7th grade Final Exam Review

13 Colonies – Constitutional Convention Packet pages 8 – 13 Geography and Economy of the 13 Colonies Geography and Economy of the 13 Colonies

New Rocky soil Lumber, fishing, England (poor farmland) trading, Colonies and long whaling, (Colonial winters shipbuilding. Workshop) (short growing season) Middle Good soil, “Breadbasket Colonies mild climate. colonies”- (Colonial Longer wheat was the main Breadbasket) growing cash crop season Southern Plantations - cash Colonies crops of rice, (Colonial Very warm tobacco, and indigo. Greenhouse) climate and Cotton becomes long important in growing 1800s. Economy season. relied on labor from indentured servants and African slaves The

The ______Albany Plan of Union was designed in order to inspire the colonies to unite against the threat of French and Indian troops in America.

This proposal passed by ______Benjamin Franklin was rejected by the colonies because the some of the individual colonies were unwilling to combine profits, politics and religions. The conflict between the English and the French and various Northeastern Native American Indians was known as the ______.French and Indian War • After the English won the war they now controlled the Ohio River Valley and Canada. • They wanted to control these two areas because they needed to control the Mississippi River. • In order to reacquire all the money the British spent defending America, they would pass a series of taxes in all of the colonies • The colonists objected to these taxes because they were passed without their say. LOYALISTS PATRIOTS

Sided with the King Fought for Independence Supported British and Protested taxation without Hessian Troops representation Associated with British Joined militias and use guerrilla culture tactics Tarred and feathered custom officials Lost their homes during the war How did the colonists protest taxes placed on them by the British government? Provide specific examples.

The colonists: Wrote letters to the king Tarred and feathered tax collectors Boycotted British goods Burned stamps Boston Tea Party Hung effigies (dummies) of tax collectors The Boston Massacre was an event in 1770 where British soldiers and colonists living in Boston clashed for the first time. The colonists were threatening British soldiers stationed outside the Boston customs house. The colonists were throwing ice chunks, rocks and yelling “lobster backs”. The British fired into the mob and killed 5 colonists. The Boston Tea Party was an event in 1773 where Patriots and members of the “Sons of Liberty” broke into a British boat that was transporting tea from England. The Sons of Liberty members, dressed as Indians, threw the tea into the harbor in protest of the Tea Act passed by the British government. The British lost several million dollars that night! The Declaration of Independence: States that the American colonies are no longer part of Britain and explains why…

All men are born with basic rights, which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

What is the purpose of government? To protect the rights of the people

What right do people have if the government becomes tyrannical? The people have the right to overthrow it. American British Advantages Advantages

1. Best military in the 1. Fighting on home world ground 2. Best 2. Motivated to win manufacturing in the 3. Support of the world people 3. Most money in the world IMPORTANT BATTLES OF  1775 – Lexington and Concord (MA) – First shots of Revolution (“Shot Heard ‘Round the World” fired at Lexington). Historians still unsure which side fired first.  1777 – Battle of Saratoga (NY) – British plan to control by attacking Albany from three directions. Northern attack stopped at Battle of Saratoga; Americans win. This convinces French to help Americans in war.

 1781 – Battle of Yorktown (VA) – Washington’s army and French navy trap Cornwallis at Yorktown, forcing him to surrender. Americans win the war. - The official ended the American Revolution. - What did Great Britain recognize as a result of the treaty? The independence of the United States of America (No more colonies – hooray!) - Where did the United States territory end in the West? The Mississippi River - Which countries claimed Canada, Florida and land west of the Mississippi river? Britain claimed Canada, Spain claimed Florida and the west After the American Revolution ended in 1783, the thirteen states saw themselves more as independent countries than they did as part of a single nation. Many Americans feared having a strong central government like that of Great Britain. This is why the first government of the United States, the ______Articles of Confederation , left most of the power for the states. This new national government had many weaknesses… In 1786, poor farmers in Massachusetts staged an uprising against the state government. This was known as ______.Shays’ Rebellion Because the national government was so weak, it could not stop the rebellion. This event showed that the national government was too weak and needed to be changed. In 1787, the ______Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia to a new, stronger government for the nation – the ______Constitution .