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ECMWF COPERNICUS REPORT

Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service

CAMS_81 – Global and Regional emissions

D81.3.12.3-M24: SO2 emissions from 32 volcanoes during the period 2005 - 2016

Issued by: Chalmers/ Bo Galle and Santiago Arellano Date: 09/17/2019 Ref: CAMS81_2017SC2_D81.3.12.3-M24-201909_v1.docx CAMS81_2017SC2_ D81.3.12.3-M24- 201909_volcanoes Official reference number service contract: 2017/CAMS_81/SC2

This document has been produced in the context of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). The activities leading to these results have been contracted by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, operator of CAMS on behalf of the European Union (Delegation Agreement signed on 11/11/2014). All information in this document is provided "as is" and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The user thereof uses the information at its sole risk and liability. For the avoidance of all doubts, the European Commission and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts has no liability in respect of this document, which is merely representing the authors view.

Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service

CHALMERS S. Arellano and B. Galle

CNRS-OMP S. Darras

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Table of Contents

1. Summary 5

2. Volcanic SO2 emissions 7

3. Data overview 8

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1. Summary

This report includes information on Volcanic SO2 emissions from 32 volcanoes during the period 2005 – 2016. The investigated volcanoes are listed below:

Statistics of measured SO2 flux during 2005-2016 [kg/s] Latitude Longitude Altitude Country Observatory First Third Mean Std. dev. Median quartile quartile

Arenal 10.4627 -84.7024 1610 Costa Rica OVSICORI 1.9 1.8 0.7 1.4 2.4

Concepcion 11.5385 -85.6224 1600 INETER 5.9 4.3 2.8 5.0 7.7

Copahue -37.8564 -71.1601 2756 SERNAGEOMIN 9.4 7.4 4.4 7.6 12.1

Cotopaxi -0.6845 -78.4370 5800 IGEPN 9.9 2.2 1.2 3.1 7.3

Etna 37.7506 14.9934 3330 Italy INGV 40.4 30.8 19.8 32.3 50.5

Fuego 14.4742 -90.8806 3763 Guatemala INSIVUMEH 3.5 2.1 1.9 3.3 4.7

Fuego de 19.5117 -103.6167 3850 Mexico UNAM 3.1 3.8 0.8 1.7 4.0 Colima

Galeras 1.2214 -77.3592 4080 SGC 11.0 11.1 3.8 6.8 14.3

Isluga -19.1585 -68.8343 5372 Chile SERNAGEOMIN 8.2 6.2 4.1 6.7 10.7

Lascar -23.3631 -67.7314 5200 Chile SERNAGEOMIN 2.7 2.8 1.0 1.9 3.3

Llaima -38.6973 -71.7300 3030 Chile SERNAGEOMIN 8.1 6.0 3.6 7.4 11.2

Masaya 11.9841 -86.1684 460 Nicaragua INETER 3.7 2.1 2.2 3.3 4.8

Mayon 13.2542 123.6862 2370 Philippines PHIVOLCS 7.0 4.7 3.8 6.1 9.0

Momotombo 12.4238 -86.5388 1250 Nicaragua INETER 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.7 2.2

Nevado del 4.8920 -75.3188 5200 Colombia SGC 8.4 10.7 1.6 4.1 11.3 Ruiz

Nyiragongo -1.5215 29.2495 3470 DR Congo GVO 19.0 16.5 7.8 14.5 25.1

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Piton de la -21.2536 55.7138 2400 France IPGP 11.1 12.8 2.7 6.0 15.0 Fournaise

Planchón -35.2859 -70.5824 3642 Chile SERNAGEOMIN 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Peteroa

Popocatépetl 19.0233 -98.6224 5070 Mexico UNAM 24.7 24.4 7.7 18.1 33.6

Sabancaya -15.7880 -71.8559 5967 INGEMMET 14.2 12.0 5.3 11.4 19.8

San Cristóbal 12.7049 -87.0013 1745 Nicaragua INETER 9.3 7.9 4.2 7.3 12.0

San Miguel 13.4319 -88.2719 2130 SNET 22.3 13.3 9.4 20.3 33.1

Sangay -2.0056 -78.3408 5286 Ecuador IGEPN 6.8 4.9 2.8 5.7 10.3

Santa Ana 13.8486 -89.6309 2381 El Salvador SNET 1.9 0.9 1.4 1.8 2.4

Santiaguito 14.7383 -91.5681 2500 Guatemala INSIVUMEH 3.0 2.7 1.3 2.2 3.9

Sinabung 3.1693 98.3930 2460 Indonesia CVGHM 4.3 3.0 2.5 3.7 5.3

Telica 12.6051 -86.8421 1061 Nicaragua INETER 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.0

Tungurahua -1.4685 -78.4473 5023 Ecuador IGEPN 19.0 16.7 7.5 14.4 25.3

Turrialba 10.0167 -83.7655 3340 Costa Rica OVSICORI 11.9 10.4 4.7 9.0 16.0

Ubinas -16.3434 -70.8972 5672 Peru INGEMMET 3.5 3.8 1.2 2.5 4.6

Villarrica -39.4203 -71.9396 2847 Chile SERNAGEOMIN 7.2 6.7 2.9 5.3 9.3

Vulcano 38.4046 14.9618 250 Italy INGV 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3

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2. Volcanic SO2 emissions

This data-set presents volcanic gas emission data from NOVAC, the global Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change. For each volcano, data from one or several NOVAC Scanning mini-DOAS instruments are combined with meteorological information to derive daily statistics of total SO2 emission from the volcano. The gas emission is calculated using the ScanDOAS technique described in the paper:

Galle, B., Johansson, M., Rivera, C., Zhang, Y., Kihlman, M., Kern, C., Lehmann, T., Platt, U., Arellano, S. and Hidalgo S. (2010), Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC) —A global network for volcanic gas monitoring: Network layout and instrument description, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D05304, doi:10.1029/2009JD011823.

Details of the evaluation are described in a forthcoming publication:

Arellano, S., Galle, B., the NOVAC collaboration (2019), Synoptic analysis of a decade of daily measurements of SO2 emission in the troposphere from volcanoes of the Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change, submitted.

Different versions of the data exist, depending on the algorithms and meteorological information used in the evaluations. In this version, analysed wind data from ECMWF ERA-interim database was used, with a resolution of 0.125×0.125 deg, 6 h time resolution and up to 60 vertical levels from ground up to 0.1 hPa. Data is interpolated to the location of the volcanic vent and time of measurement for each flux calculation.

Typically 1 – 3 instruments are installed on each volcano in order to cover different wind directions and facilitate plume height estimates. About 50 individual measurements are made by each instrument each day. Data from the different instruments are combined and if certain quality parameters are fulfilled a valid measurement results. Only daytime measurements are possible as the method uses sky light for the measurement. For days having 5 or more valid measurements an average emission, standard deviation and other statistics are calculated.

Data files are provided in netCDF and ASCII formats, following the GEOMS standard that includes metadata and data in the same file. Also figure files in PNG format are provided for the daily emission rate of each volcano.

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3. Data overview

In the following plots, data from the different volcanoes are shown:

Emissions from the Villarica volcano in Chile.

Emissions from volcano in Peru.

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Emissions from the in Costa Rica.

Emissions from the volcano in Ecuador.

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Emissions from the volcano in Nicaragua.

Emissions from the Sinabung volcano in Indonesia.

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Emissions from the Santiaguito volcano in Chile.

Emissions from the in El Salvador.

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Emissions from the volcano in Ecuador.

Emissions from the San Cristobal volcano in Nicaragua.

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Emissions from the volcano in Salvador

Emissions from the volcano in Peru

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Emissions from the Popocatepetl volcano in Mexico

Emissions from the Planchon Peteroa volcano in Argentina

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Emissions from the Piton de la Fournaise volcano in La Reunion Island

Emissions from the Nyiragongo volcano in The Republic of Congo

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Emissions from the volcano in Colombia

Emissions from the volcano in Nicaragua

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Emissions from the Mayon volcano in the Philippines

Emissions from the in Nicaragua

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Emissions from the volcano in Chile

Emissions from the volcano in Chile

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Emissions from the volcano in Chile

Emissions from the volcano in Colombia

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Emissions from the Fuego volcano in Guatemala

Emissions from the Fuego de Colima volcano in Mexico

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Emissions from the Etna volcano in Italy

Emissions from the volcano in Ecuador

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Emissions from the volcano in Chile

Emissions from the Concepcion volcano in Nicaragua

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Emissions from the in Costa Rica

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