Legacy of the Machault A Collection of 18th-century Artifacts

Catherine Sullivan

Studies in Archaeology Architecture and History

National Historic Parks and Sites Branch Parks Canada Environment Canada ©Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1986.

Available in Canada through authorized book­ store agents and other bookstores, or by mail from the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec, Canada KIA OS9.

La traduction francaise s'intitule L'heritage du Machault: une collection d'artefacts du XVIIIe siecle (no de catalogue R61-2/9-31F). En vente au Canada par l'entrernise de nos agents libraires agrees et autres librairies, ou par la poste au Centre d'edition du gouvernement du Canada, Approvisionnements et Service Canada, Hull, Quebec, Canada KIA OS9.

Price Canada: $9.50 Price other Countries: $1l.40 Price subject to change without notice.

Catalogue No.: R61-2/9-31E ISBN: 0-660-12067-4 ISSN: 0821-1027

Published under the authority of the Minister of the Environment, Ottawa, 1986.

Editing: Jean Brathwaite. Design: James Miller and Werner Wicke.

The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and not necessarily those of En­ vironment Canada.

Cover photo by Rock Chan; frontispiece photos by David L. Arnold, © National Geographic Society. Contents

5 Preface 7 Introduction 9 The Ship 13 Working the Ship 27 Commerce and Trade ~33 ...... Weaponry 45 Tools and Equipment 55 Food and Drink 75 Clothing 85 Miscellany 95 Colour Illustrations 105 Bibliography Le port de Bordeaux. (Cour­ telY of Stephen R. Daois.)

4 Preface

Research on the Machault's artifacts could not have written it but for infor­ was undertaken by a number of Parks mation generously supplied by my col­ Canada's material culture specialists leagues. Charles Bradley, Douglas over many years, and was one of our Bryce, Stephen Davis, Gerard Gusset, earliest experiences of relating domes­ Virginia Myles, Ron Whate, Eileen tic and military objects to a marine site. Woodhead, and Waiter Zacharchuk Historic documentation about the ship contributed research material sum­ had not prepared anyone for the quan­ marized here, and much encourage­ tities of virtually identical goods that ment in preparing it. were to appear in the excavation. Which The photographic work that en­ objects, we asked ourselves, had France hances the manuscript was done by supplied to save the colony; what had Rock Chan except only pp. 14,28, and the soldiers, sailors, naval and military 47 (far right), by George Vandervlugt. officers carried aboard for their per­ Drawings of objects, sometimes based sonal comfort during the crossing; on little more than small pieces of would some of the obviously domestic unique items, were created by Dorothy artifacts have been considered ship's ac­ Kappler Larsen (pp. 15, 34, 35, 73, 88), cessories; what portion of the men's Susan Laurie-Bourque (pp. 25,28, 36, possessions would have been standard 59,64,82), Carol Piper (pp. 14, 18,41), issue; how did quantities of British­ Ron Whate (p. 72), and Derek Ford made merchandise get loaded onto this (p. 19). French ship in Bordeaux when France Cleaning deposits of various types and England were actively at war with from delicate surfaces, recovering tiny one another? artifacts from large amorphous con­ Furthermore, the Machault was by cretions, advising on handling and dis­ no means an undisturbed deposit. playing the objects, and preserving and Rather than lying in successive occupa­ stabilizing the ship's massive hull com­ tion layers as it usually does on land ponents all required a great deal of sites, later material dropped into the imagination, persistence, and straight sea over the wreck was subject to the hard work by Parks Canada's Conserva­ same forces, and assumed the same dis­ tion Division in Ottawa. Many deserve tribution pattern, as the 18th-century acknowledgements for their efforts, material. This intermixing of 18th-cen­ but those of Lorne Murdock, Thomas tury and later material initiated some Daley, Robert Marion, and Victoria debate about introduction dates of spe­ Jenssen are particularly noteworthy. cific advances in manufacturing tech­ Waiter Zacharchuk directed ar­ nology and about the origins of some chaeology on the Machault. The project artifacts. as a whole owes much to him, and I am This book presents a portion ofthe grateful for his assistance with this Machault artifacts, selected because they manuscript. were very typical or very unusual. 1

5 o (), WU, Miles

6 Introduction

By the autumn of 1759, while the expected. We had expected to find Seven Years' War raged on in Europe, remnants of the supplies destined for France's future in Canada was in the colony, and little else. However, re­ jeopardy. Believing that the British, searchers studying the artifacts believe who had taken Quebec in September, that the French had cleared from the could be driven out of the city and out Machault most of the food, munitions, of the colony, the governor of New tools, and other supplies that France France sent his king urgent requests for had sent for the Canadian cause, most men, munitions, and provisions to rally of the personal belongings of the sail­ the citizens and retake the capital. In ors, soldiers and officers, and most of April 1760 a small fleet left Bordeaux the items related to everyday living. Ma­ for Canada. In the GulfofSt. Lawrence terial left behind included the Ma­ the French learned that a British f1eet chaults weaponry, things that had been had preceded them up the St. Lawrence lost, broken or discarded, spare parts and secured the city. Because they and tools, mess supplies for those who needed to put ashore to bake bread and stayed on board up to the ship's last take on fresh water and meat, the moments, and - in completely unex­ French harboured in Chaleur Bay, near pected quantities - cargo that the the mission at Restigouche. They sent French could not have used in the land messengers overland to report to the camp or that was privately owned. The governor in Montreal. greatest portion of this cargo was pri­ In the meantime, the French un­ vate venture merchandise, mainly ta­ loaded supplies to feed and clothe their blewares, much of which appears to Micmac allies and refugee Acadians at have been hastily assembled in Bor­ Restigouche, established shore bat­ deaux and stowed in the lowest part of teries for defence, and were joined by the Machault's hold. others loyal to the French king. They On the pages that follow, the ar­ were finally found in late June by a tifacts from the Machault reveal aspects powerful British squadron, and the bat­ of 18th-century maritime travel, de­ tle that followed was inevitably a British fence at sea, and a variety of daily victory. human activities. Some are specifically Parks Canada excavated the Ma­ maritime related. Others echo objects chault, flagship of the little French fleet, found on land sites from the French two centuries after it sank. The amount period in Canada and in 18th-century of material recovered was enormous; French still-life paintings. Still others the types ofmaterial recovered were not are not often recovered from land sites

7 Introduction although we know that they were com­ to amass private fortunes. The cargo of monly used at the time. They show that consumer goods was transported at the lSth-century Canadians who could af­ king's expense to a colony battered by ford to pay were supplied with con­ years of war. sumer goods from every part of the Yet because of the disaster that be­ globe. They also confirm the greed of fell the Machault, we can now present a some government employees in Can­ rich and diverse collection of material ada during the final years ofthe French goods from one of France's last ship­ regime. These men used public funds ments to its North American colony.

8 The Ship

Afrigate fume to, drifting slightly in the wind. (Daniel Lescallier, Traite pratique du greement des vaisseaux et autres bati­ ments de rn e r. ... [Paris: Clousier, 1791J, PI. 34.)

9 The Ship

A 26-gun, three-masted frigate from the 18th century. (Daniel Lescallier, Traite pratique du greement des vaisseaux et au­ tres batirn enrs de mer.... [Paris: Clousier; 1791 j, Pl. 18.)

10 The Ship

The frigate Machault was launched to 41 metres long on the main deck, 11 in Bayonne in 1758 as a privateer, and metres wide inside the hull, and 5.5 later refitted as a convoy vessel. No metres high from the bilges to the deck. plans of the ship survive, and only por­ Below the main deck appears to have tions of the ship remain. There is some been a lower deck located aft and prob­ controversy about the Machault's size, ably a rope deck located forward. The said to have been between 500 and 550 Machault's ribs, floor timbers, and inner tons, and about the number of guns it and outer planking were made of red carried. However, the Machault would oak. Outer planking from the main have resembled the vessel illustrated deck to below the water line averaged here. Reconstruction of the Machault's nine centimetres thick to reinforce the midsection suggests that the ship was hull and protect it from enemy can­ about 34 metres long at the keel and 39 nonballs.

II 12 Working the Ship

Pas-Caert van Terra Nova.... Amsterdam, [1670-1705]. (Pub­ lic Archives Canada, National Map Collection, NMC 24907.)

13 Standing Rigging

Standing rigging - stays and futtock plates that attach one set of shrouds - hold masts upright on sail­ shrouds to a lower set through wooden ing vessels. Stays are large-gauge ropes platforms on the masts. The lowest sets running forward of each mast. The of shrouds are linked by deadeyes and shrouds, networks of ropes that secure lanyards to massive chains anchored in the masts from the sides, are arranged the vessel's hull. Taking up the lanyards in vertical sections. Upper shrouds are between pairs of deadeyes tightens the connected by deadeyes and lanyards to shrouds.

Iron futtock plate attached to a three-hole deadeye

14 Standing Rigging

A three-hole elm deadeye and iron chain sections anchor;d a shroud to the hull. This one measures 21 metres long.

15 Running Blocks

A running block has one or more scored troughs at their bases and up moveable sheaves (grooved wheels) ro­ their sides to accommodate the rope tating on axle pins inside a shell made rings that held the blocks in position. ofa single piece of wood. Used much as Running blocks used in the top block and tackle is today - to move tackle were tightly bound with iron heavy objects and work sails and rigging strapping; a hook on the strap an­ - and to manoeuvre cannon, hun­ chored the block to a mast cap. Top dreds of running blocks, set up in tackle blocks raised and lowered the up­ pulley systems, were needed to operate per sections of masts. the Machault. Most shells have deeply

Two views ofa single-sheave run­ ning block in the shape most commonly found on the Machault

16 Running Blocks

Double block Single-sheave top tackle block and its iron binding strap with hook

17 Running Blocks

Each of these running blocks was shore communication. The single­ designed for a special purpose. The shelled long tackle block with two dif­ cheek block would have been lashed top ferent-sized sheaves lies flatter than and bottom to an upper mast and used conventional double blocks, and mini­ to work one of the auxiliary stay sails. mizes the risk of ropes tangling. Work­ The mast truck, originally with two ing sails and moving cargo were typical sheaves, encircled an upper mast; its uses for long tackle blocks. Kevels are sheaves were threaded with signal large stationary cleats located along a halyards to raise and lower signalling ship's rails or around the mainmast to pennants for ship-to-ship or ship-to- secure or tie off large-gauge ropes.

Part ora mast truck, badly burned Cheek block

Two-sheaved mast truck

18 Running Blocks

Long tackle block, sometimes called a fiddle block, set up as a Keoel block, 59.9 cm long pulley

19 Cleats

On ships, cleats are used mainly as the metal deck cleat could have been belaying points to tie off ropes, or as used instead for tying off ropes. The fairleads to keep ropes from tangling hollow base of the one-piece shroud and on their proper courses. However, cleat fitted over a shroud and was the triangular stop cleat was probably lashed to it, providing a belaying point one of several nailed around a mast or for the lines working the sails. The bowsprit to hold wrapped rope in place. range cleat could be fixed horizontally The four deck cleats were probably or vertically to a mast, deck, or yard as a bolted to the deck as fairleads, although belaying point.

1\1etal deck cleat

Three wooden deck cleats

20 Cleats

Wooden stop cleat

Wooden range cleat

Wooden shroud cleat

21 Navigating

An 18th-century navigator plotting records ofdirection and speed he calcu­ a course across open seas without land­ lated - as accurately as his equipment marks for reference points relied on a and clear skies permitted - the ship's variety ofinstruments and charts. How­ position and the distance it had trav­ ever, navigation was not a precise sci­ elled. Navigational instruments re­ ence in 1760. The navigator deter­ covered from the Machault were part of mined latitude by measuring the angle a back staff(for taking an indirect read­ between the horizon and a particular ing of the angle between the horizon point in the heavens and then convert­ and the sun), a pair of draughting di­ ing that reading into degrees of lati­ viders, what may be a compass box, a tude. From such bearings and careful slate pencil, and a slate tablet fragment.

A turned wooden circular box, A pair ofcast-brass divider arms; possibly a compass box, missing its their steel pointers have rusted screw-on lid away

22 Sailmakers' Tools. Pumps

A wooden ship under sail needed height of the hull, and giving onto a constant repair and maintenance to deck where the water could escape into keep it seaworthy. Sailmakers, caulkers, the sea. Wooden ships could not stay and carpenters were responsible for in­ afloat without being pumped out sev­ specting and restoring the sails and rig­ eral times a day. Water constantly ging, and the ship's hull and other leaked in through the hull even in fair wooden components, including its weather, and in heavy seas, waves break­ wooden provision casks. A sailmaker ing over the decks would keep the hold might have used these awl-like tools, awash. now missing their points, to pierce The Machault originally had four holes around a sail so he could stitch a pumps around its mainmast, but only reinforcing cord to the sail's edges. He three complete main pumps were wore the flat brass disc, attached by its found, as well as numerous extra foot three ears to a strip of leather around valves and plungers to replace worn­ his hand, as a thimble for pushing large out parts. The pumps operated on a needles through heavy fabric. suction system, raising water out of the The main pumps on a wooden hold in two stages; such pumps were in frigate were stationary features located very common use at that period in ships beside the mainmast, extending the full and water wells.

Sailmakers palm

Wooden awl handles: one octago­ nal-sided, the other "E nglish­ Wooden piston with its leather style" gasket

23 Caulking

Large gaps left between a wooden driven deeply into the seam by a sharp ship's planking allowed for swelling as caulking iron hit with a mallet; a single­ the wood slowly soaked up sea water. or multiple-crease caulking iron com­ These spaces were filled with a soft, pacted the material and gave a finished sticky caulking material (animal hair or edge to the outer face of the seam. vegetable fibres mixed with pitch),

Caulking irons

Wooden caulking mallet

These hardwood caulking-mallet heads were reinforced by metal bands at their ends and by metal bolts on both sides ofeach handle

24 Cleaning

Keeping the ship clean and ready serving fluid, such as blacking, helped for action required frequent sweeping, to keep materials exposed to the ele­ washing, and scrubbing. Painting ments from deteriorating. wood, metal, and leather with a pre-

Staved wooden bucket. (After .Jean Boudriot, Le vaisseau de 74 canons [Grenoble: Editions des Quatre Seigneurs, 1974-77], Vol. 2, n. 33.)

The head of a hair-bristle black­ ing brush with a woven cord tie

Myrtle broom bound with split willow

25 26 Commerce and Trade

Le port de Bordeaux. (Cour­ tesy of Stephen R. Davis.)

27 Shipping Containers

Food, ammunition, pitch and nails Some types of merchandise were were found on the Machault in oak bar­ not shipped in wooden containers, but rels of different sizes. A cask that once were wrapped as bales, soft packages held musket shot has been drawn to bound with cord or metal hoops. The show its staved construction, with two lead baling seal was folded over a bind­ sets of seven willow-bound wooden ing, and its edges then crimped to­ hoops fixed to the barrel with iron nails. gether. Its presence on a bale guaran­ When the tiny keg shown in pieces here teed that the package had not been was full of small lead shot, one man tampered with. This seal has been im­ would not have been able to carry it. pressed with the name of the company Another container type, a rec­ Joseph Rouffio Freres. The Huguenot tangular crate, was massive, judging by merchant family who guaranteed the the size of the remaining piece, either package was based in Montauban, in its top or its bottom. The crate had been southwestern France, and had a work­ nailed shut and further secured with ing branch of their family in Canada two iron straps. during the French regime. f'tl"ll"11I1 .,,'111))

Reconstructed musket­ shot cask

Keg that once contained small shot, about 29 cm high

28 Shipping Containers

Detail from Le port de Bor­ deaux. (Courtesy of Stephen R. Davis.)

Lead baling seal consisting oftwo discs [oined by a narrow lead strip, disc diameters 2.5 cm

One-piece oak crate lid, 130.6 cm by 53.5 cm by 2.2 cm

29 Commerce and Trade

Not reliable for the exacting mea­ ings are impressed on their tops, and surements required for coins or raw impressed on their bases are what may drugs, these weights were most likely be trade control marks for the harbours used to determine bulk measurements in which these weights were considered of provisions or trade goods. Size mark- legal.

Encyclopedic ... Recueil de planches.... Sect. 2, Pt. 1, "Bal­ ancier," PI. 1.

.- A selection ofsolid cast-lead mer­ chant or common weights measur­ ing between two onces and ten .- livres

30 Commerce and Trade

Made of very thin, sheet-copper al­ verting foreign currency. It was made loy, this jetton was one of a set of coun­ for the French market probably by ters that would have been used on a Johann Jacob Dietzel, a prominent counting board for doing simple tallies Nuremburg medallist. or such complex calculations as con-

Jetton, circa 2 cm in diameter; stamped on one side with the ma­ ture bust of Louis xv oj France andN aoarre. The other side bears a heraldic lion, the makers ini­ tials, .lJD, and the words RE­ CHE PFENNIG, signifying that the piece is not a coin.

31 32 Weaponry

Private in the French marines, 1755. Ueau B oudriot collection.)

33 Ordnance

Ships crossing the Atlantic carried s~gn~d to destroy enemy ships' sails and large mounted guns for protecting nggmg. their cargos and for signalling when All ofthe Machault's cannons would visibility was poor. When the Machault have been mounted at gun positions on was built it was pierced for 26 guns, but wooden carriages of the type shown may have been carrying as many as 32 here. Iron rings and hooks, running guns when it set sail for Canada in 1760. blocks, and rope cables were necessary Three 12-livre cast-iron cannons exca­ to minimize the recoil caused by firing vated from the ship measure approx­ the guns. Two cannon carriage parts imately three metres in length and were recovered from the Machault: one weigh about 1364 kilograms each. In a of the iron capsquares that fit over a battle at sea, cannons were used for cannon's trunnions to secure it to its bombarding enemy ships' hulls with carriage, and an iron reinforcing band solid iron cannonballs, or for firing for a carriage truck, or wheel. anti-personnel projectiles or those de-

Ship'S cannon and carriage. (After Jean B oudriot, Le vaisseau de 74 canons [Greno­ hie: Editions des Quatre Sei­ gneurs, 1974-77), Vol. 2, PI. 39.)

34 Ordnance

Ship's ordnance on the Machault in­ A swivel gun could be mounted on cluded swivel guns set in the forecastle a stand so that gun and stand were port­ railings on yoke-like swivels. Swivel able and could be installed at different guns look like miniature cannons. They locations around a ship, including could be swung about to fire small iron fighting platforms partway up the or lead balls on enemies attempting to masts. The drawing shows a swivel gun board the ship or even on those who mounted on a portable stand. had gained the decks. Both ofthe iden­ tical cast-iron swivel guns recovered from the ship are 92 centimetres long.

Swivel f:.,run and portable stand. \~ (After Jean Boudriot, Le vaisseau de 74 canons [Greno­ ble: Editions des Quatre Sei­ gneurs, 1974-77}, Vol. 2, Fig. 203.)

Swivel gun from the Machault

35 Loading the Cannons

Each of Machault's cannons was poured into the cannon's touchhole maintained, loaded, and fired by its and into an open channel on the back of own crew of men. Cannons, like mus­ the cannon guided the flame into the kets and other smooth-bore guns ofthe touchhole to set off the main powder day, were loaded from the muzzle. A charge in the breech. measured amount of black powder was Extremely unreliable, black fed into the cannon barrel either with a powder had to be stored and handled scoop or in a canvas bag and rammed with materials that would not easily into place in the breech. Wadding was spark. Powder magazines were usually rammed on top ofthe powder, followed reinforced, and scoops, ramrods, and by the projectile. If a cannonball was powder barrels were made of wood and used, more wadding kept it from roll­ copper because iron was liable to spark ing out of the barrel. Priming powder and set the powder off accidently.

Pouched powder bucket, leather and wood with copper nails. (After Jean B oudriot, Le vaisseau de 74 canons [Greno­ ble: Editions des Quatre Sei­ gneurs, 1974-77J, Vol. 2, Fig. Canvas bag Wood and copper powder ladle 203.)

36 Ammunition

At sea, solid cast-iron cannonballs sank. Another type of round-shot am­ were used chiefly to blast holes in the munition from the Machault is small, hulls of enemy ships. Sometimes they solid iron or lead balls. When groups of were heated red-hot in the hope that these balls were packed together in can­ they would set fire to wooden decks or vas bags or tin cannisters and fired blow up powder magazines. More than from a cannon, they fell on the enemy 500 cannonballs were recovered from in a deadly shower. the Machault. Most are French, and sev­ The hand grenade is a hollow iron eral are marked with fleur-de-lys; two ball filled with gunpowder, and ignited cannonballs bear broad arrows, indicat­ by a wooden fuse. Grenades could be ing British government ownership, and tossed from the decks, rigging, or plat­ may have struck the M achault before it forms partway up the masts.

Iron handgrenade with a wooden fuse

French 12-1ivre cannonball English 12 -pound cannonball

37 Ammunition

These strangely shaped iron pro­ with twine and packed in canvas bags jectiles were designed to be fired from that burned away when the cannon was cannons and bring down the rigging fired, freeing the heavy pieces to open and sails of enemy ships. Bar shot is a and rotate in flight. Spinning metal solid iron bar with solid cylindrical slashed through a ship's rigging, break­ ends, loaded and fired as cannonballs ing spars, ripping sails, and tearing were. Star and link shot were bound ropes from their fastenings.

Bar shot

Link shot Star shot

38 Ammunition

Hollow cast-iron mortar bombs sellike the Machault could not fire mor­ were filled with gunpowder that ex­ tars, and thus the 58 bombs recovered ploded when ignited by a wooden fuse. from the ship had to be part of the The bombs were fired on high trajecto­ munitions shipment bound for ries from short, large-bore weapons Canada. known as mortars. A three-masted ves-

Mortar bomb

Elevation of a Light 6 pr. [and Mortar].... , c.w. Rudverd. (Courtesy of the Army Museum, lIalifax Citadel.)

39 Ship's Arsenal

In addition to large mounted guns, tearing down rigging and smashing ships carried arsenals of hand-held or holes in planking when sailors stormed portable weapons for sailors to use another ship. The arsenal sword here, when capturing another vessel or when one of several similar weapons found their own vessel was attacked. Firearms on the ship, has an octagonal bone grip in the Machaults arsenal include two va­ and a cast-brass knuckle guard with rieties of muskets, a blunderbuss (not wreathed-head decoration, and once shown), and the first standard pistols had a sabre blade. Except for the iron used by the French cavalry and ob­ blade, the sturdy sword was made in viously used on French ships as well: non-corrosive materials well-suited for two examples have LE MACHAULT marine use. It was probably carried engraved in their stocks. thrust through a sailor's sash or belt Edged weapons were also an im­ since its scabbard has no fittings to at­ portant part of the arsenal - swords tach it to his belt. The boarding axe is for hand-to-hand combat and axes for made of wrought iron.

French small arms from the Ma­ chaults arsenal (top to bottom): musket, model 1733-34 cavalry pistol, boarding axe, and board­ ing sabre

40 Ship's Arsenal

Several examples of this type of mitted a sailor to sling it over his shoul­ smooth-bore musket found on the Ma­ der and use both hands when climbing chault belonged to the arsenal: the only into firing position on a mast. This surviving butt stock is incised with the gun's furniture - its brass fittings ­ ship's name. It was originally about 149 have survived underwater rather well, centimetres long and of the same 69 but the iron gun barrel, which would calibre as French military muskets of have sat in a channel on the top of the the day although it was not a military walnut stock, and the iron flintlock model. A leather strap on the gun per- mechanism have rusted away.

Inset area/or the lock

Brass side plate

• I Dr7]1

Brass trigger guard

Brass ramrod tailpipe Arsenal musket

41 Ship's Arsenal

The Long Land Pattern musket, particular weapon originally belonged known familiarly as the "Brown Bess," to Colonel William Shirleys 50th Regi­ was the standard British infantry fire­ ment of Foot. The musket may have arm of the 18th century. This view been taken when the American colonial shows the wooden butt stock fitted with regiment was defeated at Fort Oswego its cast-brass butt plate, wrist es­ on the south shore of Lake Ontario in cutcheon, and trigger guard. Markings 1756, and then re-issued by the French on the wrist escutcheon tell us that this for use on board the Machault.

Wrist escutcheon

British Long Land Pattern musket

42 Soldier's Sword

The a la mousquetaire sword was wooden core wrapped with twisted standard issue for various branches of brass wire. The missing blade would the French military from the late 17th have been made ofsteel. Not as durable through the mid-18th century, al­ as the arsenal sabre, the few a la mous­ though by that time the sword was not quetaire swords found on the ship had the soldier's primary fighting weapon. probably been discarded by the troops Both the knuckle guard and pommel being transported to Canada. are made ofcast brass, and the grip is a

\ \

H ill of a French militmy sword, the a la mousquetaire type

43 44 Tools and Equipment

Encyclopedic ... Recueil de planches...., Sect. 2, Pt. 1, "Charpenterie, " n. 1.

45 Woodworking

Woodworking tools recovered from the Machault ranged from split­ ting wedges, axes, and saws for rough woodworking through shaping tools such as carpenter's drawknives, turning chisels, drills, and hammers to planes Top ofa forged-iron cooper'sadze for finishing work and a ruler/bevel for with a secondary working face measunng.

Forged iron or steel saw set, with­ out its handle, usedfor setting the angles ofsaw blade teeth

Forged strap-iron single-bitted axe head with a broken wooden handle

Carved one-piece wooden mallet

46 Woodworking

Two centuries in the Restigouche fied pushing or pulling tools. Addi­ estuary have decomposed most of the tionally, wooden handles from ham­ iron parts of woodworking tools, but a mers, an iron auger bit, an iron gouge variety of wooden handles has survived blade, some fragmentary iron mawls in good condition. A good range of with wooden handles, and some un­ wood-shaping tools is represented: identified tool blades were recovered drawknives, turning chisels, augers, from the Machault. and gimlets, and a selection of unidenti-

Wooden handle grip and handle plate from single-handed saws

Wood and copper-alloy carpen­ ter's ruler/bevel marked in 1/4 pouce, 1/2 pouce, pouce, and pied

Wooden handles from shaping tools

Encyclopedic ... Recueil de planches.... , Sect. 3, "Ebe­ nisterie .... ," PI. 1.

47 Woodworking

In smoothing a rough board, a car­ quarter-oval grooves. With the tongue penter might start with ajack plane. He plane and a matching groove plane he used compass planes for smoothing could make joints that held one board concave surfaces; this one may have flush with another. Unnailed, unglued been used for both general carpentry tongue-and-groovejoints allow wood to and for coopering. With the moulding expand and contract without splitting. plane he could make quarter-round or

Clockioisejrom upper lelt: ajack plane, a tongue plane, a mould­ ing plane, a compass plane, and a lunidledjack plane

Encyclopedic ... Recueil de planches ...., Sect. 6, "Menuisier en Batimens," PI. 2.

48 Metalworking

Strap iron and bars of wrought the grey metals, and iron - was prac­ iron found in quantity on the Machault tically non-existent in North America may have been part of the ship's stores, during the 18th century, the colonies but were more likely intended for the relying on imported European metals. colony. A blacksmith cannot operate Plates, cooking pots, utensils, can­ without a good stock of refined iron, dleholders, strapping, tools, and other and the St Maurice foundry near Trois­ metal objects, even toys, were recycled Rivieres produced less iron than the when they broke or wore out. As a re­ colony needed. Refining of all types of sult, such objects are not often re­ base metals - copper and its alloys, all covered in land excavations.

The kniFe grinder, Les Cris de Paris. (Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Park, Parks Canada.)

This sandstone disc, with a slightly convex grinding surface, is a sharpening stone pre-form. It would have been finished by its oumer to fit the type of trough. in which he wanted to mount it.

49 Metalworking

All these metalworking tools were used to hold and manipulate hot metal, and except for the vice that was mounted against a bench, all were held in the hand. On board the Machault a sailor with some blacksmithing skills would have been responsible for emer­ gency repairs to the ship's metal fittings, firearms and heavy ordnance. He could also have repaired objects like the brass candleholder found on the ship.

Wrought-iron or steel leg vice; its bench bridles, spring, and.ioo: are missing

Chisel made ofiron

Iron tongs, badly corroded

SelFhandled punch for making square holes

50 Metalworking

Encyclopedic ... Recueil de planches.... , Sect. 8, "Ser­ rurier;" rt. 1.

51 Fishing

This is the most complete of four Fishing with nets required lead spearheads recovered from the Mu­ weights to sink the net, and floats, possi­ chault. It once had a long handle and bly cork, small watertight casks, or ani­ was used like a harpoon to take small mal bladders, to hold up its edges. A whales, dolphins, eels, and large fish. A woven rope bag filled with corks was long coil of rope attached to its handle found on the ship and may have been could be played out or pulled in to re­ used as a float. trieve both harpoon and catch.

Lead net weight, 12.3 cm long

Seven-pronged iron spearhead

52 Fishing

Encyclopedic ... Recueil de planches...., Sect. 7, "Peches ...," Pl.4.

53 54 Food and Drink

Family at dinner: In [ohann B. Basedow, Elementarwerk (Leipzig: Vogel, 1774).

55 Cooking

Bricks recovered from the Mu­ first half of the 17th century through chault, several still mortared together, the 18th century. were likely from a box-like galley struc­ Round-bottomed cooking pots can ture located in the bow just aft of the be set on iron tripods in the coals of foremast. In most galleys of the period, fireplaces or placed directly into a large cauldron set over a firebox was stovetop openings to stew or fricassee an integral part of the ship's structure. salted meats - beef or pork, usually ­ Some billets of wood found on the ship with vegetables. They were designed to may have been fuel for the galley. be covered, but we did not find any Cooking pots made of coarse corresponding lids. This style is only earthenware were commonplace in the one of several shapes of earthenware 18th century. There were several dozen cooking pots that French colonial con­ in the Machaults cargo. Coarse earthen­ sumers could buy in the 18th century. ware pots did not leak, conducted heat At least two other types were recovered well, and were cheap. However, the pots from the Mtichault: a green-glazed became brittle with use and easily bro­ cooking pot with three legs, and a sin­ ken, and fragments are often found on gle-handled round-bottomed undecor­ French colonial sites dating from the ated pot.

Large and small two-handled cooking pots in undecorated, partly glazed coarse earthenware, made in France

56 Cooking

Sheet-metal cooking pots were Cooking utensils such as these lightweight, durable, and efficient, were typical of the equipment in 18th­ which made them highly desirable even century galleys. A cook would strain though they were considerably more foods with the colander, use the skewer expensive than ceramic cooking vessels. to hold meat together while it cooked, They were very popular trade items and remove fats congealing on soups with the North American Indians and and stews with the skimmer. These have been found on Indian burial sites. utensils have not changed much even to The pots from the Machault are of two the present day although modern ones types: large and small brass pots in sizes are more likely to be aluminum or stain­ that stack into each other, and large less steel, metals unknown in the 18th copper pots with heavy covers tinned century. on the inside. On both types bail han­ dles permitted them to be suspended over a fire.

Sheet-brass colander One ofthe large brass nestingpots

~--_.-- Forged copper skimmer and forged iron skewer

57 Storing and Serving Liquids

French-made green-glazed coarse mugs, and the middle sizes are very earthenwarejugs were probably among close to the standard beer and wine the cheapest ceramic storage and serv­ measures used in taverns in New ing vessels available to 18th-century France for serving the popular alco­ French colonials. The group of five holic beverages of the time: wine, beer, shows the form's typical mid-century and rum. profile and a selection of the sizes in More elegant than the coarse which they were made. While they earthenware jugs is a tin-glazed earth­ probably had many uses, the largest enware pitcher, possibly used aboard might have served as pails to carry liq­ the Machault. Its monochrome yellow­ uids to and from laundries, dairies, orange decoration is quite exceptional bedrooms, or elsewhere in homes. The on tin-glazed earthenwares from North smallest are about the size of small American sites.

Green-glazed coarse earthenware pitchers made in Saintonge

58 Storing and Serving Liquids

The two English bottles may have protect the contents from harmful been part of the officers' mess supplies effects of light. A few examples of the or of a venture cargo. Dark green glass French version of the dark green glass "wine" bottles were commonly used in "wine" bottle were also found. Europe and North America by wine, Two bidons from the Machault were spirits, and mineral-water merchants as serving vessels for the sailors. Bidons commercial containers, and by private have capacities of about five litres each individuals as containers for decanting, and were used to deliver daily wine ra­ storing, and serving beverages bought tions to mess crews of between four and in barrels or made at home. The dark seven men. green colour was popularly thought to

Staved wooden biclon with rope handles. (After)ean B oudriot, Le vaisseau de 74 canons [Gre­ noble: Editions des Quatre Sei­ gneurs, 1974-77], Vol. 2, Fig. 154.)

English dark green glass "wine" bottles

French-made tin-glazed earthen­ ware pitcher, 23 cm tall, possibly made in M ontauban

59 Storing Foods and Beverages

Unglazed coarse earthenware stor­ that appear to have been filled and age jars in many sizes have been widely sealed in England. The cork stopper manufactured for centuries in Mediter­ swells slightly over the bottle lip and has ranean countries. This one could have been secured with a strand of copper­ been used as an alternative to a wooden alloy wire. keg of comparable size for storing and Several French-made glass bottles transporting all sorts of foods and liq­ and jars suitable for foods, beverages, uids. Its opening is large enough for a and a variety of other products were person to scoop out its contents by hand also found on the Machault. An oak bar­ or with a cup, but at only 49 centimetres rel recovered intact still contained salt tall, it is probably smaller thanjars used pork; traces of a knife in the pork sug­ on 18th-century ships to hold supplies gest that the barrel had been opened. of drinking water. Barrels that contained liquids were tap­ The corked bottle neck is from one ped or drained with spigots. of almost 200 English "wine" bottles

Neck of a dark greenglass "wine" bottle

Cast copper alloy spigot Coarse earthenware jar

60 Cups and Drinking Glasses

Only the stemmed glasses and the its surface would have had a polished, pewter beaker are drinking vessels; lov­ silvery sheen. ing cups were used mainly as orna­ The hollow-stemmed Continental ments, sometimes inscribed to com­ bouton carre wineglass on the left is one memorate happy events. Although the of several hundred from the Machault, Nottingham stoneware it is made of is obviously cargo items. The other wine­ appropriate for the period of the Ma­ glass, an English lead-glass piece with a chault, loving cups are not commonly long stem and graceful, flaring bowl, found on 18th-century North Amer­ was a British style in great demand on ican sites. both sides of the Atlantic during the Eighteenth-century pewter Seven Years' War. beakers ar~ also rare today. although Not illustrated are an English­ some survive as commun ron cups. made opaque-twist stemware glass and Metal beakers, cups without handles, a Continental crizzled-glass tumbler of are a very ancient form ofdrinking ves­ a type very commonly found on Cana­ sel. This example's plain, simple lines dian sites from the French period. are pleasing, and when the cup was new,

Footedbeaker made ofcast pewter

English brown salt-glazed stone­ ware loving cup with incised decoration Two stemware drinking glasses

61 Decorated Coarse Earthenware

Utilitarian coarse earthenware ves­ Similar embellishments appear on sels are often plain, but the Machault coarse earthenware bowls and plates cargo also contained a variety of deco­ alike in the Machault collection. Other rated pieces that were probably inten­ coarse earthenware vessels also feature ded for serving food as well as for incised decoration. Almost 500 deco­ preparing it. These examples have rated French coarse earthenware bowls zigzags, circles, dots, and stylized ani­ and plates were found on the Machault, mals and plants - all popular elements many still stacked in piles in the hold. - painted on white slip backgrounds.

62 Decorated Coarse Earthenware

63 Bowls

Small bowls with brims and por­ smallest as handleless drinking cups; ringers with lugs, or handles, were com­ mid-range sizes as individual eating monly used individual eating vessels for bowls or slop bowls on tea tables; and the broths and gruels that made up a the largest as tureens or punch bowls. good part of everyday diet; bowls with­ The woodengamelle, on the other hand, out brims could be used for mixing or had a specialized use on the ship as a servmg. communal mess tub from which four to The Machault« cargo included sev­ seven men would have served them­ eral types of bowls; other types of bowls selves. were probably used on the ship. The Also found on the site but not selection is amazingly varied: Conti­ shown here are a cargo of English soft­ nental, French, English, and Chinese, paste porcelain bowls, a coarse earthen­ some very sturdy and practical, others ware porringer with moulded lugs, and more decorative and refined. a small dark blue glass bowl with gilded Five sizes of tin-glazed earthen­ lines encircling its flaring rim. ware bowls suggest various uses: the

Small English mixing bowl of plain white salt-glazed stoneware St aue d wooden mess tub, or gamelle. (After Jean Boudriot, Le vaisseau de 74 canons [Gre­ liable: Editions des Quatre Seig­ neurs, 1974-77], Vol. 2, Fig. 154.)

Cast-pewter porringer with two handles

64 Bowls

Chinese export porcelain bowl, suitable/or punches, with raised, moulded plum blossoms alternat­ ing with cartouches of painted floral sprays in the famille rose palette

Plain French green-glazed coarse earthenware eating bowl

Four ofthefive sizes oftin- glazed earthenware bowls made in En­ gland in a Chinese shape and decorated with a blue and red dragon pattern

65 Bowls

Chinese export porcelain bowls wit h b I u e - p a i n t e d flo r a I landscapes

Chinese export porcelain bowl, possibly for salads, with alternat­ ing blue-painted floral bouquets and clumps of lettuce

66 Plates and Platters

These items could be used as indi­ ofa manganese-brown-glazed Ligurian vidual eating dishes or as serving piece from northwestern Italy, a cargo pieces. Most are good quality table­ of lower quality coarse earthenware wares although rather subdued for the plates, and some fragments of wooden rococo period. A dot-pattern Saintonge plates were also recovered from the plate from southwestern France, sherds Machault.

Pewter dinner plate

Chinese export porcelain dinner plate in famille rose colours, circa 1755-58

Frenchfaience plate with a mono­ chrome blue border and centre motif

Chinese export porcelain soup plate with a blue landscape and border Fragment from a French faience oval platter with a blue lambre­ quin border

67 Drinking Tea

The European fashion for taking painted Chinese export porcelain tea was gradually spreading to all social shows that buyers sometimes would classes during the second half of the have had to make up services from indi­ 18th century, and tea drinkers aspired vidual items with different patterns. to having their tables graced with por­ The cargo also included English celain and silver. However, tea was still a soft-paste porcelain teawares made at costly item, kept under lock and key, the Bow factory. Unfortunately, they and made and served in small vessels. A were badly damaged and could not be basic tea service of the period required photographed. Also present were a a teapot, a hot water or milk pitcher, a small n umber of exquisitely delicate sugar bowl, a slop bowl, tea bowls, and Chinese eggshell porcelain tea bowls saucers. Slop bowls received the cold and saucers, some painted with farnille dregs of tea from cups and teapots, and rose colours, some with gold. the water used to rinse them. It was Coffee and hot chocolate were customary for guests to place their cups drunk from handled cups, larger and upside down in the saucers with the more cylindrical than tea bowls, and teaspoons balanced across the bases to with larger saucers too. The Chinese signal that they had had enough tea. export porcelain coffee cups and Although matching tea services saucers shown here differ from each were available in the middle of the 18th other only in their painted decorations. century, the Machault's cargo of blue-

Two coffee or chocolate cups and saucers, one set with blue-painted decoration and the other set with a brown glaze (Batavian) decora­ tion and famille rose reserves

68 Drinking Tea

Chinese eggshell-porcelain tea bowland saucer with painted dec­ oration

Hlue-painted Chinese porcelain teaioarcs and a cost-peuiterspoon with a rococo pottern

69 Painted Porcelain

Chinese export porcelains in the sembly-line system in which several Machault collection are decorated with hands painted different elements ofthe underglaze blue and overglaze Irnari­ same pattern, which accounts for the style and famille rose colours. Decora­ variations in colour and in pattern de­ tions in all three colour palettes reflect tails in the grape-and-trellis bowls. the French partiality at the time for Overglaze decorations were more care­ floral and landscape themes; only one fully executed than underglaze decora­ scene includes human figures. Chinese tions, and hence overglaze-decorated porcelain factories operated on an as- porcelains were more expensive.

Blue-painted floral decoration with a pendant border

Detail from a large bowl with a floral landscape in the Imari style

70 Painted Porcelain

Detail of a figure [rom a blue­ Bowls with blue grape-and-trellis painted garden patterns

Blue-painted landscape on a huge Chinese porcelain bowl

71 Painted Porcelain

Decoration in famille rose col­ ours on a fluted bowl

Landscape in the famille rose palette

Floral pattern in the famille rose palette

Floral landscape in the famille rose palette

72 Painted Porcelain

When English potters began to The English also copied Conti­ make porcelains in the mid-18th cen­ nental European porcelain patterns. tury, they often decorated them with The Immortelle pattern on teapots in patterns copied from Chinese pro­ the Machault's cargo was produced at totypes, patterns like the blue-painted the Bow factory between 1755 and dragons found on two sizes of small 1759; two versions of this long-lived bowls made at the Bow factory in about pattern are still produced today by the 1755. The dragon motif was also re­ Royal Copenhagen porcelain factory of produced on English tin-glazed earth­ Denmark. enware bowls found on the Machault.

Blue-painted dragon pattern on English porcelain. (Private col­ lection.)

One ofseveral Bow porcelain tea­ pots with Immortelle patterns

73 74 Clothing

Venison & Claret. or SI' Humpv Haunch Bar: of Glut­ ton Hall ... 1772. (Courtesy of the Colonial Williarnsburg Foun­ dation, Williarnsburg, Virginia.)

75 Clothing Fasteners

Buckles were common clothing most fashionable. In most cases only fasteners in the 18th century. Shoe, the shoe buckle frame has survived, but knee, and garter buckles were found on two are complete with the backpieces the Mcchault, most represented by that attached them to the shoes. buckle frames. The buckles once had Knee buckles, used to fasten men's backpieces that attached them to gar­ breeches below the knee, are smaller ments. Buckles usually outlived the gar­ than shoe buckles. Smaller still is the ments they fastened, and the back­ garter buckle used to fasten the strap pieces permitted them to be easily that held up a man's or woman's stock­ transferred to other garments. ing. Its T-shaped flange hooked into a Shoe buckles were worn by both buttonhole on the garter, and a tongue, men and women; a variety ofdecorative which is missing, kept the strap tight on motifs can be seen here, although those the leg. in the second row were probably the

Seven pewter or brass shoe buckles

Knee buckleframes, two in brass, one in pewter

76 Clothing Fasteners

All of these practical types of hook caught a corresponding loop on clothing fasteners are still in use today the other side of the garment. although the 18th-century exampIes Sleeve links served the same pur­ here display decorative elements fash­ pose as modern-day cufflinks, but in ionable in their day. For example, the the 18th century were more likely used stamped sheet-brass clasp has a ser­ only by men of means. These examples rated edge and cut-out, heart-shaped are made of silver, gilt brass, and facet­ centre. Its two prongs grasped one side ted glass. of a heavy outer coat or cloak and the

French silver garter buckle, Wooden toggle stamped with a fleur-de-lys and the name ACHARD, 2.7 on by 2.5 cm

Brass clothing hook

Brass clasp

Sleeve links

77 Clothing Fasteners

Punched leather discs, extremely intricately wrapped thread buttons. A simple and crudely made, contrast fourth variety of button shown here is sharply with decorative buttons made made of brass or pewter, cast in two by crimping the edges of stamped pieces, and soldered together. These 13 sheet-brass shells over plain wooden buttons are fairly typical of the variety button moulds. Alternatively, wooden available at the period to fasten men's, button moulds could be the bases of rather than women's, clothing.

Thread-covered wooden button mould

Encyclopedic ... Recueil de planches... , Sect. 8, "Tail­ leur...," Pl. 1.

78 Clothing Fasteners

Plain leather and cast-metal buttons

Stamped metal buttons

79 Footwear

Almost 500 unworn, virtually iden­ These shoes were made to be worn on tical men's shoes were part of the Ma­ either foot, and the owner could switch chault's cargo. They may have been his left and right shoes to make the pair intended for military use, but similar last longer. shoes were the everyday footwear of Another way to prolong a shoe's most of the civilian population as well. life was to nail a metal plate to its heel. Fashioned to be closed with buckles, This heel plate, decorated with a cut­ they are well-made, sturdy shoes, hand out heart, was probably from a high­ stitched with welted soles, their leather heeled gentleman's or lady's shoe. heels attached with wooden pegs. In Examples of men's turnshoes were welted construction the shoe's upper is also found. Turnshoe pieces are sewn sewn to a narrow leather welt and the together without a welt to produce a welt is then stitched to an outer sole. lightweight shoe worn mainly indoors This makes a neat, sturdy attachment, for dancing, fencing, and other leisure common on 18th-century footwear and activities. still used on better quality shoes today.

Shoe quarter and brass buckle

Brass heel plate

Welted cargo shoe

80 Footwear

Leather components of a welted shoe: (top row) two shoe quarters, toe and heel reinforcements; (bot­ tom row) the vamp, an inner sole, an outer sole with attached heel, the welt

81 Knitted Clothing

Its characteristic warmth and to reach almost to the wearers' knees water resistance have traditionally and both have double bands of garter made wool popular for both woven and stitch at their tops. knitted clothing. Many fragments of The tuque, knit in a long, seamless hand-knit woollens were found on the tube closed at both ends, was folded Machault; however, only four could be back on itself for a double layer of identified. These three have all been warmth on the wearer's head. By in­ knit in stocking stitch using two-ply creasing the number of stitches in the yarn on four needles, and all have been middle of the tube, the knitter created darned rather crudely, possibly by the ear pockets in the finished hat. Also men who owned them. Although they recovered was a hand-knit mitten. are not a pair, both stockings were made

Wool stockings

Wool tuque

82 Woven Cloth

Textiles recovered from the Ma­ around a flat wooden card and held chault represent a variety of woven fab­ with a brass pin similar to the one that rics available during the 18th century, secured the ribbon. The bow, a folded but these three alone are complete silk ribbon tied in the centre with a enough to reveal their original shapes. smaller piece of silk, might have Wool, silk, cotton, and linen have lost adorned a man's three-cornered hat. their colours, and all look various Other textiles from the Machault are as shades of mottled brown. The silk rib­ varied as coarsely woven burlap and bon had been wound and secured with fancy silk dress fabric. a brass pin. The twill tape was wound

Silk ribbon bow

Seventeen metres o{ silk ribbon Roll oftwill-woven wool and cot­ ton tape

83 84 Miscellany

The pin seller, Les Cris de Paris. (Fortress ofLouisbourg National Historic Park, Parks Canada.)

85 Grooming and Health

Fashionable ladies and gentlemen had worn wigs since the early 17th cen­ tury, but at this period the hairdos were particularly elaborate. Abundant curls and ringlets on wigs were made with heated iron tongs and held in place with combs. These bone and horn combs were treated to resemble tortoiseshell, a more expensive material than bone or horn.

Horn and bone hair combs

Encyclopedie ... Recueil de planches.... , Sect. 7, "Perru­ quier...," PI. 1.

Wrought-iron curling tongs

86 Grooming and Health

This very small collection hints at then for such illnesses as venereal dis­ some of the complexities of keeping eases. clean and healthy in the 18th century. Few personal grooming items were The mortar and pestle might have been found on the Machault: fine-toothed used to pulverize ingredients for oint­ double-edged combs useful for remov­ ments, powders, and syrups. Several ing lice from human hair; a barber's fragments of glass vials in which medi­ basin with a wide brim and a semi-circu­ cines were dispensed were also found. lar opening that tucked under the The syringe was used for irrigating a shaver's chin; and several boxwood patient's bladder, part of the treatment sprinklers, probably stoppers for bot­ tles ofcologne or other toilet requisites.

Bronze mortar and pestle Pewter ,Iyringe

87 Grooming and Health

Boxwood comb Wooden sprinklers or squirt tops

Encyclopedic '" Recueil de planches.v., Sect, 7, "Perru­ quier, Barbier...," rt. 1,

Green-glazed coarse earthenware barber's basin of French manufacture

88 Gaming, Drinking and Smoking

The wooden disc is a counter or smoking had become a common habit. marker that could have been used in a Many tobacco boxes originated in the number of different games. Sailors Netherlands, as this one did. It is cov­ were as notorious for gambling during ered with engravings and biblical texts long sea voyages as they were for gam­ (Luke 2: 44-46 and Luke 7: 2-4) in bling during brief furloughs ashore. Dutch; the top depicts Christ in the A glass pocket flask for carrying a temple and the bottom, a supplicant small supply of liquor is not illustrated. approaching Jesus. On the sides of the Similar small bottles are found on other box someone has added a cryptic mes­ French colonial sites in North America. sage loosely translated as "I will hold Small metal tobacco boxes were fast to my resolution to stop indulging popular in the 18th century when in sweets, if not today, tomorrow."

Wooden gaming piece

Engraved brass and copper to­ bacco box

89 Smoking

In North America and northern Teeth marks on the TD pipe show that Europe, people commonly smoked it was used even after the stem had be­ their tobacco in pipes, following the come so short that smoking would have practice of native North Americans. been uncomfortably hot. Its owner may Two types of moulded, unglazed clay have thrown it away when the bowl smoking pipes are shown here, both broke, or lost it when it fell from his hat, very typical of the late 18th century. the safest place for an active man to Long, thin-stemmed one-piece carry so fragile an item. pipes with upright cylindrical bowls are The effigy pipes in the lower rows very often found on our sites. Tippet are component pipes to which a buyer pipes from the Machault confirm how added his (or her) own reed or other easily one-piece pipes were broken: the type of stem. Component pipes are not illustrated example, missing a large often found on 18th-century Canadian portion of its stem, is nevertheless the sites although they were commonly most complete of a cargo of pipes. made in the American colonies.

One piecefrom a cargo oftobacco pipes attributed to the R. Tippet firm ofBristol, England

Spurred I'D smokingpipe, proba- bly ofBritish manufacture ••••

Two human-effigy component smoking pipes made by Gottfried A ust, a M oravian working in North Carolina in 1760

"Canadiens en Raquette [sic}.... " in c.c. Le Roy Bacqueville de la Potherie, Histoire de l'Arne­ rique septentrionale.... (Paris: 1722), Vol. 1,facingp. 51. (Pub­ lic Archives Canada, C-1854.)

90 Knives. Ring and Medallion

Nearly everyone in the 18th cen­ Christian symbols and was once at­ tury carried his or her own personal tached to a chain, perhaps a rosary. knife for eating with although it had Rings like this one are thought to any number of other general uses as have been trade goods because they are well. Wood, bone, and horn handles most often found on early French con­ from folding knives show the varieties tact sites. They are frequently referred of handle styles and materials that were to as Jesuit rings and are quite indi­ available. vidual in their decoration: this one is Neither the medallion nor the ring engraved with a wrigglework pattern are carefully crafted or expensive and the letters FI. items. The medallion is stamped with -

~ Brass finger ring .-...... ~ --- Brass medallion

Wood, bone, and horn knife handles

91 Sewing and Mending

Pins and thimbles are humble re­ one, open at the top, is often called a minders that clothing had to last a long tailor's thimble. time. In 18th-century Europe pin mak­ The needlecase, which had a slip­ ing was a well-developed factory opera­ on top, probably held large, blunt nee­ tion, and these pins with coiled wire dles called bodkins. Drawstrings and heads are typical of the period. lacings so commonly used to fasten The thimbles do not differ much 18th-century clothing were threaded from those we have today. The larger through loops and bands with bodkins.

•

Brass thimbles •

.. --...... ~--~.... • Brass straight pins

Wooden needlecase, 11.5 cm long

92 Lighting

Candles, the most common form Holders for candles were made in of artificial lighting in the 18th century, many different styles and materials, would not burn without frequent atten­ and two very different types are shown tion: someone had to snuff the wick ­ here. The elegant table candlestick, cast trim its charred end - two or three in a style fashionable in the 1750s, was times an hour to keep a burning candle one of a pair found on the ship. The from sputtering out. Snuffers, resem­ candleholder with a handle and its own bling scissors with a box on one blade drip pan was designed to be carried and the box lid on the other, could be wherever light was needed. The handle plain or fancy, but had to be kept close rivets on this example from the Ma­ at hand, either in an upright snuffer chault had been hastily mended to keep holder like the one shown here, or on it in use. Several tallow candles were an oblong tray. also recovered in the excavation of the ship.

Portable brass candleholder Cast-brass candlestick, brass can­ dle snuffer and upright snuffer holder

93 94 Colour Illustrations

95 Massive elm deadeye

96 Brass buttons

Dutch tobacco box

97 Fine-toothed wooden comb Brass knee buckle

Saintonge coarse earthenware milk pan

98 A la mousquetaire sword Knuckle-guard decoration on an arsenal sword

Rope handle or grip

99 Coarse earthenware plates

100 Brass and copper pot lid

Small brass nesting pot

Fancy brass handlefrom a tea kettle

Chinese export porcelain tea sertnce

101 English tin-glazed earthenware Brass candlestick bowls

102 lmari-style Chinese export por­ celain bowl

103 Many of the artifacts shown here ther information on the objects, the can be seen at Parks Canada's visitor site, and the battle can be found in the reception centre at Pointe-a-la-Croix, following sources, or by contacting Quebec, where the Battle of the Res­ Parks Canada. tigouche is being commemorated. Fur-

104 Bibliography

Bacqueville de la Potherie, C.C. Le Bradley, Charles S. Roy 1981 1722 "The Ship's Fittings, Rigging Compo­ H istoire de l'Amerique septentrionale.... nents and Rope Recovered from the Paris, n. p. Vo!. 1. Wreck of the Machault." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Barton, K.J. Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa. 1977 1983 "The Western European Coarse Earth­ "Preliminary Analysis of the Staved enwares from the Wreck of the Ma­ Container Remains From the Under­ chault." Canadian Historic Sites: Occa­ water Excavation of the French Pri­ sional Papers in Archaeology and History, vateer." Microfiche Report Series No. No. 16, pp. 45-71. Ottawa. 113, Parks Canada, Ottawa.

Basedow, Johann B. Bryce, Douglas 1774 1984 Elmentarwerk. Vogel, Leipzig. Weaponry from the Machault, an l Sth-Cen­ tury French Frigate. Parks Canada, Beattie,J udith, and Bernard Pothier Ottawa. Studies in Archaeology, Archi­ 1977 tecture and History. "The Battle of the Restigouche." Cana­ dian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Davis, Stephen R. Archaeology and History, No. 16, pp. 5-34. 1982 Ottawa. "Wearing Apparel from Le Machault: A Descriptive Inventory." Microfiche Re­ Blanchette, Jean-Fran~ois port Series No. 97, Parks Canada, 1977 Ottawa. "Faience and Related Tin-Glazed Earthenwares from the French Frigate Dictionary ofCanadian Biography Machault (1760)." Manuscript on file, 1966- National Historic Parks and Sites University of Toronto Press, Toronto. Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa. Vo!. 3: 1741 to 1770; Vo!. 4: 1771 to 1800. Boudriot, Jean 1974-77 Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire raisonne Le vaisseau du 74 canons: traiti: pratique des sciences, des arts et des metiers ... d'art naval. Editions des Quatre Sei­ Recueil de planches.... gneurs, Grenoble. 4 vols. Vols. 1and 2: 1762-72 Construction du vaisseau. Briasson, etc., Paris. 11 vols.

105 Bibliography

Gusset, Gerard Proulx, Gilles 1983 1979 "Les poteries communes de l'epave du "The Machauli: Some Research Notes Mochault - Inventaire et interpreta­ and New Source Documents." Research tion." Manuscript on file, National His­ Bulletin, No. 110, Parks Canada, Ottawa. toric Parks and Sites Branch, Parks 1982 Canada, Ottawa. "Le dernier effort de la France au Can­ ada - Secours ou fraude?" Revue d'his­ Lescallier, Daniel toire de l'Amerique[ranause, Vol. 36, No. 3 1791 (Dec.), pp. 413-26. Montreal. Traiiepratique du greement des vaisseaux et 1985 autres batiments de mer.... Clousier, Paris. "L'expeditiori de Ristigouche." Gas­ pesie, Vo!. 23, No. 1 (March), pp. 16-28. Litalien, Raymond Caspe. 1972 "Le Machault, bateau corsaire du Ritchie, Clarence F., and Charles S. XVIIle." Culture Vivante, No. 24 Bradley (March), pp. 11-16. Quebec. 1983 1977 "Clay Tobacco Pipes from the Wreck of "Le Machault de Bayonne, Fregate Cor­ the Machauli" Manuscript on file, Na­ saire echouee au Canada en 1760." Bul­ tional Historic Parks and Sites Branch, letin de la Societe des Sciences, Lettreset Arts Parks Canada, Ottawa. de Bayonne, No. 133, pp. 199-218. Bay­ onne. Ross, Lester A. 1981 McNally, Paul "Eighteenth-Century French Naval 1977 Duties as Reflected by the Tools Re­ "Table Glass from the Wreck of the Ma­ covered from Le Machault, a 5th-Rate chault." Canadian Historic Sites: Occa­ Frigate Sunk in Chaleur Bay, Quebec, sional Papers in Archaeology and History, AD 1760." Manuscript on file, National No. 16, pp. 35-44. Ottawa. Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa. Myles, Virginia 1980 Sullivan, Catherine "Bricks from the Wreck of the Ma­ 1979 chault." Microfiche Report Series No. "A Catalogue of the Container Glass 101, Parks Canada, Ottawa. from the Machauli," Microfiche Report Series No. 93, Parks Canada, Ottawa.

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Whate, Ron Woodhead, Eileen I. 1981 1978 "A Cargo of Porcelains for Montreal, "Artifacts from the M achault Related to 1760." Canadian Collector; Vo!. 16, No. I Foodways, Artificial Lighting and Per­ (Jan/Feb.), pp. 24-28. Toronto. sonal Use or Wear: Metal and Organic n.d. Materials." Microfiche Report Series "The Chinese Export Porcelain Cargo No. 86, Parks Canada, Ottawa. from the Machault," Manuscript in pro­ gress, National Historic Parks and Sites Zacharchuk, Waiter, and Peter J.A. Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa. Waddell n.d. 1984 "The 1': nglish Soft-Paste Porcelain The Excaoation of the Machault, an 18th­ Cargo from the Muchault:" Manuscript Century French Frigate. Parks Canada, in progress, National Historic Parks Ottawa. Studies in Archaeology, Archi­ and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, tecture and History. Ottawa.

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