DOCSLIB.ORG

Note to Users

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Note to Users - NOTE TO USERS The original manuscript received by UMI contains broken, slanted print, and margins exceed guidelines. All efforts were made to acquire the highest quality manuscript from the author or school. Microfilmed as received. This reproduction is the best copy available UMI MELTING SNOW: A RE-EXAMINATION OF DR JOHN SNOW, HIS DOT-MAP, AND THE 1854 BROAD STREET CHOLERA OUTBREAK Kari S. McLeod, B. A. (Honors) 1995 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partid fuifil Iment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Geography Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario May 1,1998 O 1998, Kari S. McLeod National Librar y Bibliothèque nationale 1+m OfCrnada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canach to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distnibute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distn'buer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retams ownersbip of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT The mythical story of John Snow and the Broad Street outbreak is common in medical geography, epidemiology, and the history of medicine. In 1854, Snow identified the source of the cholera outbreak in Golden Square (in present-day Soho) as the Broad Street pump, possibly with a dot-map of cholera deaths, and successfÙlly argued for the removal of the pump's handle. Many accounts state that this action ended the outbreak. In al1 three disciplines, Snow is presented as a hero because he showed how cholera is transmitted, because his ideas affected public heaith policy, and because he provided definitive proof of a hypothesis. For medical geography, Snow's heroic reputation is related to his determinative use of a dot-map, and many authors feature the map in their presentations of the story. However, the twentieth-century versions of this map cm be quite different fiorn one another. This thesis re-examines the myth of John Snow, his dot-map, and the 1854 Broad Street outbreak-informed by archivai research-and challenges the taken-for-granted repetition of the story in the three disciplines. The process of retelling the story encourages future investigation of the meaning of the myth in disciplinary contexts; of the nature of proof of causation; and of how evidence, argument and authority work in science. iii Acknowledgements Developing this thesis involved an idea followed by negotiating a maze of hints, references, leads, and blind alleys. To that end I owe a great deal to David Bennett for his guidance, suggestions, and patience and for allowing me to take over an idea that was his. 1 would like to thank Carleton University's fuiancial support in the form of the Graduate Student Research Fund, the Ina Hutchinson Award. the Ethel Cockbum Graduate Research bursary, travel funding, and two yean of teaching assistantships. Thanks to the staffat the Wellcome Institute Library, the Westminster City Archives, the library at the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the London Metropolitan Archives (especially Mick Scott for granting copyright release on Snow's maps). Thanks to Barry Boots at Sir Wilfied Laurier University for sharing his hunch that one of Snow's maps is an early example of a Voronoi diagram on a network. 1 have depended on the love and support of my fmily during my Master's; 1 appreciate al1 of you. My field work was possible and pleasurable because of the generosity and hospitality of my Aunt Bev and her partner Lee. Thanks to Nan Sussmann, Lorna Johansen-Garcia, Alette, Jeff, and Jenn. Thanks Hrizel Anderson for rnaking me feel more at home and for being the rock of the departrnent. The past two and a half years would not have been the same without my best friends Paula and Alice. Thanks for CWAG, CR, Philbert Wolfort, and believing in me. Finally, rny etemal thanks to Chris for subjecting himself to numerous discussions about John Snow; for his endless ability to listen, contribute, advise, not advise, and proof-read; for lime-pickle omelettes; and for being there when 1 needed him the most. In the end you just have to sit down and write the damn thing: we did it! Epigraph As geographers, Sosius, crowd into the edges of their maps parts of the world which they do not know about, adding notes in the margin to the effect that beyond this lies nothing but sandy deserts full of wild beasts and unapproachable bogs. P lutarch. Lives, Aemilius Paulus, sec. 5 If you cal1 a tail a leg, how many legs does a dog have? Abraham Lincoln Dr. S.: Did you know that there's a direct correlation between the decline of the Spirograph and the rise in gang activity? Think about it. Bart: 1 will. Dr. S.: No you won't. The Simpsons Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION CHAPTER TWO - MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY AND DISEASE MAPPING 13 2.1 CURRENT ISSUES IN MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY 14 2.1.1 Questioning positivist-science and geometric/absolute space 14 2.1.2 Adoption of new social theones and social spaces and places 17 2.1.3 Critique of the biomedical mode1 of disease 20 2.1.4 Examining and interpreting social constructions of health and illness 24 2.1 -5Changing methods 27 2.2 DISEASE MAPPING IN MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY 2.2.1 Brief History 2.2.2 Meaning and purpose CHAPTER THIUEE - SNOW JN GEOGRAPHY: DOT-MAPS AND STORIES 37 3.1 THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY MAPS 38 3.2 REPRESENTATIONS OF SNOW IN GEOGRAPHY 49 3.2.1 Geography's view of John Snow: actions reputation, theory, and background 50 3.2.2 Broad Street: cholera in Golden Square, Soho 1854 and Snow's investigation 52 3.2.3 The impact of Snow's evidence, argument, and theory 55 3.2.4 Comrnonalities, anomaiies, and absences 56 CHAPTER FOUR - SNOW IN EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 60 4.1 REPRESENTATIONS OF SNOW IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 60 4.1.1 Epidemiology's view of Snow: actions, reputation, theory, and background 61 4.1.2 Broad Street: cholera in Golden Square, Soho 1854 and Snow's investigation 64 4.1.3 The impact of Snow's evidence, argument, and theory 67 4.1.4 Cornmonaiities, anomalies, and absences 68 4.2 REPRESENTATIONS OF SNOW IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 69 4.2.1 Medical History 's view of Snow: actions, reputation, theory , and background 70 4.2.2 Broad Street: cholera in Golden Square, Soho in 1854 and Snow's investigation 74 4.2.3 The impact of Snow7sevidence, argument, and theory 79 4.2.4 Commonalities, absences, and anomalies 81 4.3 BUT WRITERS OF HISTORICAL TEXTS OFTEN DO 83 4.3.1 Historical questions 84 4.3.2 Present meanings of the history 85 4.3 -3 Meanings for science: evidence, argument, and causation 86 CHAPTER FIVE - WHO WAS JOHN SNOW? 87 5.1 BIOGRAPHY 89 5.2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT 95 5.3 SNOW AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 5.3.1 Contemporary cholera theones 5.3.2 Snow's theory of cholera 5.4 SNOW AND ANAESTFESIA 112 CHAPTER SIX - RETELLING THE STORY: SNOW, CHOLERA, AND BROAD STREET IN 1854 119 6.1 GENERAL DETAILS 6.1.1 London as a whole 6.1 -2 Golden Square 6.2 SNOW'S ACTIONS DURING THE BROAD STREET EPIDEMIC 123 6.2.1 The methodology of focusing on the pump 123 6.2.2 Reverend Whitehead 124 6.3 THE PUMP 127 6.4 POST-OUTBREAK WESTIGATIONS 132 6.4.1 Further work by Snow 133 6.4.2 Report on the Cholera Outbreak in the Parish of St. James's, Westminster 134 6.4.3 The General Board of Health 138 6.5 THE MAPS 140 6.6 WHAT DID SNOW'S BROAD STREET INVESTIGATION SHOW? 149 6.6.1 Cholera as self-limiting 149 vii 6.6.2 Effects and acceptance of Snow's study in the nineteenth century 150 CHAPTER SEVEN - A SENSE OF SNOW 158 7.2 CONTEXTUAL LEGACIES OF SNOW 7.2.1 History of medicine 7.2.2 Epidemiology 7.2.3 Geography 7.3 BROADER UNDERSTANDINGS OF CAUSATION AND SCIENCE 168 7.4 FUTURE RESEARCH 170 References-Archival Sources 172 References-Primary Sources 173 References-Secondary Sources 176 viii List of Tables 3.1 Comparing the twentieth-tennis, reproductions of Snow's dot-map 40 6.1 Cholera deaths in Golden Square, Soho from August 3 1 to September 1 1, 1854 13 1 6.2 Cornparhg the histoncal maps of the choiera outbreak in Golden Square 141 List of Figures 3.1 Gilbert's reproduction of Snow's dot-map (1 958, p. 174) 41 3.2 Stamp's reproduction of Snow's dot-map (1964% p. 16; 1964b. p. 35) 42 33 Howe's reproduction of Snow's dot-map (1972, p. 174) 44 3.4 Smith's reproduction of Snow's dot-map (1979, p. 47) 45 3.5 Learmonth's reproduction of Snow's dot-map (1 988, p. 147) 46 3.6 Jones's reproduction of Snow's dot-map (1990.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 8-12 Broadwick Street
    8-12 BROADWICK STREET 898 sq ft of contemporary loft-style office space on the 4th floor UNIQUE space 8-12 Broadwick Street is a unique office building in the heart of Soho. The available loft-style space is on the 4th floor and has been refurbished in a contemporary style. The office features a large central skylight, views over Soho and original timber flooring. The floor benefits from a demised WC and shower as well as a fitted kitchenette. SPECIFICATION • Loft-style offices with fantastic natural light • Original parquet timber flooring • Demised WC and shower • Perimeter trunking • New comfort cooling system • Refurbished entrance and common parts • Fitted kitchenette • Lift to 3rd floor • BT internet available 4th FLOOR PLAN 898 sq ft / 84 sq m Shower NORTH Kitchen CLICK HERE FOR VIRTUAL tour 360 BROADWICK STREET LOCATION Broadwick Street sits in an area of Soho famed for its record shops, markets and restaurant scene, with the iconic Carnaby Street an easy walking distance away. There are excellent transport links available, with Tottenham Court Road, Oxford Circus, Leicester Square and Piccadilly Circus within a 10-minute walk. Oxford Street Oxford Berwick Street Tottenham Court Road Circus BREWDOG Dean Street SOULCYCLE Noel Street Street Wardour Poland Street Poland Tenants will benefit from discounts from tens of Soho food, drink and fashion staples with the Soho NEIGHBOURHOOD London Soho Square TED’S Gin Club CARD. Neighbourhood Card holders are BLANCHETTE GROOMING CARNABY entitled to receive 10% off full price STREET D’Arblay Street merchandise, menus or services at Sheraton Street participating stores, restaurants, bars and cafés across Soho and Carnaby.
    [Show full text]
  • Black North American and Caribbean Music in European Metropolises a Transnational Perspective of Paris and London Music Scenes (1920S-1950S)
    Black North American and Caribbean Music in European Metropolises A Transnational Perspective of Paris and London Music Scenes (1920s-1950s) Veronica Chincoli Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, 15 April 2019 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Black North American and Caribbean Music in European Metropolises A Transnational Perspective of Paris and London Music Scenes (1920s- 1950s) Veronica Chincoli Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Professor Stéphane Van Damme, European University Institute Professor Laura Downs, European University Institute Professor Catherine Tackley, University of Liverpool Professor Pap Ndiaye, SciencesPo © Veronica Chincoli, 2019 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Researcher declaration to accompany the submission of written work Department of History and Civilization - Doctoral Programme I Veronica Chincoli certify that I am the author of the work “Black North American and Caribbean Music in European Metropolises: A Transnatioanl Perspective of Paris and London Music Scenes (1920s-1950s). I have presented for examination for the Ph.D. at the European University Institute. I also certify that this is solely my own original work, other than where I have clearly indicated, in this declaration and in the thesis, that it is the work of others. I warrant that I have obtained all the permissions required for using any material from other copyrighted publications. I certify that this work complies with the Code of Ethics in Academic Research issued by the European University Institute (IUE 332/2/10 (CA 297).
    [Show full text]
  • Vol 37 Issue 1.Qxp
    EH Forrest 27 Mathurin P, Abdelnour M, Ramond M-J et al. Early change in critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med bilirubin levels is an important prognostic factor in severe 1995; 23:1430-–9. alcoholic hepatitis treated with prednisolone. Hepatol 2003; 32 Bollaert P-E, Charpentier C, Levy B, Debouvrie M, Audiebert G, 38:1363–9 Larcan, A. Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic 28 Morris JM, Forrest EH. Bilirubin response to corticosteroids in doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:645–50. alcoholic hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17:759–62. 33 Staubach K-H, Schroeder J, Stuber F,Gehrke K,Traumann E, Zabel 29 Akriviadis E, Botla R, Briggs W, Han S, Reynolds T, Shakil O. P. Effect of pentoxifylline in severe sepsis: results of a randomised Pentoxifylline improves short term survival in severe alcoholic double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Surg 1998; hepatitis: a double blind placebo controlled trial. Gastroenterol 133:94–100. 2000; 119:1637–48. 34 Bacher A, Mayer N, Klimscha W, Oismuller C, Steltzer H, 30 Lefering R, Neugebauer EAM. Steroid controversy in sepsis and Hammerle A. Effects of pentoxifylline on haemodynamics and septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:1294–303. oxygenation in septic and non-septic patients. Crit Care Med 31 Cronin L, Cook DJ, Carlet J et al. Corticosteroid for sepsis: a 1997; 25:795–800. GENERAL MEDICINE BOOKS YOU SHOULD READ of the spread of cholera across Europe and its eventual spread into The Medical Detective by Sandra England in the early nineteenth Hempel.
    [Show full text]
  • Now on Cholerad--The Special Lecture in the Second British ,Epidemiology
    ~~,,~lnalof Epidemiology Vol. 8. No. 4 Oct --- $now on cholerad--The Special Lecture in the second British ,Epidemiology and ...Public Health Course at Kansai .Systems Laboratory dn 24 AIJ~S~I968 - .- -- .-- -- - " -- Shinichi Tan'ihara ', Seiji Morioka 2, Kazunori Kodama 3, Tsutomu Hashimoto 2, Hiroshi Yanagawa I, and Walter W Holland TheSecond British Epidemiology and Public Health Course was held from 19 to 25 August 1996 in Osaka as a satellite meeting for the 14th lnternational Scientific Meeting of the lnternational Epidemiological Association. Thirty-three researchers from 10 countries participated in the course. Professor Walter W Holland gave a special lecture about Snow on cholera during the course, and the lecture revealed that Henry Whitehead who was a junior priest at that time contributed to Snow's work to prevent the cholera outbreak in Golden Square in 1854. What John Snow did in his life are reviewed in detail in this paper J Epiderniol, 1998 ; 8 : 185-1 94. -3 John Snow, cholera, Henry Whitehead, British Course After the success of the First British Epidemiology and as my first lecture to my students. I think almost all the Public Health Course in 1994 I). the \econd course was Japanese professors of epidemiology or publlc health would planned. The organising committee for the course (see Table Like to speak about John Snow in their lectures. I regret that in 1) was able to prepare it from 19 August to 25 August 1996 in the first course, I missed his lecture. But today, I can listeihto Osaka, just bel'ore the 14th International Scientific Meeting for the lecw from fust to last.
    [Show full text]
  • Everything Goes in Soho
    13 BATEMAN ST Put yourself at the centre. Four apartments of this exquisite quality and style Soho’s legendary social prowess is the key inspiration just don’t exist in Soho. They are rare; a prize for for the look and feel of the spaces. Layouts echo the the buyer that understands the importance of this area’s venerated bars, encouraging easy flow between location. They are immaculate; a showcase for different areas. Lighting is intelligently designed to modern design and spatial art. They are characterful; blend from day to night and to capture your mood, residences inspired by their eclectic address. And whatever it is. Integrated speakers take the music into they are state-of-the-art; their technology exists to every room. Materials and finishes chime with those seamlessly move with their residents. of the finest Soho establishments. Dean Street Townhouse 04 • 13 BATEMAN ST TOTTENHAM CT. RD. SO O 5 MINUTE WALK (Crossrail opening 2017) K L A W E T U N I M Your Soho Neighbourhood. 8 XFORD STREET Bateman Street is true Soho. O 11 It links Dean Street and Greek Street, crossing Frith street OXFORD CIRCUS 10 at its mid-point. It is fundamental to the grid that holds 09 Soho Square Gardens, Ronnie Scotts, Soho Theatre and 01 too many bars, restaurants, shops and services to name. CHARING CROSS RO DEAN ST H STREET 05 R E 10 ET GR T MARLBOROUG 02 GREA EEK STREET15 14 07 WAR DINING And DRINKING POINTS OF INTEREST 13 07 DOUR STREET 01 01 Dean Street Town House Soho Square 19 AD TEMAN STREET POL BERWICK STREET BA 02 02 12 C Barrafina Golden Square ARNABY STREET 04 AND STREET 03 Bocca Di Lupo 03 St Annes Churchyard 01 18 02 08 06 20 03 04 Social Eating House Gardens 16 01 FRIT 05 H 02 Bob Bob Richard STREET 14 06 Yauatcha 01 09 17 SHOPPING 03 07 Refuel Bar & Restaurant Soho Hotel 12 04 07 Carnaby Street ON STREET 08 China Town REGENT STREET 08 13 05 01 Cheap Monday 04 09 Bao LEX OLD COMPT INGT 02 Diesel 05 10 06 Bo drake ON STREET BEAK STREET 03 Scotch and Soda 03 11 Ham Yard 04 Vans 12 Bone Daddies 03 05 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ghost Map: the Story of London’S Most Terrifying Epidemic and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World by Steven Johnson
    Welcome to our April book, Historians! We will meet on Tuesday, April 3 at 6:30 to discuss The Ghost Map: The Story of London’s Most Terrifying Epidemic and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World by Steven Johnson. This is the story of the cholera outbreak in Victorian London in 1854. The book centers on Dr. John Snow who created a map of the cholera cases and the Reverend Henry Whitehead who knew the community through his church work and who was able to use this “social intelligence” to figure out the source of the outbreak, the now infamous water pump on Broad Street. In The Ghost Map, we meet these men and the victims and medical workers, both named and unnamed, who worked to stop a disease that no one understood or understood how it spread. Fighting disease in a densely populated urban environment was a new development in medicine. With two and one-half million inhabitants, no city in history had been as large as London is in 1854. When a disease like cholera hits, the results are devastating. As Johnson explains, cholera acts swiftly upon the body. People can die in as fast as twelve hours as cholera causes you to lose the water in your body. Sadly, because the water keeping your brain hydrated is the last water to disappear, victims are consciously dying, fully aware of their circumstances. The medical community believes that cholera is spread by bad air, what is called the miasma theory. Snow and Whitehead provide the evidence that cholera is spread by bad water, but the medical community is slow to accept the evidence, even when shutting down the Broad Street water pump ends the epidemic.
    [Show full text]
  • Cholera and the Pump on Broad Street
    CChhoolleerraa aanndd tthhee PPuummpp oonn BBrrooaadd SSttrreeeett:: THE LIFE AND LEGACY OF JOHN SNOW Laura Ball Senior Division Paper AFTER ALL, IT REALLY IS ALL OF HUMANITY THAT IS UNDER THREAT DURING A PANDEMIC. -- Dr. Margaret Chan, Director General of the World Health Organization There is still a pump in the Golden Square neighborhood on what was once called Broad Street. It does not work, for it is merely a replica of the original, and like the original its handle is missing. It serves as a curiously simple monument to the events that took place over one hundred years ago, when the real pump supplied water to the Broad Street residents. In 1854, hundreds of these hapless locals dropped dead within days of each other as Soho experienced one of the most brutal outbreaks of cholera that London has ever seen.1 Not even the most eminent physicians could say what caused the disease, or why it came and went as it did. John Snow’s solution to the cholera crisis broke the medical conventions of his era, slowed the progress of a virulent intercontinental disease, and forever changed the way society confronts public health problems. CHOLERA, THE BLUE DEATH Cholera plagued civilization for many generations before John Snow’s breakthrough. Medical researchers confirm that cholera was present in India in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, though records of diseases with cholera-like symptoms extend back as far as the fifth century B.C. The first intercontinental surge, referred to as the First Pandemic, occurred from 1 John Snow, “On the Mode of Communication of Cholera," 2nd ed., Snow on Cholera (New York: Hafner Publishing, 1965): 38.
    [Show full text]
  • Historiographical Unpacking—31 August 1854 Thursday, 31 August
    Historiographical Unpacking—31 August 1854 the participants, need to be unpacked if we are to be just in our assessments of actions taken dur- ing the point-source outbreak centered in Broad Street. Readers of the daily newspapers and major medical journals would have found many more theories than those I selected. It was a hot and contentious topic. Since the General Register Office regularly surveyed and assessed this litera- ture, I decided to narrow the field to the GRO’s report on the 1848-49 English cholera epidemic, Thursday, 31 August 1854 prepared under the direction of William Farr, the A normal day during a cholera epidemic in metro- examiner and compiler of abstracts and head of politan London. Figures from the seventh week of the statistical department. the epidemic, ending the previous Saturday, were Farr (1852) highlighted eight “theories available: 847 fatalities from Asiatic cholera in a and analogies,” from which I chose three fre- population greater than two and a quarter mil- quently cited by subsequent commentators who lion. Worrisome, but not as severe as the number eventually sought to explain the 1854 outbreak carried off by cholera during the seventh week of in St. James, Westminster parish (v). Farr’s the 1849 epidemic. In fact, there were hopeful multicausal zymotic theory and John Snow’s signs in the current epidemic’s weekly progress: alimentary-contagion theory are presented in one just 5 dead during the first week, followed by 26, extended scenario. The third theory, atmospheric 133, 399, 644, 729, and 847 in subsequent weeks infection, involved assumptions and reasoning (MTG 1854, 249).
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 14 Westminster City Council Highways and Street Works Bulletin
    Westminster City Council Highways and Street Works Bulletin Page 1 of 14 Clear Channel - NWP Street : PICCADILLY Locality : ST JAMES'S Works Work Start Work End Ref Works Promoter Date Date Works Location Works Description 00003641 Clear Channel 03/01/2019 04/01/2019 o/s 89 Install telephone kiosk removed from o/s 84, connect power & carry out reinstatement In conjunction with permit ref ZH00100003637 00003637 Clear Channel 03/01/2019 04/01/2019 o/s 84 Disconnect power to telephone kiosk, remove kiosk and carry out reinstatement. Utility Works Street : CHARING CROSS ROAD Locality : ST JAMES'S Works Work Start Work End Ref Works Promoter Date Date Works Location Works Description 000807534720055-001 Thames Water Utilities Ltd 25/02/2019 01/03/2019 27-41 1x32mm MDPE new water meter supply in f.way and in Carriageway. Ourintention is to complete the Permanent Reinstatement in the same phase MGJV/BULK/205795 Thames Water Utilities Ltd 03/01/2019 04/01/2019 o/s 70-72 & o/s 56-58 Water meter pit installation in carriageway Westminster City Council Highways and Street Works Bulletin Page 2 of 14 Utility Works Street : COVENTRY STREET Locality : ST JAMES'S Works Work Start Work End Ref Works Promoter Date Date Works Location Works Description 18/11/030 SSE DATACOM 13/04/2019 18/04/2019 OS - OPP 31/32 SSE REF S 061 - INSTALLATION OF TELECOM CHAMBERS AND DUCTS IN THE C/WAY AND F/WAY Street : GLASSHOUSE STREET Locality : WEST END Works Work Start Work End Ref Works Promoter Date Date Works Location Works Description 18/12/042 SSE DATACOM 29/04/2019
    [Show full text]
  • Cholera and Clean Water Timeline Bob Phillips 1 Leeuwenhoek
    Cholera and Clean Water Timeline Bob Phillips Date Events Comment Citations from Miasma theory Going all the way back to the 1st century AD, the potential effects of miasma from fetid ancient swamplands was a key influence when siting a city. The Roman architectural writer Vitruvius times wrote of ―the morning breezes blowing towards town at sunrise mingled with the mist and the Wikipedia on Miasma poisonous breath of creatures of the marshes‖ Theory Miasma theory – that disease was carried through the air, in foul smells and such-like, persisted right into the Victorian age, with authorities like Dr. William Farr supporting the theory until the Hempel, p 35ff events of our tale induced him to change his mind. 1674 Magnified view of Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) is best known for his work on the improvement Wikipedia on micro-organisms in of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology . Using his Leeuwenhoek water handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as micro-organisms. van Leeuwenhoek is often referred to as ―the Father of Microbiology‖ and he is considered to be the first microbiologist. He represents the beginning of our story of cholera, even though it was two centuries before ―animalcules‖ such as the ones he observed were identified as the agents that carried diseases like cholera. van Leeuwenhoek was a cloth mercnt in Delft, in the Netherlands. He first developed lenses to enable him to look more closely at the quality of cloth.He was a self-taught scientist, and He was the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria spermatazoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels).
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Control Measures Used During Cholera Outbreaks Among Internally Displaced Persons Nicole Devine Carneal-Frazer Walden University
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2019 Analysis of Control Measures Used During Cholera Outbreaks Among Internally Displaced Persons Nicole Devine Carneal-Frazer Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Epidemiology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Health Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Nicole Carneal-Frazer has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Donald Goodwin, Committee Chairperson, Public Health Faculty Dr. Adebowale Awosika-Olumo, Committee Member, Public Health Faculty Dr. Jagdish Khubchandani, University Reviewer, Public Health Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2018 Abstract Analysis of Control Measures Used During Cholera Outbreaks Among Internally Displaced Persons by Nicole Carneal-Frazer MS, Walden University, 2014 BS, Lynchburg College, 2008 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health Walden University February 2019 Abstract Cholera remains a major public health problem affecting high-risk populations such as camps of internally displaced persons. During a cholera outbreak, it is essential to reduce transmission and minimize new infections. The Miasma theory, host-agent-environment model and Ecosocial theory were utilized for this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Flagship Shop to Let 33-35 Brewer Street, London W1 Over 5,000 Sq Ft Available CURRENT BRANDS
    Flagship Shop To Let 33-35 Brewer Street, London W1 Over 5,000 sq ft available CURRENT BRANDS Flagship Store To Let 33-35 Brewer Street An opportunity to lease a rare flagship store located in the heart of Soho on Brewer Street, a diverse destination which has quietly gained a reputation as the place to be. Home to innovative retailers that quickly become “Soho Heroes”, including fashion and streetwear cult stores Palace, Champion, Machine-A and Stone Island. Where Brewer meets Lexington find lifestyle concept storeAlex Eagle, events hub Brewer Street Carpark and the unsuspecting Japanese store De-luxe Cleaning. These all sit alongside eateries such as the iconic Italian deli Lina Stores, modern bistro HIX, the seafood institution Randall & Aubin and new Thai restaurant Kiln. ACCOMMODATION RATES The shop is arranged over ground and basement To be assessed on completion of the landlords works. floors and provides the following approximate net internal floor areas. ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATE More information available on request. Whole: Ground floor: 1,817 sq ft 168.8 sq m LEGAL COSTS Basement: 3,167 sq ft 294.2 sq m Each party to bear its own costs. Vaults: 317 sq ft 29.5 sq m CONTACT Total: 5,301 sq ft 492.5 sq m COLLIERS INTERNATIONAL Sara Law / David Carlsson / Cecily Offord Split: Sara.Law@Collier. com / [email protected] 33 Brewer Street [email protected] Ground floor: 837 sq ft 77.8 sq m 020 7487 1614 Basement: 1,935 sq ft 179.8 sq m Vaults: 60 sq ft 5.6 sq m HANOVER GREEN RETAIL Laura Thursfield / Matthew
    [Show full text]