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Restos De Cf. Crocodylus Sp. En El Mioceno Tardío De Chiapas, México: Importancia Paleobiogeográfica Y Paleoambiental Late Miocene Cf

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Restos De Cf. Crocodylus Sp. En El Mioceno Tardío De Chiapas, México: Importancia Paleobiogeográfica Y Paleoambiental Late Miocene Cf Restos de cf. Crocodylus sp. en el Mioceno tardío de Chiapas, México: importancia paleobiogeográfica y paleoambiental Late Miocene cf. Crocodylus sp. remains from Chiapas, Mexico: paleobiogeographic and paleoenvironmental relevance Gerardo Carbot-Chanona Museo de Paleontología “Eliseo Palacios Aguilera”, Dirección de Paleontología, Secretaría de Medio Ambiente e Historia Natural. Calzada de Los Hombres Ilustres s/n, Parque Madero, 29000. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México. Teléfono (+52) 961600254 ext. 121 Correo electrónico: [email protected] RESUMEN ABSTRACT Los restos fósiles asignados a cf. Crocodylus sp. fueron reco- Crocodile remains assigned to cf. Crocodylus sp. were recollec- lectados en la localidad Puente Ixcán, municipio de Maravilla ted in the Puente Ixcán locality, Maravilla Tenejapa municipa- Tenejapa, Chiapas, sureste de México. El material rescatado lity, Chiapas State, southern Mexico. The recovered material comprende vértebras y dientes aislados. En la misma localidad includes dorsal vertebras and isolated teeth. In the same lo- han sido recuperados restos del rinoceronte Teleoceras cf. T. hick- cality, the rhino Teleoceras cf. T. hicksi, Gomphotherium sp., si, Gomphotherium sp., fragmentos de tortugas, un Caimaninae fragments of turtles, an indeterminate Caiman, and an inde- indeterminado y un Equidae indeterminado. La presencia de Te- terminate Equidae have been recovered. The presence of Te- leoceras cf. T. hicksi indica que la asociación faunística pertenece leoceras cf. T. hicksi indicates that the faunistic association al Mioceno tardío. El reporte de Crocodylus en el Mioceno tardío belongs to the late Miocene. The ocurrence of Crocodylus in de Chiapas apoya la hipótesis de dispersión transatlántica del the late Miocene of Chiapas give support to the trans-Atlantic género, desde África hacia el Nuevo Mundo. De igual manera, se dispersion hypothesis of the genus from Africa to New World. amplía el rango de distribución de Crocodylus en México durante Likewise, the distribution range of Crocodylus in Mexico in the el Mioceno tardío, extendiéndose desde la parte centro-oeste del late Miocene is broadens, extending it from the west and cen- país hasta el sur. Se infiere la existencia de un gran afluente de tral to the south of the country. The existence of a big affluent agua en la zona de estudio, donde predominaba un ambiente tro- of water is inferred for the area, where a tropical environment pical, debido a que es el típico hábitat de Crocodylus. prevailed, because it is the typical habitat of Crocodylus. Palabras clave: cocodrilo, inferencia ambiental, dispersión Key words: crocodile, environmental inference, transoceanic transoceánica dispersion INTRODUCCIÓN y C. suchus (cocodrilo del oeste de África) (Gri- Crocodylus es el género dentro del grupo- gg & Kirshner, 2015). Crocodylus raninus era corona Crocodylia con más especies, ya que una especie válida hasta finales del siglo XX comprende casi la mitad de la diversidad de (Ross, 1990; Ross, 1992), sin embargo, estudios cocodrilos vivientes, además de ser el más eco- moleculares recientes demuestran que es la lógicamente diverso (Oaks, 2011). Crocodylus misma especie que C. novaeguineae (Gratten, junto con Osteolaemus y Mecistops conforman 2003). Por su parte, la especie C. cataphractus, la familia Crocodylidae (Brochu, 2009). está contenida ahora en el género monoespecí- El género Crocodylus posee la distribución ficoMecistops (McAliley et al., 2006). actual más amplia y se encuentra en las zo- Estudios moleculares indican un bajo nivel nas tropicales de América, África, sur y este de divergencia entre las especies modernas de de Asia, Papúa, Nueva Guinea y Australia Crocodylus, lo que sugiere que el género radió (Martin, 2008; Grigg & Kirshner, 2015). Doce recientemente (White y Densmore, 2001). Oaks especies son reconocidas actualmente para el (2011) basándose en secuencias de ADN del género: Crocodylus acutus (cocodrilo america- genoma mitocondrial y nuclear, estimó que la no), C. intermedius (cocodrilo del Orinoco), C. antigüedad del ancestro común de Crocodylus moreletii (cocodrilo de pantano), C. rhombifer data de entre 13.6 a 8.3 millones de años. (cocodrilo cubano), C. palustris (mugger), C. Los fósiles más antiguos determinados in- siamensis (cocodrilo siamés), C. mindorensis equívocamente como Crocodylus se han en- (cocodrilo filipino), C. novaeguineae (cocodrilo contrado en el Mioceno tardío. Pocas especies de Nueva Guinea), C. johnstoni (cocodrilo de válidas han sido descritas para esa época, en- agua dulce australiano), C. porosus (cocodrilo tre las que se cuentan Crocodylus checchiai del de agua salada), C. niloticus (cocodrilo del Nilo) Mioceno superior-Plioceno inferior de la zona 24 Quehacer Científico en Chiapas 12 (2) 2017 fosilífera de Sahabi, Libia (Delfino, Böhme, MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS & Rook, 2007), y posiblemente en el Mioceno superior de Valencia, España (Montoya et al., Material estudiado 2006); y Crocodylus palaeindicus del Mioceno El material reportado en este trabajo compren- superior-Plioceno de Siwalik, India (Falconer, de cinco elementos aislados: IHNFG-4758, oc- 1859). Otras especies del mismo rango tempo- tava o novena vértebra dorsal; IHNFG-5222, ral, antes incluidas en Crocodylus, están ahora segunda vértebra dorsal; IHNFG-5223, ter- contenidas en otros géneros (e.g. “Crocodylus” cera o cuarta vértebra dorsal, IHNFG-5224, pigotti ahora Brochuchus pigotti [Conrad et diente pre-maxilar o dentario; IHNFG-5225, al., 2013]), relegadas a nomen dubium (e.g. tercer o cuarto diente maxilar. El material Crocodylus bambolii) o en sinonimia con otras está depositado en la colección paleontológica especies (Brochu, 2000; Delfino et al., 2007; que alberga el Museo de Paleontología “Eliseo Delfino y Rook, 2008). Palacios Aguilera” de la Secretaría de Medio En América los registros más antiguos de Ambiente e Historia Natural. El acrónimo de Crocodylus provienen de la Cuenca de Tecolot- la colección paleontológica es IHNFG (Institu- lán, en el estado de Jalisco (Carranza-Caste- to de Historia Natural, Fósil Geográfico). ñada, 2006) y de Ranchería Zietla, en Hidalgo (Castillo, Cabral, & Carranza, 1996), ambas Procedencia de las muestras localidades de edad Mioceno tardío-Plioceno Los restos fósiles de cocodrilos proceden de la temprano. Registros adicionales incluyen Cro- localidad fosilífera Puente Ixcán, municipio de codylus cf. C. moreletti del Plioceno de Baja Maravilla Tenejapa, Chiapas (Figura 1). En la California (Miller, 1980); C. acutus del Plio- localidad afloran sedimentos detríticos pobre- ceno-Pleistoceno de El Salvador (Cisneros, mente consolidados y dispuestos en posición 2005); Crocodylus sp. del Plioceno-Pleistoceno horizontal, que en total tienen 8 m de espesor. de Costa Rica (Mead et al., 2006b); C. morele- La litología está compuesta principalmente de tii del Pleistoceno de Guatemala (Mook, 1959); arena de grano medio de color gris oscuro a cf. Crocodylus acutus del Pleistoceno tardío gris claro, en la que se entremezclan lentes de de Térapa, Sonora (Mead et al., 2006a); Cro- arena gruesa y grava. Además del material de codylus sp. del Pleistoceno tardío de Atoyac, cocodrilos, se han rescatado restos de tortugas Veracruz (Peña-Serrano & Carbot-Chanona, trioníquidas y dermatémidas, un Caimaninae 2010), y C. rhombifer del Pleistoceno-Holoceno identerminado, un Equidae indeterminado, el mastodonte Gomphotherium sp. y el rinoce- de Cuba, Las Bahamas e Islas Caimán (Varo- ronte Teleoceras cf. T. hicksi (Carbot-Chanona, na, 1984; Morgan & Albury, 2013). 2011; Brochu & Carbot-Chanona, 2015; Gómez- Los registros de Crocodylus en América Pérez & Carbot-Chanona, 2016). La presencia son realmente escasos, principalmente los que de Teleoceras cf. T. hicksi indica una edad del datan de final del Mioceno. Por tal motivo, Mioceno tardío para la asociación faunística reportar nuevos ejemplares es de suma im- (Prothero, 2005). portancia para entender mejor la paleodistri- bución del género, ya que las hipótesis sobre Recolecta, limpieza y uso de material la llegada y establecimiento en América son de comparación aún controversiales. En consecuencia, el obje- Todo el material fue recolectado superficial- tivo del presente trabajo es describir y repor- mente de manera manual. Posteriormente fue tar de manera formal el material de cocodrilos rotulado y empaquetado para su traslado al proveniente de una localidad de edad Mioceno laboratorio del Museo de Paleontología “Eli- tardío que se ubica en el este de Chiapas, así seo Palacios Aguilera”. Debido a que los res- como discutir su relevancia paleobiogeográfi- tos tenían sedimento adherido fue necesario ca e inferir el paleoambiente de la localidad limpiarlos de manera mecánica usando un donde fue hallado el material. airscribe y agujas odontológicas. Las partes Quehacer Científico en Chiapas 12 (2) 2017 25 Figura 1. Ubicación de la localidad con restos de cf. Crocodylus sp. del Mioceno tardío de Chiapas, México. fragmentadas se unieron usando un pegamen- Para las vértebras, las medidas se obtuvieron to comercial a base de cianocrilato. siguiendo a Buscalioni, Sanz, Casanovas, y San- La identificación se realizó mediante com- tafe (1986), como se muestra en la Figura 2. Las paración directa con cráneos y esqueletos de medidas de los dientes se tomaron de la siguien- Crocodylus acutus (tres ejemplares), C. more- te forma: largo total, tomado longitudinalmente letii (un ejemplar) y Caiman crocodilus (dos desde la base hasta el ápice; diámetro máximo ejemplares), pertenecientes
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