Fall 2010 The Earth Scientist Save the Date Julie Kennedy named one of two new faculty Join the Stanford School of Earth Sciences for the following events: directors of the Haas Center October 18, 2010 by Elaine C. Ray, Stanford Report Alumni reception at SEG in Denver 5:30 – 7:30 pm Julie Kennedy and Larry Diamond have Hyatt Regency, Capitol 4 been named faculty directors of the Haas 650 – 15th Street Center for Public Service at Stanford. Kennedy is a senior lecturer and October 22, 2010 associate director of the Earth Systems Earth Sciences Undergraduate Student Program. She also holds senior lecturer Research Presentations positions in the Woods Institute for the 12:30 – 3:00 pm Environment and in the Environmental photo: L.A. Ci c ero Mitchell Building Earth Systems Science Department. Reunion Homecoming Alumni BBQ Diamond is a senior fellow at the Hoover 4:00 – 6:00 pm Institution and at the Freeman Spogli “My hope would be Mitchell Building Institute for International Studies (FSI). to think more about November 1, 2010 Kennedy also serves on the FSI-Haas Alumni reception at GSA in Denver International Public Service Advisory bringing service 5:00 – 7:30 pm Committee. As a senior lecturer in the Hyatt Regency, Centennial Ballroom H Earth Systems Program, she specializes 650 – 15th Street in interdisciplinary environmental learning more deeply education with emphasis on curriculum December 14, 2010 development, interdisciplinary problem into the academic Alumni reception at AGU in analysis, and effective communication San Francisco (time and location TBD) to expert and non-expert audiences. mission, integrating February 17, 2011 Kennedy earned her bachelor’s Alumni reception at NAPE in Houston degree in geology from the University it into [students’] 5:00 – 6:30 pm of California-Davis and her doctoral Hilton Americas, Meeting Room 230 degree in geology from Stanford. She studies and into their 1600 Lamar was promoted to senior lecturer in the April 12, 2011 Earth Systems Program in 1998 and intellectual lives.” Alumni reception at AAPG in Houston became its associate director in 2001. (time and location TBD) She has served as a senior lecturer at the to “taking Haas to a new level.” She said Woods Institute for the Environment that the center’s new strategic initiatives, Registration at conferences is which focus on education, health and not required to attend the alumni since 2005 and in the Environmental the environment, “speak to the academic receptions, and all are welcome at the Earth Systems Science Department experience here” but also to the “profound Reunion Homecoming Alumni BBQ. since 2007. Kennedy has received the School of Earth Sciences Excellence challenges” students will face in the future. in Teaching Award twice, in 1998 Above, top: Winter scene near Puerto “My hope would be to think more about and in 2006, and the Dinkelspiel bringing service learning more deeply into Prat, chile, Robert B. Dunbar. Award in 2002. Kennedy was named a Above, right: Julie Kennedy, senior the academic mission, integrating it into Landreth Family University Fellow in their studies and into their intellectual lecturer and associate director of the Undergraduate Education in 2008. Earth Systems Program, and Larry lives.” She also hopes that through the Diamond, senior fellow at Hoover and Kennedy, who has been deeply involved Haas Center’s work, more faculty members FSI, are the new faculty directors of with students through advising and will integrate service learning into their Stanford’s Haas Center. committee service, says she looks forward research and teaching interests.
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 1 10/5/10 10:57 AM Dean’s Message I’m pleased to introduce another issue of our newsletter, highlighting some of our activities at the School of Earth Sciences. Our focus last year was on the fundamentals— recovering our financial equilibrium after a time of budget reduction, and re-establishing a strong foundation from which we can take the next steps in the school’s evolution.
As always, your comments and suggestions are welcome and appreciated. My thanks for your continuing interest in our programs and our students.
With best wishes, Pamela A. Matson Chester Naramore Dean, School of Earth Sciences Richard and Rhoda Goldman Professor of Environmental Studies
Stanford Earth Sciences welcomes two new faculty members
Jessica Warren Assistant Professor, Geological and Environmental Sciences Jessica joined the Stanford Earth Sciences faculty this summer. She earned three degrees from the University of Cambridge, then completed her PhD in geochemistry and geophysics in a joint program of MIT and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2007. Before coming to Stanford, Jessica was a postdoctoral fellow at the Carnegie Left: Jessica Warren, Assistant Professor, Institution of Washington. Her research uses rocks collected at sea and on land to study Geological and Environmental Sciences; Right: Karen Casciotti, Assistant processes within the Earth. She has a particular interest in the ridges and subduction Professor, Environmental Earth zones that divide the planet into tectonic plates, the outward expression of convection System Science within the Earth’s mantle. Peridotites—direct samples of the mantle—collected from these areas allow exploration of processes such as ductile deformation, mantle flow, melting and magma transport, and mantle geochemical evolution. Jessica works on samples from a variety of field localities, including the Southwest Indian, Mid-Atlantic and Gakkel Ridges, the Tonga Trench, the Josephine Peridotite, and the Oman Ophiolite.
Karen Casciotti Assistant Professor, Environmental Earth System Science Karen will join the Stanford Earth Sciences faculty this winter. After earning a bachelor’s degree from the California Institute for Technology and a master’s degree from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, she went to Princeton, where she earned an additional master’s degree and her PhD in Geosciences in 2002. Before coming to Stanford, Karen was an NRC postdoctoral research associate at the U.S. Geological Survey, then an assistant scientist in the Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Her research focuses on nitrogen cycle biogeochemistry, including studies of how nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide are produced and consumed in ocean waters. She uses a combination of stable isotope measurements and microbial community analysis to determine the sources and cycling of nitrogen in the coastal ocean.
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 2 10/5/10 10:57 AM New Office of Multicultural Affairs
The School of Earth Sciences has program beginning in 2011 will bring established the Office of Multicultural promising students to campus for an Affairs (OMA), led by Professor and intensive eight-week research experience. Associate Dean for Multicultural Affairs Jerry Harris. The mission of OMA is to Support from the Chevron Corporation promote an environment of inclusion, and the James Croswell Perkins Memorial equity, and respect through the recruitment Fund is helping to fund these efforts, as and retention of multicultural faculty, well as incentive programs for graduate students, post-doctoral scholars, and staff, students and postdoctoral scholars in representative of our national communities. under-represented groups. Dr. Priscilla Our goals are to open new pathways for Grew, a member of the School of Earth scholars from under-represented U.S. Sciences Advisory Board, established the populations to study in the School of James Croswell Perkins Fund in memory Earth Sciences, and to build collaborative, of her father, a Congregational minister international partnerships that are aimed who from 1957 to 1970 was professor and at assisting partners to build capacity for education and research in the geosciences head of the Department of Philosophy and energy resources geo-engineering. and Religion at Huston-Tillotson College One program will focus on recruiting in Austin, Texas, an historically black excellence through increasing the pipeline institution celebrating its 135th anniversary to SES graduate programs; a new summer this year as Huston-Tillotson University.
New books
Steven M. Gorelick, Cyrus Fisher Tolman Frozen in Time: Permafrost and Engineering Professor, Stanford University School Problems, is a previously unpublished of Earth Sciences, spoke to the PREA work by Siemon W. Muller, author of Quarterly earlier this year about his book, the first English-language book about Oil Panic and the Global Crisis: Predictions perennially frozen ground. Professor and Myths: “Over the last 30 years, I have Muller remained at Stanford to join the faculty after earning master’s (1929) and used geology and engineering to focus on doctoral (1930) degrees from the School environmental problems related to the of Earth Sciences. He stopped working protection and sustainable use of water on the nearly completed manuscript in resources. There is a technical overlap the early 1960s, and for reasons unknown between my specialty in hydrogeology, set it aside about the time of the First which is the study of subsurface water, and International Conference on Permafrost petroleum engineering. The liquids are in 1963. It remained “frozen” for several different but many of the principles are decades until it was eventually discovered the same, so my work on oil resources is in his files. Upon careful reading, the not a big stretch. Beyond that technical manuscript was found to offer an advanced connection, I have maintained a long- and unusually comprehensive treatment standing interest in the potential of permafrost science and associated depletion of natural resources. In the engineering problems. Editors Hugh M. early 1980s, I initiated a Stanford course French and Frederick E. Nelson guided this landmark manuscript through the on Earth resources in which we exposed last phase of revision, provided context students to the interplay between physical through an interpretive introduction, depletion and the economics of essential and finally brought it to the publication mineral and energy commodities. During stage. The book’s dedication was written the past five years, with the support of by Professor Muller’s son, Eric Muller, the Guggenheim Foundation, I have who, along with his wife, Sherry, have dedicated significant effort to the study endowed the Professor “Si” Muller of global oil resources and making Memorial Fellowship Fund at the sense of the oil depletion debate.” School of Earth Sciences at Stanford.
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 3 10/5/10 10:57 AM Early Earth stayed warm because its ocean absorbed more sunlight; greenhouse gases were not involved, Stanford researchers say
by Louis Bergeron, Stanford Report in the April 1 issue of Nature. Bird and Researchers have long wondered why Norman Sleep, professor of geophysics, water on Earth was not frozen during the are among the four authors. The lead early days of the planet, when the sun author is Minik Rosing, a geology emanated only 70 to 75 percent as much professor at the Natural History Museum
photo: L.A. Ci c ero energy as it does today. Some theorize of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, that high levels of greenhouse gases in the and a former Allan Cox Visiting Professor Minik Rosing, a geology professor at the atmosphere, the same mechanism cited in at the School of Earth Sciences. Natural History Museum of Denmark, global warming today, were key. But new The crux of the theory is that because University of Copenhagen, and Dennis research involving Stanford scientists has a oceans are darker than continents, K. Bird, professor of geological and different explanation: The oceans, much particularly before plants and soils covered environmental sciences at Stanford. larger than today, absorbed enough heat landmasses, seas absorb more sunlight. from the sun to avoid turning into ice. “It’s the same phenomenon you will Four billion years ago, our then stripling experience if you drive to Wal-Mart on sun radiated only 70 to 75 percent as much a hot day and step out of your car onto energy as it does today. Other things on “It’s the same Earth being equal, with so little energy the asphalt,” Bird said. “It’s really hot reaching the planet’s surface, all water on walking across the blacktop until you phenomenon you will the planet should have been frozen. But get onto the white concrete sidewalk.” experience if you drive ancient rocks hold ample evidence that Another key component of the the early Earth was awash in liquid water theory is in the clouds. “Not all to Wal-Mart on a – a planetary ocean of it. So something clouds are the same,” Bird said. must have compensated for the reduced solar output and kept Earth’s water wet. Clouds reflect sunlight back into space to hot day and step out a degree, cooling Earth, but how effective To explain this apparent paradox, they are depends on the number of tiny of your car onto the a popular theory holds there must particles available to serve as nuclei around asphalt,” Bird said. have been higher concentrations of which the water droplets can condense. greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, An abundance of nuclei means more “It’s really hot walking most likely carbon dioxide, which would droplets of a smaller size, which makes for have helped retain a greater proportion a denser cloud and a greater reflectivity, across the blacktop until of the solar energy that arrived. or albedo, on the part of the cloud. But a team of earth scientists including Most nuclei today are generated by plants researchers from Stanford have you get onto the white or algae and promote the formation of analyzed the mineral content of numerous small droplets. But plants and concrete sidewalk.” 3.8-billion-year-old marine rocks from algae didn’t flourish until much later in Greenland and concluded otherwise. Earth’s history, so their contribution of “There is no geologic evidence in these potential nuclei to the early atmosphere rocks for really high concentrations of circa 4 billion years ago would have been a greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide,” minimal. The few nuclei that might have said Dennis Bird, professor of geological been available would likely have come and environmental sciences. from erosion of rock on the small, rare Instead, the team proposes that the vast landmasses of the day and would have global ocean of early Earth absorbed a caused larger droplets that were essentially greater percentage of the incoming solar transparent to the solar energy that energy than today’s oceans, enough to came in to Earth, according to Bird. ward off a frozen planet. Because the first “We put together some models that landmasses that formed on Earth were demonstrate, with the slow continental small – mere islands in the planetary sea growth and with a limited amount of – a far greater proportion of the surface clouds, you could keep water above of was covered with water than today. freezing throughout geologic history,” The study is detailed in a paper published Bird said. (continued on page 11)
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 4 10/5/10 10:57 AM E-IPER joint MS graduates take the plunge
The Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in the environmental realm: from an in Environment and Resources (E-IPER) initial interest in corporate sustainability graduated its third cohort of joint master strategy, to a collaboration with E-IPER of science students, sending three joint PhD student Marilyn Cornelius on MS-JD and six joint MS-MBA students on behavior change and residential energy to a number of influential positions in efficiency, to his current work on water non-profit organizations, law and investing resources in the western United States. firms, and clean energy businesses. A few Jared Thompson will begin his legal of these students discuss their E-IPER career with Hogan Lovells, a Washington experiences and career choices. DC-based law firm, but first he will Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), Vega For Michael Dawson, who will be the spend a year working for the Natural Island, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, Robert director of business development for the Resources Defense Council on a fellowship B. Dunbar. energy efficiency company OPOWER, focused on climate change and water having the E-IPER joint MS was key to resources that Jared credits, in part, to receiving the job offer, as E-IPER allowed his E-IPER joint MS coursework. He him to show “the cleantech start-up also appreciated E-IPER’s “wonderfully community his seriousness about being enriching intellectual experience” and the a leader in that industry.” Michael opportunity to build a professional network noted that “for a student interested in wider than the law school through his cleantech, E-IPER’s joint MS is the only participation in the E-IPER community. program covering solar technology, Greg Wannier, who will be a fellow at carbon sequestration, and smart grid, Columbia University’s Center for Climate courses which are offered in several Change Law next year, echoed that the different departments on campus.” joint MS sends an important message Tom Mercer, currently a research project to potential employers, “It shows that I manager with Stanford’s Program on have gone out of my way to understand Water in the West, jointly led by the Bill the complex systems the law intends Lane Center for the American West and to regulate.” Through his E-IPER the Woods Institute for the Environment, coursework Greg gained an overview of agreed with Michael about the professional the science underlying energy systems value of the joint MS degree. Tom and climate change, noting several classes particularly appreciated the opportunity that should be required for anyone to explore a number of different interests interested in practicing energy law.
Anne Bernhardt and Lisa Stright receive fellowship funding from Schlumberger
Anne Bernhardt and Lisa Stright are Lisa grew up in Calgary, Canada, and is the recipients of fellowship support finishing her PhD in the Graduate Program from Schlumberger Limited. Both plan for Earth, Energy, and Environmental to complete their PhDs this academic Science, after earning a master’s degree in year, and are working on companion petroleum engineering at Stanford. Her dissertations. interest is in numerical modeling of deep- Left: Anne Bernhardt; Right: Lisa Stright Anne is originally from Berlin, Germany, water deposits in Austria and Chile; she and works in the sedimentary research was the recipient of a Centennial Teaching group in the Department of Geological Assistant Award in 2008, and received a and Environmental Sciences with adviser Top 10 Oral Presentation of AAPG award Professor Don Lowe. Her project involves in 2007. fieldwork in Patagonia, Chile, and Northern Austria, looking at deep-water sedimentary rocks.
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 5 10/5/10 10:57 AM “The idea of ‘clean coal’ is not realistic. Coal will never be clean,” Wilcox says. “But as long as we’re using it, we need to learn how to minimize its environmental impact.”
Using the Ranger supercomputer, Using supercomputers to clean up coal researchers simulated the behavior of trace metals in the flue of a power plant to learn how these metals interact and Reprinted from futurity.org, a Web site that aggregates who eat these animals, display elevated how they can be removed from the air. news from leading research universities in the United levels of toxic metals, which are correlated States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. to birth defects and other ailments. STANFORD/U. TEXAS-AUSTIN (US)— It’s not possible to see inside the flue of the Pollution control devices known as power plant where the gases interact, so scrubbers, installed to restrict the amount Wilcox simulates the interactions of these of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide particles using the Ranger supercomputer release from coal-fired power plants, at the University of Texas at Austin’s may have helped to reduce acid rain, but Texas Advanced Computing Center. they haven’t made those plants safe. Her studies are helping to improve on Not even close, says Jennifer Wilcox, current technologies and design new assistant professor of energy resources ones that can remove heavy metals engineering at the Stanford School of from the coal combustion process. Earth Sciences. She specifically cites the high levels of mercury, arsenic, and Specifically, Wilcox’s simulations show how selenium that are still being discharged the size, pore structure, and composition from power plants as public dangers. of a material affects its success as an oxidizer of heavy metals. According to “During combustion, coal is not burned Wilcox, the goal is to create a structure all the way, and metals are released into that will bind trace metal molecules the atmosphere,” explains Wilcox. and convert them into a water-soluble About 5,000 tons of mercury are form that can be easily removed. released worldwide from coal-fired “The strategy of a company that makes power plants each year, according to the scrubbers is to find something that mostly Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). works and to go with it, but they have no Recently, scientists have determined interest in finding out why something that this mercury travels long distances works and even less interest in optimizing and ends up in remote regions, like the for enhancement,” Wilcox says. Arctic, where it enters the food chain That’s where Wilcox and her colleagues and accumulates within organisms. come in. Their simulations map the Fish and polar bears have been found electronic structure and electron with dangerous amounts of mercury in placement in the trace metals as they their systems, and the people of the Arctic, react with the (continued on page 8)
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 6 10/5/10 10:57 AM Stanford land-use expert where he is a professor of geography. “To what extent do people have the technology brings satellite data or the knowledge to make the right land- down to Earth use decisions? You can only answer that sort of question by interviewing people on the ground. You can’t see that by satellite.” by Daniel Strain, Stanford Report To better understand what leads to environ- mental changes on Earth, Stanford’s Eric Lambin combines remote satellite data with on-the-ground conversations with local resi- dents. This in-depth knowledge may lead, for example, to less deforestation. By integrating remote satellite imagery with revelations from door-to-door interviews, Stanford Earth Sciences geographer Eric Lambin and his colleagues are exploring Eric Lambin in Tanzania, on the slopes the complex conditions that give rise to of the Ngorongoro. a broad range of land-use challenges – from the reforestation of Vietnam to the spread of Lyme disease in Belgium. For decades, orbiting satellites have Reforestation and the secret peered downward to gather information furniture trade “We really need a about the surface of the Earth, giving Lambin has recently focused on land- scientists an unprecedented view of use success stories – countries that have meeting between the planet. Using this data, researchers fostered the growth of forests or other wild spaces within their borders. “As you land-use studies and have created maps of deforestation and focus on the good news, you can find other land-use changes over time. some political lessons that can be really these new sources Satellites are precise tools, able to measure useful for other countries,” he said. the rate of photosynthesis in a tiny clump of information, like He first cast his magnifying glass on of trees in the heart of the Amazon Basin. Vietnam. In the early 1990s, after an digital satellites... But satellite technology reveals little about intense period of deforestation, a net the people living beneath the canopy who reforestation occurred in the mountains To what extent do decide the fate of the trees around them. that cover two-thirds of the country. For a deeper understanding of how and people have the why humans alter their environment, At the local level, the return of woodlands researchers need to talk face-to-face often stems from environmental awareness, technology or the with the people who live there. Lambin said. “Farmers clear a watershed, then their fields get flooded, so they knowledge to make “We really need a meeting between quickly understand the need to maintain land-use studies and these new forest cover,” he explained. “Interviews the right land-use sources of information, like digital with farmers in several Vietnamese satellites,” said Lambin, a professor of villages revealed that land scarcity decisions? You can environmental Earth system science provided a strong incentive for the sound only answer that and a senior fellow at Stanford’s Woods management of forests on hillsides.” Institute for the Environment. On a larger scale, a suite of economic sort of question by Through surveys and interviews, Lambin and social variables – not conservation has uncovered the political, economic ethics – gives rise to reforestation, he said. interviewing people on and social forces that contribute For example, when a country undergoes to the protection or destruction of industrialization, farmers leave their the ground. You can’t forests and deserts across the globe. paddies to find work in city factories. Soon, see that by satellite.” “I develop integrated approaches to study trees return to the abandoned farms. land-use change by linking remote sensing While studying reforestation trends in and socioeconomic data,” said Lambin, Vietnam, Lambin read in a newspaper who divides his time between Stanford and article that the country’s furniture exports the University of Louvain in Belgium, had quintupled (continued on page 10)
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 7 10/5/10 10:57 AM Chasing Giants
Earth Systems students Christopher overwhelming emotion (not just science). Hanson and Chris Fedor spent eight With the majority of the global community weeks in the far north of Norway shooting vehemently opposed to whaling, why Chasing Giants, a documentary about the does Norway, often regarded as an country’s whaling culture. The film recently extremely environmentally progressive won in the student films category of the nation, continue to hunt whales? international 2010 BLUE Ocean Film Chasing Giants explores this contentious Festival in Monterey, CA. Here’s what they issue through the eyes of Norwegians had to say about making the documentary: themselves. Our aim was to investigate what “Norway is one of only three countries the people of Norway have to say about the (Japan and Iceland are the other two) that issue. The purpose of the film is not to be Chasing Giants, a documentary by have defied the International Whaling pro-whaling propaganda or anti-whaling Earth Systems students Christopher Commission by endorsing whaling. The Hanson and Chris Fedor, can be viewed public awareness, but rather to give a voice Norwegians claim their fishery is sustainable, at http://vimeo.com/10964829. to people who are so often vilified in the and unlike Japan, their fleet is small, media. As Americans, we really only hear the private, and localized. Norwegian whalers Greenpeace side of the whaling debate. As only hunt in Norwegian waters, and they Earth Systems majors, we personally take a only kill minke whales, which are estimated to number in the hundreds of thousands. more objective, scientific approach. However, However, many scientists believe that these the Norwegians themselves are rarely (if population estimates may be skewed, and ever) approached about the issue and asked whale numbers today are assuredly much less to justify what they do. We are interested than they were before the rise of commercial in constructing a more complete dialogue whaling 200 years ago. Regardless of the on whaling. Whatever one’s leanings science, whaling is a contentious issue that may be on the whaling debate, all parties tugs at the heartstrings of society—the “save can benefit by a clearer understanding the whales” campaign is charged with of all perspectives and stakeholders.”
Supercomputers never-before-seen alloy of palladium and (continued from page 6) gold that, Wilcox predicts, will better materials in scrubbers. This helps oxidize heavy metals in gasification. develop a clear idea of why certain In 2011, the EPA is expected to release materials react better than others. regulations limiting the release of “Once we understand what the mercury and other heavy metals into pathway is, then we can tune the the atmosphere. Power companies will catalyst or sorbent,” she says. be forced to adopt more efficient and effective technologies to protect the Such simulations help scientists better environment and avoid fines. Wilcox will understand the combustion process. be leading the way, having developed “Experimental results can be difficult to the theory and methods needed to explain,” says Nick Hutson, senior research produce optimal capture devices. engineer at the EPA. “Understanding the materials at a fundamental level allows you “The idea of ‘clean coal’ is not realistic. to progress to the point where you can start Coal will never be clean,” Wilcox says. “But looking for real engineering solutions.” as long as we’re using it, we need to learn how to minimize its environmental impact.” These engineering solutions can mean changes in the spacing of pores in a This work is supported by the charcoal filter, or the creation of a National Science Foundation.
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 8 10/5/10 10:57 AM Top left: Aerial view of Mt. St. Helen’s; Death Valley field trip. Left: Panorama north out of crater from September Lobe site on the old lava dome. Rainier and Spirit Lake in the distance, glacier to the left in the crater. Top: PhD student Kyle Anderson. Above: Approaching Mt. St. Helen’s by helicopter.
Studying an active volcano in the Northwest
Geophysics Professor Paul Segall and volcano’s crater by the slow accumulation PhD student Kyle Anderson are using of lava erupted at the surface. one of eight American Recovery and By the end of the eruption, the dome Reinvestment Act awards received by the had a volume of about 100 million School of Earth Sciences to model the cubic meters, which is about the size of eruptive behavior of Mount St. Helens, the 40,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools. active volcano in southwest Washington. By comparing these observations with Segall and his team are modeling how predictions from the model, Segall and magma ascended from a magma chamber his team are able to place constrains on deep inside the mountain through a the volume of the magma chamber, its conduit to the surface during the 2004- pressure, the amount of gasses dissolved 08 eruption of the volcano. Changes in in the magma, and other important the forces exerted by the magma on the properties of the volcanic system. surrounding rock were measured at the By better understanding the surface using Global Positioning System volcano’s internal activities, the (GPS) measurements. Also observed was team hopes to improve forecasts the growth of a huge lava dome inside the of eruptions around the world.
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 9 10/5/10 10:57 AM Interns measured approximately 36,000 species, contained in a total of 130 volumes. The primary objective of the project is to identify the environmental and ecological factors controlling evolution of size over the past 500 million years.
High School Internship Program
Twelve high school interns from all over be compared to environmental changes the Bay Area spent eight weeks in Jonathan over the past 500 million years. The Payne’s laboratory this summer assisting interns were able to collect valuable data with one of his research projects. Payne, for the project and participate in data assistant professor of geological and analysis during their time in the lab. environmental sciences, is interested in The Stanford School of Earth Sciences the relationship between environmental High School Internship Program hosted change and organism size, and is looking 31 high school students this summer, at foraminifera—single-celled, aquatic each volunteering about 15-20 hours organisms—because foraminifera have an per week. Interns participate in weekly extensive fossil record. The descriptions of sessions of lectures, lab tours, and field most species have been compiled in a single trips to broaden their understanding of catalog, available at the Branner Earth the breadth of study of Earth sciences and Sciences Library. The interns measured to get to know other high school students. the size of each species and compiled the The program provides mentoring for geological age for the reference material young developing scientists, as well as of each species so that size trends could mentorship training for graduate students.
Satellite Data allow industries to emit carbon dioxide (continued from page 7) if they agree to fund the protection of woodlands in the developing world. from 1987 to 2006. He was mystified how a country with so little logging could The ability to understand subtle land-use produce so many couches and chairs. complexities, such as Vietnam’s illegal lumber trade, may determine whether such He soon discovered that Vietnam wasn’t programs succeed, Lambin said. “Land- use using less wood overall, just less native change is increasingly controlled by global wood. It turned out that most Vietnamese forces, which are not completely controlled timber was coming from neighboring by individual countries,” he added. countries, such as Laos or Cambodia, Even if two countries adopt the same where environmental laws are more lax. environmental policies, they don’t And nearly half of Vietnam’s lumber necessarily get the same results, he said. imports were illegal, making them Differences in ecology, economic trends difficult to track and regulate, he said. or even the motivation of individual Global warming tools farmers can mean that one country’s The results of the Vietnam forestry forests flourish while the other’s dwindle. study could have a significant impact on “Policymakers like simple, neat solutions,” international efforts to combat global he said. “They tend to assume that one warming, Lambin said. The United issue is caused by one set of factors, Nations has proposed using “forest and, therefore, you need to apply credits” as a tool to curb greenhouse the same remedies in gas emissions. The program would all situations.” (continued on page 11)
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 10 10/5/10 10:57 AM Early Earth and carbon dioxide and produced (continued from page 4) methane as a digestive byproduct. “What this shows is that there is no But to thrive, methanogens need a faint early sun paradox,” said Sleep. balanced diet. If the concentration of either of their foodstuffs veers too far below The modeling work was done with climate their preferred proportions, methanogens modeler Christian Bjerrum, a professor won’t survive. Their dietary restrictions, in the Department of Geography and specifically the minimum concentration of Geology, University of Copenhagen, hydrogen, provided another constraint on also a co-author of the Nature paper. the concentration of carbon dioxide in the The rocks that the team analyzed are atmosphere, and it falls well below the level a type of marine sedimentary rock needed for a greenhouse effect sufficient called a banded iron formation. to compensate for a weak early sun. “Any rock carries a memory of the “The conclusion from all this is that environment in which it formed,” Rosing we can’t solve a faint sun paradox said. “These ancient rocks that are and also satisfy the geologic and about 3.8 billion years old, they actually metabolic constraints by having high carry a memory of the composition carbon dioxide values,” Bird said. of the ocean and atmosphere at the But the theory of a lower Earthly time when they were deposited.” albedo meets those constraints. Another constraint on early carbon “The lower albedo counterbalanced dioxide levels came from life itself. the fainter sun and provided Earth In the days before photosynthetic with clement conditions without organisms spread across the globe, most the need for dramatically higher life forms were methanogens, single-celled concentrations of greenhouse gasses organisms that consumed hydrogen in the atmosphere,” Rosing said.
Satellite Data the leading cause of hospitalization (continued from page 10) and death among Thai children. Disease in a changing world Using satellite land-cover maps, Lambin has taken his research a step epidemiological data and surveys of further by exploring the relationship farming households, Lambin and his colleagues concluded that the shift among land, humans and disease-carrying from malaria to dengue fever was in parasites, such as ticks and mosquitoes. large part caused by the presence In Belgium, Lyme disease is common of fruit workers in what had been a among the urban middle class but remote forest. “As you change land rare among the rural poor, Lambin use, you’re changing the habitat of the said. The ticks that carry Lyme disease mosquito,” he explained. “But most run free in parks and forests where importantly, you’re changing where people jog or bike but not in farmlands. people go and at what time of the day.” However, Belgian farmers are more For Lambin, diseases are one more likely to contract a type of Hantavirus example of the complexities hidden within that lies in wait in soil dust, he added. the static pixels of satellite images. “When In northern Thailand, when loggers you have so many variables interacting, chop down trees, the forest opens and the outcome is always contextual,” he the puddles that breed malaria-causing said. “The time is ripe for an overarching mosquitoes evaporate, he said. When theory of land change that explains the the deforested areas are converted behavior of people as well as land use.” into fruit orchards, the malarial Daniel Strain is a science-writing mosquitoes are replaced by a different intern at the Woods Institute for the species that carries dengue fever – Environment at Stanford University.
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 11 10/5/10 10:57 AM Class Notes
(Alumni with multiple degrees are listed under their first degree year.) 1948 and Occidental. He served as chief staff Light Award. Bert and Martha have now George MS ’48 and Greta BS ’49 engineer and senior engineering advisor been married 60 happy years. Martha MacLeod write, “We have very for THUMS Long Beach Company during is active in children’s charities and exciting news to share. The MacLeod nearly 30 years at that company. He was with Bert continues in the oil business Family Vineyard was featured in the recognized as an innovator in technology in addition to traveling and writing. July 2010 issue of Travel + Leisure application and leader in professional Together with SES Dean Allan Cox, Bert magazine. Apparently, they found our activities by the Society of Petroleum and others reactivated the School of small, family-run operation, and our Engineers, which bestowed Honorary Earth Sciences Petroleum Investments quest for true Sonoma Valley terroir, Membership on him in 2006, its highest Fund (PIF) that provides funds under to be an interesting topic. And we’re honor. His involvement in and dedication the discretionary control of the dean. not going to argue with them.” to the SPE led him to serve on the He was chairman of the reactivated local, regional and national level. He is Petroleum Investments Committee (PIC) 1949 recognized for formulating the Standard for its first five years from 1980 to 1984. Selma Moses Bonham MS ’49 writes, Symbols for Reservoir Engineering His daughter Ann served as chair from “In my city of Mill Creek, Washington used in his industry. In addition to his 1999 to 2000. Both are active emeritus at the annual 5K “Run of the Mill” on career, he enjoyed travel, photography members. In 1982 Bert recruited July 10, another blue ribbon (my 10th) and riding steam trains. These pursuits his long time friend W. Frank West for women age 80+. I’m 85. I also led him to travel around the world. (deceased) AB ’47, MS ’48 to the PIC. have three previous red ribbons for this Bert Murphy BS ’50 writes in with West did outstanding work raising funds event. Entry fees go to assist cancer an update on his life since Stanford. to build the principal of PIF II. The two patients. There was no competition Bert attended Stanford on the GI Bill investments funds now have a total value in the 80+ age group among the after service as a WWII U.S. Army of $39 million and provide more than almost 2,000 participants. There were non-commissioned officer from 1944 $1 million each year to the school. Since not any women in the 70+ category to 1946 (ages 17 to 19). He later semi-retiring in 1992, Martha and Bert either, but some men in their 70s beat received a direct commission to the U.S. have written and published five books me. My son (but no grandkids) was Naval Reserve from 1951 to 1961. including a novel, a children’s book, and with me this time. Yes, I ran without He retired in 1992 at the age of 65 as three books about historical travel. walking, but don’t ask my time.” Major General and an Assistant Adjutant Of the Murphy’s four children, three are 1950 General of New Mexico as well as a in the oil business and one is a teacher. Edward Mayer, BS ’50, born on January military advisor to the Governor of New Their youngest daughter, Ann Murphy 30, 1928 in Los Angeles, CA, died on Mexico. He is a Registered Professional Daily BS ’79, UCLA DJP ’82, was the January 19, 2010. He is the father of Engineer in Texas and New Mexico. first teaching assistant for Professor Al David (Billie) and Thomas Mayer and was He is also an independent oil producer Horn. She is president of the Board of the proud grandfather of Paul Mayer. He and has been the owner of Murphy Regents at New Mexico Tech and is was predeceased by wife, Ann S. Mayer, Minerals Corporation since 1957. active in petroleum law and, with her and is survived by friend, Elizabeth He married Martha Redding AB ’49 in husband, in the petroleum business. Maine, as well as numerous other adoring 1949. Martha worked as a librarian in The Murphy’s oldest daughter, Laura, friends. After graduating from Los Angeles the Los Angeles library system, at The is a special education teacher and does High School, he received a BS degree Huntington library and art museum and charity work. Their oldest son is an in Petroleum Engineering from Stanford at Stanford’s Hoover Library. She taught independent oil producer and is active University and an MS degree in Petroleum for seven years and was a recipient of in politics. He is also the director of the Engineering from USC. He was the the Governor’s Award for Outstanding Smithsonian Air and Space Museum recipient of a Stanford Associates Award New Mexico Women. Martha served on and a past chairman of the Research of Merit. He was a licensed engineer several boards and was nominated by Partnership to Secure Energy for America in California, and during a career that Senator H. Schmitt to the U.S. Federal (RPSEA). RPSEA has approximately 140 spanned 50 years, worked as a petroleum Reserve Board and by President George members from large and small research engineer for Chevron, Monterey Oil, Exxon H. W. Bush for a Thousand Points of facilities and universities. The Murphy’s
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 12 10/5/10 10:57 AM youngest son is an independent oil and Steve was with ARCO for almost 30 and was able to positively impact many gas producer and one of the world’s years before taking early retirement. young scientists and other professionals. experts in coal bed methane (CBM) Altogether he has worked in 15 countries In 2010 he resumed teaching and development and production. He is in five continents as a petroleum research at the University of Papua New currently in China consulting on CBM. engineer and manager. He has been a Guinea where he lives on campus with his wife Connie and daughter Joc. The The Murphys consider Stanford and member and is the past chairman of university graduates 20-25 geologists New Mexico Tech like Fountainheads the Petroleum Investment Committee. each year, he reports, most of whom “where the rolling foothills rise 1964 are snapped up by exploration and up toward mountains higher.” Judy Terry Smith MS ’64, PhD ’68 is a mining companies. More than 50 PNG 1953 former director of the Earth Sciences Fund geologists currently are working overseas Congratulations to Thomas Davies at Stanford. She is delighted to be back in Africa, Asia, Indonesia and Australia. as a volunteer for the 25th anniversary of Barrow PhD ’53 on receiving the Ahmed El-Hawat MS ’70 reports on his the Stanford-USGS Fellowship Fund. She Stanford Associates Governors’ Award time after Stanford, writing, “Since I was and her husband of over 40 years, Jim recognizing exemplary volunteer service interested in working on shallow water Smith MS ’63, PhD ’67 have relocated to the University over an extended period deposits that the European schools were to the Washington, DC area. Jim is a and to Janice Barrow AB ’50 for her actively perusing at the time, I decided USGS Emeritus Scientist, and Judy is membership to Stanford Associates. to go to the Imperial College London to a research associate in the Department do my PhD research. The school was of Paleobiology at the Smithsonian 1956 pioneering research on the modern National Museum of Natural History. William (Bill) Travers BS ’56, MS ’59 siliciclastic sediments of the Wash tidal reports that he turned over the job of 1968 flats and the Persian Gulf carbonates. The managing Anacapa Oil to his son, Bill. Bill rest is history. Although everyone thought John Randolph Sumner MS ’68, PhD Sr. lives in Hailey, Idaho (near Sun Valley) I was totally mad to leave Stanford, ’71 was named Fellow, Geological Society and visits Carpinteria in November, April I decided to go. I have the fondest of America, 2001, and Life Member, the and May. He offers, “Call if you are near!” memories of my days at Stanford in the Society of Exploration Geophysicists. 1957 late 60’s. Also, I met and fell in love with a young British woman who was working William Carls BS ’57, MS ’58 1970 as an assistant librarian in the old is studying climate change in the Hugh Davies PhD ‘70 completed a two Branner Library. She became my wife!” Mediterranean. He writes, “My wife, and a half year secondment to the Papua Clarice, and I are in the Naples area to New Guinea (PNG) Mineral Resources 1971 Authority in December 2009. While with concentrate on the Italian islands, many Larry Beyer PhD ’71 reports that the Authority his task was to rebuild of which we visited by sailing with Italian he retired from the U.S. Geological the PNG Geological Survey by selective friends we’ve known from years ago. My Survey (USGS) in 2005 but maintains recruitment and establish best practice study will gather data on past and current emeritus status. His latest effort is protocols and procedures so that the rain fall patterns, what the islands are USGS Professional Paper 1759. He Survey would be an effective scientific doing to address climate change, and continues annual backpacking trips arm of government. His models were energy and environmental projects that in the High Sierra, California. might be funded by the government to the U.S. Geological Survey and Stanford mitigate potential future water short falls.” Earth Sciences, as he came to know them 1974 in the 1960s, and Geoscience Australia Randall White BS ’74, MS ’74 writes, 1963 where he worked for 33 years. He says “I have been serving as chief geophysicist Steve Rose BS ’63, MS ’70 is living “The experience made me more aware for the Volcano Disaster Assistance on Vashon Island, Washington in the of the truism that change has many Program, a joint program with the Office summer and in Taos, New Mexico in enemies and few supporters. This is of Foreign Disaster Assistance (U.S. State the winter. He’s been happily married perhaps especially so in the case where Department) and the U.S. Geological to Nancy (Weidemann) Rose AB ’63 a scientific body is part of an essentially Survey (U.S. Department of Interior) for 43 years. Their daughter, Kathleen, administrative and bureaucratic for the last 15 years. As such I am the and two grandchildren live in Houston, organization.” Hugh also became aware primary eruption forecaster for our six Texas. Although available for consulting, of some of the negative effects of foreign person team. We have provided well Steve is more of a full-time orchardist on aid. On the plus side, he organized and over 50 successful eruption forecasts their three acre farm on Vashon Island. led an excellent team of young people (with no significant errors) for more than
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 13 10/5/10 10:57 AM 35 volcanoes to the governments of 17 really wonderful to have this special OBC-Ocean Bottom Cable data. countries. Our forecasts, based primarily event as a new connection to Stanford. Hormoz Ameri MS ’84 is the co- on seismicity patterns, specify eruption 1977 founder and CEO of Naftex Operating type and explosivity for the following Company, a California based oil and Stewart Levin MS ’77, PhD ’87 two week window, sometimes for longer gas production company. Hormoz is reports that both he and Landmark windows. In addition to forecasting, also the chairman of the California colleague Cynthia Chen BS ’02, we have also provided major upgrades Independent Petroleum Association MS ’02 volunteered at the Aurora, to 22 volcano observatories worldwide and the chairman of Stanford’s Colorado Prairie Middle School “College and trained their personnel in volcano Petroleum Investments Committee. monitoring and forecasting techniques.” Day” in June. He says, “I represented Princeton, but the kids made a bee 1985 1976 line for her Stanford table.” Jean Bahr MS ’85, PhD ’87 writes, Richard Sears BS ’76, MS ’76 1979 “I have been a faculty member at retired from Shell in 2009 after 33 the University of Wisconsin since Pamela Corrie BS ’79 writes, “After years with the company. He is still a 1987. During my sabbatical in 2009- working as a geologist in Texas, I went visiting scientist at MIT and recently 10, I served as president of the back to school and got a law degree. was appointed a senior science and Geological Society of America.” engineering advisor to the National I’m living in Connecticut after spending Commission on the BP Deepwater a decade in Manhattan. I am married 1986 Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling. with a teenage son and daughter.” Sally Newton-Buynoski BS ’86 reports that she is a master gardener and a white Karen Walz BS ’76 (Environmental After 30 years as a faculty member and water raft guide. She comments that Earth Sciences) continues to live in administrator at Arizona State University, her time is “spread thin between duties Dallas and remains the principal in the Jonathan Fink PhD ’79 is moving to as domestic diva, gardening, quilting planning consulting firm of Strategic Portland State University to serve as vice president for research and strategic and (still) working on that novel. And Community Solutions. She provides yes, I still look at the occasional rock.” strategic planning, visioning, long-range partnerships. While at ASU, Jon was planning, and public engagement services chair of the Department of Geology, vice Carol Mann MS ’86 writes, “I’ve been provost and vice president for research, to public and non-profit clients. She is the working for Dynamic Graphics for 22 and director of the Global Institute of project manager for Vision North Texas, a years now working on geospatial software Sustainability. In Portland he will pursue programs. The last seven years, I’ve private-public-academic partnership that his research and policy interests in been a project manager, developing released ‘North Texas 2050’ in March of volcanology and in urban sustainability. new state-of-the-art directional drilling this year. This document establishes a software (in conjunction with Baker vision and action package to address the 1983 Hughes) that incorporates asset team growth of the fourth largest metropolitan Sandy MacFarlane MS ’83 writes, data into the planning and drilling region in the nation, Dallas-Fort Worth, “At the moment my work with RLG is stages – our attempt to break down which is expected to nearly double taking me to the oil fields in Alaska. Last the communication and visualization its population to almost 12 million by year I worked on a rig in Trinidad. I am barriers between the G&G and Drilling 2050. Karen is a member of the College working two weeks on/two weeks off and communities. It’s a lot of fun, and I’ve of Fellows of the American Institute of living in the Sierra foothills about three been learning so much. I get to see some Certified Planners, the highest level of and a half hours drive from Stanford.” alums at various shows: AAPG, SEG, and professional recognition for this field. SPE, which is fun too. Hope all is well.” In August, Karen was married to her 1984 ‘significant other’, Terry Morgan. Their Mehmet Akalin MS ’84 works for 1988 wedding at the Stanford Memorial Church Petronas Carigali in Kuala Lumpur, Richard Herrmann MS ‘88 is the was a wonderful celebration of their Malaysia as the principal of seismic VP of global information access with relationship (over the past 22 years and imaging and processing. Of special IHS in Denver, Colorado. His product into the future) as well as an opportunity interest is imaging below gas-clouds, management team is responsible for all to reconnect with friends and family from fractured basements, and fluid saturation of the critical information access and many places. Guests included Karen’s estimation from seismic using primarily delivery products and technologies for friends, classmates, and roommates streamer hydrophone data and secondary their global energy business. He reports from Stanford, some of whom she hadn’t the use of P-to-SV converted wave and that he is still deeply involved in the oil seen in many years. She says it was PP data acquired with 4-Component and gas industry and geotechnical and
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SES-Newsletter9-10_v4.indd 14 10/5/10 10:57 AM GIS application space. He and his wife, movements. We’ll be at the Stanford and learning plans for teachers at Lynelle Bautista, BS ’87, MS ’89, are reunion in October and can’t wait to http://calechoes.ucsd.edu. enjoying raising their twins: daughter, catch up with old friends and check out Dylan, and son, Ryan, in Colorado with all the developments on campus.” Congratulations the wonderful quality of life that comes Our congratulations also go to the along with living in the Rocky Mountains. 1997 parents of Stanford’s class of 2010: Alice Marie Cathcart BS ’97, MS Lawrence R. Bernstein PhD ’85 Kate Miller MS ’88, PhD ’91 writes, ’00 just joined the solar power systems Cheryl Cape BS ’79, MS ’81 “After 18 years at the University group at SunPower Corporation in Mohammad Reza Fassihi MS ’77, PhD ’81 of Texas at El Paso, I have recently April 2010. She is looking for large Mary Rose Fitch BS ’82 moved to Texas A&M to be dean rooftops on commercial buildings! Matthew W. Grode BS ’85 of the College of Geosciences.” Nicholas Josten BS ’80 1999 1990 Daniel May BS ’78 Kris Ludwig BS ’99 writes that she Carl Michelsen BS ’82 Naomi Oreskes PhD ’90 co-authored completed her PhD in oceanography at Daniel John Ponti BS ’77, MS ’81 a book titled Merchants of Doubt: How a the University of Washington in 2008. Syed Mohammad Tariq MS ’75, PhD ’78 Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth After a year of working at a museum Sarah Dabney Wright BS ’80 on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global managing an ocean science education Warming which was released in May. program, she moved to Washington DC Farewell 1991 last fall to take a position in science Edward Mayer, Born on January 30, communications for scientific ocean 1928 in Los Angeles, CA and died on Rob Gailey MS ’91 is an independent drilling programs at the Consortium January 19, 2010. He is the father of consulting hydrogeologist working for Ocean Leadership. She reports David (Billie) and Thomas Mayer and on water supply and groundwater that she’s enjoyed the diversity of her was proud grandfather of Paul Mayer. contamination cases in the western U.S. responsibilities, which range from science He was predeceased by wife, Ann S. He reports that work is still plentiful writing and congressional outreach to Mayer and is survived by friend, Elizabeth and includes both technical and expert media relations and teaching marine Maine, as well as numerous other adoring witness engagements. “Through a geology at sea in their annual “School friends. After graduating from Los Angeles combination of focused marketing and of Rock” program. She’s also had the High School, he received a BS degree luck,” he writes, “my projects are quite chance to reconnect with Stanford in Petroleum Engineering from Stanford interesting and often publishable (if only I SES faculty and students through University and an MS degree in Petroleum had adequate time for that!). I live in the her position and looks forward to Engineering from USC. He was a licensed San Francisco Bay Area with my wife and seeing colleagues at AGU this fall. engineer in California, and during his two children (ages 8 and 11). I am also career that spanned 50 years, worked as a serving my second term as president of 2003 petroleum engineer for Chevron, Monterey the Board of Directors at my kids’ school.” Twila Moon BS ’03 is with the Big Oil, Exxon and Occidental. He served as Sky Institute (associated with Montana 1995 chief staff engineer and senior engineering State University), which focuses on advisor for THUMS Long Beach Company Bill Faries BS ’95, MS ’97 was named the science of the Greater Yellowstone during nearly 30 years at that company. the Argentina Bureau Chief for Bloomberg Ecosystem. She writes, “If any fellow He was recognized as an innovator in News in May. Bill has been a reporter alums are working on science in this technology application and leader in and editor in Argentina, Bolivia and region, please get in touch! Otherwise, professional activities s by the Society of Indonesia since leaving Stanford. He and I’m enjoying skiing in my own backyard; Petroleum Engineers, which bestowed his wife, Dana Peterson BS ’94 have a nice change from UW Seattle, Honorary Membership on him in 2006, lived in Buenos Aires since 2006 and where I finished off a MS degree.” its highest honor. His involvement in and are the parents of 9 month old Dylan. dedication to the SPE led him to serve on He writes, “Some people might ask what 2009 the local, regional and national level. He earth systems has to do with a finance- Mindi Summers BS ’09 is in a graduate is recognized for formulating the Standard based news agency like Bloomberg, but program at the Scripps Institution of Symbols for Reservoir Engineering used the same cross-discipline understanding Oceanography. She is participating in the in his industry. In addition to his career, required to get a grip on complex CalEchoes cruise “Exploring California’s he enjoyed travel, photography and riding issues like climate change applies to Ecological Changes and Historical steam trains. These pursuits led him to the relationship between governments, Origins.” She invites you to check out travel around the world. financial markets and social/cultural the research experience, curriculum
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Stay in Touch! Let us know what you’re doing now! Send updates and news items, and any questions you have about upcoming events, to Mona Tekchandani (’96), director of alumni relations and the Earth Sciences Fund: [email protected] or 650.723.2101.
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