J'IlJRIoA STAm 1JIIIVERSI1'r
~JORIE IONNAIi RAWLINGS, REGIONAL WRITIlR, AN ANNOTA1Eo BIBLIOGRAPHY
By TIIOMAS T. ROGERO
A Paper SUla1 tted to the Graduate Counc1l ot Florida stete Univers1ty in partial tul.tillment ot the requirements for the degree ot Master of Bcience.
Approved, ~P=ro~ti~s~s~o~r~DTlre~c~tnlri~~g~P~aper· ~r~------
kliiOr Protessor ~/1~
August, 1954 TABLE OJ' COIITE/ITS
IN1'RODUCTIOII • • • • • .. • ...... • .. 4 ...... "T Chapter I. LIFE AND WORKS ...... " n. AN AllllOTAmD LIST OF WCRFJ) BY MARJORIE lCUNAlI RA'.'LIliGS • • • • • • • • • • 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 39
11 SUddeDlJr in tbe th1l't1es, the Proletarian up- surge in literature feU baek before a new realism- the regional movement, not a conscious litera17 growth, but a spontaneous emergence all over tbe United stetel! ot tbet interest in home regions to wIl1ch tbe way was pointed not long befpre by Sherwood Anderson, Sinclair LewiS, Edgar Lee Masters, and others • • • • Wlut.t teachers and readers bave dis covered in tbe past tew years is th1s saple fact- regional literature, .spec1ally regionel fiction, interprets the economic and social lite of Alleric&' s different rei1on~ tar IIDre .olortully, _ ti""]);Y, and memorably tNm ~ text could po.. ibl, do lt • • • • The regional book 1natruot. · and entertains • • • but it baa th. added val,,! of fllJllUiarising tbe rea.1er with oontemporary Amerlca.
The te1'lll "regional literature" IIIIIT be defined as that literature which interprets the aconoll1c mooda and tile soc1el thoughts ot a part1cular count17, region or area. Sometimes, 1 t ..." consist ot a ...arr _U .egJI8Dt ot a country or a particular region of that count17, and yet, it I1B)' be a minute area witll1n that reglon. In llorlda, tbere i8 a region caUed "the Pine)'WOoda" WIlich ...brac .. tile area caUed the "BIg Scrub." Wl tll1n thi. region there baa .dated for " DIlIIIber of year. a people called the "llorida Creckars," WIlo posses. mytlllI and w1ld teles of thelr own prWtlY8 lite in the baekVooda. ntis region went virtuali;y untouohed in tbe field ot 11terature until
lAugust Derleth, "Amerlca in Today's Fiction," Publishers' Weekly, CXXXIX (May 3, 1941), 1820. 1 a 1928 when Mar ,orie Unnan RawlingS c..... to norlda .. a
stranger and vu able to .ee clearly the lIID'f8II8llts of a new Uterary landscape. Arter settUng at Cross Creek, she bepn to write about the Cracker 111 all his glory by moulding hill 1I1to cheracters. In her booke dealing chlefly with the norida
Cracker., she created a reglonal flction by the s~pathetlc portrayal of the humor and the tragedy of the backwoodslan • .uthough at tirst her work attracted Uttle attention, bar later nOTels South )(oon Under, Ih! l)arling and the SoloU1'!!lr, and her short .tories Gal young gn and hoc!!'s kd-iU all played a leading role 111 estabUshing a road to literary Bucoess. The purpose of this peper i. to present the lit.
anI! ltO.'k:.\ of Narlorie IClnnen Rawlings by wrlt1l1g her blogmpllf with a .".... ry ot her contributlons to the Ueld of regiom.l literature. The writer of this paper, a ""ti.... norid1an, developed an 1I1terest 111 Mr.. Raw11l1gs and her works because ot Mrs. Ravllogs' s IJnporlance as a Florida noveUst and the local settings ot her novels and short stories. He has attempted to present an o.... rall p1cture of tba lit. of Mar ,or!e 1C1nnan Rawlings 111 relation to her literary works dealing basically v1th her novels and short stories. Using the following tools, Readers' C!u1de to PerlOdical Llterature,l! liction Catalog,3 Book l\ey1ew • 12M (1feV'~~f:"'H?i~wtt.~~i~~~Mlr.rature , 1929- aUct10p CatalOg, 19Q (llew York: H. W. WilsOn, 1942). 3 Dige.t." and Iud8:&: to Short Stori•• ,5 the writer ot thl. papal' hu compiled a liating of works by MarJori. XloMn Ra.ling. and a bibliogrepAy ot works about her includIng the sources used. The first U.ting, annotated end arrenpd in chronological order, i. divided into three .ectioll4l the tlrat deels with :t2le author'. books; the .econd treats the &hort .torle. wrl tten b;y her; and the third deal. with _gesine artlcle. b;y her. The blbUograpAy 1. an alphabetical Usting ot all a'll11lable materiel about the author includ.ing the source. used in compiling this blbliograph;y.
1930-1952 ()few Xol'lt: H. W. Wilson, • Srna T. Flrldrul. (2d ed.; lIev Xorlu Ii. If. wU.on, LIn: AIID WOIWl
AmOIl& the rising generation ot American noVllllsts, none 91"" more VlIluable pledges to tile tuture than Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings.l Over the period ot nine rear., tollowiIl& the appearance ot South, )Ioon 'lJAder (1933). she wrote tlTe books . Intermingled With these tive books, she uso wrote IIIBJl,Y short stories. Tbese--each in Its WIlT allllost ra,, le.8--attest the posse.sion ot superior girts and a pnuine vocation. 2 She ..a one ot the most talented ot tile local colorists dealing e.pec1aJ.ly with the poor-whit.. ot Florida, realizing the tictional possIbIlities ot his lit. or the tll8clnatlon ot his haunts. Because ot the regional locality ot her short .tories and novals, set in the ourrourul1ns area ot the big scrub ot Florida, ahe has been termed as • regional writer or the -sister ot regionalls.. . • Her work was particularly notable tor tile tidellty with 1Ihlch She pIctured the feelings of people who live cloo. to
lLloyd Morris, "New ClaSSicist,' North Americap Reyl,w, CCXLVI (1938). 179. ~ . 5 nature in the scrub-pine and hammock country of Plorida.3
She took the descendants of pioneer white .ettlers, knoWn as "Crackers", and moulded their lives and dialects into manuscripts producing a great variety of Characters which are typical of this region. Though she characterised IIIB.Il7 aspects of it. life adDdrebl.y in her novels Sout); Moon Updtr.
G~lden Apples, and The Iearl1n&. she wes not native to Flor1da. Marjorie Kinnan Rawling. we. born on August 6, 1696 in Washington, D. C., the daughter of Arthur l"rank Kinnan, a patent attorney in the Federal service, and Ida May (Traphagen) Kinnan. ~ "good part of her childhood wes spent on her father'. farm in Raryland where ahe and her tether went for long rambles through the hills of .-arby Virg1n1a and Maryland. rlle bond 1Ihich exiated between Marjorie and her father va. an extremely olo.e one and his dell th, wich occurred wen she was seventeen, grieved her deeply. Shortly before his death, she graduated from the Western High School in washington.5 A fem1ly council then decided that she and her younger brother should attend the University of Wisconsin becaWle of the liberal 1ntluence
~arry R. warfel, ~erlCAI1 N~l1sts of Tad"! (_ York: Americen Book Co., ~1), p. 1. ~rjor1e K1nnan Rawlings," yurrent l\iosraW, III (JUly, 19.42), 65. , ~. 5 ot the La Follettes.6 Dramatics and vrit1n6 tor the colle.. literary mall"&ine and yearbook vere her extra currlcular actlvitles Vh1le at WiSconsin. She _jored in EngUsh, stud)'1n6 especial ~ Wlder W1ll1aa Eller;y LeO~, the poet, and recelVed her B. A. degree in 1918.7 lTpox. her sraduation t1'OA the lTn! varsity ot Wlsconsin, she dec1ded to make vr1t1ng a tuJ.l tiM career. rhi. ldee vas by no mean. new to her as she wrote her first ator;y at the age ot el"van tor the children'. pap ot the Washington (D. C.) post8 and et tourteen, vas awarded a seventy-tlve dollar priM tor a short stor;y entered in a contest sponsored by McCall's Maga&1De.9 In 1918 she became editor ot the l!/!lr Wo11C Bulletin, a publication edited by the Ratlonal Headquarters ot the Young Woman's Clvlc Associatlon.lO This editorship lasted but one year when she reslgned to become the asaistant servlce edltor ot the Home Stotor l1a.pzina. On Ma7 1. 1919, she vas II&rrled to Cherles Bav] lngs. He. 'a blg blond navspape"""'" wo grew up on lake Huron
~. and Hovard IlaJ'cratt (eds.). (Rev York, H. W. Wilson Co.,
8~rjorle Xlnnan.Rawltngs." ~~!ltional Clclopaedla ot Ameriean Biographz, ' . G (1940). ""'. 9~jorie Kinnan RawlingS,' eumnt BloQ'llplll, III (lull', 19~). 65. lO~rjorie KInnan RawlingS," ~e Jatlonal CyClO paedia ot mrican BlograpW.· ' . G 946). i3e. 7 and wrote on yachting,· VIlS a journalist ot Rochaater, II.., York. U 8ha then c~ed her attention rrom llalll'a.lnIis to newspaper writiDt! and .peJ:t the next ten yeara rOYiDt! about as a newspaperw=. Her tirst expar1enc8 1n the nawapapar tield vas w1th the LouisYiUe-,TQurnal (1920-21) as a teature writer. She wes alao a teature writer tor the Roohester (If. Y.) Journal (1922-23) and a syndicate wr1ter tor !]n1ted Features Syndicate (1925-27). Her newspaper '<1'1t1n& consiSted at publicity art1cles, advertis1nt!. special articles, and sometimes hUlll8n 1nterest stories. Ot her wnrapaper work 1n general and her experience as a Hearst "sob aiater" 1n particular, she told Robert van Gelder. It vas & rougn school, but I wouldn't have miSsed 1t • • • • You learn a lot when lOU IIlWIt put down what paople said and how thel acted in cris.fa1n their Uves, and 1t te&Ch8S lOU ob,leotiYitl. As a synd1cate wr1ter, she wrote a verse column entitled 'Songs ot a Housev1te.· which appeared in some fiftl Od!! nevapapers throughout the Un!ted states. In ad41 tiOA to her nevapaper work dur1nt! this time, ahe wrote adver t1sing copy tor the Stswart Dr1 Goods COIDpaDT in LouiavUle, JtentuD;y.
(,Tuly, l~,;j3E:· Kinnan Rawlings,· current BlograW, In
l2Stenlel ,T. Kunttz and How.rd Halcraft (eds.), nut1ethii'tury Authors (llew York: H. W. WUson Co., t p. 50. 8 Mrs. Rawlings made her first trIp to J'lorida in 1926. She vis1ted her hUsband'!I brother in northern florIda and 1 t was here that she becama enchanted with tha country. She se1d. I managed to get briefly lost there • • • in the hunting sesson, betore the topograW ot the region was tamuiar to me. Sitting on a log, 11J;f gunshots unanswered, trying to think: out Ilf1 directions, with no lite, no movement ~ere, no sound but the single not. ot a thrwIh, I became conscious ot a peace, and isolation and, strangely, a safety beyon4 any previous experience. The thougllt came to me thml that human lite in such a p~ce must share tile interest ot its backgroun4. Two years later (1926), atter the renouncement ot • her 30urnalistic career which she considered a tailure, Mrs. Rawlings and her husband moved to J'loride. In recognition ot this movement, she said.
I deliberately cut 11J;f civ1l1zed ties in Rochester end m1gratel1 to th1s ttrmJ.y entrenched outpost ot the vanishing trantier on the jungle . ei1ge between twd lakBs, where lite hes as ~ element. ot the i Creek, which she des~rib8d as. A remote lAnd of fertUe hILImIlock and unfencel1 paature end ancient wcoi1 anl1 orange grove, tour miles tram the nBaNst village. Its stable population consiats 13"Marjorle KloMn Rawlings," Current I!iomplg. III (JUly, 1942), 65, 14Ney IoN :tWs, )lay 2, 1939, p. 1. , or five white and two n .. sro famUi.... It is a land or pr1m1tiYl! living, or necessitous toU, and or enChantment.~5 During the next rew )'ear~, ~ife seemed apossible in this wUderne.. or a jungle. The mane)' problem wa. steadil)' growing more critical and the Rawlings round it 41rfieult to malat a living frcm the orance greve aa the)' had hoped to do. The house needed ~ repairs and the uJlkeep or the greve vas a strenuous task. But amidst its untold hardships, Mrs. Rawlings round the peace and satet.)' ot lite ror which sha so otten lo_d and lIhich she could never secure in a Cit)', and it va9 here that she _ to know and love the people or this region. Although Mrs. Rawling. round living here pleasant, her huaband was not happ),. The), were divorced in 1933 and Mrs. Rawlings elected to remain there alone. She worked the tarm by herself at tirst and later had the help ot a negro hand or two. Berore she vent to !I'lori48 Mr.. Rawl! nce had written a number or short stopies, bUt without much 8\lCoe ... Now, out or that lIood of peace and harmony with hal' anvironment (which she teels is .0 necessal')' both to personal happiness and to a writer lIho must look upon his surroundings and its peopl.. with hllll1lity and love) Mrs. Rawlings be/!/Ul to wrug the stories and bookS that have made her famous.1 She round the Florida scrub an exc ..llent background tor 15~arjorle ~!nnan Rawlings," CBrrent 2iograPbr, III (JulT, 1942), 65. 16"Marjorie ~ RawlingS," SchOlastic, XXXVII (September-IS, 1940), 30. 10 the 11.,." of the people she undertook to portray and after a few rears in norida She re-disco.,.,red the "Cracker" who hed, of cOUl'!le, been there all the time. As .. result ot a series of her wr1tings, which began :I.ll 1931 w1th Cracker Chidl1nss, the nor1da Cracker hed at last become the l1teJ'llrr r1val of his long-f&mollS Georgia COUllin. Cracker Ch1dlings, real teles from the norida In terior, appeared in the February 1ssue ot /icribper" M!p.ine (1931). This 1s a collect10n of seven teles Wh1ch Mr.. R!ro'l1ngs wrote partl1 from hearsay and partl1 from w1tnessing the actual account as 1t happened. aanecting the sp1r1t and life ot tho Cracker as 11Ted in the scrub countrr. one finds hi. 11fe sllllple but his moods wrr complex. And in this respect Mrs. Rawllngs presented the nor1da e ....cker as the most tr1fling in Crackerdom, hating his caus~, the Georgia Cracker (Squirrel', Exes, Georda Money) I his pranks played on newcomers to the vUlage (l'ht ~); h1s Ul.gel ....ans of support by moonshl n1 ng, trapping, stealing and using other man'. property wlthout permission (4 'Sh1ner'p_~, lira:gdpa Hlcks) I his snake-like moveJlllllte behL..d hi. fri_d's back (EVen a §Mk,); and his freqUent . squabbling amongst men (l'ht SAv,r R1 ver) • Bl/.t in another sanse, this Cracker, "",loying the anachronistic life in ~ r~~tnh.se6a of a semi-tropical country, considered himself superior to the landgrubbing poor-whi tee ot 11 Georgia.17 It is to this. incongruous sort of frontier ex istence that Mrs. Rawlings Magazine (April 21, 1931).19 C~1tics applauded the a1mple heartrending tale I • • • of a p1tiful young couple \/ho run art tosetller rro.. the p1neyvoods and who are met eve'1l!"'ere the, vander by 111 luok, malioe or injustice. Marjorie X1nnan Rawlings'. descriptive story of moonshInIng, I. PIUlllb Clare Oonscienoe, appeeNd in December 17Shields MeI~f8.j;,:,,! 1.ubberJ.apd to 1'o_oco !!Qad otOkl.ab.o_ Press, 19m, p. lB"Mujorie l!:lnnen Rawlings,· Current BiOIU'lOPQl, III (July, -1942), 66 19lb1d., p. 66. 2()"Marjorie l!:1nn&n Rawlings,· Currept B101U'lOphl, III (July, -1942), 65. 12 of 1931. In it. ahe describes the O.... cker •• ll1'e &D4 fiSht llp1nst revenue Ilgents when 11 still is discovered. 'ive months lIlter. she wrote of the CraekJ!lr' s strugile Ilgo.inst the ""ather and hi. meager exl8tence in A Crop of BeanS. Shortly following the appearance of A Crop of BtllAl. an exceptionally good stor,y appeared-__ etor,y representetive in theme and treatment of the direotion m&n1 short stori•• bave teken. 2l. It WIllI Gal lopnE up. Her short .tor,y Gal IOU!!/! vn (1932) won first prize in the O'Henr,y Awards for 1933. Its events grew logically out of the· circumscribed needs at the people whO live on the sp&rsely settled backwOOds district of Plorid& knovn as ths Big Scrub.22 Tb.e three 3udge. of the book voted in the following manner. Dr. Williams. voting for Gal Ioq Un, cOJIIIIented on the vigor of ths nar.... tive wbicih beco... , absorbingly enterteining to the reader. who i8 never permitted to lose the feeling of 'mm'nent drama. Tb.e reversal. carefUlly prepared tor. 18 convincing: the male is dOll1nant so long as the female loves himl when through h1. dom1nst10n he turns even her ~el'ng paSSion to hatred. she puts him to rout. Mr. Adams. who was enthusl8stically in tavor 01' giving first plllce to Mr.. Rawlings' s story, wrote I 2~ Hansen (ed.). Stories 01' ~ (Garden C1ty. and Co •• 19 >. p. viii. 2~ •• p. 'li11. ~ •• p. ix. TIl.re ._ to me to be not the sl1Shtest qu.stlon as to the justice ot giving first place among the Short stories to !lJl ~IDS Vn • • • • Aside hom its other merit.,to more distinotion ot Ityla then an;y ot the other stories in the group. It hes exceptional viY1dnes., a superb hendltng ot situation; penetrating psycholog)', a vel')' appealing m-n under stending. It bas more depth then an;y ot the other stories, and IIOre torce. I think it is a povertul, tirst-rate plece of work.1Ii Mr. Soskin, who appreciated the compet"""e ot Mrs. Rawlings's pioture, oo.... nted brian,. on bar majesty ot the vemaoular and skill ot portrsyal rut reoognized a taa1l.1ar situatlon in the action. Giving Gal YQU!l,f! Un third place, he said Divorce the tale trom this atmospheric writing, hove""r, and it's rather a tam1l1sr one. TIle oomely young .... takes in the wealthy widow and then bringe hi. 8weatie into the bouse. lor all the elaborate.... of the stol')', I don't think the young girl ls IIu.f'1'1clentlY developsd, and thet 18 a 8erlous tault in the l1Sht ot the plot disposal 1 ~n length the story is in the older traditioXl, re-''''''"g us of daTa _ American authors looked long and caretully at a Situation, dlgesting all its element., rather then getting a quick glimpse tram the window ot a speeding motorear.-U . Mrs. Rawlings traveled extensively throughout the sorub country, recording a number ot her e%perience., the tales of the Craoker and their .peeoh. As a t1nel outgrowth ~., p. ix. ~., p. ix • ., 2~., p. ix-x. at her ettort., Alligators and HYacinth pr1ft appeared. IlJac1nth Pr1ft is the account at a trip made b7 MrS. RawlingS and a friend down the st. JohnS River; Vbereas, the tirst is a series at incidents recorded traa the Crackers. Although she has written more l1gn1ticant Itorie., there is none more entertaining than !!e1lllY and the Bird Dosa. It is treDkl;r a tall tale at the 1"l.oridl Polk. In 1933, her tirst f'ull length DOwl, South M0911 Under, vas pIlbl1shed, cholen tor the Bock-ot-the-Month Club .election and mentioned tor the Pulitser Prize at that 7aar.P/I The novel portl'f17s a h1therto negleoted phase ot /Ull8r1can ll.fe in the melo~t1c &!ld trop1cal .etting ot the Florida ~l.and in and around erosl _Creek, Ploridl, and, w1th 1ts pIlblicat1on, MarJor1. nnpah Rawlings rece1ved reCOgnition from the cr1t1cs .s one ot the most important 70ung wr1 tera ot tha tille. Spurred un b7 thi. fIlvorable cr1tic1sm, Mrs. Rawlinp p.ont1nued to write, uoing the people and the1r anv4'onmant and the surrounding region as the ground work tor mo.t at her novels and short .tor1es. Ths trageq at. man'. love tor h1. home 18 nldent in The Pardon; wbereu, hUllor 18 the dOlllpating elelll8Ilt at Varmint.. Both these short storie., sharing the same local., P/I"Marjor1e Kinnan Rawlinp,· Current BiompllY. In (Jul7, 1942), 66. 15 differ only in one aspect of life--the forgotten life of a convict and the peaceful squabbling of neignbors. Golden Apples, published in 1935, was Mrs. Rawl1ngs second novel portraying the poor-whites of Florida. It is overlayed with the metephysics of love and compensation and e contrast between the Cracker and the rich gro.... owners. Although Some critics praised 1t, others did not think that it oompered favorably with South Moon Under. The Nation's or1tios sa1d -the novel is given over to steples of petty fiction-tempestuous paSSion, pr1R1tl.... kindliness •••• It is trite and quite harmless.-ee Mrs. Rawlings' 30urney to the C&t'ol1ns mo~ta1ns one summer afforded her with mater1al for another stor,y (A Mother in Mannville) and one which later was the balis for Mountain Prelude (1947). A Mother in Mannville dUfeno completely from anything that she has written or attempted to vri ta. A change of Boenery, plot, oharaoters and en vironment to the mountain countr,y of the q.rol1nas unfolds into a tender, heartrending stor,y of an orphan boy. Upon her return to Florida she began her third novel and with the publication of The Yearling (1938), Mrs. Rawlings came into her own as a ranki ng American Novelist. It vas ohosen as a Book-of-the-Month seleotionl it von the ,1,OGG Pulitzer Prize in fiotionl it topped the best seller list; and it lost by one vote a national book 16 seller'. tavor1te novel contest.29 In this novel, she has wr1tten "a universal parable, and In it, tha world ot nor1da' a hlumnoek count17 1. llere1y an archat)'l>8 ot all worlds which man'. spirit can emerge v1ctor1ous or van qui.hed from the inCessant connict which i8 hi. life.·30 In Uli. reapect, 1t dUters trom SouUl Moon VRder and, In le.o m_aura, Golden Apple., which, untU Uli. time, justif1ed a beliet that oha wes pr1merl1y concerned wlUl the local pecul1arities. She has succeostul.1y combined lnto one nonl Childhood and adolescence, Ule stern busine.s ot getting a llnlihood, courtship and mating, the rearing ot Ule ),oung, tile lncldence ot age, Ule pessing ot the torch, and t1nall7 dsath, encompassed w1thin tour ....ona of Ilaxters' lIte. IJ.o)'d Morris, In hi. artIcle """ Cla•• Icist· wrote, So much tor the parable Ulet lIe. at the heart ot t: IeaFUng· It 1s conceived strict1y wlthln the 1'IIIS 0 a purltan ethic., and represents a cha.... acterlst1oal1y American attempt to raconcUe the beaut)', the peUlos, and the indiscriminate cruelt)' ot man's existenee end nature's. 70 aome readers, oUler aspects ot Mra. llawlings'. nonl will ..... mora important. Oocl11 t)', which ls perha~s Ule end ot all PhilOSOPhl'i ma), be onl)' Ule beginning ot wisdom: Mrs. llaw lngs' s intelligence makes no effort to car17 us further. Her sens1bUlt1 does. It plunges us dsep1y into the heart. and Ule pereeptlon! ot • Child, a wis. man, and a brave woman. It recreates tor us tho ... 1\""'·... ntal attltudes ot the human opirlt whieh make ur. en durable, and those 1nallenable experienc.s ot love ~., p. 66. ~Ofd MorriS, ""ev Classieist," North Amtrlcan, cmVI (1938), 181. 17 and beauty which enabla US to live 1t w1thout aheM. W1th '!be ler.rlW, Mrs. l\awlings r1ghttull;y tIl I.tter 1ts popular1 t;y was e.tablished, Metro-Goldw;yn Mayer bought Zbt Xe!ll'llng and mads great plans tor film'nl 1t. 1'he story was wr1ttan and rwr1tten several times and there were many arguments over aclaptat10n, casting and locale tor the shooting. Six years later, bowner, 1'he lWl1na wea tUmed and proved to be as aucca.. tul as the novel. In 111:511 at RolUns Coll.ge, Mrs. l\awlinga was award.d the honorary dsgre. ot Doctor ot L1terature, at which time she was acknowledged as being ·one or tha tineat delineators ot the nat1ve 8c_.·38 Late;, in 19G, she was awarded the honorary degree ot Doctor ot Humenl t1es by the Univara1t;y ot JPlor1de at Gainesville. The years 1939 and 1940 brought forth two .hort stor1•• , CpckS Must Crow and Enw!Y. Dmaring ....awhat in teztual matter, but contaln!ng the .... local. and setting, the t1rst 1s a humorous, ;yet ••r10us story ot ~., p. lS. 3I!r8)! lork r1Jae., February es, U39, p. e. 18 cock ti8ht1nc1 libereas. tbe latter i9 t1Pical ot the hatred shown b;V the Cracker tor his 8ne1l:1--the outsider. In the latter. Mrs. Ravllngs haS recreated the last att8llpto ot the Cracker to supprese tho.e outdde tore.. libieh over a period ot tae ha.... been dastro;v1nc their s llIple and ea.y lite as they knev 1 t in the P1ne7V00da. Shortly tollov1nc th1s. sha collected into one volume har tirst eleven short stories entitled iQlen Ih!! Wh1PP99!.'!!!11 (1940). The contento of this collect10n are A Crop ot DrM. BlPM and 1'11e Bird Dogs, Jacob'. Lldder, %hi Par4pn. Yamintp. Rm!Prr. 9al Xoung T,ln. AlUgtono; .. fall Cl,,,, Copac1ellCe. A Mother in MAnnville. and CockS ....\ em. Mrs. Ravlings found that collect1nc her .toriel vas a gl' 33stenle;v 3. It1ln1ts and Howard Ha;vcratt (eda.), rwent1eth-Can~y Authors (!fev YOr\<: H. W. Wllaon Co •• 1942). p. u5: 19 Rawlings had almost exbaustad the tictional possibilities at his haunts, her writing be"", to refiect V81'7 little, it ~, ot the CreclDlr idiom whioh at one time vu '0 dQll1nant. lbe Pelican's Shadow presents & DI!V light on tile great trelic~ at modern matrimOJl7I Ie tile lI,.rt is based on the reponsibUities ot looldng attar a parole eonTict I tile 10"11 ng at a preacher tor friendShip ia evident in i'Sfamipe Springsl +he Provider ia a simple, haunting, love st01'7 at tile Georgia pine count1'7. Ear17 in 1942 ems. Creek wae published. It also was a Book-ot· the-Montll Club ce1eetian and is Mrs. Rawl1nga' rem1n1lcent, W/Ilurried, humorous account at her lite at Cress Creek. Short17 tollowing its publication, three short excerpt. taken tram eroS! Creek were published. .\ppearing in three separate magaz1nes were MY b:iend Moe, Who Ol!llf Craoa C",*, and Here 10 !I!l HOM. Attar 1928, Mrs. Rawlings lIIB!lB.ged her orange grove at a modest protit, and eont1mled to Uve there 1n a remodeled rambling tarmhouse until attar her ..cond arrllp. She was married on October 27, 1941 to Borton santord Baskin, a l"loride hotel man, and, short17 attar, they aoved to st. August1ne. Latar, they bought a summer beach cottage below St. Augustine and much at her time ..... spent moVing tram one howse to anotller. But regardless ot the , tbree homes, Craes Creek was still her retreat and she returned otten to spend weeks and to wr1ta. All her homes 20 were charm1.ngly oomfortable with boOkS, pietures, rich colon, deep chairs, and plenty o~ w1ndows. Cook1ng was her chiet vanity and hunt1ng her tood her chIef pastime. She otten went out 1nto the rich, wild Cross Creek count17 to ~1nd exotic toods While vaiting ~or a sto17 to organize itself 1n her mind, and 1n Cross Creek Cooken, she tells ot her cooldng adventures and !eta tortll her rich and readily usable recipes. Some she learned rnm her mother and grandmother, and some she learned trom the kitchens o~ Cross Creek neighbors. l>uring the Second World War, Mrs. Rawl1ngs wrote an article entItled Trees tor Xomorrow., Because o~ the great demand ~or tlJaber the supply ws grOil1ng more critical end this 19 her plea that we saTe the torests and plant new tree. so that there will be torest and t:l.aber tor 1'uture use. Because ot the wr and the loss ot ~ 10Ted ones, Shell vas written. It 1. a a1mple tragedy ot those who " ent otr to the war and never returned. A damage suit against I!l's. Rawlings was tUed by Zel:ma Cason in 1943 tor her portrayal in Cross Creek. Miss Cason, a social worker, cla1med that she was slandered by the un3ust portrayal ot her as a character. ''Mrs. Rawlings, who ws reached at her residence near st. August1ne, said that she had not given the legal aspects ot the suit any thought 0 ther than to turn it OTer to an attorney.·~ 3'1_ 10rk XWI, Febru&17 3, 1943, p. 2. 8l. 'I IIlIl Terr much ptlSllled and disappointad that ..... 0""' wo. I thought of as a good friend would takB offlllllle,' .he Said.36 Mrs. Rawlings won the decision of tha Cirou1t Court of Alachua County, Florida, wen, attar a period of two years, she ....s ordered by the Court to PIl7 a fine of one dollar and co.ts to Miss calon. the outcome of th18 case was Terr jJOportant to authors and publlshers and to the publlo. If tha dac1810n had gone agalnat the author, -It would have given pause to authors of reminiscences and 1II8IIlO1rs wo could bardl;r write anything without r"nning the risk of running into .1a1lar sults._36 With the Florida C:racnr no longer- in axl.ta""e &I Mrs. Ilawllngs first found hm, hal' stories took on a dtrferent appearance. She wrota, "It seems atranp, tha ""y in JII& tur1ty one sometme. recalls 1'rolI childhood a long forgotten inCident, or chain of incldents, and f1ndl the memory flooded with a brllliant ll!!l\t of under.tanding. _37 And wlth this thought in mind Mrs. RawllDSs wrote thr•• short storles about ohildren. F1rst, the storr of a boy's love for his uncle (Blaol< Secret) I ••cond, a .torr of tr1endlhip of two girls 35~., p. 2. 36"11ar 30rle IC1nnan Rawlings WinS Important case in Florida Courts,- l'l1bl1sher8' we,kly, CXLIX (JU118 29, li46) , 3328. 31Marjorle Kinnan Rawlings, "Miriaa's Houses," III Xorner, XXI (Nov_bel' 24, li415) , ei .. a sto1'7 ot .elfisb:ness which otten ex18ts in ch1ldren (Fr1endsh1p). The stor1es, eaoh in 1ts own way, shQr tha strong bond ot love and the human aot10nll wh1ch att.ct a ch1H so greatly. Mrs. Rawlings tound 1t a pl.sent duty writing about children as i. shown in Mountain PrelU4!. in which one ot tha central characters 18 a boy llke Jo~ ot fbe Yearl1pg, and a boy whom a good many readers vere coneemed about. In Mrs. Rawl1ngs' Short ato1'7, • Mo1ibu in Mannvllle. she tells ot an orphan named Jer17 and hia pathet1c pret.nse thet he had a mother who sant him g1tta. The endIng ot the ato1'7 anncyed many people and brought Mrs . Rawlings a vast amount ot m11 concerning the boy. She sa1d 'I, too, telt that the sto1'7 was not t1n1shed so, more than ten years later I wrote Mountain Prelude, lOh1ch teUs how I should like to have had the st01'7 end•• 38 Thus, the story ot 1936 now becomes only an inc1dent in a tull-length novel, in vbich Jer17 plays a leacUng role. Several yeers ago, before the appearanoe ot lira. Rawlings' last novel, The Sojourner, John Steinbeck asked the author it she tound that wr1ting goes easier as time passe.. SIle repl1ed that each boOk seeIIEd mora ditt10ult than the last.39 The Sojourner was begun back in U~ bitt vas not publ1shed untU 1951 tor the author eneountered 38~jor1e KInnan Rawling.,' SaturdaY Byep1pl Po,t, CCXIX (April 26, 19(7), 10. 3"B.mard Kolb, "Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings,' Satu;'day Rev1!!)!, XXXVI (Janua1'7 3, 1953), 9. 2:5 several atrong complications in the writing and rewriting ot the novel-·the proble.. ot attempting to attain a aate1'7 over tacte in ~rder to create tlctlon.·.o ot Mrs. Bavl1nga'. important noYels. l'h! BojourJl!r is the only one thet is not .et in the F10rida Scrub count1'7. nle reeson vas that th" struggle ot Au Linden could only be laid egainst a sterner beckground ot snow. lee, and hall. nlere is a s1mplicity ot plot and cha.1'e.o.ter in :l!!. Sojoyrner that is almost Bibllcal, and the appeal ot this novel by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, her tirst in more than ten years, lies in the warmth and w1&doa ot its prose. The novelist, no~l1 a wltty, robust, ebullient person, said ·she had alW81s wanted to do a stark book. and this __ about a stolid tarmer in the Jlorth--tha soane ot luIr childhood.·U Mrs. RawlingS j0urn818d to oentral _ York, where slul devoted her IIUIIlIIIers to ;l'he So jourper. some ot theae a_rs lasting untll mid-December. Winters, ahe worked at C~ss Creek, Florida, her home tor the last twent~-tive years. At titty-s1X, Mrs. Rawlings was at work on a biograph1 or Ellan Glasgow. the novelist. ·It a_,· she Sald, ·a. IIIIlCh ot a challenge as anT no;'el.·u She believed this- to be her IlOSt ambitious and serious undar- takIng, and it is a great tragedy that she died betore ite ~. Unorlda Tws UniO!!, Deoember 16, 1953. ~ernard Kalb, op. cit., p. 9. completion. A sudden illness took the lite ot Marjorie ~1nn.n RawllnS" in St. Augustine. Florida. on Dec ..ber U. 1953. She vas buried in the moss-hung Flori4a ...... p country about which she wrote and lOhich brought her III1sery. happinau. and tame. During her years at Cross Creek she wrote fiction that dealt besically with tolk mcraUtT. cueto..... beUers. and shoved how the Cracker's thinking vas IIOlded b1 his primit1T8 environment. In relating his e.,e17cla1 Ute and show1l>& its dgn1ticance. IIrs. Rawlings used superst1tions, 8&y1l>&s and sim1les in the native ..macular in portraT1n3 both his stoical fiction and hi. earthy hUllOr. For example, as these people were concerned with the elements ot weether and circuutance. it i. onlT _tural. that rain and drought, and cold and heat should claterm1ne vb.ethar they teasted or fisted. This to.... d an -d1n3 tight between the Crackers and their PhYsical world 88 is shown in IIlltn tl!e G'ppoorv1ll. a oollection ot short stories. Again. raintall has its place in liouth Moon Ynd!£ e1ther betore a tuneral or after. The moon beUets Pla18d an important part in the Ute ot the Crackers as 1s tound in §outh Moop Under ""ere the aoon determines planting, hog k1ll1n3 and so torth. In The Yearllpa. IIrs. Rawl1np included not onlT the Cracker' 8 struggle with the veether, but ~o his tight against w1ld beast. and snake. ot the p1neJVOods. 25 Perhaps her best known work of f1ct10n and one of the mOlt percept1ve stud1es of !'am1l¥ ll1'e 1s ru Yearling which 1s an 1dy1l1c story of a twelve year old boy and h1s relation to the world phySically, soc1all¥, and emot10nall¥. In this book of 11ttle plot, Mrs. Rawlings set. definite pettern of relat10nsh1p between father and son. Mrs. RawlingS in telling about The rearllnll, oaid, I cons1dered the most untf1ed of m;y books, as to • It wa" on 1117 mind for tive almost sililultaneoual¥ with ~uth Moon Under. I did groundwork and inten aivelnklng on it for two years. rile actual writing took OIle year. l'he boy, Jody, is ent1rel¥ J...g1nary, except that I might 88)' that he was born of the memor1es of old men. Ao two old h1Ulter t:r1en4s told me their tales, I v1sualized a boy who sight he""43 lived thet uncomplex, yet dUf1cult Ufe in the scrub. In relating the Crecker's tales, Mrs. RawlingS, when portraying the Cracker in her .hort stories, used onl¥ one spec1f1c inc1dent. Moonshining, one of the means of ma!dng a l1ving, was used in several of her stor1es and 18 the dominant feature of Jacob's Ladder, Oel Yeung Un, and numb Clare COp!Ill,ence. Other inc1dents of the Crackers 11fe that Mrs. RawlingS wrote about are, a ne1ghborl¥ f1ll11t onr a mule (varminto); a man' 0 experi.".,e. w1th alUgators (Alllptors); h1. fight againet outs1ders (Epell!l); a man's interest in doSS (B!I!!lY and the Bird l125!!.); the homecoming of a parole conTict (hhe Ptrdop); 43"Merjorie ginnan RawlingS," Current BiographY, III (JUl¥, 1942), 67. 26 a t1gh t to save a crop of b&arul froa the frolt (6 Crop of B!!Il!!); and the illtereBt shown by the cracker for cock f1ghting (Coop Muat C1'9w). The above ten stories and A Mother ill lI4nnv111e, which i9 not set ill the scrub COWltrJ of Florida, were compiled illto the Toluae entitled lflI!I! the Whippoorwill which followed the appearance of The 18&1'11p,. Th. humor that Mrs. Rawlings has employed ill the retell1n& of these teles is more satisfying beaus. she hes caught the spirit of a phase of lif. ill AIl.rica. The •• peepl. liTillg out their lives ill hopel ... despair hugged their 19norance and parochial prlde. When the Cracker gaTe way to the outs1der Mrs. Rawl1ngs' short stor1es beoame illoldent9 ill her own lite written illto story form with a b1t of truth and a bit of fiction, many of which are recorded ill her Butobiopoam, Cro9s creek, ill which she presents a tasc1llating p1cture tull of dete1ls of h~r exper1ences w1th the Cracker. Marjorie Xinnan Rawling9, like many regionalist9, has recorded the characterist10 mOTaments of one aspect of American lite, the Flor1da Crack.:.-, sketching some of 1t. litel'al'T histo1'1 and 90me of 1ts hUmor. The Cracker, a kind of 1nd1vidual or class with comoon character1stics end habits, may be noted for his strength and _Jmes •• s ill adapting himself to the environmentel conditiona of a pr1ll1tive reglon. Mrs. Rawlings's work '/lAy be noted for the development of the history of this race of IIankS nil e? and the study of the environmental condl tions which affected hls daily movements. By presenting the history of thi8 race, her work contains many myths and legenda which may afford further study in the development of regional literature . She not only interpreted the social and economical histor; of the Cracker, but also added humor Which affords recreational reading. "To say that Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings wrote about the Crackers of Florida with feminine sympathy is not to s8J' that she wrote with sentimental yearning. Her voice was a steady, well modulated one into which there never creeps any sobbing i ntonation. She was shrewd and humorous and acutely discerning; she could be cruel when her nerves had been rasped by pretension. On one or two occasions her pen prodded at false pride with a relentless paSSion for vengeance . But her cheracteristic mood was tbat of graciOUS and receptive sympathy, which discovered in a primitive and apparently uncomplicated way of life its own subtleties, it. own delicata distinctions in the field of morality and its own complexities of impulse . -« '"James Gray, Cn Second ThourJlt (Minneapoli., Ilinnesota: University of Minnesota Press, c1946), p . le? CHAPTER II II AlillOU1'ED LIST OF WOllKS BI MARJORIE KINNll RAWUIG6 BooIaIl ,2 Rawlings! Marjor1e Kinnell. S~~~ lev lorks oharles Scr1bner'a ~ pp. 334. 'l\ .imple ato..,. ot ute 111 the rlorlda baclDfooda, 111 the scrub count..,. where the bard con41tlona ot ploneer lite stlll uist. Lant Jacld1l1, tile hero ot 'South Moon Ulldar,' 1s a modarn descendant ot Deersla,8r and the Indian t1ghters, a keen hunter, a .ollt...,. unable to adjust bia s.lt to the soc1e1 requ1raSDents ot the collllllll1t,." Old Lant, e fUgltlve trom justlc., Uvea out his Ute 111 the scrub, but loung Lent aee. tba outa1de COn ver&1nl!: 111 upon 'him. He cen no longer IIakI a prof1table l1vtna trOll the scrub es his father bad done, and faUing to .ecure a 11111 job, ba _a to moonsh1l1ing on17 to be betm),ed to the revenue torces b, ne1ghbors. ____,. OOlden Apples. Rev lorks Charles Scribner'. Sons, ~935. p. 352. "To the home wh1ch a omcker bo, and his alater have made 111 the Florlda backwoods co""'. a deteated ,oung Englishman, uUed b, his tamU,. B1s b1tter aoph1stlcat10n meets their pr1m1tlve 1I1tegri1;\" and hi. ph)'slcal and spiritual regeneratlon 1s accompUshed at tragic cost--the girl, ¥boa he bas aedUced, dies 111 chUdb1rth, and resenttul neilihbora punlah him brutal17." lWbsn a short sto..,. appears in • collectlon, it vUl be annotated under the entry as a separate. IIQUotat1ons in the annotatlons are troll the FtitiOP CAtalog wile.. otherwlse noted and w1ll not be tootn6 d. 28 Iev York: Charles Scribner'. 421. A yur in the lite ot Jody Baxter and hi. pet tawn, Flag. Jody is only a boy when the ItOry beginS but during the year he matures rapidly. When Flag begins to eat the tamU,'. scanty crops as tast as they grow Jodi is told by hi. father thet the fawn INSt be shot. This represent. stark tragedy to the boy and he rune away ~ hane. When he returns h. and his tather tal.lI: together and Jody realize. that such "acritice. are a pert ot growing up and must be taced vith courage. ____• lfbtn the WhiPPOorwill. Nev York: Charle. scrI6ner'. 1940. PI'. ~5. A collect1on ot .hort stor1es. Contents: Crop ot Beens; BeIlD¥ and the Bird Dogs I Jacob'. lAdder; Pardon; Va1'lll1nts; EneJll)'; Gal Young tin; All1gators I Pl_b Clare Conscience; Mother in Mannville; Cocks IIUIt Crow. ____• Cross Creek Cookery. Iew York: Charles ScrIbner's sons, 1942. pp. 230. A cook book cOllpUed bl Mrs. RawlingS conta1ning m&nf original reoipes ot her mother, grant!llother and neighbors at Cross Creek, Florida. ____,. ero", Creek. New York: Charles Scribner'. Bona, 1942. pp. 368. Mr.. RawlingS's reml n18§ent, unhurried, humorous account ot lite at Croes Creek. Wr1tten in an appealing stlle, she relates tale. ot the Oracker's Ute _ ot which she has elready told in her novels and short stories. ____ • "Mountain Pralude,· 6tturday Eve!l1l!l! fost,! AprU 26 1947, Pl'. u .. 17; 101&1 3, fi4'7; PI'. ;'6-37; IoIa7 la, 1947, PI'. 38-39; May 17, 1947, PI'. 40-&1; JoIal 24, 1947, PI'. 36-37; 101&1 31, 1947, pp. 4O} • Following the loss ot her hUsband and child, _ut1tul Helan Jackson, tamous p1an1st, retreated to the .mall town 3·Croas Creak,· rime, XXXI!': (Maroh 23, 11142), 76. 30 01' Bl'WIllJ Gap in the Appalachian Mounta1rul. It vas here thet she met Jerry, an orphan boy, who was the exact ap and sl" 01' her dead child. BiU Chandler, her next door nelgnbor. end Belen became trlends tbroUlh their IIIIltual interest in Jerry. As both 01' them wanted to adopt the bo)' the)' dec lded to marry end make it. tuI111 attair. 1'h1s novel which appaared as a ••rial stor;r in the S,turdaY Evening post was never published in book tom. New Yorkl Cbarles Scribner'8 pp. 327. A&&hel Linden remains on the tarm in New York Stat. While his more adventurous brother goes to the We.t to seek his tortune. Asahel marries, raises e t'8mily and oare. tor his diSagreeable old mother who bate. A.. end longs tor Ben to return home. Tho years pass and ASe is lett alone, deserted by Ilis ungratetul children. F1na1l¥, walld 1s rece1ved trom Ben and AU fi1es aoreu the continent to .ee hi. Sick brother, Bchieying a t1nal and satisfying contact. §!lort storie, Rawlings, Marlor1e KInnan. ·Cracllllr ChidUns.," Scribner', )!a&!line, February. 1931, pp. 127-34. Real tal•• trom the lI'loride. interior. A coUeotion 01' the 1'oUowing short, short storie.: Squirnl Eyes; Even .. Snal ____,. °Jacob'. Ladder," Scribner's )!agallM, April, 1931, pp. 351-366. Mart and JI'lorr;r meet at a square de.nce and on the tollowing day they run away to begin their long struggle in the lI'lorida wilderness. Mart moves troJ/l one lob to another, trying hi. hand at trapping, tlahlng. track tam ing, and moonah1n1ng. Both Mart and Florr;r work hard but they never get ahead. Mart 1. sent to prison tor moonahlnlns and when he returns home he and lI'lorr;r decide that. there is nothing lett tor them to do but to return to lI'lorr;r's old home and live with her tather. At tirst old Joe. her tether, doe. not welcome them but tlnal l¥. he become. reconciled to their presence. 31 ___""\. 'A Pluab Clare COllllc1ence,' Scribner'. Map,1De. December, 19.1, pp. 622-626 • • Shiner ria vas tamous in the scrub count17 tor tva thing.: tor ma!rl ng an unusuallJ' tine brand at 1ID0nshillll whiskey and tor his ability to eTade the revenue officel'll. One doT he and hi. new partner, a Georgia boy, were sur prised at their stlll by two agent. . rhe Georgia boy •• caped and rim ned to the nearby swamp >II1ere he hid in the palmetto. until the exhausted agents save up their B ..roh. rim returned to hi. home saying to hi. wite and partner thet he knew the agent. would not return tor at lea.t a month 80, tor about thirty daya he would bave 'a plumb clare oOllllaience.' ____ • 'A Crop at Bean.,· Scribner'. MaYl1ne, May, 1932, pp. 283- 290. Attar several years at poor bean crop. due to haa"7 rains or trost, Lige Gentry and his wite Drenna t1nall1 raised a bumpar crop which brings in a large ....,un~ of cash. lust attar the money i. depoaited in the b&nIt the bank alose. ite doors and all they have l.tt i. a tifty dollar blll which Drenna has held out to bUT clothes. PhUosophlcallT they decide to thl nk at thi. catutropha as another bad crop year and plan to spend the tifty dollara in .eed tor the next crop at beans. ____• 'Gal Young Un, ' Bl!:I1!r, .nme, 1932, pp. 21-33; July, 1932, pp. 225-234: rrax Colton take. in the rich widow, Mattie Styles, marr1es her and begins the operation at a moonshine stUl near her home . A tew month. later, he retU1'llll from a del1v817 trip with the 81rl Ell1. Matt, who hate. the young girl, destroy. the .tlll, bums rrex'. new car and chases the IIII!IJl and the g11'l from the hou.e. rhet night .he hears .omeone c17ing at the 84ge at the h"lWOck and realize. that Trax has lett EllT behInd. Pity tor the 'Gal Young Un' t1lls her heart and she invites her baak to tha house and kindles e tire to warm her. ___-.;. "Il;raainth Drift,' Sar1bn,r' 0 Map,.t"" September, 1933, pp. 169-173. MarJorie X1nneo RawlIngs'. aacount of a boat trip down the st. lohllll tiver from 1t. source to the Oklawaha River. She relates many highlights at the trip which she undertook with a fr1end. 32 ____,. oCJ.igators,· saturday '''pips Post, Septsaber 23, . 19~, pp. 16 - 17. 7 Fred Tompld.na tells of hls _ adventure. with alligators. These include tale. of" hunting them .. well a. us ing them to play practlcal joke. on his friend•• Interwoven wlth the humorous incidents are many fact. about alligator.--their homes, their habit", and their young. ____,. 'Bellll1 and the Blrd Dogs," scribner's M!ll!!!s1oe, October, 1933, pp. 193-200. 'You can't change • .", no-ways. By the time hls mammy turns him loo.e and he takes up with lODe innocent woman and marries her, be's vIlat he 10 •••• Sometimes a woman, 11ke the Old Hen (Uncle Benny's wife, poor soul I ), ba. to quarrel a lifetime before sbe learns it. Then vhen lt does COIII8 to her, sbe's like a cow hal trled to jump a hil ____,. ·Pardon.· Scribner's )!al!!!z1ne, August, 1934, pp. 95-9&. AdamS receive. a pardon and leave. the penitentiary vi th the feelings of a tree man anxious to see hls wife and children and have " happy homeocm1ng. His happ1neSl i. destroyed whan he discovers that his "ite hal bean ~!lrjorie KInnan Rawling., 'Bennr and the Blrd Dogs,' SQribner'p MaI!!!I1ne, XCIV (October, 1933), 193. 33 untaith1'ul to h1a and has an 1llegit1llate son. His mood .uddenl¥ chanp_ wben he remembers the pardon and pictures the penitentiary at that moment. With this 10 1I1nd, .l_ accepts the child end starts a new l1!'e with h1. ""'17 acqulred son. ____ • 'Va1'lD1ots,' Scr1bner" Magazine, December, IV36, pp. 26-32. • Qu1ncey Do .... r tells the stOl')' or Jim Lee and Luty Higgenbotham who bqr a mule together and ror twenty-e1gnt years quarrel over the jo1ot own.rsh1p. The rinal ar_t comes when the mule drops dead 1n Qu1ncey's _t poteto patch and they cannot dec1de who w111 bu1')' it. '1ne] 17, Qu1ncey 1. rorced to bury 1t herself and 10 order to pt .....n w1 th the two men she has the rollowing paracraph publ1shed 10 the Tray Cl ty Bugle. 'Oak Blufr has lost by death one or 1ts three pet vara1nt.. The one that died ...... d Short. He was the beat or the three. The ones lett are ~d Jim and Luty. These r81111l1n1ng vara1nts have had tha advanteges or h1D&ll contact and ha.... 10111 /I the W&79 or persons. Visto... passing thrcugn Oak l!lutr are 10vlted to stop and taD a look at tbese clever creaturas, thet providence cbo •• to make them V1L1'ID1ots and denied thea being men. ,II ___..;' 'A Mother 10 MannvUle,' saturdaY Ennj,pg Post. December 12, 1936, pp. 7 f • A wrlter, ...king quiet and isolat10n ror creative wrlting, acqulred a slllllll cottase 10 a mounta1o town or !forth Caroline dur10g the l'o.ll season. Vpon renting the cottage, it was un~r.tood that either a man or boy would come and chop wood tor the stove. and the tireplace. A tew deYI later, a vary small boy appeared. At tlrlt, _he was startled to .ee such a small boy and one whom she thougnt hi&nl7 10capable ot the job. Arter s .....ral. days, the boy and the woman be"""", triendS and he vislted hal' orten 10 the late arternoons. Inqu1r1ng 1oto hi. home l1t., Ih. laarned that he was an orphan troll the orphanase acro.. tha valley. Vpon trequent vidts to the cab1o, be spoke ot hls mother regular17 and about the gins she sent hill. ~rjor1e Xlnnan Rawl1og., 'Varmint.,' Scribger" Magaw. C (December. 1936). 32. 34 Bel18T1ng the small bo;" the author oould not help wonder- 1ng Vh7 the lad va. in the orphenege. Before laaTing the valle;" she decided to stop and inquire about the bo;,' s mother. ArriT1ng at the orphanage, she found thet he did not heve a mother nor did he han the 8itts he spoke of. ____,. "CockS must Crow," Saturday EJ!1l1n8 POlt, Boveaber 25, 1939, pp. 5-7. "Me and Will hit it off r1ght from the start. ae was little and he acted gentle, but couldn't noboc!T presl him farther than h. was o'D.1nd to be pressed. And thet was one thing I dis remembered as the ;,ears went b;,."11 Quince;, forbede her husband, Will, to attend the cock tights and as nothing more va. said about It she thoUght that he was obl';r1ng her. Will slipped ort occasionally without announc1ns his destination and Qu1nCey suspected him of vis1t1ns their new ne1ghbor, the Widow Tippett. She eonfronted Widow fippett vith thia accwsatlon and waa told thet Will vas not only attending the oock tighta but vas the owner of e priBe cock. Quince;, cl1mbed a tree near the cock p1t and watched the fight. In her exc1t.... nt she tell trom the tree into the pit. W111 helped her to her feet and she congret1.\la ted him on his prl..... lnn1ng cook. The;, returned home hapP1l7 and Quinoe;, reaohed never to tr;, to boss Will apin. ____,. "XDG7," SLturday Byen1nI! post, lanua17 20, 1940, pp. 12-13. Old Man MUford, patriarch of the scrub, re ••ntl the tact that a Yenlme hes bought land and fenced it in- land thet natives have been us1ns a. grez1ng land for II&n7 ;,ear.. He tries to make his neighbors loin hill in a prolect to shoot the Yank•• 's cattle and run him ort but the;, refUse. To his aetonishment hil .on sides with the neighbors who plan to negotiate w1th the Y8llltee and keep peace • He orders hi. • on and wite from his house and he is lett alone to nurse hi. anger. ____ " "In the Heart," Colller'I, r.bruar;, 3, 1940, pp. 19 ;. " "I remember thet • • • all stared in ~pno.1a at hi. bulk, at hi. head 11J IiMerlorie JrlDDIID Rawlings, "CockS IlUSt Crow," Saturday Eyenlpg fost, CCXII (November 25, 1939), 5. at his v1ngl1kB ears, cut straight across, end1llg in point. I at hi. arm., hanging 100... 11ke a pair of cotton mouth moccasins; and f1nslly, jointed to the arms, as though they had a unique life of their own, a pair of pe.... llke a ,a>rilla's--llIlge, sine"7, not quite believable," A huge Negro appeared one dey at the author's tara and ..... s hirsd to care for the garden. Be perfo~d his task vell but beoause of hi. unusual size and strength he ...... f ....red by the other ngroe.. Once, wIlile the _r of the farm vas ave;r he vas attacked by a lIegro and 'vas forced to shoot 111m in self defense. When the owner returnsd she prom1.sed the sheriff that she would land the big Negro ave;r when he had recovered from his wound. She kept her prom1.se but the Negro returned and begged to he"" his job agein. He never intended to harm an:r one but everyone feared him. They al""". looked at the outside and Dever saw whet va. in his heart. ____.• ·Pelican's Shedow,· liew Yorker. January 6, 19<&0, pp,,17-1JI. Elsa, newly married to .. famous .c1ent1St sits in a ooaoh eheir on the terrace and med1tete. upon her new .tatus • She thinks of how .he has remade her life from that of II lady editor to that of II wife and of her eUorts to run the house in aocord with the likBs and dill1kBS of her husband. The pelicans that pes. her windo" annoy her and one detects that someth1llg in their gra:r, neat appeat'8DCe reminds hIIr of her husband. ____• "Jessamine SpringS,· Nil" Xor1 7Mar,or1e ~lnDan Rs"ling., "In the Heart," Collier", cv (Februe.r;y 3, 1940), 19. 36 ____,. 'The Provider,' Woma,n's Home COIIpanion, .rune, li4l, pp. 20-21. A simple, haunting story or the Georgia pine country. When Joe, a fireman on the t1'llin, saw a mother and children picking up stray pieces or coal he resolved to hal~~:m. Each day as he passed their home by the trackS ha out a rew Shovels or coal. When the railroad COllp&ny round out that he was doing this they rired him. Immediat8l.T, he set out to rind the house where the woman and children Uved but When he arrived there they hed moved. SearchIng about the house 1'01' a clue as 'to where they IIl1ght heve gone he round a letter which bore a return address in Alabellla. He decided to seek them there for he relt that they needed him, and he needed them. 'Surely a man in his loneliness and his grea t lI.. d might cross that bridge. Surely he could rind his own and come to them. Be tucked the envelope care~ in his pocket and .et out southward in the sunset.' ____,. "IIare is My Home,' Atl!mtic, March, 1942, pp. 277-285. E:l:cerpts !"rom about the people and neighbors or Mar30rie ____,. 'Who Owns Croes Creek,' Atlant1c, April, 1942, pp. 439-450. E:l:cerpt trom Cross Cr8§k tellIng whY Cross Creek belongs to DO ODe person bUt to all the residents of the community • ____,. 'NT 7riand Moe,' Scholast1c, September 14, 1942, pp. 17-20. E:l:oerpt !"rom Cross Cre§k about her gOod and fa1th t'ul trien4 Moe and their experIences at Cross Creek. ---_. 'Shell,' Bew Yorker, December 9, 1944, pp. 29-31. A woman Who had been notified thet her husband .... lllissing in action during World War II lived in a dream world ror 80me months, waiting 1'01' his return. linall,T, ~r30rie Kinnan RaWlingS! 'the Provider,' If2PIP'1 Home Companion, LXVIII (June; 194 ), 21. 37 the realization c .... to her that her hUlIband was dead and with that reaUzation her courage tailed her. She committed suicide by 3umping into the aea. ____.• 'Black Secret,' !few lor2r, September 6, li45. pp •• 20-23. . Dickia. who longs to stay in the perlor while hi. mother and MrS. Tipton talk. hears them 8p .. ekSng about several peopl.e but doe. not understand the conversation. Later, when he goes to the barbershop tor a baircut. he overhears several men speaJdng about the same secret- the black ••cret. He becomes .ick when he overhear. that his tavorite Uncle. Uncle BaXter Merr1ll.. is the father ot a lIlI1l& tto. As he rushes down the stl'eet. the secret 1001118 over him, frightening him. ____• 'Mir1... •• Houses.' lI!!w IOrker. liov ....ber 114. li45. pp. 29-31. Helen. as a ohild. becomes a tJ:'iend ot Mir1uo. a trail but pretty g1£l. She viSlts Mirialll otten but cannot understand why II1lr1am and her mother move around trOll house to house. \lhan Helen i8 grown the sight ot a certain 1'0014 recalls a house ot Miriam' a which she hed T1sited in her Childhood. Suddenly. her m.1nd 1a tlooded with memoriea ot her tormer playmate and the reaUzation comea to her t.hA t the roason Mir1am and her mother lICwd .0 much was because they never paid the rent and the man that Miriall called her !'ather vas not one but many ditterant men. Attar torty rears Helen wondere why ahe did not tall» in the situation at that time and wonders also whan M1r1alII found out the true tacts. ____• 'JPr1end.hjp.' Saturday Even1ng Post. January 1. li49. pp. 14-15. RobeJ:'t and Sergeant MIlaters. a pol1c... n. bee.... a friends when Robert tell one day and hurt hi. _. In spite ot his t ...ing classmates he aclm1red and loved the Sargeant and watched out tor h1a each day at the lunch hour. But his vas a selfish lova. When the snow apples in hi. yard were rips he gave them to the Sergeant but ref'ufled to share them with the children. Througll hi. selti.hness he almost lost hi. friend but he va. torgiven and vaa taught a valuable leason. He tound that 'friend Ship ... a a noble thing' and he JIIIUIt not prove unworthT ot it. Art1c1e. Raw1l.llgs, )!arjor1e lC1nnan. 'Trees for TOIIIOrrov,' CoU1er", May 8, 1943, pp. 14-15. In an art1c1e on cOnBel'1lll.t10n Mrs . Rawl.1ng;3 vr1tea ot the scarc1ty ot trees during the 8econd World war and pleads to the public to preserve the fore.t and plant new tree. there tor the future. ____,. 'Portra1t ot a Magniticent Editor as saen 1n hi. Letters,' Publisher!' WeeklY , Apr11 1, 1950, pp. 1573-15'14. Marjorie "!man _lings rev1ews 'The Letters ot MaxveU Perld.n8.' BIBLIOGRAPHY ·A •• •• A..,n1es.· l1!!!. LXI (January 6. 1953). 7 •• B1ckel. Mary. "Marjor1e Jr11Ul11D Rawlings.' Demcou1.r. CCXIX (December, 1943), 3-5. B10grap~Ind.X~1946-1952. Nev York. H. W. Wilson. 949-19 • New York: R. W. WilSon, 'Biographical Sketch,' Wil.on Bullet1n, XIII (October. 1938), 76. IIeW York, R. W. WilSon, Bromf1eld, Loui.. 'Case or the Wander1ntl: Wlt,' Saturdal Rev1ew, XXXIX (January 3. 1963). 9. 'career," Nt!! York TlJAes, MaT 2. 1939. p. l- Cook, Doroth7 and Monro. Isabel S. (compa). !!hort stOry Index. New York: H. W. Wilson, 19D3. "Court Require. Amended Declaration b)' Zelma Cason in Slander Suit Involving Book: Cross Creek,' Nt!! York T1aee, August 11, 1943, p. 3. "Cross Cr.ek,' ~, XXXIX (March 23. 1942). 76. "Cross Creek Dec1s1on Reversed b)' Florida Supreme Court.' Publ1.hers' Weekly. ClCLVI (Dec.mber 16. 19M), 2301. Cumulative ~Ok indax. 1928-1952. Wew Yorlt. R. W. Wilson, 192:195 • 'Damage Suit Filed b)' Zelma cason for Portrayal in Book Cross Creek." New york Time., February 3, 1943, p. 2. De.hiel1, A. S. (.d.). Editor's Choice. lev York, O. P. Putnam'. Sons, 01934, pp. 242-311. 39 40 Derleth, August. "AlIIeriea in Tocls.,.'s Fiction,' Publishers' Weekly, CXXXIX (Mar 3, 1941), 1820-1825. 'Died I Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings," Newsweek, XLII (December 28, 1953), 49. Drewry, John E. ·Wa,. Down South in the Land of Letters," Chrlptian Science Monitor, (April 23, 1941), p. 4. "Enchanted Land,' rime, XXXIX (Harch 23; l~U), 76. I ESslY and QeD'~ Literature Index, 1900-19~. New Yorio:: H. W. w son, 1§3C1954. f §lctlon catalog, 1941. New York. H. W. Wileon, 1942. ___.., Supplement!!, 1947-1948, 1949. lIew York. H. W. wilson, 1949-1950. §lction catelog, 195Q. New York. H. W. Wilson, 1951 New ~ork. H. W. oilson Figh, M. G. "Folklore and Follt Speech in the Worlo:s ot Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings,' BibliographY ot Southern Folklore, XI (September, 1947), 20~9. Firkins, Ins T. Index to Short Storie.. lI6. ad. IIew Yorio:: H. W. Wilson, 1923. ____ Supplement, 1929. New Yor!<. Ii. W. Wilson, 1929. ____ Supplement, 1936. New York: H. W. Wilson, 1936. Frederick, John T. 34 Present Day StQries. lIew York: . Charles Scribner's Sons, C1941, p. 319. ~Get5 Rollins College Honorer,. Degree,' Ifew Xor!< Times, Fabruer,. 28, 1939, p. 2. Gray, James. On s,!cond~OUA:ht. Iolinneapolis, Minnesota. UniversitY or M .SOta, c1946, pp. 126-133. Greenberg, C. E. (ed.). Furrow's End. New York: Greenbers Publishers, 1946, p. 132. Hansen, Barr,. (ed.). o 'Henry Memorial Prlze Stories of 1933. Garden Cit,., New YOK. Doubleda7, Doran and Co., 1933, pp. viii - xi. nternstionel Index to Periodicals Devoted Chi. to e Human es an Science. 9 -19 3. Bew York. H. w. wilson, 1934-1953. 41 Kalb, Bernard. "MarjorIe KInnan Rawlings," 5aturdaZ Review, XXXVI (Januaror 3, 1953), 9. Kun1ts, Stanley J and l!a1craft, Howard (ads.). 'l'yentieth- ~~ New York: H. W. WUsonCo., Linton, Adeline. "Wal' Back When," Demcou1,r, III (December, 1943)" 11. Luccock, _J1l~~:~~': no'u • 92-93. McIlvaine, Shields. Southern Poor-whit. trom ubber- ~ to robecco oad. lIorlllllll, 0 0 .., n varsity Okl&hOIl& press, "939, pp. 174-l.83. "Marjori. K'nnan Rawlings," Current l!iograpb,r, III (July, 1942), 65-67. "liar jori' Kinnan Rawlings," Independent W~, XV (Januaror, 1936), 10. "IIarjorie K1nnen Rawlings," Rational Cyclopaedia ot Americap ]!iograpb,r, G (1946), 432-3. "Marjorie Klnnen RawUngs," Saturday Eyening Poat, CCXIX (April 26, 1947), 10. "Marjorie Klnnan Rawlings," SCholAstio, XLI (September 14, 1942), 99. "IIarjorie Kinnan Rawlings,' SCholAstic, XXXVII (September 16, 1940), 30. "Marjorie It1nnen Rawlings Bunts tor Her SUpper,' saturdaz Eyening Post, CCXV (January 30, 1943), 26-27. "Marjori. Kinnan RawlingS Ordered to Pey ,I and Costs to zelma Cason,· Publishers' Weekly, CLIV (October 2, 1948), 1692.- "Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings WinS ~ortant caae in Floride - Court.," ~bl1shers' we y, CXLIX (June 29, 1946), 33 • MorriS, Lloyd. "Nev ClAssioist,' North American, CCXLVI (1938), 179-189. lIew lork. T~s Index. 19:50-1953. IIew York: The Tille •• 19SW954. ____ Supplement. 1953-1954. lIIev York: The f1Dla, 1954. "Illoted rlorlda NanUet Olea at Ase or 57," rlorl!!a T1Jlea Ynlon, Deoember 16. 1953. p. 26. "Ob1tual'1: Marjorie KInnan Rawlinlll', " ~, LXII (Deoember - 28, 1953). 46. _ Phelps, Wl11lam Lyon. "May I Susseat," IIptar1an, LV (JulJ, 1939). 49. "The pulitzer Prlze," Saturday Revlew, XX (May 6, 1939), 8. "PuUtzer Prlze Winners," Saturday Rertew. XX (!!aT 8. 1939). 6- 7. Rawlinlll' , Marjorle Kinnan. "BeIll1T and tile Blrd Doss " Scrlbner' p "'m.. ine. XCIV (Ootober, 1933), 1~3-200. ____ • "Cock.a Must C1'OW," Saturday Evening post, CCXlI (November 25, 1939), 5-8. __ ___...;' "In the Heart," Colller'8. CV (:rebruary 3, 194.0), 19. ___-,' "Miriam's Houses," lIIew lorker, XXI (iovember 24, 1946), pp. 29-31. ____ • "TIle Provider," Woman's Home Compan1on, LXVIII (June, 1941), 20-21. ___~. 'Varmints," Scrlbner'a Mam!!1ne, C (Deoember. 1936). 26-30. '!\awllnp'. Most Recent," Nev.week. XLI (JIllIU&l'Z 5. 1953), 63. .ev ___~ SUpplemept. 1953-1954. III.. Yon: H. W. Wilson. 1954. Rhodenbsugh, Beth. "Marjorle Rawllnp ls Always at Home," Courler Journal. March 22. 1942. Sherman. "Short Stor1es by IIrs. llawllngs," Cllf¥;tl&e Sc1ence Mon1tor. (JUne 1, 1940), - po • Warfel, Harr:y R. liew Yorks Amer1can !he A. ••