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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PUC-SP Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Thiara Ribeiro Santos O fascínio do serial killer: protagonismo e naturalização da anormalidade em Dexter Doutorado em Comunicação e Semiótica São Paulo 2017 Thiara Ribeiro Santos O fascínio do serial killer: protagonismo e naturalização da anormalidade em Dexter Doutorado em Comunicação e Semiótica Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de DOUTORA em Comunicação e Semiótica – Signo e Significação nos Processos Comunicacionais, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. José Luiz Aidar Prado. São Paulo 2017 Banca Examinadora ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Para meus queridos pais Rosemary e Silvestre. Pesquisa desenvolvida com o auxílio de bolsa de estudo CNPq. Apoio FUNDASP. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço de coração aberto e braços estendidos ao meu querido orientador Dr. José Luiz Aidar Prado; muito obrigada por me dar suporte em todos os momentos que precisei, me ensinando, incentivando novas buscas por conhecimento e instigando o meu senso crítico; sempre com muita paciência e sábias palavras. Agradeço também aos meus familiares, que tanto acreditaram nos meus esforços, me deram apoio financeiro e psicológico e me estimularam, compreendendo todas as minhas ausências físicas e projetando em videoconferência todos os momentos dos quais mesmo distante pude “estar perto”. Por causa deste suporte teremos a primeira doutora da família; essa vitória é nossa. E orgulho maior é ter pais como os que tenho, Rosemary e Silvestre, avó Josefa Ribeiro (que mesmo tendo um pai que não sabia a importância dos livros, incentivou todos os filhos e netos a concluir os estudos), irmão Alan, cunhada Desirré e sobrinhos afilhados tão queridos e cheios de vida, Lucca e Sophie. Amo todos vocês intensamente. Agradeço também especialmente a minha tia Rosecleide e prima Clarissa que tanto me apoiaram com conversas suaves e calmas em diversas fases deste projeto. Ao CNPq pela bolsa concedida, à banca de qualificação Dra. Luiza Lusvarghi e Dra. Laura Canepa e a todos os professores e secretaria do Programa de Estudos Pós- Graduados em Comunicação e Semiótica da PUC-SP, pela atenção e orientações durante toda a trajetória do doutorado, em especial à Cida Bueno, Dra. Ana Cláudia M. A. Oliveira, Dr. Eugênio Trivinho, Dra. Leda Tenório e Dra. Christine Mello. Por último, mas não menos importante, ao meu amado Dr. Backer Ribeiro e a todos os meus amigos de São Paulo e de Aracaju que de forma leve e animada permitiram que a minha missão fosse concluída sem que eu abandonasse o sorriso no rosto, em especial à Fabiana Vieira, Dra. Cynthia Mello, Me. Gilberto Cavicchioli, Dra. Valéria Yida, Dra. Camila Barros, Dra. Cynthia Luderer, Ma. Fátima França, Me. Erico Oliveira, Ma. Patricia Assuf, Me. Felipe Neves e Ma. Elisangela Munhoz por todas as palavras de incentivo, abraços e conversas que enriqueceram a minha percepção quanto ao meu objeto de estudo. Sou muito grata por tê-los em minha vida. Autora: Thiara Ribeiro Santos O fascínio do serial killer: protagonismo e naturalização da anormalidade em Dexter RESUMO A pesquisa investiga o tema das narrativas de séries televisivas sobre serial killers, centrando sua atenção na série norte-americana Dexter, produzida no período de 2006 a 2013, sem deixar de examiná-la no contexto de outras séries do mesmo gênero. Para saber como o fascínio do crime é narrativizado neste tipo de série buscamos identificar suas semelhanças e diferenças, comparando as narrativas, os conflitos principais, o protagonismo do serial killer, as relações entre os sujeitos-personagens e questões complexas ligadas às ações e características de cada serial killer e ao desenvolvimento da narrativa em si – todas centradas na compulsão de matar do protagonista, considerando sua permanência na invisibilidade e os laços sociais entre ele e os demais personagens; para isto buscamos recuperar historicamente o processo de construção discursiva de filmes antigos com a mesma temática para compreendermos como se estabeleceu o universo das séries. Partimos do pressuposto de que existe uma transformação da estrutura narrativa e dos personagens serial killers nos audiovisuais das últimas décadas. Há, nesse contexto, uma necessidade de entender como as séries se utilizam das linguagens do audiovisual, como tensionam a oposição normal versus anormal, como se dá a convocação da cumplicidade do espectador e como a violência e a perversão se tornam elementos de estruturação da organização social e eventualmente efetivadoras da sanção. A nosso ver, questionar sobre o que mantém a tensão da narrativa das séries é um modo de avaliarmos nossos processos de significação e moralidade civil. A fundamentação teórica se baseia nos saberes das áreas de Audiovisual, Semiótica, Psicanálise, Sociologia e Filosofia. Para o audiovisual, utilizamos Neale, Arlindo Machado e Sonia Rodrigues em seus estudos sobre as estratégias narrativas em séries dramáticas; os estudos sobre cinema contaram com os aportes de Shaviro e Naremore e os estudos de série com Douglas L. Howard; as investigações sobre cinema de Ismail Xavier também fortalecem as análises desta tese. Na análise do percurso gerativo de sentido das narrativas se fazem necessários os aportes da semiótica discursiva de Eric Landowski e Ana Cláudia de Oliveira, mas nos utilizamos também da semiótica tensiva de Claude Zilberberg. Quanto à psicanálise, para abordar o conceito lacaniano de perversão e neurose, nos utilizamos dos textos de Nasio, Žižek, Bond, Philippe Julien e Antonio Quinet, que nos apoiam na explanação do universo do sujeito serial killer. Para as discussões sociológicas e éticas sobre anormalidade e perversidade adotamos os pensamentos de Dany-Robert Dufour e Simpson. Palavras-chave: narrativa; série televisiva; serial killer; anormal; perversão. Author: Thiara Ribeiro Santos The fascination of serial killer: protagonism and naturalization of abnormality in Dexter ABSTRACT This research investigates the narratives of television series about serial killers, focusing most attention on the North American show Dexter, broadcast from 2006 to 2013, while at the same time comparing the context of the series to others of the same genre. In order to learn how the fascination of crime is narrativized in this type of program, our aim was to identify the similarities and differences, compare the narratives, and the main conflicts of each series, the protagonism of the serial killer, the relations between the subject-characters and complex issues related to actions and characteristics of each serial killer and the development of the narrative itself – all focused on the protagonist’s compulsion to kill, while taking into consideration their permanent invisibility and the social ties between them and the other characters; thus we look back in time to delve into the discursive processes of old movies with the same theme in order to understand how the world of series was established. We start with the assumption that a transformation has been made to the narrative structure and character of the serial killers in audiovisual productions over recent decades. Under this context, there is a need to understand how audiovisual languages are used within series, how they intensify normal versus abnormal opposition, how the viewers’ complicity is summoned, and how violence and perversion become elements of the social structure and eventually even agents of the actions. In our view, questioning what retains the tension in the narrative of the Serial Killers TV series is one way of assessing our processes of true meaning and civil morality. This theory is based on knowledge of the areas of Audiovisual, Semiotics, Psychoanalysis, Sociology and Philosophy. For the audiovisual area, we benefitted from input from Neale, Arlindo Machado and Sonia Rodrigues who have studied narrative strategies in dramatic series; the studies relating to cinema were enhanced by contributions from Shaviro and Naremore and the studies of series consolidated by Douglas L. Howard; investigations made about cinema and representation by Ismail Xavier also strengthened the analyses of this thesis. The analysis of the generative route toward the meaning of narratives was bolstered by the discursive-semiotic contributions from Eric Landowski and Ana Claudia de Oliveira, and the tensive-semiotics contributions from Claude Zilberberg. With regard to psychoanalysis, particularly to focus on the Lacanian concept of perversion and neurosis, we use texts by Nasio, Žižek, Bond, Philippe Julien and Antonio Quinet, which assist us in explaining the universe of our subject, the serial killer. For the sociological and ethical discussions about abnormality and perversity we adopt the thoughts of Dany-Robert Dufour and Simpson. Keywords: narrative; TV series; serial killer; abnormal; perversion. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................. 10 1. A SEDUÇÃO DO CRIME NO AUDIOVISUAL ........................................................ 26 1.1. Os mais emblemáticos serial killers do cinema ....................................................... 26 1.2. Os primeiros serial killers em séries televisivas ...................................................... 42 2. AS NARRATIVAS DAS SÉRIES TELEVISIVAS DE SERIAL
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