DOCSLIB.ORG

SC Syria Count N Ara Try of Ab R F Orig Epub Gin Inf Blic Formation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SC Syria Count N Ara Try of Ab R F Orig Epub Gin Inf Blic Formation Syrian Arab Republic Country of Origin Information (COOI) Report COI Service 11 September 2013 Syrian Arab Republic 11 September 2013 Contents Preface Useful news sources for further information Paragraphs Background information 1. Geography ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Maps ...................................................................................................................... 1.06 2. Economy ............................................................................................................... 2.01 Currency and exchange rate ............................................................................... 2.07 3. History 1946-2012 ................................................................................................. 3.01 The census of Al-Hasaka province: 1962 and Arabization: 1960s-1970s ........ 3.02 The Baath party seizes power: 1963 ................................................................... 3.04 The reign of Hafez al-Assad: 1970-2000 ............................................................. 3.06 The Muslim Brotherhood rebellion: 1976-1982 .................................................. 3.08 The annexation of the Golan Heights: 1981 ....................................................... 3.09 The reign of Bashar al-Assad 2000 to the present ............................................ 3.10 The ‘Damascus Spring’: June 2000-February 2001 ........................................... 3.11 Increased opposition and subsequent clampdown: 2003-2007 .......................... 3.12 Elections and the Presidential referendum: April and May 2007 ........................ 3.16 Continued clampdown: June 2007- end of 2010 ................................................ 3.17 Start of unrest in March 2011 - 2012 .................................................................. 3.19 Government concessions 2011, elections and constitutional revision 2012 ....... 3.24 4. Constitution .......................................................................................................... 4.01 Supreme Constitutional Court............................................................................. 4.06 5. Political system .................................................................................................... 5.01 Human Rights 6. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6.01 7. Security situation ................................................................................................. 7.01 Armed Opposition ................................................................................................ 7.06 Syrian National Council and Syrian Free Army .................................................. 7.09 Al-Nusra Front .................................................................................................... 7.12 Areas of conflict ................................................................................................... 7.16 Violations in the conduct of hostilities ............................................................... 7.18 8. Security forces ..................................................................................................... 8.01 Overview ............................................................................................................... 8.01 Armed forces ........................................................................................................ 8.04 Defections .......................................................................................................... 8.05 Internal Security Forces (ISF) .............................................................................. 8.08 Police, Gendarmerie and Desert Guard/Frontier Force ...................................... 8.08 Shabbiha and People’s Army/Popular Committees ............................................ 8.11 Security and intelligence forces .......................................................................... 8.18 Overview ............................................................................................................ 8.18 Human rights violations by government forces ................................................ 8.21 ii This COI Report contains the most up to date publicly available information as at 31 July 2013. 11 September 2013 Syrian Arab Republic Arbitrary arrest and detention ............................................................................. 8.25 Torture ................................................................................................................ 8.31 Surveillance ........................................................................................................ 8.41 Surveillance abroad ....................................................................................... 8.48 Extra-judicial killings & ‘disappearances’ ............................................................ 8.49 Alleged Syrian involvement in the ‘disappearance’ of Lebanese nationals and Palestinians ............................................................................................. 8.55 Avenues of complaint .......................................................................................... 8.58 9. Military service ..................................................................................................... 9.01 Recent presidential declarations about military service ................................... 9.10 Reservists ............................................................................................................. 9.17 10. Abuses by non-government armed forces ......................................................... 10.01 Extra-judicial killings ............................................................................................ 10.02 Arbitrary arrest and detention ............................................................................. 10.06 Torture ................................................................................................................... 10.09 Hostage taking ...................................................................................................... 10.11 11. Judiciary ................................................................................................................ 11.01 Organisation ......................................................................................................... 11.01 Anti-Terrorism Court ........................................................................................... 11.04 The Supreme State Security Court (SSSC) ....................................................... 11.06 Independence ....................................................................................................... 11.07 Fair trial ................................................................................................................. 11.10 Emerging local improvised judicial systems ..................................................... 11.15 12. Arrest and detention – legal rights ..................................................................... 12.01 13. Prison conditions ................................................................................................. 13.01 Abuses in prisons ................................................................................................ 13.05 14. Death penalty ........................................................................................................ 14.01 15. Political affiliation ................................................................................................. 15.01 Freedom of political expression .......................................................................... 15.05 Freedom of association and assembly ............................................................... 15.09 Opposition groups and political activists .......................................................... 15.14 National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces ................... 15.17 The Syria National Council (NCC) ...................................................................... 15.18 National Co-ordination Committee (NCC) ......................................................... 15.19 Islamist/Salafist political activists ........................................................................ 15.20 Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun (Muslim Brotherhood) .................................................... 15.21 Kurdish political activists .................................................................................... 15.27 16. Freedom of speech and media ............................................................................ 16.01 Overview ............................................................................................................... 16.01 Print media ............................................................................................................ 16.12 Radio and television ............................................................................................. 16.16 Journalists ............................................................................................................ 16.20 Internet freedom ................................................................................................... 16.26 17. Human rights institutions, organisations and activists ...................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Russian Views on the Constitutional Committee and the Political Process in Syria Nikolay Sukhov, Oriental Studies Institute
    Syria Transition Challenges Project Discussion Paper (4) Russian views on the Constitutional Committee and the political process in Syria Nikolay Sukhov, Oriental Studies Institute 1 The Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) The Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) is an international foundation established in 1995, with 51 member states, for the primary purpose of promoting peace, security and international cooperation through executive education, applied policy research and dialogue. The GCSP trains government officials, diplomats, military officers, international civil servants and NGO and private sector staff in pertinent fields of international peace and security. Syria Transition Challenges Project A multilateral dialogue and research project that aims to build bridges between the EU, Russia, Turkey, and the US on the three issues of Reform, Refugees Return, and Reconstruction. The project is run by the GCSP in collaboration with European University Institute (EUI), Syrian Centre for Policy Research (SCPR), and swisspeace. Editors: Abdulla Ibrahim, project lead researcher Lorraine Charles, research associate Author Nikolay Sukhov Nikolay Sukhov (PhD, History) is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Oriental Studies, expert of Russian Council for Foreign Affairs, Vice-President of International Middle Eastern Studies Club. Participated as Russian Foreign Ministry officer with diplomatic assignment in Rabat (2005 – 2012) in high-level international events and conferences throughout the countries of the region. He participated in Dartmouth Conference Task Force on the Russian-US Relationship, Abu Dhabi Strategic Debate, Russian-US Dialogue on Syria, Restricted Meeting of Mediation Practitioners on Syria and Inter-Palestinian negotiations among others. From October 2017 to July 2019 he was a Senior Political Officer in the Office of the UN Special Envoy for Syria in Damascus.
    [Show full text]
  • Review and Updated Checklist of Freshwater Fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Status
    Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2017), 4(Suppl. 1): 1–114 Received: October 18, 2016 © 2017 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: February 30, 2017 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.7508/iji.2017 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status Hamid Reza ESMAEILI1*, Hamidreza MEHRABAN1, Keivan ABBASI2, Yazdan KEIVANY3, Brian W. COAD4 1Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran 3Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries Division), Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran 4Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada *Email: [email protected] Abstract: This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic and zoogeographical research on the Iranian inland ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of J.J. Heckel (1846-1849), the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. This article lists 288 species in 107 genera, 28 families, 22 orders and 3 classes reported from different Iranian basins. However, presence of 23 reported species in Iranian waters needs confirmation by specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria: "Torture Was My Punishment": Abductions, Torture and Summary
    ‘TORTURE WAS MY PUNISHMENT’ ABDUCTIONS, TORTURE AND SUMMARY KILLINGS UNDER ARMED GROUP RULE IN ALEPPO AND IDLEB, SYRIA Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2016 Cover photo: Armed group fighters prepare to launch a rocket in the Saif al-Dawla district of the Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons northern Syrian city of Aleppo, on 21 April 2013. (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. © Miguel Medina/AFP/Getty Images https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2016 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 24/4227/2016 July 2016 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 METHODOLOGY 7 1. BACKGROUND 9 1.1 Armed group rule in Aleppo and Idleb 9 1.2 Violations by other actors 13 2. ABDUCTIONS 15 2.1 Journalists and media activists 15 2.2 Lawyers, political activists and others 18 2.3 Children 21 2.4 Minorities 22 3.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Santa Barbara Dissertation Template
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Protestant Missions, Seminaries and the Academic Study of Islam in the United States A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies by Caleb D. McCarthy Committee in charge: Professor Juan E. Campo, Chair Professor Kathleen M. Moore Professor Ann Taves June 2018 The dissertation of Caleb D. McCarthy is approved. _____________________________________________ Kathleen M. Moore _____________________________________________ Ann Taves _____________________________________________ Juan E. Campo, Committee Chair June 2018 Protestant Missions, Seminaries and the Academic Study of Islam in the United States Copyright © 2018 by Caleb D. McCarthy iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While the production of a dissertation is commonly idealized as a solitary act of scholarly virtuosity, the reality might be better expressed with slight emendation to the oft- quoted proverb, “it takes a village to write a dissertation.” This particular dissertation at least exists only in light of the significant support I have received over the years. To my dissertation committee Ann Taves, Kathleen Moore and, especially, advisor Juan Campo, I extend my thanks for their productive advice and critique along the way. They are the most prominent among many faculty members who have encouraged my scholarly development. I am also indebted to the Council on Information and Library Research of the Andrew C. Mellon Foundation, which funded the bulk of my archival research – without their support this project would not have been possible. Likewise, I am grateful to the numerous librarians and archivists who guided me through their collections – in particular, UCSB’s retired Middle East librarian Meryle Gaston, and the Near East School of Theology in Beriut’s former librarian Christine Linder.
    [Show full text]
  • The Armenian Robert L
    JULY 26, 2014 MirTHErARoMENr IAN -Spe ctator Volume LXXXV, NO. 2, Issue 4345 $ 2.00 NEWS IN BRIEF The First English Language Armenian Weekly in the United States Since 1932 Armenia Inaugurates AREAL Linear Christians Flee Mosul en Masse Accelerator BAGHDAD (AP) — The message played array of other Sunni militants captured the a mobile number just in case we are offend - YEREVAN (Public Radio of Armenia) — The over loudspeakers gave the Christians of city on June 10 — the opening move in the ed by anybody,” Sahir Yahya, a Christian Advanced Research Electron Accelerator Iraq’s second-largest city until midday insurgents’ blitz across northern and west - and government employee from Mosul, said Laboratory (AREAL) linear accelerator was inau - Saturday to make a choice: convert to ern Iraq. As a religious minority, Christians Saturday. “This changed two days ago. The gurated this week at the Center for Islam, pay a tax or face death. were wary of how they would be treated by Islamic State people revealed their true sav - the Advancement of Natural Discoveries By the time the deadline imposed by the hardline Islamic militants. age nature and intention.” using Light Emission (CANDLE) Synchrotron Islamic State extremist group expired, the Yahya fled with her husband and two Research Institute in Yerevan. vast majority of Christians in Mosul had sons on Friday morning to the town of The modern accelerator is an exceptional and made their decision. They fled. Qaraqoush, where they have found tempo - huge asset, CANDLE’s Executive Director Vasily They clambered into cars — children, par - Most of Mosul’s remaining Christians rary lodging at a monastery.
    [Show full text]
  • ISCACH (Beirut 2015) International Syrian Congress on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
    ISCACH (Beirut 2015) International Syrian Congress on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 3‐6 DECEMBER 2015 GEFINOR ROTANA HOTEL BEIRUT, LEBANON ISCACH (Beirut 2015) International Syrian Congress on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 3‐6 DECEMBER 2015 GEFINOR ROTANA HOTEL BEIRUT, LEBANON © The ISCACH 2015 Organizing Committee, Beirut Lebanon All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission. Title: ISCASH (International Syrian Congress on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage) 2015 Beirut: Program and Abstracts Published by the ISCACH 2015 Organizing Committee and the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Published Year: December 2015 Printed in Japan This publication was printed by the generous support of the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan ISCACH (Beirut 2015) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction……….……………………………………………………….....................................3 List of Organizing Committee ............................................................................4 Program Summary .............................................................................................5 Program .............................................................................................................7 List of Posters ................................................................................................. 14 Poster Abstracts.............................................................................................. 17 Presentation Abstracts Day 1: 3rd December ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Alawite Dilemma in Homs Survival, Solidarity and the Making of a Community
    STUDY The Alawite Dilemma in Homs Survival, Solidarity and the Making of a Community AZIZ NAKKASH March 2013 n There are many ways of understanding Alawite identity in Syria. Geography and regionalism are critical to an individual’s experience of being Alawite. n The notion of an »Alawite community« identified as such by its own members has increased with the crisis which started in March 2011, and the growth of this self- identification has been the result of or in reaction to the conflict. n Using its security apparatus, the regime has implicated the Alawites of Homs in the conflict through aggressive militarization of the community. n The Alawite community from the Homs area does not perceive itself as being well- connected to the regime, but rather fears for its survival. AZIZ NAKKASH | THE ALAWITE DILEMMA IN HOMS Contents 1. Introduction ...........................................................1 2. Army, Paramilitary Forces, and the Alawite Community in Homs ...............3 2.1 Ambitions and Economic Motivations ......................................3 2.2 Vulnerability and Defending the Regime for the Sake of Survival ..................3 2.3 The Alawite Dilemma ..................................................6 2.4 Regime Militias .......................................................8 2.5 From Popular Committees to Paramilitaries ..................................9 2.6 Shabiha Organization ..................................................9 2.7 Shabiha Talk ........................................................10 2.8 The
    [Show full text]
  • Page 01 July 09.Indd
    ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED NEWSPAPER QNB net profit Three cities in jumps 7pc in bid to host 2022 first half Winter Olympics Business | 17 Sport | 23 Wednesday 9 July 2014 • 11 Ramadan 1435 • Volume 19 Number 6121 www.thepeninsulaqatar.com [email protected] | [email protected] Editorial: 4455 7741 | Advertising: 4455 7837 / 4455 7780 Emir receives Bashir Germany Separate dept destroy Brazil’s for community Cup dream BELO HORIZONTE, BRAZIL: Germany scored five goals in 18 astonishing first- half minutes on their way to a policing set up 7-1 semi-final mauling of Brazil yesterday which shattered the host nation’s hopes of winning their sixth World Cup. MoI restructured with 9 directorates It was the most shocking result in the tournament’s history, DOHA: Qatar has decided to will come under the General Brazil’s record World Cup defeat set up a separate and inde- Directorate of Public Security, and their first at home in 64 com- pendent directorate of commu- while coasts guards under the petitive matches since 1975. nity policing within its interior General Directorate of Coasts Germany will meet Argentina ministry, signaling that it will and Border Security. Besides, the or the Netherlands in Sunday’s increasingly focus on police- departments of supply and equip- final in Rio de Janeiro after an public partnership in prevent- ment, information systems, legal The Emir H H Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani with Sudanese President Omar Hassan Ahmed Al Bashir at unbelievable performance in ing and fighting crime. affairs, traffic, civil defence and Al Bahr Palace yesterday.
    [Show full text]
  • Settlement of the Syrian Conflict: Prospects for National Dialogue and International Cooperation
    Settlement of the Syrian Conflict: Prospects for National Dialogue and International Cooperation. Rationale behind Russian Policies The transcript of the Trialogue Club International Meeting with Prof. Vitaly V. Naumkin Residence of the Ambassador of Switzerland, Moscow April 18, 2018 (Wednesday) Prof. Vitaly V. Naumkin is President of the Institute of Oriental Studies at the Russian Academy of Sciences. RUSSI : Prof. Naumkin is not only an academic and a key Russian expert on the Middle East, but he has also a deep practical insight into Russian interests in the region. This particular experience makes his presentation at once unique and very valuable. At this point I would like to thank Prof. Naumkin for his availability and his readiness to speak with us… […] to choose Trialogue, and for this, I would like to thank him very much. A big thank you goes to Trialogue Club International, particularly to General Buzhinskiy and Albert Zulkharneev for the idea to make the Swiss Embassy the venue for this special meeting. And last, but not least, I would like to thank you all for taking your time, for your interest, and particularly for your friendship. NAUMKIN: Good morning. First, allow me to express my gratitude to the leadership of Trialogue Club International, to the Embassy of Switzerland, and to the distinguished participants of this discussion meeting. Second, I will focus on the main recent developments in the Syrian crisis and around this crisis, without going too much into details on history of the conflict. I believe that during the last months, we have been witnessing very serious changes inside Syria and around Syria.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Provisional Seventy-Fourth Year
    United Nations S/ PV.8628 Security Council Provisional Seventy-fourth year 8628th meeting Monday, 30 September 2019, 10 a.m. New York President: Mr. Vershinin .................................. (Russian Federation) Members: Belgium ....................................... Mr. Pecsteen de Buytswerve China ......................................... Mr. Wu Haitao Côte d’Ivoire ................................... Mr. Ipo Dominican Republic .............................. Mr. Singer Weisinger Equatorial Guinea ............................... Mr. Esono Mbengono France ........................................ Mr. De Rivière Germany ...................................... Mr. Heusgen Indonesia. Mr. Syihab Kuwait ........................................ Mr. Alotaibi Peru .......................................... Mr. Ugarelli Poland ........................................ Ms. Wronecka South Africa ................................... Mr. Matjila United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Mr. Roscoe United States of America .......................... Mrs. Craft Agenda The situation in the Middle East This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned to the Chief of the Verbatim Reporting Service, room
    [Show full text]
  • Սուրիոյ Հայերը Գիտաժողով Conference on Armenians of Syria
    Հայկական Սփիւռքի Ուսումնասիրութեան Կեդրոն Armenian Diaspora Research Center ՍՈՒՐԻՈՅ ՀԱՅԵՐԸ ԳիՏԱժՈղՈվ CONFERENCE ON ARMENIANS OF SYRIA ՀԻՒՐ ԲԱՆԱխօՍ՝ Փրոֆ. Սիմոն Փայասլեան Սուրիահայ Համայնքը Եւ Իր Աւանդը Կիրակի, 24 Մայիս 2015, երեկոյեան ժամը 5:00 Հայ Աւետ. Առաջին Եկեղեցիի Հանդիսասրահ GUEST SPEAKER: Prof. Simon Payaslian “The Armenian Community of Syria and its Legacy” Sunday, May 24, 2015 at 5:00 p.m. First Armenian Evangelical Church Auditorium Երաժշտական Շնորհանդէս Շողակաթ Աբարդեան-Սելիմեանի Հալէպի նուիրուած խտասալիկին Կիրակի, 24 Մայիս 2015, երեկոյեան ժամը 6:30, Հայկազեան Համալսարան Launching of Shoghagat Apartian-Selimian’s Musical CD “The Story Goes On” Dedicated to Aleppo Sunday, May 24, 2015 at 6:30, Haigazian University We thank the following contributors for their financial support of this conference: The Armenian Communities Department of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. David and Christina Segel. Շնորհակալութիւն կը յայտնենք այս գիտաժողովին նուիրատուներուն.- Գալուստ Կիւլպէնկեան Հիմնարկութեան Հայկական Համայնքներու Բաժին Տէյվիտ եւ Թինա Սիկըլ ARMENIANS OF SYRIA 1 Գիտաժողովի Յայտագիր Conference Sessions Կիրակի, 24 Մայիս Sunday, May 24 5:00–6:00 Պաշտօնական բացում գիտաժողովի / Official opening 6:30–7:30 Երաժշտական Շնորհանդէս Շողակաթ Աբարդեան- Սելիմեանի` Հալէպի նուիրուած խտասալիկին / Launching of Shoghagat Apartian-Selimian’s Musical CD “The Story Goes On” dedicated to Aleppo 8:00 Ընթրիք / Dinner Երկուշաբթի, 25 Մայիս Monday, May 25 Ա. օր գիտաժողովի First day of the conference 8:00–8:20 Արձանագրութիւն մասնակիցներու եւ հիւրերու / Registration of participants and guests Ա. ՆԻՍՏ, ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹԻՒՆ ԵՒ ՊԵՏՈՒԹԻՒՆ FIRST SESSION: STATE AND HISTORY Նիստավար՝ Դոկտ. Արտա Էքմէքճի Moderator: Dr. Arda Ekmekji 8:30–8:50 Ա. Զեկոյց / 1st paper Prof. Jon Armajani (English) Syria's Constitutions and Their Relationships to Minorities Փրոֆ.
    [Show full text]
  • From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East
    REVOLUTIONIZING REVOLUTIONIZING Mark Altaweel and Andrea Squitieri and Andrea Mark Altaweel From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East This book investigates the long-term continuity of large-scale states and empires, and its effect on the Near East’s social fabric, including the fundamental changes that occurred to major social institutions. Its geographical coverage spans, from east to west, modern- day Libya and Egypt to Central Asia, and from north to south, Anatolia to southern Arabia, incorporating modern-day Oman and Yemen. Its temporal coverage spans from the late eighth century BCE to the seventh century CE during the rise of Islam and collapse of the Sasanian Empire. The authors argue that the persistence of large states and empires starting in the eighth/ seventh centuries BCE, which continued for many centuries, led to new socio-political structures and institutions emerging in the Near East. The primary processes that enabled this emergence were large-scale and long-distance movements, or population migrations. These patterns of social developments are analysed under different aspects: settlement patterns, urban structure, material culture, trade, governance, language spread and religion, all pointing at population movement as the main catalyst for social change. This book’s argument Mark Altaweel is framed within a larger theoretical framework termed as ‘universalism’, a theory that explains WORLD A many of the social transformations that happened to societies in the Near East, starting from Andrea Squitieri the Neo-Assyrian period and continuing for centuries. Among other infl uences, the effects of these transformations are today manifested in modern languages, concepts of government, universal religions and monetized and globalized economies.
    [Show full text]