is the beautiful diagonal corner notched point featured in Figure 3. It is made of gray Upper Mercer flint and was found in 1976 on a construction site in Mt. Washington, Hamilton County.

Fig. 1 (Kelly) Cannel coal pendant found in Fig. 3 (Kelly) Diagonal corner-notched point found in Adams County, Ohio. Hamilton County, Ohio.

34 Franklin County Find Mike Schoenfeld 532 Mahoning Court Columbus, Ohio

This effigy was found while surface hunting by the aboriginal Indian. The effigy was prehis- in Franklin County, Ohio on May 28,1979. It is torically broken and salvaged by cutting a V- made of green chlorite and measures 2% shaped notch into the broken end. (Figure 2) 11 inches long, /16 inches wide, and % inches The question remaining in my mind is what high at its highest point. (Figure 1) was it originally? Various theories have been Chlorite being a rare type of stone not offered: possible birdstone, lizard effigy, or an native to Ohio, must have been highly valued effigy of something known only to its maker.

Fig. 1 (Schoenfeld) Side view of chlorite effigy.

Fig. 2 (Schoenfeld) Top view showing V shaped notch.

35 Erie Co. Bust Birdstone By Steve Fuller Wadsworth, Ohio

Certainly one of the most extraordinary tan and black granite, the rear half is of a varie­ surface finds in recent years was the discovery gated rust and gray colored material which of the illustrated bust birdstone. Due to the appears to be quartz. The two distinct materials unusual circumstances surrounding the dis­ are divided by a salmon colored band of an covery, it seems appropriate that an account unidentified material, possibly feldspar or of the events should warrant perpetuation via felsite. Measuring 1%" height, completed publication. conical drilling is from the underside of the In the latter part of April, 1977, Earl 3^6" x 1%" oval base. The treatment of the Devereaux of Wellington, Ohio was making an base is interesting in that it is of the true plat­ 1 annual pilgrimage to a favorite fishing spot on form type, having a /t6" circumventing vertical the Huron River located downstream from edge prior to truncating toward the head. Milan, Ohio. Upon arriving, he decided to try Based upon personal observation, this rare his luck fishing for smallmouth bass which feature seems to occur only on the more highly necessitated locating suitable bait. While developed bust specimens. The eyes are of gathering crayfish on a shale bar in the middle the cylindertype normally associated with bust of the river, he noticed an unusual object birdstones. beneath the less than knee-deep water's The question of how the birdstone came to surface. Gently grasping the object by the be in the middle of the Huron River is one of "head" and removing it from the loose shale of intrigue. The area surrounding the discovery the river bed, it proved to be a very fine is heavily forested and appears to have never example of a bust type birdstone. been cultivated. Mr. Devereaux stated that Although his grandfather had collected this particular section of the river had never arrowheads for many years, Earl was not altered its' course so drastically within his familiar with birdstones, and indeed, initially memory than it did between the spring of 1976 had no concept of what he had found. His and 1977. Possibly due in part to the excessive curiosity being aroused, a short time passed amount of ice on the river during the winter, before he decided to show the find to his approximately twenty feet of the bank was brother, an antique dealer, who in turn scoured from an elevated section of land a delivered it to the Cleveland Museum of short distance upstream from the discovery. Natural History where it was identified as a Being doubtful that the birdstone was origi­ prehistoric North American artifact, possibly nally located in the bottom ground, most of the Early Woodland period. probably it was dislodged from this elevated The birdstone exhibits the all too rare section of land by ice or water action and combination of classic design, superb work­ transported the short distance downstream manship, pristine condition and colorful finally coming to rest on a shale bar destined igneous material. (See color photograph back to be found by an unexpectant fisherman. cover). While the front half is fashioned from a

36 Fig. 1 (Fuller) Four views of the Erie County bust birdstone. Color photograph is on outside back cover.

37 The Puzzle of Primitive Pipe Migration Patterns By D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Ohio

The origin of certain diagnostic pipe forms While similar examples are occasionally would provide a challenging research project located as far south as Kentucky they usually for the professional or amateur archaeologist. show more incised or three dimensional detail. Several months ago the writer had the oppor­ One inescapable conclusion is that the model­ tunity to view and subsequently obtain the ing techniques were distributed via migration sandstone bird effigy illustrated in Figure 1, and/or trade routes including the named river which was collected near Charlestown, In­ and lake systems which interconnect. diana. The puzzle surrounding this piece is There is little evidence to validate this the location where it was found, Clark County, assumpation or to answer questions such as Indiana, which borders on the Ohio River where the pipe style originated and when or some 15 miles north of Louisville, Kentucky. how it was first copied by a resident Fort This pipe form is normally associated with the Ancient population hundreds of miles away. very late prehistoric and historic periods and Future research will hopefully provide more is found in the village sites of the eastern clues to fill in the missing pieces to the puzzle. Great Lakes basin Iroquoian people.

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach): Sandstone bird effigy pipe found near Charlestown, Indiana.

38 Some Nice Flint From The William Piatt Collection

Fig. 1 (Piatt) Top Left To Right #i. Square base Archaic spear. Blue-gray flint. Found by William Polkow, Windsor, Ashtabula Co., Ohio. 55/s by PA inches. #2. Adena Style base spear. Black flint mottled with blue. Found by Carl Scott, Rt. 614 Ford road, West of Madison, Lake Co. Ohio in 1918. 5% by 1% inches. #3. Triangular knife or spear. Bluish mottled flint. Found by Ed Brockway on his farm on Trask Rd. Leroy Twp. Lake Co. Ohio in 1935. 5'A by 1% inches. #4. Corner notched black flint. Heavy medial ridge. Serrated with basal grinding. George Miller Massilon, Stark Co. Ohio in 1946. 2xh by % inches. 85. Concave base knife or spear. Beveled brown flint. E. F. Gibbs, Lewisburg Ky. Found in 1946. 6V& by PA inches. #6. Triangular knife or spear. Blue-black flint. Found by Dan Goodman on their farm one half mile North of U.S. Rt. 422 on Goodman Rd. Warren Twp., Trumbull Co., Ohio. Found broken, while shocking oats. It lay in the track of the binder bull wheel. 1924. 6!4 by lVi inches. #7. Same data as no. 4. Photo by J. Usselman. 39 Where's The Point? By Thomas C. Grubb Mt. Vernon, O.

While surface hunting at a "workshop" in shown in Fig. 1. Readers may test their visual Coshocton county I was overwhelmed by the acuity by seeing how many whole and broken astronomical number of flint chips, flakes and points they can count in 5 minutes. Three spalls spreading over acres and acres sur­ years ago I (Grubb 1976) published a report rounding an Upper Mercer quarry. Each entitled "What's the Point?" and since the square yard contained 10-25 bits of flint which present subject is a different aspect of had accumulated over thousands of years. projectile points I am entitling it "Where's the Because of this profusion of debitage I found Point?". it difficult to identify broken or complete projectile points before I had passed them by. I concluded that I could improve my visual REFERENCE: acuity and program my brain to see only whole Grubb, Thomas C. or parts of points in the melange by practicing 1976 What's the Point. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. on a purposely concentrated mixture of flint 26, No. 1, pp. 4 debitage and complete or broken points as

Fig. 1 (Grubb) How many broken and complete projectile points can you count in this mixture in 5 minutes?

40 A Yellow Creek Fluted Point By Kenny L. Mossor 2F190 Yankee Road Toronto, OH 43964

This point was found by the author on May 27, 1979. It was found while hunting a plowed field along Yellow Creek in Jefferson County, Ohio. It was raining lightly at the time. A light blue-gray in color, probably Coshoc­ ton flint, the point measures 2%6 inches in width. The flute on the obverse side is V/2 inches long and runs out the side of the point due to a slight nodule at the tip. A second channel parallels the first and seems to run out at about the end of the first. Total width of the double flute is % inch. The flute channel on the front side is one inch long and Y2 inch wide. Another interesting artifact found on the same day in the same field is this fluted knife. It is 2% inches long and 1 Y2 inches wide. The flute itself runs through the total length of the artifact and is % of an inch wide. The striking base seems to be at the front of the knife. The back of this artifact is uniface.

Fig. 2 (Mossor) Reverse side of fluted point.

Fig. 1 (Mossor) Front side of fluted point. Fig. 3 (Mossor) Large fluted knife found on the same day.

41 Birdstones-Prehistoric Art By John Baldwin West Olive, Michigan "That's a cop out!" Early farmers called them corn huskers and "No it isn't," I said, "Let me explain/When I duck or dog stones, but in truth they really do say that we really do not know what birdstones not look like ducks or dogs. Snails or frogs are I mean that any opinion concerning their have been popular handles, stone bayonet, use is based on speculation. Unfortunately emblems of maternity, fetishes, gambling over the years many collectors feel that devices and amulets or luck stones. Warren K. because they have collected and owned Moorehead's, The Birdstone Ceremonial, birdstones they should know and tell what features birdstones sitting on gorgets suggest­ they are. I strongly object to this viewpoint as ing that the two were tied together. One usually their conclusions are far-out and can collector is counting and recording how many be objectively discredited. times a bird will rock back and forth. I guess "What about atlatl weights?" there are as many theories as there are birds. That theory originated when public pres­ "Okay, you have criticized most of the sure to give an answer cornered an early known speculation. You collect birds, have archaeologist. He put birds with banners and studied them, written about them, what do you utilized the then-popular counter weight on a really think they are? I don't accept, I don't throwing stick idea. What happened then was know,' for an answer. Surely you have some the idea got in print and was perpetuated by a concrete thoughts." next generation of writers using earlier papers Yes, I do. But let me start by saying that my for their research rather than common sense thoughts are subject to change as recorded and practical research. documentation comes forth. I think that the "I know of an old collector of birds that sheer speculation theories are probably the proclaimed they flew the spirit of the dead to least credible. When we today take an ancient heaven. What about that one?" abstract object and try to put a functional use I knew that man quite well. He spent a to it, we are over-qualified. By this I mean we lifetime studying birdstones. I cannot say his have generations of scientific and mechanical idea was wrong but I do know through personal knowledge on which we base our decisions communication that his idea was based on and assumptions. To postulate a proper personal religious beliefs. thought we have to put ourselves in the middle "You mean speculation?" of virgin land with no knowledge of the modern Yes, speculation and an ego that would not world. No flat planes such as roads or walls, no let him say, "I don't know." This collector also mechanical application processes, just nature claimed he could tell if a left handed man or a and ourselves. Only after we are in this mental right handed man created the bird. He also state can we ask and begin to properly answer spit on birds to tell if they were authentic. what and why. "What does Earl Townsend say they are? First, consider the varied shape groupings, He wrote the book and has a lot of birds. He the banded slate patterns or spotted hardstone should know." markings, and, possibly most important of all Earl goes into great detail in his book and least speculated upon, the unique drilling explaining and documenting birds and the of the so-called birdstone. I am not convinced early theories. Nowhere in his book does he they are bird forms. Why were they drilled so come out an claim an exact usage. He looks carefully and to what were they tied may on them today as art forms but I think his ideas someday unlock the key to their real use. By about their original use is an uncompleted today's standards and also prehistoric stand­ goal. ards of known wildlife, birdstones are abstract "What about the effigy duck decoy theory?" art forms. We also know from physical exami­ Well, that theory went unanswered for eight nation that they were coveted even after being years. I think that speaks for itself. Personally I damaged. This put a high degree of importance can see absolutely no comparison to decoys on the meaning of each bird. Based on these whatsoever. Duck hunters and decoy collec­ observations coupled with the artistic grace tors of renown laugh when this theory is and uniqueness of this form, I agree with the suggested. religious fetish theory in conjunction with the object as a cultural identity symbol. Keep in "What are some of the other far-out mind that religion for prehistoric cultures was speculations?"

42 probably synonymous with culture. I do not relics. I also do not believe we in modern day think it is fair to the artists' work to put a will esteem them as greatly as did the original functional value to the advanced artform creators and owners.

Fig. 1 (Baldwin) Birdstones from the John Baldwin collection: Montgomery County, Indiana; Middlesex County, Ontario, Canada; Canada below Detroit; Marshal County, Michigan; Indianapolis, Indiana; Oxford County, Ontario, Canada; Sandusky County, Ohio; Van Buren County, Michigan.

43 The Artistic Archaic Scott Haskins 484 Stinchcomb Dr. Columbus, Ohio

It has long been a truism among anthro­ east. It should be noted that even prolonged pologists, sociologists, and other trained and elaborate regional interaction does not observers gf human culture and behavior actually explain the fancy touches of the patterns that an increasing freedom from the aforementioned point types, but rather may need to attend to basic survival concerns will indicate that these creative ventures were result in preliminary manifestations of intel­ more than local freak phenomena. The "bottom lectual curiosity and artistic expression, line" is that the change in the purely nomadic especially those divorced from rituals of spirit- lifestyle of the paleo big game hunters to that capturing, hunt-enhancing magic. From our of the somewhat more secure hunting, fishing own comfortable perspective it is hard to and gathering Archaic lifestyle resulted in imagine a hierarchy of needs that makes the among other things, a greater freedom and daily pursuit of food the single most important interest in experimenting with lithic material human endeavor. This was certainly the case workmanship. "The nomadic way of life kept for the earliest of our prehistoric predeces­ the early hunters from accumulating large sors, however, whose existence was geared quantities of non-utilitarian tools and imple­ to the proximity of the great nomadic herds, ments .... they could not afford the luxury of and, to a lesser extent, on the appearance of making artifacts that were not useful in a seasonal plants. The advent of the post-glacial practical way." (Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples, era in Ohio and the surrounding region marked Potter, 1968). This is not to suggest that dove­ the beginning of changes in the flora and fauna tails, key notch points, etc. were never used that were to have a significant cultural impact. after their manufacture. The "point" is that I would suggest that the blossoming experi­ Potter's statement strongly suggests that prior mental, artistic, whimsical bent of Ohio's to the Archaic era there was considerably less prehistoric peoples is well evidenced in likelihood the practicing flint knapper would certain flint point types that emerged during incorporate non-functional flourishes in his the Archaic era, that 6,000 to 8,000 odd year current project; the overriding concern was span of archaeological conceptualization that for the production of functional tips and cutting bridged simple paleo hunting economies and edges. the relative permanence and stability of the Not every tool and weapon of the Archaic early woodland. era shows any particular beauty or imagina­ There is a greater variety of point types tion, of course, but the number that in fact do considered to be from the Archaic than from so supports the premise that this was the era any other culture or complex the region shows when creative expression became truly emer­ evidence of having hosted. It has also pro­ gent. Happily, flint and chert can readily duced the greatest number of point types that survive the climatic ravages of the eons—who are notable for certain enigmatic, apparently knows what masterpieces in wood and bone purposeless characteristic traits: the sheared have long since disintegrated? Cultures stem of approximately 10% of all Lake Erie subsequent to the Archaic enjoyed an even bifurcates, the flake removal and subsequent greater freedom to devote themselves to other near-obliteration of the facet of the fractured than pure survival requirements. During the base point, the scroll-like silhouette of the Adena, Hopewell and Ft. Ancient epochs we expanded "E" or key-notch, the incongrously find the civilization-altering combination of delicate fantail of the small-based dovetail, greater amounts of leisure time and an the wine glass-like constricted stem of the increasing ability to conceptualize in an Ashtabula. abstract manner producing more complex The Ashtabula, most often found in north­ social integrations, bartering systems and eastern and north central parts of the state, is funerary rituals. Personal adornment also one of several types believed to be an became more elaborate. In light of these ex­ "import." It has been said that the diversity of panded interests the number of distinctively projectile/tool types during this era is an different flint types seems to have lessened. indicator of contact between Ohio's Archaic In this one regard at least, the Artistic Archaic people and those to the south, east and north­ is the champ.

44 An Unusual Carved Stone Artifact From Northeast Ohio By John R.White Professor of Anthropology Youngstown State University Youngstown, Ohio 44555

An unusual artifact was unearthed in lines, obviously representing a headdress Liberty Township, Trumbull County, Ohio that (possibly feathers?) or a stylized hairdo. The appears to defy ready explanation and is very edges of the face were given a rounded difficult to place chronologically. Discovered contour by systematic pecking—the peck in 1978 by Mr. Richard Guiterrez, a Liberty marks are still clearly evident on the right side resident, the artifact is a fragment of a brown of the face. The carved slab is 18.6cm high by sandstone slab on the obverse side of which is 15.0cm wide by 7.5cm thick. The reverse side, carved, in relief, a human face (Fig. 1). The unmodified, is quite flat. features, especially the mouth with its pursed Found in isolation, under conditions which, lips located immediately below the long, though supportive of its prehistoric authen­ aquiline nose are reminiscent of those found ticity, belie its placement into a specific on some Adena-Hopewell pottery figurines cultural context or time period, identification and more strangely on faces engraved on of this artifact may prove difficult —if not some Meso-American stelae. The suggestion impossible. This archaeologist would like to is not being made that the incised slab is get more information from anyone who has related to either of these cultures or culture encountered anything like it before, either areas. Rather it is offered as a point of through first-hand experience or through the comparison. literature. Any help would be greatly The top of the slab, above the face, is appreciated. deeply incised with a series of vertical parallel

Fig. 1 (White) Stone face from Trumbull County, Ohio.

45 News Release EARLY MAN—the Magazine of Modern how this country's native inhabitants are Archaeology—made its debut today, Publisher perceived." Stuart Struever hailed the new publication as The letter goes on to outline EARLY MAN's "a major addition to the special interest objectives: consumer magazine field in America." "New discoveries excite us all, and North­ A quarterly, EARLY MAN is published by western Archeology's professional contacts Northwestern Archeological, a program of and training put us in the unique position to archeological teaching and research spon­ provide informed reports on these. At the sored jointly by Northwestern University and same time, archeology has gone through dramatic changes in recent years. We will help the Foundation for Illinois Archeology. Since you understand its new goals. We will tell you its inception 10 years ago, the program has about the new techniques being used to learn drawn widespread support of businesses and more about ancient human behavior from individuals as contributing members. excavated remains, the controversies that Struever points to this support as an stimulate public discussion and need rea­ example of the need for a publication such as soned, intelligent handling to keep them in EARLY MAN, which presents archeology in perspective, and the effect that new Federal an attractive format and easily readable style. laws are having on archeological sites en­ "Never before have Americans had a deeper dangered by public works construction. longing to identify with the history of their own "Other areas we plan to deal with: How do country," he says. archeologists go about their work? How does In a "letter from the publisher'' in the archeology put history in a truer light? How Spring, 1979, issue, Struever comments: can you—the public—explore this nation's "The "new" EARLY MAN is published with long heritage, share in archeological dis­ the conviction that archeology is relevant to coveries, and see firsthand archeologists at today's living. The lead article, "Geometry of work in the field?" the Hopewell Earthworks," is a case in point. It The annual subscription price to EARLY offers not only fascinating insights into a MAN of $15 includes membership in North­ defunct people. It has significant implications western Archeology. Plans are under way to on American society, for one thing affecting accept advertising.

Announcement The Western Reserve Historical Society Baldwin on the "History of Man in Ohio." published a number of tracts of archaeological Among the other tracts are articles on the and historical interest in the late nineteenth Ohio Railroad, Cleveland's Harbor, and the century. In 1892, tracts numbered 73 through history of Lorain County. 84 were bound together in one volume of 379 Copies of this book are available by mail. pages and indexed. The Historical Society has All checks in the amount of $16.00 (includes a small supply of this volume which it is selling $1 for mailing) should be made payable to the for $15.00. Western Reserve Historical Society and Included in this volume are articles by M C. directed to: Read on the "Archaeology of Ohio," heavily illustrated; W. C.Mills and G.Frederick Wright A.W.C. Phelps on the "Discovery of Palaeolithic Implements Western Reserve Historical Society at Newcomerstown, O.;" F. W. Putnam on the 10825 East Boulevard "Ancient Earthworks of Ohio," and C. C. Cleveland, Ohio 44106

46 Book Review

THE GLACIAL KAME INDIANS, by Robert N. matter is systematically organized with sec­ Converse, 159 pp., hardbound, 82 illustrations tions devoted to burial customs, ceremonial­ and maps. The Archaeological Society of ism, trade, artifact types associated with Ohio, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington, Glacial Kame sites, and descriptions of several Ohio 43085. $12.75 plus $1.00 mailing. sites located in Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michi­ THE GLACIAL KAME INDIANS by Robert gan, Ontario, Vermont and Wisconsin. N. Converse is the first publication focusing The book details many new and hitherto on the Glacial Kame culture since 1948 when unknown facts and cultural traits for Glacial the University of Michigan Press released Kame. It reveals a culture which rivals the Wilbur Cunningham's A STUDY OF THE better known Hopewell and Adena in cere­ GLACIAL KAME CULTURE IN MICHIGAN, mony and symbolism. OHIO AND INDIANA. Mr. Converse's long­ The author has very successfully accom­ time interest in Glacial Kame, supplemented plished the tedious task of assembling for the with invaluable field notes and photographs reader a wealth of information and photo­ supplied by Edward Galitza, was the genesis graphs from many sources. Providing a better for this most informative treatise. understanding of this often neglected area of Although generally accepted that Glacial midwestern prehistory, THE GLACIAL KAME Kame was part of a larger burial cult centered INDIANS seems destined to become a funda­ in the lower Great Lakes area and which mental and valuable addition to the library of manifested itself through elaborate mortuary collectors, students and archaeologists. The practices, the origins are not fully understood author's desire that this volume provide a as of yet. Attention is given to the common needed stimulus for further research into bond shared between Glacial Kame, Red Glacial Kame will hopefully be realized. Ocher and Meadowood as well as the possible chronological relationship of Glacial Kame to Steve Fuller Archaic, Adena and Hopewell. The subject Wadsworth, Ohio

Necrology

CHARLES CROCKER On August 4th, 1979 Charles Crocker passed away. He was born in Thompson Ohio June 15th, 1894. He was raised on a farm and became interested in Indian relics at an early age. His father gave him arrowheads that he had found on their old home farms in Southing- ton, Ohio and New Castle Pa. He became an avid relic hunter and collector and a authority on Indian sites in Geauga, Lake and Ashtabula counties. He was an early member of the Indian Relic Collectors Society of Ohio. After retiring from farming he relocated in Braden- ton Florida and continued his collecting in that area. He served as curator of the South Florida Museum for a time. He will be well remembered by the old members of the Society.

47 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY

The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.