This dissertation has been „ ~ microfilmed exactly as received 67-16,305
MANN, Kharak Singh, 1922- AN ANALYSIS OF THE EXPECTED SHIFTS IN CROPPING PATTERN OF THE PUNJAB (INDIA) RESULTING FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES OF CROPS.
The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1967 Economics, agricultural
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan AN ANALYSIS OF THE EXPECTED SHIFTS IN CROPPING PATTERN OF
THE PUNJAB (INDIA) RESULTING FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF
HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES OF CROPS
DISSERTATION
Presented In P artial Fulfillm ent of the Requirements for Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University
By
Kharak Singh Mann
kL#> n A JU A kl* A kt*
The Ohio State University 1967
Approved by
Co-Advi ser Department of A gricultural Economics and Rural Sociology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to express his deep gratitude to
Dr. Charles V. Moore, A gricultural Economics Research Adviser,
Ohio State University Team, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, for the constant inspiration, guidance, encouragement and most helpful criticism provided by him throughout the study. The author is grateful to Dr. Mervin G. Smith, Assistant Dean, and Coordinator
International Affairs, Ohio State University, whose keen interest ensured the successful conclusion of this research project. A special debt of gratitude is due to Dr. S. S. Johl, Professor of Economics and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, for the extremely valuable help and advice provided by him at all stages.
The author is highly grateful to Dr. Wilbur B. Wood, Group Leader,
Ohio State University Team, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, and Dr. Russell 0. Olson, Chief, Agriculture Division, U.S.A.I.D.,
New Delhi, but for whose help it would not have been possible to submit this dissertation. Thanks are also due to Assistant Extension
Specialists of the Punjab Agricultural University and the District
Agricultural Officers for their co-operation in conducting the survey, to Mr. Kartar Singh G ill and Mr. N. R. Mehtani for th e ir assistance in the compilation of data. Financial help provided by the U.S.A.I.D.,
New Delhi; and the computor facilities provided by the Institute of
A gricultural Research S ta tis tic s , New Delhi, are g ra te fu lly acknowledged.
The author is p artic u la rly grateful to Mr. D. K. Bahl and Mr. D. L. Ralhan for their assistance in programming of data. VITA
November 12, 1922 Born, Rayya, D is tric t Amritsar, Punjab (India)
19^2 B .Sc.(A gri. ) , Punjab University, Lahore.
19^2-47 Research Assistant, Punjab A gricultural College and Research Institute, Lyallpur.
19^-51 Lecturer, Government Agricultural College, Ludhiana.
1951 H .S c.(A gri. ) , Punjab University, Solan.
1951-55 Lecturer, Government Agricultural College, Ludhiana.
1956-57 Agronomist, Extension Training Centre, Batala, Punjab.
1957-60 Agricultural Development Officer, Department of Agriculture, Punjab, Ludhiana.
1961 M.Sc.(Agri.Econ.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
1962-63 Superintendent, Junior Staff School, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
1963-66 Deputy Director of A griculture, Punjab, Chandigarh.
1966-67 Deputy Director of A griculture, Haryana, Chandigarh.
i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
The New Strategy Emphasis on Highyielding Varieties The Highyielding Varieties Program in the Punjab State The Cri tic ism The Response from Farmers Possible Effects on Cropping Pattern The Problem The Objectives
I I . GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA...... 9
Area and its Classification Climate and Seasons Place of Agriculture in the Economy of the State Major Farm Enterprises Irrig a tio n Type-of-farming Areas
I I I . METHODS AND MATERIALS...... 17
Hypothesis Procedure Selection of Sample Villages Selection of Sample Holdings The Survey The Synthetic Farm Situations Linear Programming Technique Prices Restraints on Fixed Resources Crop Enterprises Real A c tiv itie s Disposal Activities Input-Output Coefficients Programming Situations Estimation of Aggregate Acreage and Output
iv Chapter Page
IV. FARMING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE HOLDINGS...... 32
Number and Size of Operational Holdings Size of Synthetic Holdings Irrig a tio n Permanent Labor at the Synthetic Holdings Live-stock Area Commanded by a Pair of Bullocks Liquid Capital Implements and Machinery
V. EXISTING PRODUCTION PLANS ON SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS...... 43
V I. NORMATIVE CROPPING-PATTERNS UNDER DIFFERENT SITUATIONS...... 56
Situation A Situation B Situation C Situation D Situation E Situation F
V II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...... 113
APPENDIXES...... 129
v LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Area to Be Covered under the Highyielding Varieties in the Punjab during the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1966-71)...... 4
2 C lassification of Land in the Punjab State (1964-65)...... 9
3 Area, Production and Yield per acre of Principal Crops Grown in Punjab (1964-65) ...... 12
4 Net Area under Irrig a tio n in 1964-65...... 14
5 Generalized Type-of-Farming Areas in P u n jab .... 16
6 Crop Activities Included in the Linear Programming Matrices Under Various Situations ...... 27
7 Number of Operational Holdings of Different Sizes in Selected Villages in Punjab ( 1966- 67 ) ...... 32
8 Estimated Number of Operational Holdings of D ifferen t Sizes in the Punjab (1966-67) ...... 33
9 Size of Operational Holdings in Different Regions of the Punjab (1 9 6 6 -6 7 )...... 34
10 Irrigated Area as Percentage of Total Area on D ifferent Holdings in Punjab (1966-67) ...... 35
11 Permanent Labor at D ifferen t Synthetic Holdings in Punjab (1 9 6 6 -6 7 )...... 37
12 Live-stock at the Different Synthetic Holdings in Punjab ( 1966- 67 ) ...... 38
13 Area Commanded by a Pair of Bullocks on the D ifferent Holdings in Punjab ( I966- 67 ) ...... 39
vi Table Pa9e
]k Availability of Cash on Operational Holdings in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab ( 1966- 67 ) ...... ^
15 Available Cash per acre on Operational Holdings in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab ( 1966- 67 ) ...... **2
16 Percentage of Area under D ifferent Crops on Different Holdings in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under the Existing Situation (1966-67) ...... ^
17 Estimated Acreage of Major Crops in the D ifferen t Regions of the Punjab (1966-67) ...... ^7
18 Percentage of Rabi and Kharif Crops on D ifferen t Holdings in Punjab under Existing Situation ( 1966- 67 ) ...... ^8
19 Intensity of Cropping on D ifferen t Holdings in D ifferent Regions of Punjab under Existing Situation (1966-67) ...... ^9
20 Net Returns to Fixed Farm Resources per Acre at the D ifferen t Holdings in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under the Existing Situation (1966-67) ...... 50
21 Use of F e rtiliz e rs (Calcium-Ammonium- N itra te and Superphosphate) per acre at the Different Holdings in Different Regions of Punjab under the Existing Situation ( 1966- 67 )...... 51
22 Actual Utilization of Irrigation Facilities (April-July Period) at the Different Synthetic Holdings in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under the Existing Situation ( 1966- 67 ) ...... 53
23 Utilization of Cash per Cultivated acre on the Different Synthetic Holdings in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under the Existing Situation (1966- 67 ) ...... 5^
vi i Table Pa9e
Ik Percentage of Cropped Acreage under Different Crops in Different Regions in the Punjab under Situation A...... 58
25 Cropping Intensity, Seasonal Distribution of Crops, Returns to Fixed Farm Resources, and U tiliz a tio n of Irrigation (Apri1-July) and Cash Input per acre, for Different Regions under Situation A...... 59
26 Percentage of Cropped Acreage under Different Crops in Different Regions of the Punjab underSituation B . . . , ...... 64
27 Intensity of Cropping, Seasonal Distribution, Returns, and Utilization of Irrig atio n and Cash Resources in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under Situation B...... 65
28 Percentage of Cropped Area under D ifferen t Crops in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under Situation C...... 71“72
29 Area and Production of Principal Crops under D ifferen t Varieties and Levels of Technology in Punjab under Situation C...... 73
30 Cropping Intensity, Seasonal D istribution of Crops, Returns and U tiliz a tio n of Irrig a tio n (A pril-July) and Cash Resources in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under Situation C...... 74
31 Percentage of Acreage under D ifferent Crops in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under Situation D...... 80-81
32 Intensity of Cropping, Seasonal D istribu tion, Returns, and Utilization of Irrigation and Cash Resources, in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under Situation D...... 82
vi i i Table Page
33 Targets and Estimated Production of Principal Crops in the Punjab by the End of Fourth Five-Year Plan...... 86
34 Percentage of Cropped Area under D ifferen t Crops in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under Situation E...... 88-90
35 Intensity of Cropping, Seasonal Distribution, Returns, and Utilization of Irrigation (April-July) and Cash Resources in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab in Situation E...... 91
36 Area and Production of Crops under D ifferen t Levels of Technology in Punjab under Situation E...... 92
37 Targets and Estimated Production of Principal Crops in the Punjab at the End of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970-71) ...... 98
38 Targets and Estimated Coverage under Highyielding V arieties in the Punjab by the End of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970-71)...... 98
39 Percentage of Acreage under D ifferen t Crops in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under Situation F...... 100-101
40 Intensity of Cropping, Seasonal D istribution, Returns, and U tiliz a tio n of Irrigation (April-July) and Cash Resources in D ifferen t Regions of Punjab under Situation F...... 102
41 F e r tiliz e r Requirements Per Acre under Si tuation F...... 106
42 Comparative Statement of Estimated Area and Production of Major Crops under D ifferen t Levels of Technology in D ifferen t S ituations...... 108-110
43 Major Characteristics of Cropping Patterns in Punjab under D ifferen t Situations...... i l l
ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1 Cropping Pattern in Punjab (1964-65)...... 13
2 Existing (1964-65) Cropping Pattern and Normative Cropping Patterns in Punjab (India) under D ifferen t Situations...... 112
x LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix Page
I Average Monthly R ainfall in Punjab by Districts (i 960 to 1964)...... 129
II Atmospheric Temperature (C°) at Selected Stations in Punjab (India) during 1964...... 130
I I I Cropping Pattern in the D ifferen t Type- of-Farming Regions in the Punjab - Average of Five Years (from 1957- 58 to 1961- 62) ...... 131-135
IV Inventory of Fixed Farm Resources at the Synthetic Holdings in Punjab (1966-67) ...... 136-140
V Matrix of Input-Output Coefficients for D ifferen t Crop A c tiv itie s in Punjab under Improved Technology ( I 966- 67 ) ...... 141 — 144
VI Existing Production Plans of the D ifferent Synthetic Holdings in Punjab (1966-67) ...... 145-149
VII Normative Production Plans fo r the D ifferen t Synthetic Holdings in Punjab in Situation A ...... 150-154
V III Normative Production Plans fo r the D ifferen t Synthetic Holdings in Punjab in Situation B...... 15/-159
IX Normative Production Plans fo r the D ifferent Synthetic Holdings in Punjab in Situation C ...... 160-169
X Normative Production Plans fo r the D ifferent Synthetic Holdings in Punjab in Situation D...... 170-174
XI Normative Production Plans for the D ifferen t Synthetic Holdings in Punjab in Situation E...... 175-184
xi Appendix Page
X II Normative Production Plans for the Different Synthetic Holdings in Punjab in Situation F ...... I 85 -I 89
X III Resource-Use Pattern on the D ifferen t Synthetic Holdings in Punjab in Different Situations...... 190-199
XIV Estimated Yields of Crops in Punjab under Improved Technology ...... 200
XV Prices of D ifferen t Commodities and Inputs...... 201
XVI Questionnaire for the Studies on Cropping Patterns of the Selected Holdings in Punjab...... 202-205
xi i CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Indian agriculture, today, faces the enormous problem of producing sufficient food for a population of over 490 millions, increasing at the rate of approximately 8.2 millions every year, and the raw materials
lik e cotton and sugar fo r the expanding agro-based industries.
Agriculture has enjoyed a high p rio rity in a ll the Five-Year Plans
launched by India during the post-independence period. During the last two decades a number of major river valley projects were undertaken to provide irrigation to agricultural lands. Agricultural extension programs were initiated in all the 3800 National Extension Service
Blocks, with the primary objective of educating the farmers in the use of improved techniques of crop production. As a result the production of foodgrains increased from 52.2 m illion tons to 74.3 m illio n tons, and that of cotton from 2.9 million to 4.7 million bales during the period between 1950-51 and 1965—6 6 . Because of increase in population, however,
the shortage of both still persists. The present shortage of fertilizers has made the solution of this problem extremely d if f ic u lt .
The New Strategy. Until recently, the policy of the Indian
Government was to supply the scarce inputs like fertilizers and pesticides more or less uniformly in all areas. Towards the end of the Third Plan, however, it began to be increasingly realised that spreading of scarce resources thinly over large areas does not lead to their optimum utilization, and to the maximization of production of foodgrains. The encouraging results yielded by the Intensive Agricultural District
Programs in the seven selected districts, and the Intensive Agricultural
Area Projects on crops lik e wheat and paddy in selected areas, in itia te d during the Third Plan period, lent support to this view. Jhe policy during the Fourth Plan period (1966-71) is, therefore, to concentrate efforts in areas with adequate irrigation facilities or assured rainfall, which promise greater response to the use of improved seeds and application of fertilizers.
Emphasis on Highyielding Varieties. The most important feature of this new strategy is the emphasis on the cultivation of highyielding crop varieties under a complete package of improved agronomic practices to exploit their maximum potentialities. Elaborate arrangements have been made to ensure the complete adoption of these packages by providing the supplies and the know-how needed. A beginning has been made with the highyielding varieties on an area of 0.5 million acres under wheat,
2.5 million acres under rice, 0.8 million acres under maize, 0.5 million acres under ba i ra . and 0.3 m illio n acres under sorghum in the country during the year 1966-67. The acreage under the highyielding varieties is to be successively raised so that the program will cover 8.0 million acres of wheat, 12.5 million acres of rice, and 4.0 million acres each of maize, baira and sorghum, in the country, by the end of the Fourth y Plan in the year 1970-71. F e r tiliz e r consumption level envisaged for
T7------;------Government of India, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Directorate of Extension, Report of the Fifth Central Conference of Key Personnel held at the Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, from the 15th to 18th December, I 9 6 5• the year 1970-71 is 2 .4 m illion tonnes of nitrogen (N), 1.0 m illion
tonnes of phosphorus (P2O5) and 0.75 m illio n tonnes of potash (K2O).
Out of these quantities, 1.29 million tonnes of N., and 0.47 million
tonnes P2O5 are proposed to be appropriated to meet the requirements of the highyielding varieties. The average doses of fertilizers
recommended fo r wheat and rice on an A ll-In d ia basis, provide 112
kilograms of N and 54 kilograms of P2O5 per hectare. The additional
production of foodgrains from the 3 2.5 million acres of land to be 2 / covered with this program, has been estimated at 25 m illio n tonnes.
The Highyielding Var?eties Program in the Punjab S tate. As in other states, the program has been taken up in the Punjab. The state
government has decided to introduce cultivation of highyielding varieties of wheat, maize, paddy and baira practically over the entire cultivated
area where assured irrigation is available. The targets to be achieved
by the end of the Fourth Five-Year Plan are indicated in Table 1.
The Criticism. Although the program has generated a good deal of
enthusiasm on account of the promise of high returns per acre in terms
of physical production and net returns, it has attracted a lot of criticism v also. Panse feels that the program has been launched in an undue haste
without adequately testing the performance of the highyielding varieties.
He fears that since the highyielding varieties of wheat and paddy which
constitute the major part of the program, are exotic in o rig in , they may
2/ ! 1 “ Minhas, B.S. and Srinivasan, T.N.: "New Agriculture Strategy Analysed", Yoiana. (New Delhi), January 26, 9 I 6 6, P .20. V Panse, V .6 .: "The New Strategy in A griculture", Paper presented to the Seminar Organised by the Department of Economics, Indian A gricultural Research In s titu te , New Delhi, August, I 9 6 6. 4
Table 1
AREA TO BE COVERED UNDER THE HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES IN THE PUNJAB DURING THE FOURTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1966-71)
(OOO acres) ^S5gga=5SS!^X!=' ■ egs=saasa:== ' : 1 r "~- - 19 Proposed Coverage Name of District ______Wheat Maize Rice Bajra
Hoshiarpur...... 50 5 20 J u llu n d u r 275 70 Ludhiana 350 90 - F erozepur...... 300 40 50 50 S a n g ru r 300 50 - 50 P a t i a l a...... 150 25 25 Gurdaspur ...... 100 15 75 Kapurthala 100 25 20 Bhatinda...... 50 - - 50 R u p a r 25 5 ’ 10 Am ritsar...... 300 40 100
Total 2000 365 300 150
Source: D irectorate of Agriculture, Punjab, Chandigarh.
be susceptible to some unexpected pests and diseases, and that, should
an epidemic occur, i t may be impossible to control i t . The apprehension
appears to be genuine in view of the fact that India s t i l l depends upon
imports from outside, for the pesticides and equipment required for plant
protection work. Also, in case of mycological diseases like rusts and
smut in wheat, and the bacterial blight in paddy, no control measures
are known. Panse has also criticised the high doses of fertilizers recommended for these varieties. He feels that since fertilizers are the most scarce resource at the present time, total production would be maximised i f the doses were reduced and the program extended
to larger areas. It seems difficult to refute this contention, as
response to fertilization is subject to the law of diminishing returns.
The f e r t iliz e r response curve is ty p ic a lly convex in case of a ll crops.
The highyielding varieties are no exception. This view has been 4 / supported by Minhas and Srinivasan. Analysis of the results of co-ordinated wheat t r ia ls , have shown that under the prevailing grain and f e r t iliz e r prices, the peasants w ill not find it p ro fitab le to put £ / the amounts of nitrogen recommended in the o ffic ia l strategy. They have
indicated, further, that a proper re-allocation of available fertilizers
among old and new varieties can substantially improve grain output.
The Response from Farmers. There is much in the above criticism
that merits serious consideration. There is nothing, however, to suggest
that the faith in the program for highyielding varieties is misplaced.
The in itia l response of the farmers to the release of these varieties
has been highly favourable. In a large number of cases, growers have
willingly offered exorbitant prices for the seeds of the highyielding
varieties of wheat lik e PV-18 or Kalyan 227. Under this climate it
should be expected that these new varieties would give a serious
—
Minhas, B. S ., and Srinivasan, T. N.: "New Agricultural Strategy Analysed", Yojna, (New Delhi), January 26, I9 6 6, pp. 20-24. 5/ Co-ordinated Wheat Trial Results, presented to the Wheat Research Workers Seminar, Ludhiana (In d ia ), Autumn 1965- competition to the existing varieties for allocation of land and other scarce resources.
Possible Effects on Cropping Pattern. The results of the trials and demonstrations laid on the farmers' fields have furnished ample indication that the highyielding varieties when cultivated under the recommended technology give much higher returns than the existing varieties. This has tilted the economic balance in favour of highyielding variety crops. Progressive farm operators who always want to maximise net returns to th e ir fixed farm resources, might, therefore, replace some of the less remunerative crop enterprises with the highyielding variety crops. Thus, during the Fourth Five-Year
Plan period significant shifts might occur in the cropping pattern of the state, which, except for minor changes, has enjoyed a remarkable JL s ta b ility over the last two decades. Wheat is the only rabi crop among the five highyielding crops, the other four, paddy, maize, baj ra and sorghum being kharif crops. In rabi season, this is lik e ly to affe c t the acreage under barley, rapes and mustard, peas, potatoes and even sugarcane which is a who1 e-year crop. The highyielding variety crops of the kharif season might affect the acreage under cotton and sugarcane and some kharif o i 1 seeds lik e sesamum and groundnut. While any adjustment in favour of foodgrains is desirable, as it will go a
long way in mitigating the shortage of foodgrains in the country, the
Rabi crops are those that grow during the period from October to March, while Kharif crops are those that grow between A pril and September. replacements of cotton and sugarcane might lead to serious sh o rtfalls in the raw materials for the textile and sugar industries. The country is already short in long staple cotton. Annual imports of this commodity are estimated to be valued at Rs.700 million. Sugar is a foreign exchange earner. Therefore, shortfalls in the production of this commodity will affect the foreign exchange position of the country unfavourably.
The Problem. The success of the highyielding varieties program appears to be dependent upon the a v a ila b ility of some v ita l input resources like irrigation, fertilizers, etc., and is fraught with possibilities of major adjustments in the production plans of the farmers. In planned economic development i t is necessary to assess the possible effects of a program beforehand in all its ramifications as accurately as possible. How far is it feasible to switch over to the new varieties and the improved technology? What will be the major factors lim iting the expansion of acreage under these varieties?
What shifts are likely to occur in the present cropping pattern of the state as a result of this program? The planners, the administrators, and the supply agencies need answers to all of these questions. The extension agencies and the farm operators need to know the optimum cropping plans for land holdings of different sizes in the different
type-of-farming areas in the state.
The Objectives. It was with a view to providing intelligent
answers to the questions raised above that the investigations reported
in this dissertation were undertaken. The general objective of this - 8 research project was to study the existing cropping patterns prevailing in the different agro-climatic regions of the State of
Punjab, and to analyse the adjustments likely to occur in these patterns as a result of the introduction of highyielding varieties of wheat, maize, bajra and paddy. Specifically, the objectives are:-
(i) To study the existing cropping patterns in the different agro-clim atic regions of the Punjab in general, against the background of the fixed resource restrictions, on typical farm situations synthesized to represent small, medium and large holdings in each
region.
(ii) To study the comparative variable costs and returns to fixed farm resources for each crop enterprise followed under d iffe re n t farm situations using:-
(a) existing varieties with existing production techniques,
(b) existing varieties with improved production techniques, and
(c) highyielding varieties with improved production techniques.
(iii) To develop optimum production plans for each synthetic
farm situation at d iffe re n t levels of adoption of technology mentioned
under objective ( i i ) above.
(iv ) To appraise these farm adjustments for th e ir impact on
cropping pattern and agricultural production as well as farm income
through the Fourth Five-Year Plan period with the help of variable
resource programming in respect of crucial inputs like fertilizers. CHAPTER II
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
Area and its Classification. The Punjab State as reorganized
which is classified as in Table 2 below:_r
TABLE 2
CLASSIFICATION OF LAND IN THE PUNJAB STATE (1964-65)
Class of land Area 000 Acres
Total area according to village papers ...... 12414.22 Forests ...... 192.66 Net available for cultivation ...... 1605.50 Other un-cultivated land excluding fallow land ...... 454.48 Fallow land...... 540.93 Net area sown...... 9620.65 Area sown more thajj o n c e ...... 3008.46 Total cropped a r e a ...... 12629.11
Source: S ta tis tic a l Hand-Book of Punjab, 1965> issued by the Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Chandi garh. * Includes double cropped area.
9 10
Climate and Seasons. With its tropical clim ate, Punjab exhibits two main crop seasons - summer or the kharif season from April to
September, and winter or rabi season from October to March. The crops grown in the state are also commonly classified as rabi or kharif crops according to th eir growing period. The f ir s t h alf of the kharif season (April-June) is dry and hot, maximum temperature
rising above 115°F occasionally, while the later half (July to
September) is rainy, humid and hot. This is also the monsoon season and
the major part of the rainfall in the state occurs in these months.
Rains may be excessive in certain years and can cause floods resulting
in wide-spread damage to crops and property. Rains might f a il in
some years, so that crop raising without assured irrig a tio n is always
a hazard. Weather during October and November is mild and dry.
December and January are very cool, minimum temperature falling below
the freezing point. Frosts are common during this period causing
injury to crops. Some ra in fa ll occurs during the winter season also.
However, the quantity is much lower than the monsoon p recipitation.
The monthly ra in fa ll by d is tric ts is given in Appendix I, w hile data
in respect of atmospheric temperature at selected stations in the
State are presented in Appendix I I .
Place of Agriculture in the Economy of the State. Farming
constitutes the major occupation in the state. Nearly 80 per cent
of its total population of 11.13 millions depends directly or
indirectly on agriculture. Out of the total working population of
3.6 millions in the areas forming the reorganized Punjab, approximately 2.0 millions are engaged directly as cultivators or agricultural I! labourers. Agriculture and animal husbandry together contribute
Rs. 4461'.2 m illion towards the to tal state income of Rs. 7792.3 1/ m i 11i on.
Major Farm Enterprises. As in the rest of India, farming in the Punjab consists largely of crop production. Large, specialized live-stock enterprises like dairy and poultry farms are few and far between. The contribution of animal husbandry to the total state agricultural income of Rs. 4461.2 million is only 2/ Rs. 767.7 m illio n . Major crops grown in the state are wheat, maize, rice, gram, cotton, sugarcane, bajra. groundnut, barley, pulses, rapes and mustard, e tc ., besides forage crops and vegetables.
Acreage and production of the important crops grown in the state are given in Table 3.
1 / Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1965: Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Chandigarh, Publication No. 61.
2 / S ta tis tic a l Hand-Book of Punjab, 1965: Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Chandigarh, Page 8 3 . 12
TABLE 3
AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD PER ACRE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS GROWN IN PUNJAB (1964-65)
Crop Area Production Yield per 000 000 acre acres tons (Kgs.)
(a) Rabi Crops
Wheat ...... 3,860.6 2,360.0 611 Gram...... 1,837.7 666.0 362 Barley...... 140.8 72.0 511 Rape and Mustard. . . . 239.3 54.9 229 Linseed ...... 11.1 1.9 171 Lenti1...... 68.2 12.4 182 Potato...... 29.6 203.6 6,878
(b) Kharif Crops
Cotton American .... 627.4 81.78 130 Cotton desi ...... 574.3 63.81 111 Maize ...... 946.0 488.00 516 Rice ...... 708.9 351.00 495 Sugarcane ...... 300.6 444.30 1,469 Baj r a ...... 395.2 61.00 154 Peanut...... 313.7 160.10 510 Sorghum ...... 12.4 1.00 81 Mash...... 40.5 7.20 178 Moonq ...... 8.4 1.50 179 Sesamum ...... 30.6 5.10 167
Source: S ta tis tic a l Hand-Book of Punjab, 1965, Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Publication No. 66.
Irrig a t ion. Irrig a tio n in Punjab is w el1-developed. The following table shows the irrigation facilities available from d iffe re n t sources in the s ta te :- 13
OTHKR CROPS COTTON 19.7 %
sooAR.cms.
0 0 D
R G .I CROPPING PATTERN IN PUNJAB (13*4-65) 14
TABLE 4
NET AREA UNDER IRRIGATION IN 1964-65
Source of irrig atio n Area irrigated 000 acres
Government canals ...... 3008.5 Private canals ...... 14.8 Tanks ...... 9.9 Wells ...... 2079.7 Other sources ...... 88.9
Total 5201.8
Source: S ta tis tic a l Hand-Book of Punjab, 1965, p.28, Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Chandigarh, Publication No. 66.
Type-of-Farming Areas. By and large, the arable areas of the Punjab consist of alluvial plains. Considerable variations, however, still exist in the agro-climatic conditions within the state and cropping patterns also vary over different areas. For the purpose of the present investigations it was necessary to divide the state into homogeneous regions that follow more or less uniform cropping patterns. For want of detailed soil surveys, it was not possible to classify the land into various land-use capability groups. The adm inistrative division of the state into eleven districts, was not helpful because of wide variations within each district. The traditional classification divided the state into
three zones - the sub-mountaneous zone comprising the districts of
Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Ruper, the central plains covering the d is tric ts of Amritsar, Juilundur, Ludhiana and Kapurthala, and the South-Western plains including Bhatinda, Sangrur and Ferozepore districts. This classification was too general and vague, and did not provide an accurate basis for a sophisticated study of cropping patterns. The Agricultural Chemist of the State of Punjab, classified the Punjab soils into six d iffe re n t zones in 1956 on the basis of fertility level. This classification did not take into account economic and social factors, and, therefore, did not V define uniform type-of-farming areas. Singh and Johl attempted to delineate more or less uniform type of farming areas on the basis of r a in fa ll, temperatures, topography of land, and the cropping pattern followed in the area. The unit for classification adopted was a tehsi1 (an administrative unit). Records below tehsi1 level were not available. Each teh si1 was, however, further divided into bet (areas in the vicinity of rivers or streams) and non-bet areas, on the basis of topography and v ic in ity to rivers or streams. This distinction was useful, because, while non-bet areas are more or less level plains, the bet areas might show a ravine topography, a high water-table, and are subject to occasional floods during the monsoon season. A ll these factors exert a profound influence on cropping
V Balwant Singh & Johl, S. S.: "Generalised Types of Farming Areas in the Punjab Plains". Journal of Research, Punjab A gricultural University, Ludhiana, 1967. 16 patterns. This classifica tio n was adopted as a basis for this study. It divided the state into ten regions as shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5
GENERALIZED TYPE-OF-FARMING AREAS IN PUNJAB
Annual Mean Region ra i nfa 11 Tempera Areas included in mi 11i - ture (teh siIs) meters
1 High(1050 Low(below Bet areas of Gurdaspur, and above) 12°C) Pathankot and Una. 11 ii ii II II Non-bet areas of Gurdaspur. Pathankot, Una and Bata la. 111 Med i urn II II Bet areas of Dasuya, Hoshiarpur, (650- 1050) Garhshankar and Rupar. IV Med i urn II II Non-bet areas of Dasuva. (650- 1050) Hoshiarpur, Garhshankar, Rupar and Kharar. V 11 11 Med i um Bet areas of Ajnala, Amritsar, (12°-24°C) Kapurthaia, Phagwara, Nakodar, Nawanshahr, P h illau r, Ludhiana, Jagraon, Samrala and Z ira . VI n 11 II II Non-bet areas of Ainala. Amritsar. Nakodar, Nawanshahr, Phagwara, Hoshiarpur, Jagraon, Jullundur, Malerkotla, Barnala, Sangrur, Patiala, Sirhind, Rajpura, and Kapurthaia.
VII Low II II Bet areas of Ferozepur, Patti, (below 650) and Tarn Taran.
V I I 1 11 11 It It Non-bet areas of Ferozepur. Patti, and Tarn Taran.
IX 11 11 High Bet areas of Fazilka and Mansa. (above 24°C)
X 11 .11 11 n Non-bet areas of Muktsar. Fazilka, Bhatinda and Mansa.
The cropping pattern followed in each region is presented in
Appendix I I I . CHAPTER I I I
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Hypotheses. Stemming from the objectives of this study, the following hypotheses can be stated:-
(i) That the evolution of highyielding varieties of wheat, maize, paddy and baira has opened new p o s s ib ilitie s of increasing production as well as returns to fixed farm resources.
(ii) That the introduction of the highyielding varieties will stimulate adjustments in the cropping pattern in favour of foodgrains, unless suitable price or other incentives are offered in favour of other crops lik e sugarcane and cotton.
(iii) That the adoption of the highyielding varieties is going to be limited by the availability of crucial inputs like fertilizers.
PROCEDURE
Selection of Sample V illag e s. Drawing of a sample that would represent accurately as many as 12,891 villages of the state with all the diversity of agro-climatic conditions, presents a formidable problem. Considering the limitations of time, finances and other facilities, a purposive sample was made, selecting one village in each of the ten type of farming regions. Selection was
17 made through conference with the District Agricultural Officers of the D istricts concerned and the Farm Management Extension Specialists of the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, working in the various districts on the basis of their personal knowledge of the areas. The major consideration in the selection of a village was that conditions in respect of soil, irrigation facilities, etc., in that village should approximate to the general characteristics of the region. From each of the regions IV, VI and X, two villages were selected, since no single village was considered sufficiently a representative. In all, therefore, the sample included 13 villages.
Selection of Sample Holdings. A complete list of all the operational holdings in each village was prepared with the help of
the Patwari (the local revenue o f f ic ia l) , the Sarpanch (the v illa g e
Headman) and other leading farmers of the village. The holdings were then arranged in ascending order of size (acreage). On the
basis of cumulative to ta ls , the holdings covered under the f ir s t one-third of the total cultivated area of the village, were considered
as small farms, while those included in the second and the last one-
third of the area, were classified as medium and large holdings,
respectively. From each size-group, five holdings were selected at
random, so that the total sample consisted of 195 holdings representing
different size groups in the 13 villages.
The Survey. Detailed information in respect of all these 195
farms was collected on the basis of a questionnaire through personal
interviews with farm operators at th e ir farms. Wherever necessary individual fields were inspected to determine their land-use capability and their suitability for particular crop enterprises.
The questionnaire used appears as Appendix XVI. A detailed inventory of fixed resources was, thus, made including various types of land, permanent family and hired labour, live-stock of various categories, equipment including implements and machinery, means of irrigation, etc. Crop enterprises followed, and the yields obtained at the holdings were recorded along with rotations.
A section of the questionnaire was provided for a detailed study of the pattern of operations followed for each crop, while another section was designed to estimate the variable costs such as seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, pesticides, labor, etc.
Synthetic Farm Situations. Since it is extremely difficult
to work out the production plans for individual farms and their aggregate, a synthetic approach was followed. All the resource
restrictions were pooled and averaged to develop synthetic holdings which represented fixed farm resources available on d iffe re n t sizes of holdings in different regions. The inventories, thus, prepared are reproduced in Appendix IV. The average cropping plans, crop yields, pattern of operations, and the variable costs incurred by farm operators at these farm situations were worked out. Gross
income included the value of the main product as well as the bye- products. Variable costs were deducted from the gross income to obtain the net returns to fixed farm resources under each crop
enterprise followed at each holding. The cash component of the 20 variable costs was calculated separately to determine cash requirements of different enterprises. This was necessary because quite a few of the variable inputs like seeds are sometimes available at the farm in kind without involving any out-of-pocket expenses by the farmers. This detailed information in respect of the representative farm situation was used as a basis for further manipulations.
Linear Programming Technique. As explained in Chapter I, the major object of this investigation was to work out normative production plans for different synthetic holdings representing the various type-of-farming areas under different assumed situations.
This was achieved through Linear Programming since as many as 39 synthetic holdings were involved; each operating under different resource restrictions, and each capable of following a large number of enterprise combinations. The linear programming model used in this analysis is:
Objective function:
+ ^n^n ‘ s to *3e ma*imized
Subject to:
allxl + + axn C, In a21x l + + a2nxn ^ c2
amlxlmi l + ------+ a__ mnx C_ m
and x, ^ 0 , x2 > 0 , * xn ^ 0 21
where ZQ represents returns to fixed farm resources,
Pj _»— . pn are levels of crop a c tiv itie s xj — xn
respectively, and an aJn aml amn are
inputs of resources C | Cm.
Prices. The farm operators1 decisions relating to their cropping plans are largely influenced by the comparative profitability of different enterprises, which depends upon relative prices of inputs and product output. It is, therefore, important to use the prices very carefully in programming models of this type.
For the products, the average prices for the three-month period following the harvest of the crop was used. This is reasonable as the bulk of the produce comes to the market w ithin this period.
The prices of seeds were d iffe re n t from the prices for the commodity, not only because of the difference in q u a lity , but also because of different periods of the year involved. Actual prices of seeds prevailing at sowing time were taken for the purpose of this study.
In the case of other inputs, like fertilizers, actual prices were used for the purpose of calculation of variable costs. The prices employed for d iffe re n t commodities as well as d iffe re n t items enter ing the variable costs are shown in Appendix XV.
This study included determination of optimum patterns under certain assumed levels of resource availability likely to be achieved during the coming few years. It is, indeed, difficult to make any reliable assessment of the price levels likely to prevail after a few years. However, the re la tiv e prices of d iffe re n t commodities, 22 are not expected to change much over time. The present relative price structure was, therefore, used for future projections as well.
Restraints on Fixed Resources. The fixed resources at a farm consist of land with its various cap ability groups, labor,
irrigation facilities, cash and scarce inputs like fertilizers.
In order to set up a linear programming problem i t is necessary to clearly spell out the restraints. The restraints used for various
resources are described in the following paragraphs.
Land. Out of the total land available at the farm, it is necessary to set apart some land for raising fodders for the live stock maintained by the farmer. This requirement was calculated at
the rates of 0.2 acre during the rabi season and 0.3 acre during
kharif season for an adult animal and deducted out of the total
land (mostly irrigated), so that only the balance could be considered available for raising commercial crop enterprises. According to
irrig a tio n , crop season and land-use cap ab ility, the available land was classified into the following categories:-
i Total rabi land irrigated. ii Total rabi land unirrigated. i i i Rabi land f i t for wheat and barley irrig ated . iv Rabi land f i t for wheat and barley unirrigated. v Rabi land f i t for gram irrigated. vi Rabi land f i t for gram unirrigated. vii Rabi land fit for toria (an oilseed crop). v i ii Rabi land f i t for sugarcane. ix Total kharif land irrig ated . x Total kharif land unirrigated. xi Kharif land fit for maize, cotton, bajra (pearl millet) irrigated. xii Kha r ? f land fit for maize, cotton, baj ra unirrigated. x i i i Kharif land f i t for sugarcane xiv Kharif land f i t for groundnut irrig ated . xv Kharif land f i t for groundnut unirrigated. xvi Kharif land f i t for paddy. A part of the land was found to be f i t for almost a ll types of crop enterprises. I t is not possible to have a mutually exclusive classificatio n of land on th is basis. It was, therefore, necessary to treat total irrigated as well as un-irrigated land available during rabi and kharif seasons as independent restraints like other categories of land in the problem matrix.
Irriq a tio n . The common sources of irrig a tio n at the selected holdings were canals, percolation wells and tubewells. The irrigation f a c ilit ie s available at a farm were expressed in terms of the number of acres that could be irrigated in a week from all sources. The period from April to June is believed to be the peak period for 1/ irrigation. This is the hottest and the driest part of the year and the crops require irrigation every week during this period. The irrig a tio n available during this period expressed in acres was, therefore, included among the restrictions.
Labor. Scarcity of labor is sometimes experienced during the sowing and harvesting season of major crops. Therefore, permanent labor available during each of the following four periods was considered as restraint:- i July: This is the planting season of kharif crops. ii 15th October to 15th November: This is the sowing time of
rabi crops.
1/ Johl, S. S. and Kahlon, A. S.: ''Economics of Cropping Patterns". An Analytical Study. Ind. Jour. Agr. Econ. 28(1) p 133-142, 1963. 2k
i i i 15th November to 15th March: Crushing of sugarcane is an
important operation during this period.
iv 15th April to 30th April: This is the harvesting season
of wheat and gram.
Cash. Some variable inputs like seeds, fertilizers, and
insecticides have to be purchased on cash payment. Even casual
labor hired occasionally has to be paid in cash. Besides the owned cash, farm operators can borrow from government sources, from
the village co-operative credit societies, and even from the private
money-lenders. The amounts available to a farm operator from all
these sources were determined separately for rabi and kharif seasons,
and were included in the problem as restraints.
Ferti 1 izers. Fertilizers appear to be the most scarce resource
today. During the year 1965-66, the availability of nitrogenous and
phosphatic f e r tiliz e r s was only about 19 kilograms and 1.4 kilograms
per acre respectively. The position during 1966-67 has not improved
appreciably. There are, however, plans to augment the supply of
fertilizers during the Fourth Five-Year Plan, so that by the end of
the Plan, the total quantities available to the state will be 0.77
m illion tons o f nitrogenous fe r tiliz e r s in terms of Calcium Ammonium
Nitrate (CAN) and 0.385 million tons of phosphatic fertilizers in
terms of superphosphate. This works out to 80 kilograms of nitrogenous
fertilizers and 40 kilograms of phosphatic fertilizers per acre.
F e r tiliz e r restrictions were, therefore, adopted at d iffe re n t assumed
levels of availability in order to study the relationship of cropping pattern with particular reference to the highyielding varieties, with the supply of fertilizers available. In one of the situations studied, the fertilizer restraint was removed altogether, to see what would be an optimum cropping pattern in case it were possible to supply un-limited quantities of fertilizers.
Other Possible Restraints. Supply of farm-yard manure and seeds, and resistance to adoption of improved technology were suggested as possible restraints to the adoption of a most p ro fitab le cropping pattern. The suggestion, however, does not stand the test of scrutiny. Farm-yard manure is no longer regarded as indispensable for any crop enterprise, provided suitable chemical f e r tiliz e r s can be found. With regard to seed supply, the present plans of the
State Department of Agriculture appear to be adequate to meet the likely demand, so that the program for highyielding varieties will not be restricted by any seed shortage. Resistance to adoption of improved technology, and particularly to the use of highyielding v a rie tie s , does not exist in fact. The heavy demand for seeds of
Mexican Wheat and hybrid bajra witnessed during the year 1966, bears adequate testimony to this view. The performance of the highyielding paddy variety (T.N.l), too, during the same year promises a bright future for highyielding varieties and has led to a high demand for seed. Among the external factors, f e r t i li z e r shortage appears to be the only effective restriction. Other factors can act as restraints only when fertilizer shortages are liquidated. Accordingly, no 26
restraints in respect of farm-yard manure, seed supply or resistance
to adoption were included in the linear programming model s'et up
for this investigation.
Crop Enterprises. Ail the major crop enterprises followed
by farmers in the state were included in the matrices, with the
exception of vegetables and certain other minor crops. Fodder crops were considered as a fixed activity, because the fodder requirements
for livestock at each farm are fixed for a ll practical purposes.
The area required for growing fodders was considered as not available
for commercial crop enterprises.
Real A c tiv itie s . A crop grown under irrig ated conditions was
considered as a separate activity from the same crop grown un-irrigated.
Similarly, the same crop raised in different rotations or at different
levels of technology were regarded as separate activities. The
highyielding varieties of crops were, likewise, considered separate
a c tiv itie s competing with the existing varieties for a place in an
optimum cropping plan. The various real activities included in this
study are shown in Table 6 .
It may be added that programming was done with various
a c tiv itie s under a number of assumed situations. It was not
necessary, therefore, to include all the activities listed above in
each situation. Each of the activities from Xj to X|3 were considered
at two levels of technology, viz., the existing and the improved
technology. 27
TABLE 6
CROP ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN THE LINEAR PROGRAMMING MATRICES UNDER VARIOUS SITUATIONS
Activity Crop 1rrigated Variety Rotation Unirrigated
*1 Wheat Irrigated Indigenous After fallow X2 ii ii ii After Kharif ii ii x3 Uni rri gated After fallow Wheat+Gram - ti - Gram 1rri gated ti - x5 ii ii x6 Uni rrigated - ii x7 Barley 1rrigated - ii ii *8 Uni rrigated - ii x9 Maize 1rrigated - II ii x 10 Cotton - II X11 Cotton American After fallow II ii X12 Cotton A fter wheat II x13 Sugarcane Indigenous - II ii X14 Paddy - ii x15 Toria 1rrigated - ii ii X16 Bai ra - ii ii x17 Peanut - ii x l 8 Peanut Uni rrigated - X, 9 Wheat 1rrigated Highyielding *■ • ■ PV-18 ii x20 Maize Highyielding - ii X21 Paddy Hi ghyielding T.N.I ii • x22 Ba i ra Highyi eldi ng Hybrid 1 ii x23 Bai ra Uni rrigated
Disposal Activities. It is not necessary that an optimum cropping plan should use up a ll the restricted resources. The only
requirements are that the plan should produce a quantity equal to or
greater than zero, and that the resources used should be equal to or
less than the quantities available. The number of disposal activities 28
to convert these linear inequalities into linear equalities was,
therefore, equal to the number of resource restraints.
Levels of Technology. As indicated earlier, two levels of
technology - the existing and the recommended level - were considered in formulating the problem matrices. The existing
technology varied from holding to holding and was determined through
the survey. The recommended technology was, however, assumed to be
the same for all holdings representing the various type-of-farming areas.
Input-Output C oefficients. Requirements of d iffe re n t a c tiv itie s
in respect of the input of restricted resources under the improved or recommended technology are given in Appendix V. The requirements of d ifferen t categories of land resource do not d iffe r with the
level o f technology. The coefficien ts, however, varied from holding
to holding in respect of irrigation, labor, cash, and fertilizer use
under existing technology.
Programming Situations. In order to achieve the objectives and
to test the hypothesis outlined in the last chapter, the following
situations were developed in addition to the existing situation
prevailing at the selected holdings:-
Situation A. In this situation real activities included only
the existing enterprises followed by the farmer at his present level of technology with existing restrictions on land, labor, irrigation,
and cash. Fertilizer availabi1ity was restricted to the I966 level of 19 kilograms of CAN and 1,k kilograms of superphosphate per acre. This situation was designed to see i f and to what extent the existing production plans of the fanner at the selected holdings could be improved upon by reallocating his resources among the various enterprises followed by him at his level of technology within the frame-work of his restraints.
Situation B. In this situation the real activities included all the crop enterprises including the highyielding varieties, at the recommended level of technology. The existing enterprises included in Situation A were not included in order to indicate the extent to which the improved technology could be implemented with the existing fertilizer supplies. Restrictions in respect of land, irrigation and labor were retained, while cash restrictions were removed. F e r tiliz e r restrictio n s, however, applied at the 1966 level.
This situation aimed at determining the extent to which it would be possible to make a complete switch-over to improved technology under a wider choice of crops including the highyielding varieties in case resource a v a ila b i1ity remains unchanged.
Situation C. This situation included both the real activities followed at present by the farmer at his level of technology as in
Situation A, and all possible crop activities at the recommended
level of technology as in Situation B. Restriction in respect of availability of land, labor, irrigation, fertilizers were the same as in Situation B. There were no cash restraints. This situation would indicate the extent to which existing technology and improved 30 technology must exist side by side, with the present fertilizer supply and other resource restraints.
Situation D. This situation differed from situation B with respect to the fertilizer resource availability which was raised to the level o f 80 kilograms of Calcium Ammonium N itra te and 40 kilograms of superphosphate per acre expected to be achieved in and 1970-71. Land, labor/irrigation restraints remained at the 1966 level. No cash restraints were included.
Situation E. Like Situation C, the program included both the real activities followed by the farmer at his present level of technology and all possible crop activities at the improved level of technology. Fertilizer supply was restricted to the 1970-71 level of 80 kilograms of CAN and 40 kilograms of superphosphate per acre. The Cash restraint was removed, while restrictions in respect of land, irrigation and labor applied at the 19&6 level of availability.
Situation D and E would yield indication as to the possibilities of a complete adoption of improved technology including highyielding varieties, and also the extent of co-existence between the farmers' present technology and the improved technology when fertilizers supply position improves to the expected level of 1970- 71.
Situation F. Crop activities including the highyielding variety crops at the improved level of technology only were included in the m atrix in this situation. Along with cash, f e r t iliz e r restrictions were also removed. Land, labor and irrigation restraints continued to operate. This situation would point out the ultimate possibilities that can be achieved In case the farmers can be assured of all the fertilizers supplies needed by them. Ceteris paribus, the optimum plans developed for each situation would indicate the possible adjustments in the cropping patterns and the resultant changes in farm income and total production.
Estimation of Aggregate Acreage and Output. From the normative production plans worked out for the different synthetic holdings, percentage of area claimed by each crop was calculated under each situation. An average percentage was then worked out for different crops in the state as a whole. On the basis of this average, and the cropping intensity achieved under a particular situation, and total acreage under each crop were estimated. The production was then worked out using the average yields given in Table 3 for crop activities at the existing level of technology, and those shown in
Appendix XIV for the a c tiv itie s followed at the improved level of
technology. While the former represent the 196^-65 level of production, the figures given in Appendix XIV were adopted in a conference with the specialists of the Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana, on the basis of the performance of various crops at the
research stations and the farmers' fields, under the recommended
technology. CHAPTER IV
FARMING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE HOLDINGS
Number and Size of Operational Holdings. The number of operational holdings of the three relative sizes, viz., small, medium and large, in the sample worked out to be as in Table 7.
TABLE 7
NUMBER OF OPERATIONAL HOLDINGSOF DIFFERENT SIZES IN SELECTED VILLAGES IN PUNJAB (1966-67)
Total Number of holdings Region area acres Smal 1 Med i urn Large Total
1 ...... 952 65 17 9 91 I I ...... 567 28 17 10 55 I I I ...... 1269 20 10 3 33 I V...... 995 46 24 15 85 V ...... 1000 40 32 13 85 V I ...... 1530 65 34 18 117 V I I ...... 1301 28 13 6 47 V I I I ...... 560 20 5 3 28 I X...... 2178 72 20 5 97 X ...... 11800 281 140 86 507
Total 21,152 665 312 168 1145
Percentage. . . 58.0 27.0 15.0 100
Average size per holding (Acres) .... 10.7 22.6 41.9 25.1
32 Taking an overall average of the sample, 58 per cent of the holdings could be classified as small holdings occupying 33 per cent of the cultivated area. Medium and large holdings accounted for 27 per cent and 15 per cent of the total holdings respectively, each category covering 33 per cent of the total cultivated area. Based on the results of this sample which scatters throughout the state, the number and size of holdings could be estimated as follows:-
TABLE 8
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF OPERATIONAL HOLDINGS OF DIFFERENT SIZES IN THE PUNJAB (1966-67)
Cultivated Average Number of Percentage Category area(1964-65) size of holdings o f total 000' acres* holding 000 holdings (acres)
Smal 1 3387 10.7 317.0 58 Med i urn 3387 22.6 149.0 27 Large 3387 41.9 80.7 15
Total 10.161 - 546.7 100
S ta tis tic a l Hand-Book of Punjab, 1965.
Size of the Synthetic Holdings. Since the synthetic holdings were evolved on the basis of five holdings selected at random, the size varied slightly from the average size given earlier. The total land resource available at each synthetic holding along with its owned and rented-in components is shown in Table 9. 34
TABLE 9
SIZE OF OPERATIONAL HOLDINGS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE PUNJAB ( I 966- 67)
Acres
Smal 1 Med i urn Large Region Own- Ren- To- Own- Ren To Own Ren- Total ed ted ta l ed ted tal ed ted
1 ...... 5.0 3.0 8.0 10.0 4.0 14.0 36.4 0.0 36.4 II ...... 5.0 0.0 5.0 9.0 3.0 12.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 I l l . . . . 2.5 2.7 5.2 8.0 0.0 8 .0 25.0 0.0 25.0 IV. .... 6.3 2.2 8.5 5.8 7.6 13.5 22.9 2.3 25.2 V ...... 3.7 1.5 5.2 11.2 2.2 13.4 20.0 1.5 21.5 VI...... 8.5 0.7 9.6 15.6 0.8 16.4 24.4 2.1 26.5 V II . . . . 14.0 1.2 15.2 21.0 11.0 32.2 71.2 0.0 71.2 VIII. . . . 6.7 8.2 14.9 36.8 0.0 36.8 61.7 0.0 61.7 IX...... 8.6 1.6 10.2 30.2 4.8 35.0 156.8 2.0 158.8 X ...... 9.9 4.6 14.5 29.7 0.7 30.4 53.2 2.9 56.1
Mean 7.0 2.6 9.6 17.7 3.4 21.1 49.2 1.1 50.3 Percentage 72.9 27.1 100 83.9 16.1 100 97.8 2.2 100
In the small size, nearly half of the holdings had an acreage of 8 to 10 acres, the mean size being 9.6 acres. The average size worked out to 21.1 and 49.2 acres in medium and large holdings. The
rented-in component of the holdings amounted to 27.1 per cent of the to tal land in case of small holdings on an average. This percentage declined to 15-1 in case of medium size holdings, and to only 2.2 per cent under the large size. I t is obvious that small land-holders
trie d to increase the size of business by renting-in more land in order to provide a fuller employment to their fixed resources. On bigger holdings renting-in of additional land was not considered 35 necessary, and was resorted to in rare cases to utilize tractor facilities, etc., if available.
Irrigation. Government canals, and private tubewells and percolation wells provided the major sources of irrig atio n at the selected holdings. Host of the farms were p artly irrigated and partly un-irrigated. Frequently the same area was served with irrigation from canals as well as tubewells or percolation wells.
The proportion of the area irrigated from d iffe re n t source on the synthetic holdings is shown in Table 10.
TABLE 10
IRRIGATED AREA AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AREA ON DIFFERENT HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB ( I966- 67)
Acres
Smal 1 Med i urn Large - Average Region Ca P/T. To Ca P/T. To Ca P/T. To Ca P/T. To nal Well tal nal Wei 1 tal nal Well tal nal Well ta l
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ii 56 36 92 83 83 83 38 47 85 59 55 86 1 1 1 0 48 48 0 100 100 0 90 90 0 79 79 IV 0 18 18 0 11 11 0 46 46 0 25 25 V 0 100 100 0 76 76 0 74 74 0 83 83 VI 0 58 58 0 53 53 4 55 55 0 55 55 VII 55 71 92 55 34 73 43 16 59 51 40 74 V III 46 5 51 80 15 80 47 43 90 58 21 73 IX 100 86 100 75 39 88 58 45 94 78 57 94 X 34 8 42 50 10 60 38 7 49 40 10 50
Mean 29.1 43.0 60.1 34 42 62 23 42 64 29 43 62
Percolation wells and tubewells appeared to serve a greater area than the canals. The irrigated area worked out to be 62 per cent of the total area in the sample. This is s lig h tly higher than the 36 y percentage figure 1 for the Punjab state as whole. The break-up of the percolation/tubewells and canal irrig ated areas in the sample, however, appeared to diverge considerably from the overall figures of 31.3 per cent and 22.8 per cent for the state as a whole, on the basis of the statistics reported in the Statistical Hand-Book of
Punjab, I965. This deviation needs to be viewed in the context of the fact that the Hand-Book shows the two categories of irrigated areas as mutually exclusive, while, in actual practice, it is not so.
Permanent Labor at the Synthetic Holdings. Family provided the major part of the permanent labor p ra c tic a lly at a ll holdings. It was a common practice to h ire a man on a permanent basis on medium
and large holdings. Small holdings rarely seemed to employ a man on a full-tim e basis. The proportion of the hired component of permanent
labor to the family labor rose with an increase in size of holdings.
Table 11 shows the hired and family labor as well as permanent labor
per acre for each synthetic holding.
It will be seen from Table 11 that while the bigger farms
employed more labor in the absolute sense, the a v a ila b ility of labor
per acre decreased, as the farm size increased. While this indicates
a more efficient use of this fixed resource at large farms, the
lack of permanent labor could also be a restraint for intensive
farming.
1 / S ta tis tic a l Hand-Book of Punjab, 1965: Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Publication No. 66. 37
TABLE 11
PERMANENT LABOR AT DIFFERENT HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB (1966-67) (MAN DAYS PER MONTH)
Region Size 1 II III IV V VI V II VIII IX X Aver -age
Smal 1
Family ...... 63 75 64 48 87 82 111 90 61 56 7k H i red...... 0 0 0 18 6 9 21 6 2k 12 9 T o ta l...... 63 75 6k 66 93 91 132 96 85 68 83 Labor per acre . 8 15 12 8 18 10 8 6 8 5 10
Med i um
Family . . 60 60 60 79 101 60 44 70 78 47 66 Hired. . . 12 6 12 19 12 27 51 90 6 39 27 Total. . . • • • 72 66 72 98 113 87 95 160 84 86 93 Labor per acre . 5 6 9 7 9 7 3 5 2 3 6
La rqe
Family . . 84 70 112 126 84 90 144 70 30 78 89 H i red. . . 36 30 18 3 21 30 60 70 122 51 44 Total. . . • • ♦ 120 100 130 129 105 120 204 140 152 129 133 Labor per acre . 3 5 5 5 5 6 3 2 1 3 4
Average
Family . . 69 68 79 84 90 77 100 77 56 60 76 Hired. . . 16 12 10 14 13 22 44 55 51 34 27 T o ta l. . . • • • 85 80 89 98 103 99 144 132 107 94 103 Labor per acre . 4 9 9 6 11 8 5 4 4 4 6
Live-stock. With very few exceptions bullocks provided the power required for cultivation purposes. Camels and male buffaloes were also maintained at some farms for this purpose. All farm operators maintained some cows or buffaloes for milk as a supplementary enterprise. 38
Other animals at the farm were mainly calves and heifers. Table 12
shows the number of bullock units, milch cattle and other live-stock at the different synthetic farm situations. One camel has been equated with two bullocks for calculating the number of bullock units.
TABLE 12
LIVE-STOCK AT THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB (1966-67)
(Number of Heads)
Small Medium Large Average Region D. M. 0. D. M. 0. D. M. 0. D. M. 0.
1 2 3 2 b 2 2 4 4 b 3.3 3.0 2.7 11 2 2 3 3 3 2 4 b 3 3.0 3.0 2.7 III 2 1 1 2 1 3 b 7 5 2.7 3.0 3.0 IV 3 3 2 b 2 1 5 3 1 3.5 2.7 1.4 V 3 2 1 3 2 0 5 3 1 3.7 2.3 0.7 VI 3 3 1 3 3 2 5 4 2 4.0 3.2 1.7 VII 5 6 3 6 5 5 8 10 7 6.3 7.0 5.0- VIII 3 4 0 5 7 0 9 17 4 5.7 9.3 1.3 IX 3 2 2 b 6 2 6 5 1 4.3 4.3 1.7 X 3 3 1 5 b 1 5 5 0 4.1 3.8 0.7
Mean 2.9 2.8 1.6 3.9 3.5 1.8 5.5 6.2 2.8 4.1 4.2 2.1
1D1 means draft animals in bullock units. ■M' means milch c a ttle . 'O' means other animals.
It will be seen that the number of all categories of animals
increased with size of holdings. The minimum number of draft animals
at any holding was two, since no cultivation can be done with less
than a pair of bullocks. This was the most common number at the small holdings. On an average the medium-size holdings maintained two pairs while the average number of draft animals was 5.5 at the large holdings.
Area Commanded by £ Pai r of Bui locks. In order to assess the extent of u tiliz a tio n of the animal power, i t was necessary to assess the cultivated area commanded by a pair of bullocks under the different farm situations. The following table summarises this information.
TABLE 13
AREA COMMANDED BY A PAIR OF BULLOCKS ON THE DIFFERENT HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB (1966-67)
Acres
Region Smal 1 Med i urn Large Average
1 ...... , . 8.0 7.0 18.2 11.1 II ...... 5.0 8.0 10.0 7.7 I l l ...... , . 5.2 8.0 12.5 8.6 IV ...... , . 7.0 7.7 U .5 8.7 V ...... , . 3.5 8.9 8.6 7.0 VI ...... 6.2 9.3 10.0 8.5 VII ...... 6.1 10.7 17-8 11.5 VIII ...... 9.9 14.3 13.7 12.6 IX ...... 6.8 17.5 52.9 25.7 X ...... , , 12.2 12.2 22.5 15.6
Average 7.0 10.4 17.9 11.7
The above table indicates that bullock power remained under utilized on the small farms. While one pair commanded on an average an area of 17.9 acres at the large farms, the corresponding figure for small farms was only 7.0 acres. This is because no more land was available at the small holdings to provide fuller employment to ko the animal power. In a very few cases, bullock power was supplemented with tractors at the large holdings. This also partly accounts for the higher land-to-bullock ratio at the larger farms. The area commanded per pair of bullocks varied from village to villageas w e ll. The variatio n , however, is accounted for largely by the size rather than any inter-regional causes.
Liquid C ap ital. Besides owned liquid ca p ita l, the farm operators could borrow from the village co-operative credit societies to the extent of their maximum credit limit (M.C.L.) which is fixed on the basis of their equity as well as production plans. The ceiling on M.C.L. of a borrower was raised by the state government to Rs.2500 during I966 to meet the credit requirements of members of co-operatives for the purchase of heavier doses of inputs, like fertilizers required for the cultivation of highyielding varieties of crops. The Reserve
Bank of India offered to provide all the credit required for the highyielding varieties program. Farmers are also e n titled to short term loans called taccavis from the government for the purchase of fertilizers at an annual rate of interest of 7.5 per cent. These taccavi loans are recoverable a fte r a period of about eight months, so that the borrowers can repay the loan a fte r harvesting the crop.
Taking into consideration all these sources of credit, the amount of cash available at each synthetic holding was calculated which is presented in Table ]k below. 41
TABLE 14
AVAILABILITY OF CASH ON OPERATIONAL HOLDINGS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB (1966-67)
______Rupees______
Region Small Medium Large Average
I 1030 2029 3880 2310 II _ 1320 1940 2760 2007 I I I 1082 2288 3582 2317 I V 912 2072 3561 2182 V ...... 1332 249 6 3400 2409 VI ...... 2600 3250 4500 3450 V I I ...... 2376 3188 6704 4089 V I I I ...... 1920 2940 5420 3427 I X 2070 3320 12962 6184 X ...... 1538 2200 6500 3413
Average 1618 2566 5327 3171
The credit included in the above figures is only short-term credit. In absolute terms the liquid capital available to the farmers was higher at the large farms as compared with small or medium farms. The reverse of this relationship, however, was true in_the case of availability of cash per acre. This was due to the ceilin g on M.C.L., which operated "against the large land holders.
Table 15 shows the available cash per acre on the various synthetic holdi ngs.
Implements and Machinery. The equipment at the various holdings consisted of simple tools and implements, and followed a fairly uniform pattern for a particular size group. Practically, all farms had a minimum of two ploughs, a sohaga (a thick wooden plank
6' to 8* long used for covering the seed a fte r sowing, levelling of TABLE 15
AVAILABLE CASH PER ACRE ON OPERATIONAL HOLDINGS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB (1966-6?)
Rupees
Region Small Medium Large Average
I 129 144 107 127 II 264 162 138 188 I I I 208 286 143 212 I V 107 154 145 135 V ...... 256 186 158 200 VI 281 198 175 218 V I I ...... 156 99 94 116 V III ...... 129 80 88 99 I X 223 95 82 133 X ...... 106 72 107 95
Average 186 148 124 152
land and breaking of clods, etc.) and a chaff-cutter. A cane
crusher was frequently shared by a number of farm operators. Medium-
and large-sized holdings had a bullock cart almost invariably. Carts were much less common at the small holdings. Cultivators, hoes,
harrows and d r ills were rare. A ll the equipment referred to above
was bullock-driven. In the sample, tractor cu ltiva tio n was practised
only at one farm each in the v illa g e Marigaur Singh and Dhilwan Kalan,
two farms in village Rana and three farms in village Golewala. The
d etails of equipment available at each of the farm situations appear
as a part of Appendix IV. CHAPTER V
EXISTING PRODUCTION PLANS ON SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS
The cropping patterns as worked out on different synthetic
holdings are shown in detail in Appendix VI. The resource-use
pattern is also shown for each of those holdings in Appendix X III.
An analysis of the existing plans is made briefly in the following
_ paragraphs.
Proportion of Acreage Under Major Crops. The percentage of
area under each crop to the total cropped area on selected holdings
in different regions is indicated in Table 16.
Foodgrains formed the largest single group, claiming, on an
_ average, 64.6 per cent of the total cropped area. In six out of the
ten regions, the percentage ranged between 74.7 and 81.5. Region IX
appeared to be an exception with only 24.9 per cent area under food
crops. In this region cotton appeared to be the dominant crop.
Region VI was another exception in favour of oilseeds, mostly peanut,
which covered 39.8 per cent of the to tal cropped area. The percentage
of acreage under cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds and other crops averaged
9.7, 2.4, 4.7 and 19.2 respectively, in the overall cropping pattern
of the various synthetic holdings taken together. The highyielding
varieties of crops were conspicuous by th e ir absence in the cropping
plans of the holdings based on the sample survey.
43 TABLE 16
PERCENTAGE OF AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS ON DIFFERENT HOLDINGS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER THE EXISTING SITUATION (1966-67)
Foodgrain crops Non-foodgrain crops Region Wheat Gram Wheat+ Bar Maize Paddy Baj ra Total Cotton Sugar O il Other Total Gram ley -cane seeds crops
1 ...... 35.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 18.2 21.3 0.0 79.1 2.7 5.6 0.1 12.5 100 II ...... 41.5 2.5 0.0 1.6 5.6 25.2 0.0 76.4 1.2 8.0 0.0 14.4 100 I l l ...... 47.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 4.6 26.5 0.0 79.4 0.5 5.7 0.0 14.4 100 IV...... 52.5 6.4 0.0 0.0 17.2 0.9 4.5 81.5 0.6 3.1 0.3 14.5 100 V ...... 35-5 2.8 3.1 0.0 17.3 0.0 0.0 58.7 3.4 3.5 3.9 30.5 100 VI...... 25.2 0.0 2.6 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 37.8 5.2 2.6 39.8 14.6 100 VII ...... 44.6 0.0 0.0 10.6 4.7 9.9 4.9 74.7 0.9 2.7 0.8 20.9 100 VIII ...... 23.7 2.5 19.8 0.3 2.0 9.1 0.0 57.4 10.8 3.1 6.7 22.0 100 IX ...... 21.3 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.1 24.9 25.1 1.7 0.0 18.3 100 X ...... : . 46.9 14.0 0.0 0.5 3.8 0.0 10.9 76.1 12.7 1.1 0.0 10.1 100
Average 37.4 3.1 2.6 1.8 8.3 9 .4 2.0 64.6 9.3 3.7 5.2 17.2 100 Average 1964-65 30.8 14.8 - 2.0 7.5 5.7 3.1 64.0 9.7 2.4 4.7 19.2 100
Area (OOO'acres)
Est imated, 4785 397 333 230 1062 1203 256 8266 1190 474 665 2201 12795 Actual 1964-65 3861 1838 251 946 709 395 8000 1202 301 595 2531 12629 Among the foodgrains, wheat was found to be the premier crop with 37.4 per cent of the total cropped area. Paddy and maize claimed
9 .4 and 8.3 per cent of the cropped area respectively. Acreage of gram and barleywwas rather small. Highest acreage was put under wheat in a ll regions. The soil and climate of Punjab appear to be specially suitable for this crop. Also, it is regarded as a more certain crop than others. R elatively, however, this crop occupied a higher percentage of the cropped area in Regions IV, III, X, VII and I I . The lowest percentage was recorded in Region IX in which agroclimatic conditions are more favorable for cotton. Gram was re la tiv e ly more important in the low ra in fa ll Region X. Wheat+Gram mixture appeared to be more common in Region V III where it can grow without irrigation. Barley was also an important crop of this region for the same reason, w hile maize was a more prominent crop in Regions
I, IV and V. Paddy formed a major crop in Regions I, II and I I I , followed by Regions VII and V III. In other regions acreage under paddy was negligible. Baira claimed some acreage only in Regions IV,
VII and X only. Such a distribution is justified by the rainfall, irrigation and soil conditions of different areas in the state.
The last four rows of the Table 16 provide an interesting comparison. The proportion of acreage under major crop-groups in the synthetic situations taken together, remarkably approximates to the overall figures for the Punjab state as a whole. This is a significant indication of the representative character of the sample selected fo r the present investigation. Among the food crops, however, 46
some shifts were indicated. Wheat seemed to be replacing gram.
Area under barley and baira decreased slightly, while maize and
paddy gained in acreage. A slig h t improvement was v is ib le in
favour of cotton and sugarcane. Acreage under other crops suffered a decline. However, i t should be noted that such adjustments are
common as a consequence of ra in fa ll fluctuations.
The estimates of acreage under the various groups of crops
in the different type-of-farming areas on the basis of the percentages
shown above are given in Table 17. In this table also, the percentage of acreage under each crop worked out on the basis of figures weighted for each region in proportion to its size, show the same
trend. However, they do not approximate to the state data so well
as the unweighted averages.
Proportion Between Rabi and Kharif Crops. The percentage of
area under rabi and kharif crops at the d iffe re n t synthetic holdings
is presented in Table 18. Although the proportion varied considerably
from one situation to another, the overall average figures showed a
somewhat balanced d istrib u tio n over rabi and kharif seasons.
Intensity of Cropping. The intensity followed at the various
synthetic farm holdings is given in Table 19.
The intensity of cropping was found to be inversely related to
size of holding. The average cropping intensity was 142.5 per cent
at the small holdings against 134.2 per cent and 122.4 per cent
respectively at the medium and large holdings. The small farmers TABLE 17
ESTIMATED ACREAGE OF MAJOR CROPS IN THE DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE PUNJAB ( I 966- 67)
Foodgrain crops Total Non-foodgrain crops Region Wheat Gram Wheat+ Bar- Maize Paddy Bajra food- Cotton Sugar O il- Other Total Gram ley gra'ns -cane seeds crops
I ...... 60 0 0 8 31 36 0 135 5 9 0 21 170 II ...... 348 21 0 13 47 211 0 640 10 66 0 120 836 I I I ...... 167 2 0 0 16 93 0 278 2 20 0 50 350 I V ...... 602 74 0 0 198 10 52 936 7 36 3 167 1149 V ...... 391 31 34 0 190 0 0 646 37 39 43 335 1100 VI ...... 1377 0 142 0 547 0 0 2066 284 142 2176 798 5466 V I I ...... 101 0 0 24 11 22 11 169 2 6 2 47 226 V I I I ...... 205 22 171 3 17 79 0 497 94 27 58 190 866 I X ...... 66 8 0 0 0 2 0 76 169 5 0 56 306 X ...... 1090 326 0 12 89 0 253 1770 295 26 0 234 2325
Total 4407 484 347 60 1146 453 316 7213 905 376 2282 2018 12794 Percentage 34.5 3.7 2.7 0.6 8.9 3.5 2.4 56.3 7.1 3.0 17.8 15.8 100 Actual (1964-65) area 3861 1838 0 251 946 709 395 8000 1202 301 595 2531 12629
Percentage 30.8 14.8 0 2.0 7.5 5.7 3.1 64.0 9.7 2.4 4.7 19.2 100 TABLE 18
PERCENTAGE OF RABI AND KHARIF CROPS ON DIFFERENT HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB UNDER EXISTING SITUATION (1966-67)
Smal 1 Med i um Large Average Region Rabi Kha r i f Rabi Khari f Rabi Khari f Rabi Kharif
1 ...... 48.3 51.7 46.0 54.0 40.0 60.0 44.8 55.2 II ...... 50.9 49.1 46.9 53.1 51.5 48.5 49.8 50.2 I l l ...... 69.0 31.0 48.7 51.3 52.3 47.7 56.7 43.3 IV ...... 57.4 42.6 64.8 35.2 64.2 35.8 62.1 37.9 V ...... 60.0 40.0 55.5 44.5 59.6 40.4 58.4 41.6 VI ...... 35.5 64.5 31.5 68.5 36.6 63.4 34.5 65.5 VII ...... 54.3 45.7 67.9 32.1 58.1 41.9 60.1 39.9 V I I 1...... 66.1 33.9 58.2 41.8 67.2 32.8 63.8 36.2 IX ...... 35.5 64.5 39.0 61.0 20.3 79.7 31.6 68.4 X ...... 59.5 40.5 69.4 30.6 68.7 31.3 65.8 34.2
Average 53.7 46.3 52.8 47.2 51.8 48.2 52.8 47.2 49
TABLE 19
INTENSITY OF CROPPING ON DIFFERENT HOLDINGS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER EXISTING SITUATION (1966-67)
Intensity of Cropping % Small Medium Large Average
I ...... 164 157 121 147.3 I I 175 133 140 149.3 I I I 112 195 158 158.3 I V 156 102 119 125.7 V ...... 143 129 123 131.7 VI ...... 148 127 123 132.0 V I I ...... 137 134 115 128.7 V I I I ...... 155 156 135 142.0 I X 105 98 1 09 1 04.0 X ...... 135 101 81 109.0
Average 142.5 134.2 122.4 133.0
attempted to increase the volume of business of th e ir farms by double cropping. The intensity also varied from region to region.
Intensity appeared to be higher in areas with high ra in fa ll or assured
irrigation. The overall intensity of the sample as reflected in the synthetic holdings worked out to 133.1 per cent. This compares very closely with the intensity of cropping in the Punjab state as a whole which was 131.2 per cent during the year 1964*65. This provides additional testimony to the representative character of the sample selected for the present investigation.
Net Returns to Fixed Farm Resources. The total net returns at the various synthetic farm holdings are given in Appendix X I I I. The net returns per acre on these holdings are presented in Table 20. 50
TABLE 20
NET RETURNS TO FIXED FARM RESOURCES PER ACRE AT THE DIFFERENT HOLDINGS IN DIFEERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER THE EXISTING SITUATI0N(1966-67)
______Rupees______
Region Small Medium Large Mean
I 351 337 215 301 I I 309 317 261 296 I I I 228 439 413 360 I V 357 332 379 356 V ...... 475 405 465 448 V I ...... 587 512 568 556 V I I ...... 302 352 332 328 V III ...... 410 39 0 490 430 I X 469 401 394 421 X 481 403 263 382
Mean 397 389 387 388
Net income per acre appeared to be higher for the small farms as
compared with either medium or large farms, presumably due to a
higher intensity of cropping followed at the small farms. Irrigated
areas contributed a higher net income as compared with unirrigated
areas as a general rule. The highest net returns per acre were
recorded in Region VI, while the lowest.income holdings were found
in the Region I and I I . This is largely accounted for by the
difference in the irrigated area, and the type of crop enterprises
followed.
Use of Ferti1izers. Use of nitrogenous and phosphatic
f e r tiliz e r s reported at the various synthetic holdings is reproduced
in Table 21. The use of fertilizer was rather low. The average dose 51
TABLE 21
USE OF FERTILIZERS (CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE AND SUPERPHOSPHATE) PER ACRE AT THE DIFFERENT HOLDINGS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER THE EXISTING SITUATION ( I966- 67)
K?lograms
Smal 1 Med i urn Large Average Region 0 CAN S/P CAN S/P CAN S/P CAN S/P
1 ...... 28 0 20 0 59 0 35.7 0.0 II ...... 113 0 k5 0 51 0 69.7 0.0 I l l ...... 31 0 kk 0 100 0 58.3 0.0 IV ...... 36 0 26 0 22 1 30.3 0.0 V ...... 25 0 20 0 34 2 26.3 0.7 VI ...... 28 16 ]k 11 33 26 25.0 17.7 VII ...... 8 0 8 0 5 0 7.0 0.0 VIII ...... 1 0 23 9 26 k 16.7 4.3 IX ...... 33 0 57 0 56 1 48.7 0.3 X ...... 15 6 13 k 7 2 11.7 4.0
Average 31.8 2.2 27.0 2 A ko 3.6 32.9 2.7
of nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers for the sample as a whole was only 32.9 and 2.7 kilograms per cultivated acre respectively.
The average dose per cropped acre worked out to only 24.7 kilograms of Calcium Ammonium N itra te and 2.0 kilograms of superphosphate. The
use of phosphatic fertilizers was much less common. In five out of
the ten regions, no phosphate use was reported at a l l. The holdings
in Region VI consumed the highest dose of superphosphate at the
average rate of 18 kilograms per acre. This was because peanut formed
the major crop at these holdings. This crop is specially responsive
to dressings of phosphates. It was further observed that, on an average, 52 small holdings used more nitrogenous fe r tiliz e r s , but less phosphates per acre than bigger holdings. This may be due to the fact that the phosphatic fertilizers have been introduced in the state only recently and small farmers are generally slow to adopt an innovation.
Secondly, more farm-yard manure is available on small farms on per acre basis, which p a rtly supplies the phosphate needs.
Utilization of Irrigation Facilities. Table 22 shows the extent of utilization of the available irrigation at each farm situation during the period April to July. The average utilization fo r the sample as a whole was 19*3 per cent. In no case was the exploitation complete, the maximum exploitation being 77.7 per cent
in case of medium holding in the Region IX. The synthetic situations
in Region IV did not u t iliz e any irrig a tio n at a ll during this period.
I t seems that farmers do not favor crops that need watering during this peak period.
Uti1ization of Liquid Capital. The cash component of the average variable costs per cultivated acre incurred at the various synthetic situations is given in Table 23.- Under the existing production plans with the farmers existing technology, cash did not appear to be a limiting factor. With the exception of large holdings
in Region IX, nowhere was this resource utilized to the extent available. It seems that farmers have adjusted their production plans so as to utilize only such resources as are available at the
farm, involving no cash investment. Moreover, the existing technology followed by farmers does not require much input of liquid capital. TABLE 22
ACTUAL UTILIZATION OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES (APRIL-JULY PERIOD) AT THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN DIFFERENT REGDNS OF PUNJAB UNDER THE EXISTING SITUATION ( 1966- 67)
Acres
Smal 1 Medium Large Average
Region Avail- Uti- Per Avail- Uti- Per Avail- Uti- Per Avail Uti- Per able lized cent able lized cent able lized cent able 1 i zed cent age age age age
1 ...... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 II .... 23 10 44 50 24 48 173 30 17 82 21 36 I l l . . . . 36 4 11 280 24 9 170 37 22 162 22 14 IV . . . . 120 46 38 118 0 0 304 21 7 181 22 15 V ...... 72 6 8 79 12 15 137 16 12 96 12 12 VI . . . . 224 19 8 128 19 15 282 36 13 211 24 12 VII . . . . 64 15 24 126 21 17 207 26 13 132 20 18 V III . . . 23 17 74 70 49 70 226 52 23 106 39 35 IX . . . . 161 15 9 213 54 25 479 373 78 284 147 37 X ...... 224 19 8 279 40 14 342 73 71 288 44 15
Average 96.7 15.1 19.6 124.3 24.3 19.5 232.0 66.4 28.6 151.0 53.3 21.2
u> TABLE 23
UTILIZATION OF CASH PER CULTIVATED ACRE ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER THE EXISTING SITUATION (1966-67)
Rupees
Small Medium Large Mean Region U t i1ized Un- U ti1ized Un- U ti1ized Un- U tilized Un- ut i 1ized u t i 1i zed ut i 1 ized ut i 1 i zed
1 . . . : 101 28 52 92 37 70 64 63 II . . . 138 126 101 61 104 34 114 74 I l l . . . 45 163 92 194 126 17 87 125 IV . . . 55 52 23 131 28 117 35 100 \l . . . . 49 207 26 160 52 106 42 158 VI . . 79 202 46 152 54 121 60 158 V II . . . 48 108 44 55 20 74 37 79 V III . . 30 99 40 40 33 55 34 65 IX . . . 37 186 60 35 87 - 61 72 X . . . . 36 70 28 44 20 87 28 67
Mean 62 124 51 97 56 68 56 96
in ■P- 55
Small holdings appeared to use a s lig h tly higher cash per cultivated area presumably on account of a higher intensity of cropping. The unutilized portion was also highest on small farms because of a higher availability per acre. There were regional variations also.
It is difficult, however, to draw any generalization in this respect on this basis. \
CHAPTER VI
NORMATIVE CROPPING PATTERNS UNDER DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
Situation A
Earlier studies have shown that there is scope of bringing about changes in the cropping patterns which would promise higher 1 / returns even with the existing resource-restraints and technology.
It was, therefore, considered pertinent to examine the p o s s ib ilitie s and extent of changes in the existing cropping pattern which would come about, if resource-use is rationalized. This constituted
Situation A in this study. In this situation choice of real activities was, therefore, restricted to the crop enterprises currently being followed with the existing level of technology.
The input-output coefficients were, therefore, the same as used for the existing cropping plans. The resource restrictions in respect of land, irrigation, labor, cash and fertilizers were worked out at the existing level of availability. The fertilizer availability was assumed at the present level of 19 kilograms of calcium ammonium 2/ n itra te (CAN) and 1.4 kilograms of superphosphate per acre. Another
1 / Johl, S.S. and Kahlon, A.S.: "Economics of Cropping Pattern - An Analytical Study", Ind.Jour.Agrl.Econs.28(1), 1963. pp.132-142 2 / The Estimate is based on the quantities supplied during 1965-66 and the allocation for the year 1966-67.
56 important assumption in programming this situation was made that w hile irrig ated land could yield two crops in a year, double cropping was not possible on un-irrigated lands. The solutions obtained
through programming analysis for the synthetic holdings representing
small, medium and large holdings in different type-of-farming
regions are given in Appendix VII. The resource-use pattern is
given in Appendix X I I I . The normative cropping pattern so obtained
is summarised in Table 2k. Other important characteristics such as
intensity of cropping, seasonal d istrib u tio n of enterprises, per
acre returns to fixed farm resources, and extent of utilization of
irrigation and cash resources are given in Table 25.
Cropping Pattern of the State. The normative cropping pattern
estimated the total cropped area in this situation at 11,265,000 acres
as against the actual area of 12,629,000 acres during the year
1964-65. This decline was due to decrease in intensity of cropping.
The highyielding varieties did not enter the solution in this
situation, because they were not included in the alternatives
available in existing production plans of the sample farmers.
Foodgrains occupied major acreage in this situation as in the
existing production plans. Foodgrain crops were, however, marginally
substituted in favor of sugarcane and oilseeds. Within the foodgrain
crops, acreage under wheat, gram, barley and paddy declined. Maize
and b ajra. on the other hand, claimed a higher acreage. Cotton
acreage also declined on the whole. It was, however, s t i l l an
important crop in Regions IX, V II, X, V and I I . I
TABLE 24
PERCENTAGE OF CROPPED ACREAGE UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS IN THE PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION A
Region Wheat Gram Wheat Barley Maize Paddy Baj ra Total Cotton Sugar O il Other Total +Gram F.G. -cane seeds crops
1 ...... 22.8 0.0 0.0 10.9 16.1 3.7 0.0 53.5 0.0 7.8 16.7 22.1 100 II ...... 26.2 9.5 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.9 15.0 10.0 0.0 36.0 100 I l l ...... 55.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.0 0.0 63.2 0.0 8.2 0.0 28.6 100 IV ...... 49.2 10.3 11.1 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 76.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.4 100 V ...... 18.3 0.0 11.0 0.0 32.0 0.0 0.0 61.3 10.5 0.0 8.5 19.7 100 VI ...... 12.8 0.0 13.8 0.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 37.6 6.9 17.8 14.6 23.1 100 VII ...... 43.5 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 11.2 0.0 58.2 12.6 2.7 9.1 17.4 100 VIII ...... 30.8 3.7 14.1 0.0 20.5 0.0 0.0 69.1 3.8 0.0 13.3 13.8 100 IX ...... 22.8 19.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.3 2.7 58.0 30.2 0.0 0.0 11.8 100 X ...... 2.2 21.0 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 29.0 73.3 10.7 4.8 0.0 11.2 100 Average 28.5 8.4 5.0 1.8 9.3 2.8 3.2 59.0 9.0 5.1 6.2 20.7 100 Actual (1964-65) 30.8 14.8 0.0 2.0 7.5 5.7 3.1 64.0 9.7 2.4 4.7 19.2 100 Area luuu ntresy Estimated 3210 947 563 203 1048 315 360 6646 1013 575 698 2333 11265 Actual (1964-65) 3861 1838 mm 251 946 709 305 8000 1212 301 595 2531 12629 Production (OOO Tons) Estimated 2134 445 - 104 541 160 55 3439 122 874 242 - •m Actual (1964-65) 2360 666 mm 72 488 351 61 3998 146 444 215 *
u i 0 0 TABLE 25
CROPPING INTENSITY, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS, RETURNS TO FIXED FARM RESOURCES AND UTILIZATION OF IRRIGATION (APRIL-JULY) AND CASH INPUT PER ACRE, FOR DIFFERENT REGIONS UNDER SITUATION A.
Utilization Cropping Seasonal Net returns Uti1ization of of Cash per Region Intensity % Di strib u t ion per acre Rs. 1rriaation in % acre Rs. Sit.A E xist Rabi Khari f Si t.A Exist Sit.A Exi s t- S it.A Exist ing ing ing ing
1...... 108 147 58.1 41.9 234 301 0 0 42 63 II ...... 102 149 53.4 46.6 216 296 20.6 36.0 44 113 Ill . . . . 108 158 67.4 32.6 267 360 10.3 14.0 40 89 IV ...... 102 126 80.0 20.0 274 356 1.9 15.0 14 33 V...... 132 132 37.2 62.8 551 448 15.6 12.0 55 46 VI ...... 101 132 64.4 35.6 366 556 22.9 12.0 37 60 VII ...... 128 129 63.0 37.0 515 328 28.8 18.0 48 37 VIII . . . . m 142 67.4 32.6 535 430 33.7 35.0 26 34 IX ...... 129 104 46.9 53.1 511 421 13.4 37.0 36 61 X...... 113 109 46.0 54.0 446 382 42.8 15.0 28 25
Average 117.1 - 55.5 44.5 395 - 19.0 - 37 -
Exi stinq Average 133 52.8 47.2 388 ** 21 .2 67 Intensity of Cropping. The optimum cropping pattern so obtained for the state as a whole had an intensity of only 117-1 per cent compared to 133 per cent as at present. This fall was
pronounced in Regions 1, I I , I I I , IV and V I. This is due to
higher percentage of un-irrigated crops that have figured in. By assumption, the intensity on unirrigated lands has been restricted
to 100 per cent. In the existing situation double cropping is
followed on unirrigated lands in these regions when rains are
tim ely. Such rains, however, cannot be assumed for a ll the years.
In Region I I , lack of fe r tiliz e r s acted as a major re s tra in t. In
this region fertilizer is used at present at the average level of
69.7 kilograms of CAN. Situation A, on the other hand, restricts
the supply of this resource to 19 kilogram per acre only. Lack of
this resource, therefore, leaves a large part of the land u n -u tilize d .
In the other regions, the intensity shows a slight improvement over
the existing situation.
Seasonal Distribution of Enterprises. There occurred a minor
s h ift in favor of rabi crops in this situation. This was more
pronounced in areas with a lower intensity of cropping, apparently
due to a higher marginal value productivity associated with rabi
enterprises.
Returns to Fixed Farm Resources. The optimum cropping pattern
under this situation promised a small increase in return per acre over the existing production patterns. The net returns appeared to
be associated with the intensity of cropping, because the returns declined in Regions l ( I I , 111, IV, and V I, which had a lower intensity. In the other regions where the intensity of cropping did not decline, re-allocation of land among the various a c tiv itie s , led to substantial gains, i.e., Rs.512 per acre as against the overall average of Rs.388 for the whole state and Rs.*f02 per acre for these regions with the existing production plans. The analysis showed that net returns to fixed resources could be increased by 27.36 per cent through such a re-allocation. This underlined the need for adjustments in the cropping plans of farmers in view of the changing input-product price relationship.
Irrigation-Use. In the programmed production patterns, the irrigation resource during the peak scarcity period of April-July remained markedly under-utilized, the average utilization being only
21.2 per cent. This was because in this situation, the choice of crops was restricted to the enterprises being followed by farmers in the current plans which are so adjusted as not to include the activities with high water requirements during this period. The existence of this surplus resource needs to be exploited by introducing some short duration crops.
Use of Liquid Capital. The enterprise mix in Situation A included input-light crops in respect of capital. The average requirements of cash per acre were, therefore, only Rs.37 in this situ atio n , which was lower than the existing level of Rs.67, and s t i l l lower than the average level of a v a ila b ility of Rs.152 per acre. Permanent Labor. Permanent labor did not act as a restrain t in the production plans in this situation except on large holdings in Region V III and medium and large holdings in Region IX, On large holdings labor could be usually hired and even labor saving devices could be used. Programming fo r these holdings, was, therefore, done after removing this restraint. The normative solutions so obtained raised the intensity of cropping from 115 per cent to 177 per cent on the medium holdings in Region V III, from 106 per cent to 143 per cent on medium holdings in Region IX, and from 41 per cent to 106 per cent in case of large holdings in
Region IX. This led to corresponding increases in the net returns per acre as well.
Ferti1izer-Use. Under the existing technology nitrogenous fertilizers constituted the major restraint. The use of super phosphate was not very common. The normative plans for this situation used up all of the CAN available.
Situation JB
There is quite a strong desire at present to introduce new technology in the field of agriculture. Some economic studies at the m icro-level, however, have shown that if improved techniques are followed without augmenting the existing lim ited resources of the cultivators, the farm income would decrease instead of increasing, or otherwise the improved technology w ill not be adopted in a complete package of practices. This situation examines the extent and nature of changes that would occur in different regions of the
state and for the state as a whole, if improved technology with
complete set of improved practices is pushed without augmenting the
limited farm resources. It was intended also to find out the
extent to which highyielding varieties would enter the production
plans fo r maximising this objective under this situ atio n . In this
situation, the crop activities were, therefore, included only at
the improved level of technology. No activity at the existing
level of technology was considered. However, the choice of crop
enterprises was not restricted to the activities followed by the
farmer. All the possible activities permitted by the land use
adaptabi1ity were included in the problem matrix. Restrictions in
respect of land, irrigation, labor and fertilizers were kept at the
present level of availability. The cash restriction was removed.
The normative solutions obtained through programming are
shown in Appendix V I I I . The resource-use patterns are presented in
Appendix X I I I . The optimum cropping patterns are summarised in
Table 26. The intensity of cropping, the distribution of activities
over rabi and kharif seasons, net returns to fixed, farm resources,
and the utilization of irrigation and cash resources for each
region are shown in Table 27.
Cropping Pattern. The restraints in respect of level of
technology and fertilizer availability imposed in this situation
demanded major changes in the existing production plans in order to TABLE 26
PERCENTAGE OF CROPPED ACREAGE UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE PUNJAB UNDER SITUAtlON B
Wheat Gram Wheat Bar- Maize Paddy Bajra Bajra Total Cot- Sugar O il- Others Tot- Region plus ley Hy. F.G ton -cane seeds al. Gram
I ...... 13.12 0.00 0.0 7.22 0.00 3.70 43.02 - 67.06 - 32.94 100 I I ...... - 3.15 - - - - - 2.20 - - 41.00 56.80 100 I I I ...... - 2.09 - 38.94 - - 41.03 - - 31.07 45.90 100 I V ...... - 1.94 - 5.29 - - 36.96 - 44.19 - - 13.82 41.99 100 V ...... - 0.49 - 49.55 - 50.04 - - 13.15 36.81 100 VI ...... - - - 48.70 - - 10.19 - 58.89 - - 2.90 38.21 100 V I I ...... - 2.43 - 37.14 - - - - 39.57 - - 20.82 39.61 100 V I I I ...... - 1.76 - 1.76 - - 55.14 43.10 100 IX ...... - 1.49 - 51.47 - - 13.57 1.17 67.70 - 3.20 - 29.10 100 X ...... - 2.01 - 37.48 - - 34.37 - 73.86 - - 0.81 25.33 100
Average 1.31 1.53 - 27.57 - 0.37 13.80 0.12 44.07 - 0.3 16.0 39.0 100 Percentage (1964-65) 30.8 14.8 - 2.0 7.5 5.7 3.1 - 64.0 9.7 2.4 4.7 19.2 100
Area (000 Acre) Estimated 76 89 0 1609 0 22 805 7 2608 0 18 933 2276 5835 Actual(1964-65) 3861 1838 - 251 946 809 305 - 8000 1202 301 595 2531 12629 Production (000 tons) Estimated 46 67 0 2327 0 26 483 8 2957 0 54 561 Actual (1964-65) 2360 666 - 72 488 351 61 - 3998 146 444 215
ON -F- TABLE 27
INTENSITY OF CROPPING, SEASONAL UTILIZATDN, RETURN AND UTILIZATION OF IRRIGATION AND CASH RESOURCES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION B
Cropping Seasons 1 Net returns Uti1ization of U ti1ization of Intensity % Distribution Rs.per acre 1rrigation % cash per acre Rs. Region Sit.B. Exist Rabi Khar if Sit.B Exist Sit.B Exist Sit.B Exist ing ing ing ing
1 . . . . 73 147 31.9 68.1 120 301 - - 103 63 II ... 59 149 66.1 33.9 191 296 - 36.0 170 113 I l l . . . 59 158 74.1 25.9 183 360 0.6 14.0 184 89 IV . . . 56 126 37.2 62.8 154 356 - 15.0 111 33 V . . . . 72 132 64.8 35.2 181 448 - 12.0 175 46 VI . . . 61 132 64.0 36.0 175 556 - 12.0 192 60 VII . . . 55 129 76.1 23.9 189 328 - 18.0 102 37 V III . . 47 142 72.6 27.4 205 430 - 35.0 83 34 IX . . . 49 104 64.5 35.5 162 421 5.3 37.0 108 61 X . . . . 49 109 50.1 49.9 159 382 - 15.0 71 25
Average Sit.B 58 - 60.1 39.9 172 - 1.3 130 Existing Sit. ■* 133 52.4 47.6 388 21.2 67
vnON maximise the objective function. Crops with low f e r t iliz e r requirements dominated the production plans, so that the area under barley increased to 16,09,000 acres from the 1964-65 level of only 251,000 acres. For the same reason acreage under bajra rose from 305,000 to 812,000 acres, while acreage under oilseeds
(mostly to ria and groundnut) increased from 595»000 acres to
933,000. Crops requiring heavy fertilization were relegated to a much less important position. Maize and cotton were completely eliminated, while the premier crop of the state,wheat, could retain only 76,000 acres out of 38,61,000 acres under this crop in the year 1984-65. Gram and paddy also suffered heavily in acreage.
As a result of these changes, the to ta l cropped area was reduced to less than half the 1964-65 level. The production of foodgrains fell to less than one-third of the present level and the major foodgrains remained only barley and b ajra. The production of wheat which is the staple food of the s ta te , declined to only 2 per cent of the current level. Gram retained only 5 per cent of its present
production. Punjab emerged as a highly d e fic it state in the matter of foodgrains and sugar. There was no cotton and little paddy to export. The only gain in production was in respect of oilseeds.
Intensity of Cropping. The normative solutions under this
situation achieved an overall intensity of only 58 per cent against
133 per cent at present, so that 42 per cent of the cultivated land
remains un-cropped fo r the whole year. Such a low u tiliz a tio n of the land resource results from the low level of f e r t i li z e r availability. No other factor had such a restricting effect on intensity of cropping in this situation, except at the large holdings in Region IX where a shortage of labor added to the adverse effect of fertilizer shortage. Here the intensity went down to 29 per cent.
Seasonal Distribution. On the whole the distribution went in favor of rabi crops as compared with kharif crops under irrigated conditions. Unirrigated areas, however, favored kharif crops, because unirrigated bajra (a kharif crop) with its low fertilizer requirement is a particularly suitable choice for farms operating under conditions of fertilizer shortage.
Net Returns to Fixed Farm Resources. The average net returns per acre went as low as Rs.172 as against Rs.388 under the existing situation. This was largely due to the low intensity of cropping.
Another reason was that unirrigated crops with low fertilizer requirements dominated the production plans in this situ ation.
Such enterprises generally give lower net returns as compared with irrigated crops grown under re la tiv e ly heavier doses of f e r t iliz e r s .
This is borne out by the fact that net returns were lower on unirrigated areas, although intensity of cropping in some situations was higher. The highest net returns per acre accrued in Region V III where toria was a most suitable enterprise, because of its capacity to give high yields and income with relatively low doses of nitrogen. 68
Irrigation-Use. The normative production plans under this situation did not u tiliz e more than 1.3 per cent of the total
irrigation water available during the peak scarcity period April-
July. This situation favored unirrigated crop enterprises because of their low requirements of fertilizers.
Liquid Capital Utilization. In spite of low intensity of cropping and low net returns, this situation demanded a higher
liquid cash input than that in the existing situation. The improved technology requires the use of costly inputs such as fertilizers while the existing technology needs a much smaller out-of-pocket
investment.
Use of Permanent Labor. The production plans left a considerable unused permanent labor force practically in all regions.
I t was only in the case of large holdings in Region IX, that permanent labor exercised a restricting influence during the period from 15th October to 15th November. In this case reprogramming without labor restriction, could raise cropping intensity and net
returns.
Ferti1izer Use. The normative plans used up all the nitrogenous fertilizer available, but still leaving about 42 per cent of the
land un-used. The plans u tiliz e d a ll the available superphosphate
as w e ll, except in Region I where on medium and large holdings the
plans seemed to favor crop enterprises with low or no phosphate
requirements. This suggested the need fo r developing rational production plans for different type of farming regions, so that the allocations of scarce resources such as fertilizers could be based on actual needs of an area.
Policy implications. Normative solutions for this situation suggest strongly that a complete switch-over to improved technology does not maximise physical production or net returns to fixed resources, at the current level of fertilizer supply, and that insistence on the adoption of complete dose of fertilizer over the entire cropped area, is unrealistic and irrational. Further, inclusion of highyielding varieties with the present fertilizer resources, will not be found profitable by farmers, as it will reduce net returns to their fixed resources. Introduction of hybrid bajra as an unirrigated enterprise is, however, possible. This analysis clearly brought out that improved technology cannot be rationally pushed up with the present shortage of essential inputs like fertilizers. These resources will have to be augmented before the packages of improved practices are accepted by the cultivators.
This explains somewhat the low level of adoption of complete package of improved technology in the state.
Situation £
Existing irrigation and labor restrictions were retained in this situation. The cash restrictions were removed. The fertilizer supply was restricted to the present level of 19 kilograms of CAN and \.k kilograms of superphosphate per acre, as in Situation B. 7°
I t has been observed in Situation B that restric tin g the choice of enterprise to crop activities at an improved level only does not maximise net returns at the current level of fertilizer availability.
Existing technology must, therefore, continue side by side with the
improved technology t i l l f e r t i li z e r supplies improve. This situ atio n ,
therefore, included activities at the improved as well as the
existing level of technology. The intention is to indicate the
extent to which the existing activities can be replaced by the
highyielding varieties or other activities at the improved technology.
The normative optimum production plans for the different
regions are given in Appendix IX. The resource-use patterns are
shown in Appendix X I I I . The cropping pattern in a summary form
is reproduced in Table 28. Table 30 brings out some important
characteristics of the new cropping patterns so obtained.
Cropping Pattern. The to ta l cropped area under this situation
was estimated at 11,064,000 acres against the 1964-65 acreage of
12,629,000. The f a ll occurred ch iefly in foodgrains, but was shared
by cotton and sugarcane as w e ll. Oilseed acreage increased because
of comparatively higher returns to fixed farm resources per acre
promised by these crops. Among the foodgrains wheat was the major
crop. The decline in acreage was, however, the greatest under this
crop. Barley acreage increased because of low fertilizer requirements.
Fertilizer availability was, thus, the principal determinant in the
selection of crop enterprise under this situation. TABLE 28
PERCENTAGE OF CROPPED AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION C
EBnraBBSBsaBBBCBEannBacasaM BsssBBnBEaBaBBsaanaa Foodgrain crops (Improved Technology) Region Highyielding Varieties Other Varieties Wheat Maize Paddy Ba j ra Total Wheat Maize Paddy Bajra Gram W+G Barley Total
!•••••••• 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.8 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.4 II ••••••• 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 20.6 22.1 IV • • • ■ • • • 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.4 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 VI • • • • • • • 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 17.0 22.5 VII ...... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.0 0.0 3.0 6.7 VIII ...... 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.2 14.5 IX • • • • • • • 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 10.7 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 3.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 9.9 Average 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.6 0.0 6.4 9.2 Average (1964-65) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Area (000 Acres) Estimated 0.0 0.0 0.0 188. 188 44 0.0 0.0 199 66 0.0 708 1018 Actual (1964-65) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Production (000 M. ton) Estimated 0.0 0.0 0.0 226 226 66 0.0 0.0 126 52 0.0 637 881 Actual (1964-65) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TABLE 28 (Contd.)
Food crops (Existing Technology) Non-Foodgrain crops Reg i on Wheat Maize Paddy Bajra Gram W + Barley Total Total Cotton Sugar Oil- Other Total G F.G -cane seeds crops
1 « . « . 0.0 15.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.9 51.0 61.2 0.0 0.0 16.7 22.1 100 II . . . . 15.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 0.0 3.3 28.4 29.6 17.2 0.0 16.5 36.7 100 I I I . . . . 35.3 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.3 64.3 0.0 6.6 0.0 29.1 100 IV . . . . 40.8 0.0 0.0 2.3 12.1 10.0 0.0 65.2 68.1 0.0 0.0 7.4 24.4 100 V. . . . . 28.8 31.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.3 61.0 11.0 0.0 8.5 19.5 100 VI . . . 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.2 0.0 18.0 40.5 16.8 6.4 15.3 21.5 100 V II. . . . 35.9 0.0 8.1 7.3 0.0 0.0 4.1 55.4 62.1 12.5 2.4 7.7 15.3 100 VIM . . . 16.8 12.2 3.3 0.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 35.4 54.2 3.0 0.0 27.8 15.0 100 IX . . . . 18.9 0.0 22.6 3.7 14.7 0.0 0.0 59.9 71.7 8.9 4.6 0.0 14.8 100 X. . . . 1.5 0.0 0.0 29.2 34.6 0.3 0.5 57.1 70.6 14.0 5.2 0.2 10.0 100 Average 19.4 7.1 3.4 3.3 7.6 2 .4 4.3 47.5 58.4 8.3 2.5 10.0 20.8 100 Averaqe (1964-65) 30.8 7.5 5.7 3.1 14.8 tm 2.0 64.0 64.0 9.0 2.4 4.7 19.2 100 Acreaqe (000) Estimated 2146 786 376 365 841 266 476 5256 6462 918 277 1106 2301 11064 Actual (1964-65) 3861 946 709 395 1838 250 8000 8000 1202 301 595 2531 12629 Production (000 tons) Estimated 1392 406 186 56 353 0 243 2636 3743 111 407 315 Actual (1964-65) 2360 488 351 61 666 0.0 72 3998 3998 146 444 215 - ■i TABLE 29
AREA & PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL CROPS UNDER DIFFERENT VARIETIES AND LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGY IN PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION C
Percentage of the total Area (000 Acres) Production (000 tons) cropped area. Crop Imp. Exist- Total Imp. Exist- Total Imp. Exist- Total c / Tech. ing c/ Tech. ing c/ Tech. ing H.VT Tech. H.V. Tech. H.V. Tech.
Wheat . . . 0.0 0.4 19.4 19.8 0 44 2146 2190 0 66 1392 1458 Maize . . . 0.0 0.0 7.1 1 7.1 0 0 786 786 0 0 406 406 Paddy . . . 0 .0 0.0 3.4 3.4 0 0 376 376 0 0 186 186 Bajra . . . 1.7 1.8 3.3 6.8 188 199 365 752 226 126 56 408 Gram .. . . 0 .0 0.6 7.6 8.2 0 66 841 907 0 52 353 405 W+G.— . . . 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.4 0 0 266 266 0 0 0 0 Barley. 0.0 6 .4 4.3 10.7 0 708 476 1184 0 637 243 880 Total F.G^' 1.7 9.2 47.5 58.4 188 1018 5256 6462 226 881 2636 3743 Cotton. . . 0.0 0.0 8.3 8.3 0 0 918 918 0 0 111 111 Sugarcane . 0.0 o.o 2.5 2.5 0 0 277 277 0 0 407 407 Oilseeds. . 0.0 0.0 10.0 70.0 0 0 1106 1106 0 0 315 315 Others. . . 0.0 0.0 20.8 20.8 0 0 2301 2301 0 0
G.Total 1.7 9.2 89.1 100 188 1018 9858 11064 226 881 - wm
a / W+G means wheat + gram mixture. b/ F.G. means foodgrains. c/ H.V. means highyielding varieties. TABLE 30
CROPPING INTENSITY, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS, RETURN AND UTILIZATION OF IRRIGATION (APRIL-JULY) AND CASH RESOURCES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION C
Cropping Seasonal Net return U ti1ization of U ti1ization of Intensi ty Distribution % per Acre Rs. 1rrigation % Cash per acre Rs. Region Sit.C Exist Rabi Kharif Sit.C Exist" Sit.C. Exist S it.C . Exist ing ing ing ing
1 .... • 108 147 60.2 39.8 257 301 0.0 0.0 29 63
II . . . . 101 149 60.9 39.1 271 296 12.2 36.0 34 113 III. . . . 109 158 70.0 30.0 292 360 3.1 14.0 39 89 IV . . . . 99 126 82.0 18.0 324 356 0.0 15.0 21 33 V. . . . . 131 132 37.5 62.5 556 448 14.6 12.0 56 46 VI . . . . 106 132 39.3 60.7 395 556 30.4 12.0 40 60 VII. . . . 143 129 57.9 42.1 552 328 26.3 18.0 50 37 VIII . . . 135 142 69.1 30.9 539 430 21.7 35.0 34 34 IX . . . . 95 104 51.0 49.0 462 421 18.6 37.0 38 61
X. • . . . 121 109 41.9 58.1 504 382 41.0 15.0 41 25
Average Sit.C 115 - 56.9 43.1 415 m m 18.0 m m 38 — Average aa Ex i s t i ng - 133 52.4 47.6 388 - 21.2 67 75
Intensity of Cropping. The programming of this situation led to a better utilization of the land resource. The intensity increased to 115 per cent (Table 30) which was almost twice as much as the intensity realised in Situation B. This was s t i l l lower than the existing intensity of 133 per cent. This was because of the f e r t i li z e r restrain t and also the assumption of an intensity of
100 per cent on unirrigated areas. The substitution of existing technology over a part of the cropped area, also contributed towards the fall in cropping intensity.
Seasonal D istrib u tio n . There was a s lig h t s h ift in favor of the rabi crops in this situation as compared with the existing situation (Table 30). The s h ift was, however, less than that which occurred when only improved technology was considered. The percentage of kharif crops increased with an increase in the proportion of irrigated area on which it is possible to grow some income-bright enterprises during the kharif season.
Returns to Fixed Farm Resources. The improvement in returns per acre over Situation B was marked. This situation gave a higher net.return over the existing situation by a margin of Rs.27 per acre in spite of the low intensity of cropping assumed on unirrigated lands. If we consider only the Regions V, VII, V III, IX and X with a comparatively lower ra in fa ll where the difference in intensity was not marked, the net returns per acre worked out to be Rs.523 against Rs.402 under the existing situation and Rs.395 per acre under
Situation A. Use of Irrigation. The cropping pattern so obtained utilized
irrigation water available during April-July to the extent of 18 per cent (Table 30) as against 21.2 per cent in the existing situation and 19 per cent in Situation A. The introduction of
improved technology in this situation over a part of the area did not, thus, lead to any additional requirement of water. A large surplus of irrigation during April-July still existed, which would need to be suitably exploited.
Use of Liquid Capital. The cash input required per acre worked out to an average of Rs.38 against Rs.67 in the existing
situation and Rs.37 in the situation A. The cash component of the
variable costs was lower than that under the existing situation in all type-of-farming areas. This showed that adoption of improved
technology to the extent i t maximised the net returns to fixed farm
resources, w ithin the framework of existing restrain ts , did not
necessitate additional cash investment on an overall basis. The
a v a ila b ility of cash, however, was not a lim itatio n in any of the
areas in this situation.
Permanent Labor. The normative plans under this situation
did not utilize all the permanent labor available at the farms,
except on medium or large holdings in Regions V II, VIII and IX.
Since labor could be hired at the larger holdings which were
comparatively few in number, labor might not be regarded as a serious
re s tra in t. F e r t i1izer Use. This was the principal restrain t in the adoption of improved technology as well as in introduction of highyielding varieties under this situ atio n . The normative plans consumed the entire available nitrogen and phosphorus in all regions, except fo r small quantities of superphosphate rendered surplus on account of choice of crops requiring no phosphatic fertilization in bet areas of Region I.
Adoption of Improved Technology. S h ift towards improved technology at the recommended level was possible to the extent of
44.000 acres under wheat, 199,000 acres under bajra (in addition
to 188,000 acres under hybrid bajra), 66,000 acres under gram and
708.000 acres under barley. S h ift to improved technology was not
possible in the case of maize, paddy, cotton, sugarcane and because of th e ir high f e r t iliz e r requirements. Bulk of the cropped area continued to be planted with the existing technology which was a
better alternative to leaving the land uncropped due to the
fertilizer shortage.
Adoption of Highyielding Varieties. Hybrid bajra (mostly
unirrigated) was the only crop from this group which entered the
cropping plans under this s itu atio n . Other highyielding varieties
of crops like maize, paddy, wheat and even irrigated bajra did not
enter the programs, because of the very heavy f e r t i li z e r input
requirements. 78
Production. Estimated production under various groups of crops under this situation showed that a rational allocation of land among various crops made w ith a view to maximising net returns to fixed farm resources, did not lead to maximisation of food production.
Oilseeds claimed greater acreage under the existing level of fertilizer availability because of their low fertilizer input requirements.
S i tuation £
The analysis, so far, has been restricted to the available
supplies of fertilizers. But efforts are being made to increase the
supplies of fertilizers substantially during the Fourth Five-Year
Plan. It w ill, therefore, be of interest to know how the cropping
patterns in the state would be affected by the increased availability
of fe r ti 1 izers.
Programming under this situation was, however, restricted to
improved technology only. The fertilizer availabi1ity was raised to
80 kilograms of CAN and **0 kilograms of superphosphate per acre, the
level expected to be achieved by the end of the Fourth Five-Year U Plan* Restraints in respect of labor and irrig a tio n were placed
at the existing level. Cash was not considered as a restraint in
1/ The expected allocation of CAN and superphosphate during the year is 0.77 million tons and O .385 m illion tons of super phosphate. This works out to about 80 kilograms of CAN and kO kilograms of superphosphate per acre. this situ atio n . The normative cropping plans in various regions
under these restraints would indicate the type of cropping pattern
Punjab would have by the end of the Fourth Plan in case the existing
technology were to be completely dispensed w ith. It was further
intended to assess the extent to which the cultivation of high
yielding varieties could be extended consistent with the objective
of maximising net returns to fixed farm resources.
The normative solutions worked out through programming and
the resourceuse pattern under the situation are presented in
Appendix X and X III respectively. Based on these, the cropping
patterns for the different regions and the state as a whole are
indicated in Table 31. Table 32 shows the major characteristics
of these cropping patterns.
Cropping Pattern. On the basis of the normative solutions
obtained under this situation, the total cropped area of the state
worked out to be 11,160,000 acres against 12,629>000 acres in the
year 1964-65. The decline in absolute terms was shared by foodgrains,
cotton and sugarcane. On a re la tiv e basis, however, the foodgrain
acreage increased to 69.1 per cent of the total cropped area against
only 64 per cent in the cropping pattern for 1964-65. Cotton
appeared to be the worst casualty. The programs included only 45,000
acres for this crop against 1964-65 acreage of 1,202,000. Further
the entire acreage under cotton in this situation was allocated to
desi cotton. The medium and long-stapled varieties were completely TABLE 31
PERCENTAGE OF ACREAGE UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION D
Foodgrain crops Highyielding Varieties Other Varieties Wheat Maize Paddy Bajra Total Wheat Maize Paddy Bajra Gram Barley Total Total FG*
I...... 0.0 0.0 0 33.0 33.0 19.8 0.0 0 19.4 8.4 0.0 47.1 80.1 II...... 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 18.7 8.7 0 0.5 9.5 0.0 37.4 37.4 Ill* • • « » . • 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 34.8 4.3 0 13.3 5.3 14.5 72.2 72.2 IV..««.«* 0.0 1.6 0 26.7 28.3 11.6 1.2 0 16.3 18.8 0.0 47.9 76.2 V...... 0.0 , 0.0 0 0.4 0.4 53.1 0.0 0 14.6 0.9 7.8 76.4 76.8 V !••••••• 0.0 0.0 0 7.8 7.8 35.3 0.0 0 21.7 0.7 2.8 60.5 68.3 VII...... 0.0 0.0 0 0.2 0.2 36.3 0.2 0 22.1 6.2 6.6 71.4 71.6 VIII...... 0.0 0.7 0 1.6 2.3 19.9 4.1 2.6 11.9 8.6 0.0 47.1 49.4 IX...... 3.4 0.0 0 16.3 19.7 18.1 0.0 0 0.0 20.1 14.1 52.4 72.1 X...... 0.0 1.0 0 20.8 21.8 22.6 0 0 11.8 20.3 9.0 63.7 85.5 Average 0.3 0.3 0 10.7 11.3 27.0 1.9 0.3 13.1 10.0 5.5 57.8 69.1 Actual (1964-65) 0 0 0 0 0 30.8 7.5 5.7 3.1 14.8 2.0 64.0 64.0 Area (000 Acres) Estimated 3.4 33 0 1194 1261 3013 212 33 1462 1116 614 6450 7711 Actual (1964-65) 0 0 0 0 0 3861 946 709 395 1838 251 8000 8000 Production (000 tons) Estimated 82 66 0 720 868 4218 212 40 877 670 550 6567 7435 Actual (1964-65) 0 0 0 0 0 2360 488 351 61 666 72 3998 3998
00 o TABLE 31 (C ontd.)
Region Non Food Crops
Cotton Sugarcane O i1seeds Others Total
1 ...... 0 0 0 18.9 100
II ...... 0 0 36.6 26.0 100 I l l ...... 0.4 2.5 2.8 22.1 100 IV ...... 0 0 2.1 21.7 100 V ...... 0.3 1.0 0 21.9 100 VI ...... 0 0.9 12.3 19.5 100 VII ...... 0 2.4 7.3 18.7 100 VIII ...... 0 0 34.3 16.3 100 IX ...... 3.7 8.4 0 15.8 100 X ...... 0 2.2 0.5 11.8 100
Average 0.4 1.7 9.6 19.2 100 Actual (1964-65) 9.7 2.4 4.7 19.2 100 Area (000 Acre) Estimated 45 190 1071 2143 11160 Actual (1964-65) 1202 301 595 2531 12629 Production (000 tons) Estimated 14 570 664 - tm Actual (1964-65) 146 444 215
A FG means foodgrains. TABLE 32
INTENSITY OF CROPPING, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION, RETURNS, AND UTILIZATION OF IRRIGATION AND CASH RESOURCES, IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION D
Cropping Seasona1 Returns U ti1ization of Utilization of Intens ity Distribution per acre Irrigation % Cash per acre Reg ion Sit.D Exist Rabi Kharif Sit.D Exist Sit.D Exist Sit.D Exist ing ing ing ing
1 . . . . . 108 147 43.4 56.6 385 301 0.0 0 .0 78 63 II . . . . 132 149 75.3 24.7 727 296 4.6 36.0 110 113 I l l . . . . 122 158 67.1 32.9 659 360 6.2 14.0 90 89 IV . . . . 113 126 40.1 59.9 479 356 1.4 15.0 87 33 \l . . . . . 116 132 70.7 29.3 717 448 1.9 12.0 79 46 VI . . . . 122 132 45.9 54.1 656 556 3.3 12.0 106 60 VII . . . . 120 129 63.7 36.3 690 328 14.2 18.0 91 37 V III . . . 125 142 64.7 35.3 732 430 11.2 35.0 95 34 IX . . . . 92 104 58.7 41.3 550 421 17.8 37.0 93 61 X . . . . . 108 109 56.9 43.1 578 382 6.8 15.0 95 25
Average 116 - 58.6 4 l.4 617 8.4 - 92 - Ex i s t i ng Situation 133 52.4 47.6 *a 388 21.2 mm 67
" elim inated. Sugarcane acreage f e ll from 301>000 to 19*000 acres.
Oilseed acreage increased substantially. Their acreage was nearly doubled. Toria was the major oilseed crop with 80 per cent of the acreage under this group. The rest of the 20 per cent oilseed acreage went to peanut, half of which was irrigated. Within the foodgrain crops there was a sig n ifican t decline in acreage under wheat, maize, paddy and gram. Ba jra and barley occupied larger acreage. Nearly 88 per cent of the wheat acreage was irrig ated .
Part of the unirrigated wheat acreage shifted to barley.
Returns to Fixed Farm Resources. The increase in the supplies of fertilizers raised the net returns to Rs.6l7 per acre, as compared with only Rs.388 under the existing situation and Rs.172 under the comparable Situation B with the existing low a v a ila b ility of fertilizers. Marginal returns to investment on fertilizers, thus, worked out to be very high. The fertilizer use could, therefore, be pushed up p ro fitab ly.
Intensity of Cropping. The new production program gave an average intensity of 116 per cent, which, although less than the existing intensity, is nearly twice that possible under the comparable
Situation B at a lower level of fertilizer availability. This
brought out very clearly how essential it is to increase fertilizer
supplies in case improved technology is to make any headway. Even at the 1970-71 level of availability, fertilizers would constitute
the principal restraint to production and intensity of cropping. 84
Seasona1 D istrib u tio n . The optimum cropping pattern in this situation included more of rabi crops which claimed 58.6 per cent of the total cropped acreage. This trend was more marked on irrigated lands. This was because rabi crops gave higher net returns per unit input of fertilizers, as compared to kharif crops.
Use of Irrig a tio n . The optimum production plans under this situation utilized only 8.4 per cent of the available irrigation facilities during the Apri1-July scarcity period. Irrigation did not, thus, turn out to be a restraint under this situation.
Use of Liquid C ap ital. These production programs needed a higher cash investment. Average cash input worked out to be Rs.92 per acre as against Rs.67 in the existing situation. The higher cash needs emerged primarily on account of higher fertilizer use.
Use of Ferti i izer. In almost all the regions available nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers were completely utilized. A surplus of phosphatic f e r t i li z e r , however, was observed in Region I as the cropping plans included enterprises with low phosphatic fertilizer requirements. Normative plans under this situation brought out that fertilizers would be crucial inputs exercising profound influence on cropping patterns at the end of the Fourth Plan.
Use of Permanent Labor. Permanent labor did not turn out to be a restraint except on medium or large holdings in Regions VIII and
IX. This, however, should not be regarded as a serious re s tra in t, as casual labor could be hired as needed. In most of the cases a lot of surplus labor was available, which would need off**farm employment.
Adoption of Highyielding Varieties, Even at the enhanced level of fertilizer availability as expected by the end of the
Fourth Five-Year Plan, the optimum cropping pattern included the highyielding varieties to the extent of only 12,61,000 acres.
Hybrid bajra figured on 9^.7 per cent of this acreage, the balance being shared almost equally between Mexican wheat and hybrid maize.
Bajra would be favored because of its comparatively lower requirements of fertilizers, particularly under unirrigated conditions. Inclusion of paddy in the production programs did not seem to be consistent with the economic objective of maximising net returns to fixed farm resources. It would be, therefore, doubtful if targets fixed by the state under the highyielding varieties program, v iz ., 2 m illio n acres of wheat, 0.365 million acres for maize and 0.3 million acres for rice could be fulfilled with the fertilizer availability expected at the end of the Fourth Plan.
Production. The production estimates as given in the Table 33 were highly in favor of^foodgrains and oilseeds. Production of both would be nearly doubled as compared to 196^-65 level. Sugarcane production also would improve in spite of a decline in acreage.
Cotton production would, on the other hand, f a ll below 10 per cent of the current level of production. The estimated production under 86 this situation could be compared with the state targets for the
Fourth Plan in the following Table 33.
TABLE 33
TARGETS AND ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL CROPS IN THE PUNJAB BY THE END OF FOURTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN
000 tons ______
Commod i ty Target* Estimated Production
Foodgrains ...... 7435 Sugarcane (Gur) ...... 680 570 Oilseeds ...... 300 664 C o tto n ...... 14
A Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Punjab, Chandigarh.
The analysis, thus, indicated that based on rational production plans with the current price relationship and the expected level of fertilizer availability under this situation the targets of foodgrains and oilseeds would be exceeded. There would be a s h o rtfall of about 90,000 tons in oilseed production. The magnitude of a possible sho rtfall in cotton production, however, might be a matter of concern under this s itu atio n , especially when long staple cotton might be completely eliminated from the production plans. Situation £
This situation assumed conditions comparable to those lik e ly to prevail at the end of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970*71). Crop activities considered were both at the existing and the improved
level of technology including highyielding varieties. Fertilizer supply was restricted to 80 kilograms of CAN and 40 kilograms of superphosphate per acre on the basis of the expected supplies in
1970- 71 , Irrigation and labor restrictions were assumed at the current level because they were not expected to change substantially during the Plan period. The cash restric tio n was, however, relaxed as in the previous situation. The analysis aimed at finding out how
far it would be possible to switch-over to the improved technology and the highyielding varieties in the optimum cropping pattern by
the end of the Fourth Plan.
The normative cropping plans so worked out are given in
Appendix X I, Resource-use pattern in each case is shown in
Appendix X I I I . Normative solutions giving optimum cropping pattern
for the state are presented in Table 34, while the resource-use
patterns are indicated in Table 35.
Cropping Pattern. Total cropped area under this situation was estimated at 13,373,000 acres as against the current cropped
acreage of 12,629,000 acres. Area under foodgrains rose to 8.69
m illio n acres, as against the 1964-65 acreage of 8.0 m illio n s.
This marked an improvement over Situation D and was made possible TABLE 34
PERCENTAGE OF CROPPED AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION E
Foodgrain crops
Region Highyielding Varieties Other Varieties (Improved Technology) Wheat Maize Paddy Ba j ra Total Wheat Maize Paddy Bajra Gram Barley Total
1 ...... 0.0 0.0 0 39.6 39.6 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 8 .4 0.0 8.4 II ...... 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 17.1 1.5 0 2.8 15.1 0.0 36.5 I l l ...... 0.0 0.0 0 4.5 4.5 39.6 0.0 0 6.7 4.0 0.0 50.3 IV ...... 2.8 1.6 0 25.4 29.8 4.5 0.0 0 3.4 6.1 0.0 14.0 V ...... 0.0 0.0 0 4.6 4.6 23.4 0.0 0 1.9 7.8 0.9 34.0 VI...... 0.0 0.7 0 13.0 13.7 23.4 0.0 0 1.5 2.9 0.0 27.8 VII ...... 0.0 0.0 0 11.6 11.6 21.0 0.0 0 0.0 11.4 2.9 35.3 VIII ...... 0.8 3.5 0 6.7 11.0 21.4 0.0 0 0.0 7.5 0.0 28.9 IX ...... 4.6 0.0 0 4.4 9.0 3.0 0.0 0 0.0 18.7 0.0 21.7 X ...... 3.0 1.0 0 22.4 26.4 5.9 0.0 0 0.2 14.1 2.1 22.3
Average 1.12 0.70 0 13.20 15.02 15.93 0.15 0 1.65 9.60 0.59 27.92 Actual (1964-65) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Area (000 Acre) O — 0 LA Estimated 94 0 1765 2009 3130 20 0 221 1284 79 3734 Actual (1964-65) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Production (000 TonsT Estimated 360 188 0 2150 2698 3195 20 0 133 87 1 63 4272 Actual (1964-65) 0000 0 0 000 00 0 TABLE 34 (Contd.)
Food crops (Existing Technology) Region Wheat Maize Paddy Baj ra Gram Wheat Barley Total food- P lus grains Gram
1 ...... 16.1 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.9 27.5 75.5 II ...... 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 9.5 46.0 I l l ...... 6.1 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.3 74.1 IV ...... 13.9 2.5 0.0 0.0 12.3 5.5 0.0 34.2 78.0 V ...... 3.9 28.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 34.0 78.0 VI ...... 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 4.7 46.2 VII ...... 4.8 4.8 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.9 63.8 VIII ...... 8.6 5.4 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 57.5 IX ...... 11.3 0.0 15.8 0.0 9.4 0.0 0.0 36.5 67.2 X ...... 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 6.4 0.0 3.3 20.4 69.1
Average 6.47 6.68 2.67 1.07 3.13 0.82 1.22 22.06 65.00 Actual (1964-65) 30.8 7.0 5.7 3.1 14.8 - 2.0 64.0 64.0 Area (000 Acre) Estimated 865 893 357 143 419 110 163 2950 8693 Actual (1964-65) 3861 946 709 395 1838 - 250 8000 8000 Production J (000 Tons) 3 3 CO — Estimated 563 177 22 172 - 83 1478 8458 Actual (1964-65) 2360 351 61 666 72 3998 3998 TABLE 34 (Contd.)
Non Food Crops Region Improved Technology Existing Technology Total Grand Cotton Sugar O il Cotton Sugar Oi 1- Other Cotton Sugar O il Other Total cane seeds -cane seeds crops cane seeds crops
1 ...... 0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.3 0.0 0.0 2.3 22.3 100 11 » . . » . 0 0.0 23.5 6 .4 0.0 0.0 24.1 6.4 0.0 23.5 24.1 100 III ...... 0 0.5 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 20.1 0.0 5.8 0.0 20.1 100 IV ...... 0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 20.1 100 V ...... 0 0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 4.0 14.4 9.0 0.0 4.0 14.4 100 VI ...... 0 0.0 0.0 11.8 1.5 25.4 15.1 11.8 1.5 25.4 15.1 100 V II . . . . . 0 2.8 1.8 16.7 1.6 0 .0 13.3 16.7 4.4 1.8 13.3 100 VIII .... 0 0.0 10.9 8.9 0.0 8.2 14.5 8.9 0.0 19.1 14.5 100 IX ...... 0 6.2 0.0 15.8 0 .0 0 .0 10.8 15.8 6.2 0.0 10.8 100 X ...... 0 0.7 2.5 6.8 10.5 0.0 10.4 6.8 11.2 2.5 10.4 100 Average 0 1.02 4.29 7.54 1.89 3.76 16.50 7.54 2.91 8.05 16.50 100 Actual (1964-65)0 0 0 9 .0 2.4 4.7 19.2 9.0 2.4 4.7 19.2 100 Area(000 Acre) Estimated 0 136 574 1008 253 503 2206 1008 389 1077 2206 13373 Actua1(1964-65) 0 0 0 1202 301 595 2531 1202 301 595 2531 12629 Product ion (000 Tons) Estimated 0 408 346 123 372 221 - 123 780 567 - - Actual(1964-65) 0 0 0 146 444 215 - 146 444 215 - -
vo o
1 TABLE 35
INTENSITY OF CROPPING, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION, RETURNS, AND UTILIZATION OF IRRIGATION (APRIL-JULY) AND CASH RESOURCES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB IN SITUATION E
Cropping Seasona1 Net return per Uti1ization of Uti 1 ization of Intensity Distribution acre Rs. Irrig a t ion cash per acre. Region % % % ______Rs. Sit.E Exist Rabi Khar if Sit.E Exist Sit.E Exist Sit.E Exist ing ing ing ing
1 ...... 108 1**7 43.4 56.6 400 301 0.0 0 .0 69 63 II ...... 146 149 68.6 31.4 764 296 10.6 36.0 91 113 I l l ...... 158 58.5 41.5 691 360 12.3 14.0 96 89 IV ...... 126 51.3 48.7 55** 356 1.8 15.0 83 33 V ...... 132 55.** 44.6 1048 448 19.1 12.0 118 46 VI ...... 132 33.8 66.2 853 556 16.2 12.0 97 60 VII ...... 162 129 46.6 53.4 875 328 43.3 18.0 117 37 VIII ...... 142 142 62.3 37.7 787 430 5**.8 35.0 93 34 IX ...... 130 104 46.8 53.2 719 421 26.0 37.0 90 61 X ...... 123 109 37.8 62.2 765 382 36.0 15.0 106 25
Ave rage 139 - 50.3 49.7 745 - 20.5 - 96 - Ex i s t i ng Situation 133 52.4 47.6 388 21.2 67 “
vo TABLE 36
AREA AND PRODUCTION OF CROPS UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGY IN PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION E
Percentage of total Area (000 Acres) Production (000 tons) cropped area Crop Imp. Exist Total Imp, Exist Total Imp. Exist Total c / Tech. ing c / Tech. ing c / Tech. ing H.V. Tech. H.V. Tech. h .vT Tech.
Wheat . . . . 1.12 15.93 6.47 23.52 150 2130 865 3145 360 3195 863 4118 Maize . . . 0.15 6.68 7.53 94 20 893 1007 188 20 461 669 Paddy . . . . o 0 2.67 2.67 0 0 357 357 0 0 177 177 Bajra . . . 1.65 1.07 15.92 1165 221 143 2129 2150 133 22 2305 Gram. - . . . o 9.60 3.13 12.75 - 1284 419 1703 0 271 172 1043 W + G- . . . o 0 0.82 0.82 0 0 110 110 0 - -- Barley. . - . o 0.59 1.22 1.8) 0 79 163 242 0 63 83 146 Total F.Gt . 15.02 27.92 22.06 65.0 2009 3734 2950 8693 2698 4282 1478 8458 Cotton . . . . . 0 0 7.54 7.54 0 0 1008 1008 0 0 123 123 Sugarcane . . o 1.02 1.89 2.91 0 136 253 389 0 408 372 780 Oilseeds. . . o 4.29 3.76 8.05 0 574 503 1077 0 346 221 567 Others. . . 0 0 16.50 16.50 0 0 2206 2206 0
G.Tota1 15.02 22.23 51.75 100 2009 <[/[/[/[ 6920 13373 2698 -- -
a/ W+G means wheat + gram mixture b/ F.G. means foodgrains c/ H.V. means highyielding varieties.
voN>
I due to the relaxation of the technology assumption so as to include activities at the existing level as well. Cotton acreage was estimated at 1,008 million acres which, although, was less than the 1964-65 level, would be a significant increase over the acreage possible in Situation D. This is again due to the relaxation of the technology restraint. Sugarcane acreage would, however, decline to 190,000 acres from the current level of 301,000 acres. Oilseeds would improve their position over the level possible in Situation D. Among the food crops, wheat acreage showed a slight increase over that in Situation A, but it was still below the 1964-65 level. For maize the acreage was estimated at
1,007,000 acres which was higher than 1964-65 level, and was a marked improvement over the estimated acreage of only 245,000 acres
in Situation D. Paddy with an estimated acreage of 357»000 showed a substantial increase over Situation D but this acreage was s till only about h a lf of the 1964-65 level. Bajra emerged as a major crop, second only to wheat in acreage. It claimed an area of 2.129 m illio n acres which was 16.92 per cent of the to ta l cropped area of the state under this situation. This was a major shift considering
that the crop claimed only 0.395 million acres in 1964-65. Gram acreage showed a slight increase over that found under Situation D, and approached the 1964-65 level. Barley acreage f e ll from 0.614 m illio n acres in Situation D to 0.242 m illio n acres which was only s lig h tly less than the 1964-65 level of 0.251 million acres. 9k
Intensity of Cropping. This situation gave a cropping
intensity of 139 per cent which is higher than that obtained under any of the situations examined so far. In regions with a higher
proportion of irrigated area, the intensity was comparatively higher.
It was also higher at the small holdings. At the larger holdings
in Regions VIII and IX labor turned out to be a restraint to the
increase in cropping intensity.
Seasonal D istribu tion. The land resource was allocated
almost equally between the rabi and kharif crops. The cropping plans
included more of unirrigated crops apparently because of a higher
net return vis-a-vis lower fertilizer requirements.
Returns to Fixed Farm Resources. The cropping patterns under
this situation promised a return of Rs.7^5 Per acre on the average
which was higher than that in any of the situations studied e a r lie r,
and is nearly twice the existing level of income. On holdings
having a high proportion of irrigated land and a high cropping
intensity, the net returns were as high as Rs.1,048 per acre as in
Region V. The major factor responsible for this increase in income
would be the increased supply of fertilizers. This indicated a
very high marginal return to investment in fertilizers, and underlined
the need for augmenting f e r t iliz e r supplies as rapidly as possible.
Use of Irrigation. The normative production plans did not
indicate any higher requirements of water resource than that used by
the existing plans of the farmer. It would, therefore, be possible 95 to use this valuable resource for some additional short duration crop enterprise or at least in a soil fertility building program
like green manuring.
Use of Liquid Capital. Because of a higher intensity of cropping and because of a higher quantity of fertilizers used, the cash requirements per acre worked out to Rs .96 as against Rs.67 in
the existing production plans. In no region, however, was a
shortage of cash fe lt.
Use of Ferti1izer. The entire fertilizer supply was used up.
Programs worked out in a ll the situ ations, in fa c t, suggested that
fertilizer would be the crucial input determining the type of
cropping pattern to be followed.
Use of Permanent Labor. While the plans indicated a surplus
of labor in most of the regions, the utilization of labor was higher
under this situation on the whole. The entire permanent labor was
used up during the October-November peak period in Regions I I , V, VI
and VII at the medium and large holdings. Scarcity of labor was
experienced during July on large holdings in Regions VII, VIII and
IX. The labor supply during November-March, however, appeared to
be adequate.
Production. The cropping pattern under this situation promised
the highest production of 8.458 million tons of foodgrains against
the 1964-65 level of 3-998 m illio n tons. The increase was accounted
for largely by wheat, gram and bajra. The production of paddy declined significantly, while maize production remained practically unaffected as compared with the 1964-65 level. Cotton production declined to only 123,000 tons from the 1964-65 level of 146,000 tons.
This was, however, a substantial improvement over the low level of only 14,000 tons obtained in Situation D. Sugarcane production was estimated at 780,000 tons as against 444,000 tons produced in
1964-65. These estimates are compared with the state targets for the Fourth Five-Year Plan in Table 37.
TABLE 37
TARGETS AND ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL CROPS IN THE PUNJAB AT THE END OF THE FOURTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1970-71)
000 tons ___
_ * Commod i ty Target Estimated production
Foodgrains ...... , 8458 Cotton ...... , 123 Sugarcane (Gur) ...... 680 780 Oilseeds ...... 567
"Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Punjab, Chandigarh.
It appears that, w hile the targets under foodgrains, oilseeds and even sugarcane would be exceeded, a sh o rtfall would lik e ly occur
in cotton production, if, as expected, farmers follow rational production plans to maximise net returns to fixed farm resources under the present price relationship among the various commodities and inputs. 97
Adoption of Improved Technology. If the available resources are organized so as to maximise returns to fixed farm resources, it would not be possible to extend the improved technology to more than 33.23 per cent of the total cropped area, in addition to 4 ,4 m illion acres under the highyielding v a rie tie s . More than half
(51.75 per cent) of the area must, thus, continue to be cropped under the existing techniques for want of adequate quantities of fertilizers. Foodgrains, particularly wheat, bajra and gram, would claim the largest share in this switch-over to improved technology.
The switch-over would be almost proportionate in oilseeds, while cotton would continue to be grown under the existing technology.
This shows that the existing technology must co-exist with the improved technology, so long as fe rtilize r shortage conditions last,
Highyielding Varieties. Based on the normative plans worked out in this situation, the estimated coverage under highyielding varieties along with the state targets would be as given in Table 38.
The analysis, thus, showed that the targets fixed by the state might not be achieved in view of the fertilizer shortage. The allocation of the land resource in the fashion envisaged in state targets would not maximise returns to the fixed farm resources.
This view is, of course, subject to the condition that the assumptions of this study still hold true at the end of the Fourth Five-Year Plao.
Probably, the most c r itic a l of these is the assumption that re la tiv e prices w ill remain constant. 98
TABLE 38
TARGETS AND ESTIMATED COVERAGE UNDER HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES IN THE PUNJAB BY THE END OF THE FOURTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1970-71)
000 acres * Crop Target Estimated coverage
Wheat ...... 2,000 150 Maize ...... Sb Rice ...... 300 0 B a j r a ...... 1765
A Source: Directorate of A griculture, Punjab, Chandigarh
Situation £
Since very concerted efforts are being made to increase
fertilizer production and supplies in India, it is logical to visualize a day, not very far off, when fertilizer supply position w ill ease up. It is, therefore, useful to examine the situation
that would prevail under conditions of free a v a ila b ility of
fertilizers. This situation was, therefore, formulated to assess
the ultimate possibilities of adoption of highyielding varieties
and improved technology, as well as production of major crops in
the state, consistent with the objective of maximising net returns
to fixed farm resources. This was done by removing the fertilizer
restrain t from the problem m atrix. Restrictions in respect of
irrigation and labor were retained in this situation. Another
objective of this situation was to estimate the requirements of 99 nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers of the prospective optimum cropping pattern. Since improved technology yields higher returns as compared with existing technology for the same crop, it was assumed that a ll the crop a c tiv itie s would be produced with the improved level of technology.
Normative solutions so obtained for various regions are reproduced in Appendix X II. The results are summarised in Table 39*
The other main economic characteristics of the production plans are given in Table 40.
Cropping Pattern. The cropping patterns that maximised returns to fixed farm resources under this situ atio n , showed major shifts from the present cropping pattern. The total cropped area increased to 14.912 m illio n acres from the 1964-65 level of 12.629 m illion acres. Foodgrain acreage as a whole increased by over 50 per cent, although area under gram declined slightly. Barley could hardly retain 15,000 acres out of the 1964-65 acreage of 250, 000.
The largest increase occurred in the acreage under baira, because of the high returns promised by the hybrid varieties even under unirrigated conditions. Maize acreage also showed a marked
improvement. Cotton, however, disappeared altogether while area under sugarcane and oilseeds, declined by 9 per cent and 7 per cent, respectively.
Highyielding Varieties. The optimum cropping pattern under this situation would mark a complete switch-over to the highyielding varieties in case of maize, paddy and b ajra. In the case of wheat TABLE 39
PERCENTAGE OF ACREAGE UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION F
BM KSBaBBa^BBHSaHBB»8aBaHaB8SaaSSB9B Foodgrain Crops Reg Ion Highyielding Varieties Other Varieties Wheat Maize Paddy Bajra Total Wheat Maize Paddy Bajra Gram W+G Barley Total Total F.C.
1...... 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.7 46.7 24.4 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 31.1 77.8 II ...... 32.7 10.7 1.8 30.3 75.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 0.0 0.0 6.2 81.7 111...... 31.9 14.7 0.0 33.2 79.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 4.5 84.3 IV ...... 8.0 3.3 0.0 58.2 69.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.0 0.0 10.5 80.1 V • • . . . • 36.0 29.5 0.0 18.6 84.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 85.3 VI ...... 27.5 12.7 0.0 35.4 75.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 4.8 80.4 VII ...... 28.6 7.1 0.0 36.8 73.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.3 0.0 0.0 11.3 84.3 V III .... 21.7 7.6 1.9 26.3 75.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 0.0 0.1 12.8 70.3 IX . . . . . 15.3 14.9 0.0 16.2 46.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.0 0.0 0.0 43.0 89.4 X...... 20.0 2.0 0.0 46.2 68.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.7 0.6 0.0 20.3 88.5 Average 22.1 10.3 1.4 33.8 67.6 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 0.0 0.1 14.6 89.4 Actual(64-65) 0 0 0 0 0 30.8 7.5 5.7 3.1 14.8 - 2.0 64.0 64.0 Area (000 Acre) Est imated 3296 1536 209 5040 10081 393 0 0 0 1759 0 15 2177 12258 Actua1(64-65) 0 0 0 0 0 3861 946 709 395 1838 - 250 8000 8000 Product ion (000 M.Tons) Estimated 7910 3072 564 6912 18458 236 0 0 0 1301 - 9 1546 20004 Actual(64-65) 0 0 0 0 0 2360 488 351 61 666 72 3998 3998 TABLE 39 (Contd.)
Non food crops Region Cotton Sugarcane O i1seeds Others Tota 1
0.0 0.0 0.0 22.2 100 II ...... 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.3 100 i l l ...... 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.7 100 I V ...... 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.9 100 0.0 0.0 1.5 13.2 100 VI ...... 0.0 0.1 4.5 15.0 100 VII ...... 0.0 2.8 0.0 12.9 100 VIII ...... 0.0 3.5 12.5 13.7 100 IX ...... 0.0 1.1 0.5 9.5 100 0.0 1.9 0.0 9.6 100 Average 0.0 0.9 1.9 15.0 100 Actual(1964*65) 9.0 2.4 4.7 19.2 100 Area(000 Acres) Estimated 0 134 283 2237 14912 Actua1(1964-65) 1202 301 595 2531 12629 Production (000 M.Tons) Estimated 0 402 179 - - Actua1(1964-65) 146 444 215 TABLE 40
INTENSITY OF CROPPING, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION, RETURNS, AND UTILIZATION OF IRRIGATION (APRIL-JULY) AND CASH RESOURCES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB UNDER SITUATION F
Cropping Seasona1 Net returns U ti1ization of Uti1ization of Intensity Distribution % per acre (Rs.) 1rrigation % Cash per acre(Rs) Region S it.F Exist- Rabi Khar if S it.F Exist Sit.F Exist Sit.F Exist i ng ing ing ing
1...... 108 147 38.7 61.3 422 301 0.0 0.0 80 63 II ...... 149 46.4 53.6 1585 296 14.1 36.0 296 113 Ill* ••• « • . . . 179 158 43.3 56.7 1563 360 8.9 14.0 308 89 IV ...... 120 126 26.5 73.5 691 356 1.7 15.0 139 33 V...... 198 132 42.4 57.6 1920 448 14.3 12.0 375 46 VI ...... 132 38.3 61.7 1249 556 10.4 12.0 242 60 VII ...... 170 129 45.0 55.0 1442 328 33.1 18.0 286 37 V III ...... 151 142 52.4 47.6 1201 430 53.6 35.0 291 34 IX ...... 151 104 62.1 37.9 1162 421 12.3 37.0 226 61 X...... 109 44.4 55.6 955 382 13.7 15.0 219 25
Average S lt.F 155 - 43.9 56.1 1219 - 15.6 - 245 Existing ■■ 133 52.4 47.6 * 388 31.2 67
o N> 103 too, the entire irrigated area under the crop would go to the highyielding varieties. It is only the unirrigated wheat area that would be put under the indigenous v a rie tie s . This indicates a bright future for the highyielding varieties, provided fertilizer supplies are assured.
Intensity of Cropping. The optimum cropping patterns under this situation gave an intensity of 155 per cent, which was higher than that in any other situation examined in this study. This could be possible because of a relaxation of the fertilizer restraint. Further, intensity of cropping was linked with irrigation f a c ilit ie s . Except in areas with a high r a in fa ll, double cropping was not possible without assured means of irrig a tio n . Beyond 155 per cent, intensity could be increased only through the extension of irrigation to presently unirrigated areas, through tubewells or other major or minor irrigation works.
Seasonal D istrib u tio n . Unlike other situations, the normative production plans under this situ atio n , included more of kharif crops. Adequate a v a ila b ility of f e r tiliz e r s would make it possible to double crop a ll the irrigated land. Sugarcane which is classified as a kharif crop, occupies the land for the whole year.
Because this crop is considered as only one crop, the calculated intensity remains low and to that extent, the area available for rabi crop is also reduced. 104
Returns to Fixed Farm Resources. The new production plans yielded an average return of R s.1,219 per acre, which was higher than three times the present returns, and was also higher than the average return of Rs.745 attained in Situation E. This indicated the existence of high marginal returns to investment on f e r tiliz e r s at the present moment, which could and should be exploited. Returns were, however, as low as Rs.422 per acre on unirrigated land in Region I, ranging upwards to as high as R s.1,920 on irrigated lands. This emphasises the need for providing additional irrigation facilities to the unirrigated areas, wherever possible.
Use of 1rrig a tio n . These plans had a lower irrig a tio n requirement in the scarcity period April-July, compared to even the existing situation. It showed, therefore, that wherever means of irrig a tio n e x is t, irrig a tio n would not be a problem. Rather the surplus of this valuable resource needs to be exploited through raising some short duration catch crop or some green manuring crop
in order to build up the natural soil fertility and texture.
Use of Liquid Capital. The optimum plans under this situation would require.a heavy cash investment, mostly on fertilizers.
Average requirements of cash per acre worked out to Rs.245 as against the present average availability of Rs.152 per acre. This
raises the question of arranging the required cre d it. With the present policy of the Reserve Bank of India to finance completely all the highyielding varieties programs, it would be expected that 105 availability of credit would improve to the required extent by the time the fertilizer shortage disappears. However, adequate plans for the provision of this greatly increased credit need, must be initiated in the very near future, in order to ensure the success of the program.
Use of Permanent Labor. A large part of the permanent labor resource remained unutilized on most of the holdings. It was only during the October-November peak period that the available labor was completely used up on medium and large farms in most of the regions. Since, it is possible to hire labor or to use labor saving devices, labor need not be regarded as a re s tric tio n on cropping patterns in the long run.
Use of F e r t i1izers. Requirements of nitrogenous and phosphatic fe r tiliz e r s worked out on the basis of the normative production plans under this situation are given in the Table 41.
The average requirements worked out to be 268.2 kilograms of
CAN and 114 kilograms of superphosphate per acre. On this basis the requirements of the state as a whole worked out to 2.58 million
tons of CAN and 1.1 m illio n tons of superphosphate or equivalent f e r t iliz e r s . There was, however, considerable variation in the
requirements of fertilizers, of different regions. A rational allocation of fertilizer should, therefore, be based on the actual
needs of the cropping pattern followed. An allocation of fertilizers
uniformly to all areas will not maximise returns. TABLE 41
FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS PER ACRE UNDER SITUATION F
(Kilograms)
Sma 11 Hold i ng Medium Holding Large Holding Average Region *CAN S/P CAN S/P CAN S/P CAN S/P
1 ...... 13 100 0 78 0 91 4 II ...... 380 192 357 146 351 160 363 166 I l l ...... 88 480 228 358 156 362 157 IV...... 183 14 134 7 197 99 171 40 V ...... 229 392 187 471 180 434 199 VI...... 296 123 231 122 292 105 273 117 VII ...... 421 196 321 128 232 106 324 143 VIII...... 123 363 156 119 53 245 111 IX...... 432 205 143 122 65 27 213 118 X ...... 236 74 219 107 162 84 206 88
Average 298.3 125.7 273.9 120.3 232.5 97.0 268.2 114.3
CAN means calcium ammonium n itra te S/P means superphosphate
o O' Production. The estimates of production indicated the possibility of spectacular increase in the production of foodgrains, particularly in the case of wheat and bajra. This increase would be enough to cover the entire present foodgrain deficit of the country. Elimination of cotton from the production pattern of the state would be the result of the comparatively low returns promised by this enterprise, at the current levels of prices and yields. The production of oilseeds and sugarcane would decline slightly, although the fall in acreage would be comparatively much higher. The decline in area would be partly off-set by higher yields per acre resulting from the adoption of improved technology. TABLE 42
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF ESTIMATED AREA AND PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CROPS UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
Area (OOP'acres) Production (OOP1 tons) Exist Exist S i tuat ion Situation ing ing Crop Situ. A BC D EF Situ. A BC D EF 1964- 1964- 1965 1965
Wheat Highyielding
Varieties . . . • • 0 0 0 0 34 150 3296 0 0 0 0 82 360 7910 Other varieties
(Imp. Tech.). . • • 0 0 76 44 3013 2130 393 0 0 46 66 4218 3195 236 Other varieties (Exist. Tech.). • • 3861 3210 0 2146 0 865 0 2360 2133 0 1392 0 563 0 0 0 Tota 1 3861 3210 76 2190 3047 3145 3689 2360 2133 46 1458 4118 8146 Maize Highyielding varieties . . . • • 0 0 0 0 33 94 1536 0 0 0 0 66 188 3072 Other varieties
(Imp.Tech.) . . • • 0 0 0 0 212 20 0 0 0 0 0 212 20 0 Other varieties
(Exist. Tech.). • • 946 1048 0 786 0 893 0 488 541 0 406 0 461 0 Total 946 1048 0 786 245 1007 1536 488 ?41 0 406 278 669 3072 Paddy Highyielding varieties . . . • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 209 0 0 0 0 0 0 564 Other varieties
(Imp. Tech.). . • • 0 0 22 0 33 0 0 0 0 26 0 40 0 0 Other varieties
(Exist. Tech.). • • 709 315 0 376 0 357 0 351 156 0 186 0 177 0 - Total 709 315 22 376 33 357 209 351 156 26 186 40 177 564 § TABLE 42 (Contd.) o o o Area acres ) Production ('0001 tons) Exist Exist ing S i tuat ion ing Situation Crop S i tu. S i tu . 1964- A BC D E F 1964- A BC D E F 1965
Ba i ra Highyielding V arieties .... 0 0 7 188 1194 1765 5040 0 0 8 226 720 2150 6912 Other varieties Imp.tech ...... 0 0 805 199 1462 221 0 0 0 483 126 877 133 0 Exist.tech. . . . 395 360 0 365 0 143 0 61 55 0 56 0 22 0 Total 395 360 812 752 2656 2129 5040 61 55 491 408 1597 2305 6912 Gram Imp.tech ...... 0 0 89 66 1116 1284 1759 0 0 67 52 670 871 1301 E xist.tech. . . . 1838 957 0 841 0 419 0 666 767 0 353 0 172 0 Total 1838 957 89 907 1116 1703 1759 666 767 67 405 670 1043 1301 Barley Imp.tech ...... 0 0 1609 708 614 79 15 0 0 2327 637 550 63 9 Exist.tech. . . . 251 203 0 476 0 163 0 72 104 0 243 0 83 0 Total 251 203 1609 1184 614 242 15 72 104 2327 880 550 146 9 Wheat+Gram E xist.tech. . . . 0 563 0 266 0 1)0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total highyielding v a rie tie s .... 0 0 7 188 1261 2009 10081 0 0 8 226 868 2698 18458 Total foodgrains. 8000 6646 2608 2462 77H 8693 12258 3998 3756 2957 3743 7435 8458 20004 Cotton Imp.tech ...... 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Exist.tech. . . . 1202 1013 0 918 0 1008 0 146 123 0 111 0 123 0 Total 1202 1013 0 918 45 1008 0 146 123 0 111 14 123 0 TABLE 42 (Contd.)
Area .(000* acres) Production (000* tons) 83S3SSS3S&XSS5SS55KKSSS9S^SSKI^333SSESSX9SSSE3SK&KSI^SSS3SS3SESG9BKS9BX3SSSSK3n(S33S53SE3SB3SSE35CSESHnsSS5M9 Exist Exist ing S i tuation ing Si tuation Crop S i tu. situ 1964- ABC D E F 1964- A B C D EF 1965 1965
Sugarcane Imp.tech. . . . 0 0 18 0 190 136 134 0 0 54 0 570 408 402 Exist.tech. . . 301 575 0 277 0 253 0 444 845 0 407 0 372 0 Total 301 575 18 277 190 389 134 444 845 54 407 570 780 402 O i1 seeds Imp.tech. . . . 0 0 933 0 1071 574 283 0 0 561 0 664 346 179 Exist.tech. . . 595 698 0 1106 0 503 0 215 233 0 315 0 221 0 Total 595 698 933 1106 1071 1077 283 215 233 561 315 664 567 179 Other crops Exist.tech. . . 2531 2533 2276 2302 2143 2206 2237 « Total Non- * foodgrains . . 4629 4619 3227 4603 3449 4680 2654 «■ a m mm m m Total cropped a r e a ...... 12,629 11,265 5835 11,064 11,160 13,373 14,912 - mm m Total highyield ing varieties. . . 0 0 7 188 1261 2009 10,081 a m a . ■a mm Total Imp.tech. 0 0 2601 1017 7756 4444 2584 -- m m mm - - Exist.tech. . . 12,629 11,265 3227 9859 2143 6920 2247 - - a m m m Total 12,629 11,265 5835 11,064 11,160 13,373 14,912 m m * a m *
o TABLE 43
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF CROPPING PATTERNS IN PUNJAB UNDER DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
Existing Situation
1964-65 A BC D EF
Cropping Intensity . . . . 133 117 58 115 116 139 155 Net Returns per acre (Rs.) 388 392 172 415 617 745 1219 1 rrigation-use (Apri1-July) % ...... 21.2 19.0 1.3 18.0 8.4 20.5 15.6
Cash inputs per acre (Rs.) 67 37.0 130 38 92 96 245
Fertilizer per acre (Kqs.) CAN...... 19 19 19 19 80 80 268.2 S/P ...... 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 40 40 114.0
Seasonal D istribution Rabi percentage ...... 52.8 58.4 60.1 56.9 58.6 50.3 43.9 Khar if percentaqe ...... 47.2 41.6 39.9 43.1 41.4 49.7 56.1 13000 13000 FIG*27” EXISTING (1964-65)CR0PPING PATTERN AND NORMATIVE CHOPPING PATTERNS 12000 “ 12000 uooo IN PUNJAB (INDIA) UNDER DIFFERENT SITUATIONS. 11000 loooo 10000 to 9000 9000 £ 8000 8000 8 7000 7000 6000 6000 o8 5000 5000 4000 4000 3Q00 c? 3000 2000 2000 1000 1000 0 e. [1 £L - LH 1J- nI 1 nLI w jl I -fra mg—M —1—LIn n I H B imy rll—E Z L - B I I I L d-BL—M . .>■» Ftl-oni ■ . F C 0_ _2/\ . F C O S,vp C O S/vPC O SyVF C O S/ vF C O S/ vF C O S T Existing Situation Situation Situation Situation Situation Situation Situation A B C D E p References:- 0:Existing technology E^l.Inproved technology Highyielding varieties FsFoodgrains CaCotton OsOllseeds S.Sug arcane Situation: A. Existing technology vith fertilizer availability as in 1966-67 B. Unproved •• " '• »» » »» •• C. Existing+improved " " •• •• •» »» '• D. Unproved it »i w e it ii 1970-71 E. Exis ting+improved '» 11 M it it •t F» Unproved technology with unlimited fertilizer availability. NJ CHAPTER V II
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The new strategy for Increasing agricultural production in
India during the Fourth Five-Year Plan period ( 1966-67 to 1970-70 revolves around the cultivation of highyielding varieties of foodgrain crops in selected areas having assured irrig a tio n or dependable ra in fa ll. The program has been taken up in the state of Punjab also, and arrangements have been made to cover an area of
2.00 million acres under Mexican wheat, 0.365 million acres under hybrid maize, 0.3 million acres under paddy and 0.15 million acres under hybrid bajra (pearl millet) by the end of the Fourth Plan.
The requirements of this program in respect of scarce inputs like fertilizers are to be met on a priority basis.
These varieties have demonstrated a yield potential much higher than that possessed by any of the indigenous v a rie tie s . Because of the promise of higher net returns, the in itia l response of the farmers to the release of these varieties has been highly favorable.
No such varieties are at present available in the case of non- foodgrain crops. As a result, the economic balance has shifted in favor of foodgrain crops.
113 Farmers want to maximise returns to fixed farm resources.
Therefore, major shifts might occur in the cropping pattern of the state. The competing crops like barley, sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds, might be partly replaced by the highyielding variety crops.
On the other hand, the present scarcity of fertilizers must limit the dimensions of this program. This situation of uncertainty, and the need to examine the rationale of the highyielding varieties program and to assess its possible effects in a ll its ram ifications, provide the justification required for the present study. This study is an attempt to estimate the future cropping patterns and provides a model that can be employed for projecting cropping patterns under sim ilar conditions.
The specific objectives of the study include an assessment of the fixed farm resources of farmers, an examination of their existing production plans along with the resource-use patterns, estimation of variable costs of the common crop activities at the different levels of technology, development of optimum cropping programs for representative holdings under six assumed situations representing different levels of availability of fertilizers and other resources, and aggregation of acreage and production of each crop at the state level under each situation.
Punjab is divided into ten type-of-farming regions on the basis of soil, topography, rainfall and atmospheric temperature.
Each region follows a more or less uniform cropping pattern. A purposive sample was made selecting at least one village from each region, to represent, as far as possible, the typical farming conditions of the region. From a complete list of operational holdings arrayed in ascending order of size, fiv e holdings were selected at random from each of the small, medium and large holdings, each group covering one-third of the total cultivated area. With the help of a questionnaire, detailed information was collected in respect of fixed resources available, the production
plans, the pattern of operations and,the variable costs of enterprises at each farm. The information was then pooled and averaged so as to develop synthetic holdings to represent small, medium and large holdings in each of the ten regions. Input-output
co -efficien ts were worked out for a ll the crop enterprises followed
at these holdings, as also for crop activities under the recommended
technology.
Normative production plans were worked out through linear
programming technique for each synthetic holding under six assumed
Situations - A, B, C, D, E and F, based primarily on fertilizer
availability, level of technology and restriction on choice of
crops, so as to maximise returns to fixed resources. All the major
crop enterprises like wheat, gram, barley, maize, cotton, sugarcane,
paddy, to r ia , b ajra, peanut, followed under d iffe re n t rotations,
different levels of technology and irrigation were included in the 116 matrices as real activities. The highyielding varieties also figured as independent a c tiv itie s .
The restraints used were confined to the different categories of land available during rabi and kharif seasons, irrigation available during April-July peak period, labor during the peak periods of July, mid.October-mid.November, mid.November-mid.March, and mid.Apri1-end April, and liquid capital at the existing level.
Another restraint was fertilizer availability both at the current
level (19 kilograms of Calcium-Ammonium-Nitrate and 1.4 kilograms of superphosphate per acre) and the expected level of 1970-71
(80 kilograms of CAN and 40 kilograms of superphosphate per acre).
Other possible restraints like the supply of seeds, farm-yard manure, and resistance to adoption of improved technology, were not considered as serious constraints in the present context.
Based on this study, the total number of operational holdings
in the Punjab could be estimated a t ,546,7001 Out of this, 58 per cent
could be classified as small holdings with a mean size of 10.7 acres.
Medium holdings with an average area of 22.6 acres constituted 27
per cent, and the large holdings of 41.9 acres on an average formed
only 15 per cent of the total holdings. Each size group claimed
one-third of the total cultivated area of 10,161,000 acres in the
state. 27.1 per cent of the area on small holdings was rented in.
This percentage declined to 16.1 per cent on medium holdings and to
only 2.2 per cent on large holdings. A greater pressure to increase
the volume of farm business at the small farms was thus indicated. 117
On an average 29 per cent of the cultivated area received irrigation from government canals, while 40 per cent of the area was commanded by private tubewells and percolation wells. Since a part of the area was served by both sources, the total irrigated area was only 62 per cent of the cultivated area.
The farm family provided the major part of the permanent labor force on a ll holdings. Small farms rarely engaged a permanent laborer. It was common, however, to hire a permanent man on medium and large holdings. The monthly availability of permanent labor was found to be 9 man-days per acre on small holdings, against 6 and 4 man-days on medium and large holdings, respectively. With few exceptions bullocks provided the power for cultivation at the holdings. A pair of bullocks commanded on the average an area of
7.0, 10.4 and 17.9 acres respectively on small, medium, and large holdings. The average number of milch cattle (buffaloes or cows) was 2.8, 3.5. and 6.2 on small, medium and large holdings respectively.
To meet the cash needs of crop enterprises, farm operators could borrow from the government and the villa g e co-operative credit societies and even from private money lenders. The availability of
liquid capital from a ll these sources as well as owned c a p ita l, worked out to be Rs.186, Rs.l48 and Rs.124 per acre for small, medium and large holdings. All holdings maintained at least two ploughs, a sohaga and a chaff-cutter. A cane-crusher was frequently 118 shared by two or more farmers. Medium and large holdings invariably had a bullock cart. Cultivators, hoes or harrows were rare. Tractors and tractor implements were an exception.
The estimated cropping pattern of the state for the year
1966-67 gave a total cropped area of 12,795»000 acres w ith a cropping intensity of 133 per cent. Wheat claimed the largest acreage (37.4 per cent) followed by paddy (9.4 per cent), cotton
(9.3 per cent), maize (8.3 per cent), oilseeds (5.2 per cent), sugarcane (3.7 per cent), gram (3.1 per cen t), wheat+gram (2.6 per cent), bajjra (2.0 per cent) and barley (1.8 per cent). Other crops, mostly fodders, occupied the remaining 17.2 per cent of the total area. These estimates approximated closely to the actual cropping pattern of the year 1964-65, in the case of to ta l foodgrains, sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds. Within the foodgrains, however, some shifts were indicated in favor of wheat, maize and paddy at the cost of gram, barley and bajra.
The cropped area was almost evenly divided between rabi and kharif crops. Irrigation during the April-July peak period did not appear to be a restraint under the existing situ atio n . The use of
liquid capital amounted to only Rs.62, Rs.5l and Rs.56 per acre
respectively at the small, medium and large holdings. The cropping
pattern seemed to be adjusted so as to use mainly the available
resources with only a small cash input. Also, the existing technology did not seem to require much cash input. The improved technology 119 as recommended or the cultivation of highyielding varieties was not practised on any considerable scale.
Situation A was designed to see i f returns to fixed resources could be increased through a re-allocation of the available resources without introducing new varieties, or new technology, restricting the fertilizer availability to the 1966-67 level of 19 kilograms of
CAN and 1.4 kilograms of superphosphate per acre. Normative solutions worked out for the different synthetic holdings indicated a cropping pattern with a cropping intensity of 117.1 per cent. The percentage of foodgrains dropped from 64.0 per cent to 59.0 per cent, while the acreage under sugarcane and oilseeds improved. Seasonal distributio n of crops shifted s lig h tly in favor of rabi enterprises.
Average returns to fixed resources increased. It was indicated that
income could be improved by 27.36 per cent through a more rational allocation of resources. Labor, irrigation or cash did not act as
restraints in this situation.
Situation B assumed a complete switch-over to the improved
technology and elimination of all producing activities using existing
technology, as sometimes insisted upon in some quarters, with the current level of fertilizer availability. In the optimum cropping
pattern under this situation, intensity of cropping declined from
133 per cent to only 58 per cent, giving a total cropped area of only 5.8 m illion acres. Major foodgrains and cash crops covered 120 an area of 2.6 million acres out of which highyielding varieties claimed only 7.000 acres (a ll under b a jra ). Acreage of wheat decreased from 3.861 m illion acres to only 76,000 acres, while maize and cotton were altogether elim inated. There were marked declines under gram, sugarcane and paddy. Acreage under b ajra, oilseeds and barley, however, improved sub stantially. Seasonal distribution favored rabi crops. Cash requirements rose to Rs.130 per acre against Rs.56 under the existing cropping pattern. Total
labor supply or irrigation during the April-July peak did not act as restraints. In this situation returns to fixed resources dwindled from Rs.388 to Rs.172 per acre, and Punjab emerged as a highly deficit state in the matter of foodgrains and sugar with no cotton or paddy to export. The results lead to the inevitable conclusiontthat insistence on complete adoption of the recommended technology with the available supply of fertilizers, is unrealistic and irra tio n a l, and that the existing technology cannot be dispensed w ith, if returns to fixed farm resources are to be maximised.
In Situation C, the restraint on technology was relaxed so as to include crop a c tiv itie s under the existing as well as the
improved technology. Cash restrain t was removed, but the f e r t iliz e r ,
labor and irrigation restraints were retained at the current level of availability. The optimum cropping pattern obtained through programming analysis in this situation showed a marked improvement over the previous situations in almost all respects. 121
Intensity of cropping rose to 118 per cent from 58 per cent so that the to tal cropped acreage was estimated at 11.064 m illion acres as against only 5.8 million acres under the last situation.
Wheat, paddy, gram, sugarcane, and oilseeds improved th e ir acreage, while cotton and maize again appeared in the cropping pattern.
Highyielding varieties of ba jra alone entered the production plans on an area of 188,000 acres. Besides, improved technology could be adopted over an additional area of 10,17,000 acres. Existing technology, however, continued over about 90 per cent of the total cropped area. Production of foodgrains, cotton and sugarcane almost approached the current level, while oilseed production registered an increase to 581,000 tons from the 1964-65 level of 215,000 tons only.
Net returns worked out to be Rs.415 per acre which was a marked
improvement over the Situation B and was significantly higher than the existing returns. Inspite of this, cash needs amounted to only Rs.38 per acre, against Rs.56 for the existing plans and Rs.130 under Situation B.
Irrigation needs during the April-July peak period were also
lower as compared with the existing situ atio n . These results showed that a coexistence of improved technology with existing technology was essential for maximising returns to fixed resources, so long as fe r tiliz e r s supplies do not improve. Further indications were that
inclusion of highyielding varie tie s did not maximise returns under the existing fertilizer shortage, beyond a limited area under hybrid ba j ra. 122
Fertilizers supplies are expected to increase to the level of 80 kilograms of CAN and 40 k.i lograms of superphosphate per acre by the end of the Fourth Plan (1970-71). Situation D was formulated to see how far it would be advisable to stage a complete switch over to improved technology including highyielding varieties with the increased fertilizers availability. Programming matrices included crop activities at the recommended level of technology only. Cash restric tio n was removed. Labor and the irrig a tio n restraints were, however, retained at the 1966-67 level.
On the basis of normative solutions, the resultant optimum cropping pattern gave a total cropped area of 11.16 million acres.
Foodgrain crops claimed 7.711 m illion acres while the balance was shared by cotton (45,000 acres), sugarcane ( 19,000 acres), oilseeds
(10,71,000 acres) and other crops (2,143,000 acres). This acreage was below the 1964-65 level in the case of wheat, maize, paddy, gram, total foodgrains, cotton and sugarcane, but it was much higher as compared with the corresponding situation B, with a lower availability of fertilizers. The intensity of cropping was 116 per cent against the existing intensity of 133 per cent, indicating an under-utilization of the land capable of double cropping. Net returns worked out to Rs.6l7 per acre. This marked improvement over the existing income of Rs.388 per acre, inspite of a reduced cropping intensity was due to increased availability of fertilizers and higher yields. Cash requirements per acre were Rs.92 against 123 the existing requirement of Rs.56 per acre, due to an increased investment in fertilizers. A high marginal return to investment on fertilizer input was thus indicated.
Labor or irrig a tio n did not act as a re s tra in t. Production of foodgrains rose to 7,435,000 tons from the existing level of
3,998,000 tons. S im ilarly, the production of sugarcane increased from 444,000 tons to 570,000 tons. Highyielding varieties of wheat, maize and ba j ra claimed an area of 34,000 acres, 33,000 acres and 1,194,000 acres, respectively, constituting 11.3 per cent of the total cropped area. For maximising returns it was necessary to put the rest of the land under the existing v a rie tie s .
Situation E assumed conditions comparable to those lik e ly to prevail in the year 1970-71, the last year of the Fourth Plao.
Restraint on technology was relaxed. Fertilizer availability was assumed at 80 kilograms of CAN and 40 kilograms of superphosphate per acre. There was no cash restraint. Restraints in respect of labor and irrigation applied as in the previous situations.
In the optimum cropping pattern worked out fo r this situation the cropped area was estimated at 13.373 million acres with a cropping intensity of 139 per cent, against the existing area of
12.629 million acres and the intensity of 133 per cent. Wheat acreage was estimated at 3,145,000 acres which is considerably less than the 1964-65 level, while maize area improved from 946,000 acres to 1,007,000 acres, and ba j ra acreage increased from 395,000 to 5.04 m illio n acres. Paddy, gram and barley area suffered a decline.
Sugarcane acreage increased from 301,000 acres to 389,000 acres, oilseed area from 595.000 acres to 1, 077»000 acres, while cotton area decreased from 1,202,000 acres to 1,008,000 acres. The acreage under highyielding varieties increased to 150,000 acres in case of wheat, 94,000 acres in case of maize and 1,765,000 acres in case of baj ra. Thus, the highyielding va rie tie s covered 15.02 per cent of the total cropped area. In addition to th is , another
33.23 per cent of the area came under the recommended technology.
S t ill 51.75 per cent of the cropped area remained under the existing technology.
The results indicated that even in 1970-71, it would not be possible to dispense with the existing technology. The results suggested also th at, while the target of 150,000 acres fo r hybrid bajra may be exceeded by a wide margin, the targets of 2,000,000 acres for Mexican wheat, 365,000 acres fo r hybrid maize and 300,000 acres for highyielding varieties of paddy fixed by the state may not be achieved; in case the existing input-product price relationship remains unchanged. The state might either revise the targets or take steps to improve the fertilizer supply, which is the principal determinant to the choice of crop varieties and the level of technology. The target of production might be exceeded in case of foodgrains, sugarcane and oilseeds by a sig n ifican t margin# A sh o rtfall may, however, be expected in the production of cotton. 125
The f e r t i li z e r supply was found to be the crucial resource around which the optimum cropping patterns revolved, and on which depended the success of the programs for the cu ltivatio n of highyielding varieties and the introduction of improved technology.
In Situation F, programming was done without f e r t iliz e r restraint in order to assess the ultim ate p o s sib ilitie s of production, in case f e r t i li z e r supplies could be raised to the extent that it is not a restraint. The optimum cropping pattern in this situation gave a cropped area of 14.9 m illion acres with an average cropping intensity of 155 per cent. The returns to fixed farm resources rose to R s.1,218 per acre against the existing level of Rs.388 only. Cash needs were estimated at Rs.245 per acre, while the f e r t iliz e r requirement worked out to 268.2 kilograms of CAN and
114 kilograms of superphosphate per acre. On this basis, the total requirements for the state would be 2.58 million tons of CAN and
1.1 m illion tons of superphosphate or equivalent f e r tiliz e r s .
In the cropping pattern, foodgrains would cover 12.258 m illion acres, sugarcane and oilseeds claiming 134,000 acres and 283,000 acres respectively. With the existing price structure, cotton cannot compete with other crops, and might go out of cultivation. To forestall such an eventuality, it might be necessary to bring about an upward adjustment of its prices. It was indicated that under a free supply of fertilizers, highyielding varieties can be extended
to an area of 10.08 million acres, while improved technology can 126 cover another 2.58 million acres. The production possibilities indicated were 20 m illio n tons of foodgrains, 402,000 tons of sugarcane (gur) , and 179,000 tons of oilseeds.
The results reported under the various situations have c le a rly brought out the role of highyielding varieties in increasing production of foodgrains. The adjustments likely to be stimulated by these varieties in the cropping pattern have also been shown.
It has further been demonstrated that f e r t i li z e r supply is the crucial factor around which cropping pattern revolves. The following hypotheses which were stated in the beginning of this dissertation have, therefore, to be accepted:
(i) That the evolution of highyielding varieties of wheat, maize, paddy and ba j ra has opened new p o s s ib ilitie s of increasing production as well as returns to fixed farm resources.
(ii) That the introduction of the highyielding varieties will stimulate adjustments in the cropping pattern in favour of foodgrains, unless suitable price or other incentives are offered in favor of other crops like sugarcane and cotton.
(iii) That the adoption of the highyielding varieties is going to be limited by the availability of crucial inputs like fe rti1izers.
Limi tations
The findings of this study are subject to the following
1 imitations 1. It has been assumed that relative prices of the inputs and products will not change materially so as to affect the relative profitability of the different crop enterprises compared. In case of deviations from this price structure, crops with more favorable prices will claim relatively greater acreage.
2. The projections are based on the assumption that no highyielding varieties w ill be available during the Fourth Five-Year Plan period
( 1966- 71) in case of crops other than wheat, maize, rice and ba j ra , and that there w ill be no other major technological development to upset materially the input-output coefficients. If some highyielding varieties become available in case of other crops like, cotton, sugarcane also, optimum cropping patterns w ill be d iffe re n t.
3. In the case of highyielding varieties and other crop a c tiv itie s under the improved technology, f e r t i li z e r doses have been considered at the recommended doses only. Lower doses that might yield higher total returns under conditions of fertilizer shortage have not been considered in the analysis.
4. The sample consisted of holdings in thirteen villages. Seven out of the ten regions were represented by only one village. The sample seems to have represented the state as a whole quite satisfactorily. However, the generalizations in respect of particular regions individually, on the basis of one village only, need to be applied with caution. 5. Irrigated area in the state has been assumed to be constant at the 1966-67 level. There might be some expansion of irrigation in the state which will increase the intensity of cropping and the acreage under more remunerative irrigated crops. APPENDIX I
AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL IN PUNJAB BY DISTRICTS (I960 TO 1964)
(Centimetres)
D is tric ts Jan. Feb. March A p ri1 May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Hoshiarpur . . . . 3.57 1.81 3.99 1.72 1.64 5.27 53.37 25.69 13.21 0.94 0.58 1.53 113.32 Jullundur. . . . . 2.58 1.23 2.48 0.51 1.30 4.32 25.29 21.10 12.79 0.36 0.62 1.25 73.83 Ludhiana . . . . . 3.19 1.69 3.32 0.50 0.53 3.35 27.18 20.90 11.29 0.80 0.11 1.19 74.05 Ferozepur. . . . . 1.61 0.41 1.57 1.20 1.33 2.65 10.90 10.19 7.93 0.42 0.11 1.29 39.61 Amritsar . . . . . 3.47 1.67 2.41 J .22 1.28 2.37 16.00 15.92 16.17 0.37 0.83 1.60 63.31 Gurdaspur. . . . . 5.36 2.38 4.47 1.42 1.45 4.89 35.96 32.53 22.99 0.51 1.10 4.45 117.51 Patiala...... 2.66 2.50 3.78 0.28 0.80 3.30 25.12 24.37 14.94 0.73 0.35 1.30 80.13 Sangrur...... 1.80 1.18 1.55 0.71 2.55 2.46 19.29 18.65 9.17 2.35 0.23 0.80 60.74 Bhatinda . . . . . 0.97 1.03 1.39 0.61 2.39 3.54 21.50 15.51 8.99 1.03 0.44 0.86 58.26 Kapurthala . . . . 3.16 1.59 3.89 6 69 1.27 3.53 22.05 14.22 3.76 0.10 0.64 0.80 55.67 Rupar ...... 4.44 3.60 2.80 1.00 1.50 5.01 28.53 30.67 16.42 1.32 0.95 3.74 99.78
Source: Punjab A gricultural Hand Book, Punjab A gricultural University, Ludhiana, India, I967.
N> VO
I APPENDIX II
ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE (C°) AT SELECTED STATIONS IN PUNJAB (INDIA) DURING 1964
Amri tsar Ferozepur Ludhiana Pathankot Patiala Month HLM H L M H LM H L M H LM
January . . . 21.2 -1.6 9.8 21.8 -2.9 10.1 22.7 -2.2 11.2 20.1 -1 .8 10.2 23.3 1.1 11.0 February, , . 25.5 0.0 13.5 25.8 0.0 14.0 28.0 2*2 15.1 25.6 0.6 14.2 28.2 2.2 15.9 March , , . . 34.6 5.4 20.7 34.6 7.8 21.5 36.3 1.3 19.3 34.0 7.5 21.5 35.3 8.7 23.5 April . . . . 39.9 10.5 25.9 40.6 13.0 27.0 42.4 0.4 25.9 41.0 10.4 26.5 42.2 14.9 28.4 May .... . 41.7 13.9 28.5 43.4 13.2 29.2 45.9 11.7 28.6 41.9 10.4 28.7 43.9 17.7 30.1 June. . . . . 43.2 16.6 32.2 44.5 21.0 33.1 46.2 22.9 34.8 42.2 18.0 32.1 44.1 23.1 34.0 July. . . . . 42.5 20.8 29.4 44.0 21.0 30.1 42.7 21.1 29.1 41.5 19.5 27.7 40.1 22.7 29.1 August. . . . 40.7 24.1 30.2 38.6 24.0 30.3 38.4 22.4 29.9 36.5 21.4 28.3 37.2 23.7 30.0 September . . 37.6 18.1 28.7 37.0 18.8 28.6 38.4 - - 34.8 15.4 26.2 36.8 18.0 28.3 October . . . 35.5 9.6 24.0 36.2 10.0 24.4 35.5 9 .4 24.8 33.5 8.7 23.3 35.1 11.7 25.4 November. . . 19.9 5.1 17.0 30.8 6.0 17.3 30.5 5.7 17.8 28.4 5.5 16.5 30.8 6.6 18.7 December. . . 27.3 -0.1 12.7 27.0 1.4 13.4 27.8 0.0 13.9 25.8 -1 .4 12.5 29.4 1.7 13.9
Source: Regional Meteorological Centre, New Delhi
H = Highest temperature at any point of time in a month L = Lowest temperature at any point of time in a month M = \ (average maximum + average minimum temperatures reported during the month) APPENDIX I I I
CROPPING PATTERN IN THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF FARMING REGIONS IN THE PUNJAB - AVERAGE OF FIVE YEARS (FROM 1957-58 TO 1961-62)
Area (Acres) Percentage of total cropped area
1rrigated Uni rrigated Total 1 rrigated Uni rrigated Total
Wheat 24,693 43,902 68,595 17.07 30.35 47.42 Gram 298 1,963 2,261 0.21 1.35 ■1.56 Cotton 1,033 2,332 3,365 0.71 1.61 2.32 Rice 14,593 6,286 20,879 10.09 4.34 14.43 Sugarcane 4,553 3,849 8,402 3.15 2.66 5.81 Maize 1,575 11,533 13,108 1.09 7.97 9.06 Baj ra 103 2,006 2,109 0.07 1.39 1.46 Peanut ------Others 12,962 12,962 25.924 8.97 8.97 17.94 Total 59.810 84,833 1.44,643 41.36 58.64 100
Wheat 82,772 2,36,221 3,18,993 11.70 33.39 45.09 Gram 11,570 61,512 73,082 1.63 8.78 10.33 Cotton 7,470 6,112 13,582 1.06 0.86 1.92 Rice 77,453 27,008 1,04,461 10.94 3.85 14.79 Sugarcane 28,700 10,225 38,925 4.06 1.44 5.50 Maize 19,629 67,623 87,252 2.77 9.56 12.33 Baj ra 1,722 8,557 10,279 0.24 1.21 1.45 Peanut - m m •B - m m m m Others 30.406 30,407 60,813 4.29 4.30 8.59 Total 2.59.722 7.47,665 7.07.387 36.69 63.31 100 APPENDIX I I I (C ontd.)
Area (Acres) Percentage of to tal cropped area Region C rop ______Irrigated Unirrigated Total Irrigated Uni rrigated Tota 1
Wheat 3,104 70,053 73,157 1.05 23.68 24.73 Gram 19 2,445 2,464 0.00 0.83 0.83 Cotton 148 5,294 5,542 0.05 1.82 1.87 Rice 15,727 11,826 27,553 5.31 4.00 9.31 Sugarcane 554 25,561 26,115 0.19 8.64 8.83 Maize 561 45,781 46,342 0.19 15.48 15.67 Baj ra 12 866 878 0.00 0.29 0.29 Peanut 604 604 0.21 0.21 Others 56,570 56.571 1,13,141 19.13 19.13 38.26 Total 76.695 2.19.101 2.95.796 7.92 92.08 100
Wheat 36,219 2,55,734 2,91,953 3.73 26.34 30.07 Gram 9,016 1,42,458 1,51,474 0.93 14.67 15.60 Cotton 3,752 12,394 16,146 0.38 1.28 1.66 Rice 40,665 37,944 78,609 4.19 3.91 8.10 Sugarcane 14,629 42,057 58,686 1.50 4.54 6.04 Maize 11,829 1,48,675 1,60,504 1.22 15.31 16.53 Baj ra 640 12,300 12,940 0.06 1.27 1.33 Peanut - 6,983 6,983 - 1.83 1.83 Others 96.854 96.855 1.93,709 9.42 9.42 18.84 Total 2.13.604 7.57.400 9.71.004 12.43 87.57 100 APPENDIX I I I (C ontd.)
Area (Acres) Percentage of total cropped area
Irrigated Unirrigated Tota 1 1rrigated Uni rrigated Total
Wheat 1,19,647 3,37,815 4,57,462 12.86 36.32 49.18 Gram 8,503 10,378 18,881 0.91 1.12 2.03 Cotton 16,238 8,122 24,360 1.75 0.87 2.62 Rice 68,672 20,355 89,027 7.38 2.19 9.57 Sugarcane 15,854 2,471 18,325 1.70 0.27 1.97 Maize 47,119 12,827 59,946 5.06 1.38 6.44 Baj ra 1,400 1,665 3,065 0.15 0.18 0.33 Peanut 152 13,160 13,312 0.02 1.41 1.43 Others 1,22,914 1,22,914 2,45,828 13.22 13.21 26.43 Total 4,00,499 5,29,707 9,30,206 43.05 56.95 100
Wheat 8,31,224 5,59,134 13,90,358 17.98 12.09 30.07 Gram 2,63,475 5,93,626 8,57,101 5.70 12.84 18.54 Cotton 3,81,011 4,008 3,85,019 8.24 0.09 8.33 Rice 1,45,834 27,560 1,73,394 3.15 0.60 3.75 Sugarcane 1,16,837 32,240 1,49,077 2.53 0.69 3.22 Maize 2,82,131 99,695 3,81,826 6.10 2.16 8.26 Baj ra 14,520 81,380 65,900 0.31 1.11 1.42 Peanut 1,776 76,200 77,976 0.04 1.65 1.69 Others 5.71.412 5.71.412 11,42.824 12.36 12.36 24.72 Tota 1 26,08,220 20.15.255 46.23,475 56.41 43.59 100 APPENDIX I I I (C ontd.)
Area (Acres) Percentage of to tal cropped area Region Crop 1rrigated Uni rrigated Total 1rrigated Uni rrigated Total
V I1 Wheat 29,570 62,041 91,611 15.48 32.47 47.95 Gram 936 3,100 4,036 0.49 1.62 2.11 Cotton 17,037 638 17,675 8.92 0.33 9.25 Rice 15,418 173 15,591 8.07 0.09 8.16 Sugarcane 1,859 125 1,984 0.97 0.07 1.04 Maize 7,437 463 7,900 3.89 0.24 4.13 Baj ra 1,971 2,196 4,167 1.03 1< 15 2.18 Peanut ------Others 24.048 24.049 48,097 12.59 12.59 25.18 Total 98.276 92.785 1.91.061 51.44 48.56 100
V I11 Wheat 2,02,745 86,048 2,88,793 27.68 11.75 39.43 Gram 61,341 66,164 1,27,505 8.38 9.03 17.41 Cotton 1,03,111 4,546 1,07,657 14.08 0.62 14.70 Rice 70,040 543 70,583 9.56 0.08 9.64 Sugarcane 37,532 506 38,038 5.12 0.07 5.19 Maize 58,437 1,090 59,527 7.98 0.15 8.13 Baj ra 11,055 7,645 18,700 1.51 1.04 2.55 Peanut -- - m m - m m Others 10.773 10.773 21,546 1.47 1.48 2.95 Total 5,55,034 1,77,315 7.32,349 100 APPENDIX I I I (Contd.)
Area (Acres) Percentage of to tal cropped area Region Crop 1rrigated Unirrigated Total 1rrigated Uni rrigated Total
IX Wheat 2,363 10,713 13,076 0.91 4.14 5.05 Gram 1,223 1,185 2,408 0.47 0.46 0.93 Cotton 19,862 238 20,100 7.67 0.09 7.76 Rice 3,356 - 3,356 1.30 - 1.30 Sugarcane 418 2 420 0.16 «• 0.16 Maize 871 21 892 0.34 0.01 0.35 Baj ra 291 24 315 0.11 0.01 0.12 Peanut ------Others 1.09,137 1.09.137 2,18.274 42.16 43.17 84.33 Total 1,37,521 1.21,320 2.5&.&41 53.12 46.88 100
X Wheat 3,03,165 1,26,238 4,29,403 15.41 6.42 21.83 Gram 1,80,241 4,50,526 6,30,767 9.16 22.92 32.09 Cotton 3,52,936 4,083 3,57,019 17.95 0.20 18.15 Rice 16,407 12 16,419 0.83 0.83 Sugarcane 7,475 141 7,616 0.38 0.01 0.39 Maize 17,641 433 18,074 0.90 0.02 0.92 Baj ra 41,944 32,212 74,156 2.13 1.64 3.77 Peanut -- - -- ■a Others 2,16,575 2,16,575 15.76.604 11.01 11.02 22.03 Total 11,36,3^4 8,30,220 19,66,604 57.77 42.23 100
Source: Tehsi1 Records Va J vn 136
APPENDIX IV
INVENTORY OF FIXED FARM RESOURCES AT THE SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB (1966-67)
Region I Region II Region I I I Resource (Chhala) ______(Bakhatpur)______(Doburj i ) SM L S M L SML
Land (Acres) Owned 5.0 10.0 36.4 5.0 9.0 20.0 2.5 8.0 25.0 Rented-in 3.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 Total 8.0 14.0 36.4 5.0 12.0 20.0 5.2 8.0 25.0 1rrig.by canal. 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 9 .4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1rrig.by P/T w ells. 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 10.0 7.6 2.5 8.0 22.4 Total Irrig. 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 10.0 17.0 2.5 8.0 22.4 U nirrig. 8.0 14.0 36.4 0.4 2.0 3.0 2.7 0.0 2.6 1rriqation (Acres/Week) Canal 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.3 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 P.W ell. 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 T.Well 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 9-5 2.8 20.0 14.0 Permanent Labor (Man days/month) Family labor 63 60 83 75 60 70 64 60 112 Hired labor 0 12 37 0 6 30 0 12 18 Total 63 72 120 75 66 100 64 72 130 Livestock (Nos) Bui locks 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 1.8 2.6 4.0 He-buffaloes 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 Buffaloes 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.4 0.4 4.3 Cows 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 2.3 Calves/Heifers 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 2.6 4.7 Others 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Implements & Machinery Ploughs 2.0 3.2 4.0 1.8 3.0 5.0 1.4 1.0 4.0 Planks 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Chaffcutters 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Canecrushers 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
Disc.harrow 0.0 0.2 QJ> . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bar-harrow 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dri11s 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Carts 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 137
APPENDIX IV (C ontd.)
Region IV Region IV Region V (Adamwal) (Chakguj) (Bajwa) SM L S M LS M L
Land (Acres) Owned 8 8.3 27 4.6 3.5 18.9 3.8 11.2 2.0 Rented-in 1 7.7 1 3.4 7.5 3.6 1.5 2.2 1.5 Total 9 16.0 28 8.0 11.0 22.5 5.3 13.4 21.5 1rrig.by canal. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Irrig .b y P/T + Well 2 1.8 5.5 1.1 1.2 9.4 5.3 10.2 16 Total Irrig. 2 1.8 5.5 1.1 1.2 9.4 5.3 10.2 16 U nirrig. 7 14.20 22.5 6.9 9.8 13.1 0.0 3.2 5.5 1 rriqation (Acres/Week) Canal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 P.Well 2.8 0.5 0.0 0.6 8.0 1.0 5.5 6.0 3.5 T.Well 0.0 0.8 6.0 5.0 0.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 Permanent Labor (Man days/Month) Family labor 51 90 154 35 69 98 87 101 84 Hired labor 15 8 6 30 30 0 6 12 21 Total 66 98 160 ?9 98 93 113 105 Livestock (Nos) Bui locks 3.0 2.5 4 .0 1.4 1.8 4.0 2.8 3.4 4.0 He-buffaloes 0.25 1.8 0.3 0.8 0.8 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 Buffaloes 1.8 1.0 2.3 0.8 2.6 2.6 1.0 1.0 2.0 Cows 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.7 Calves/Heifers 1.0 1.3 1.3 0.6 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.2 1.3 Others 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Implements & Machinery Plows 2.3 2.5 3.3 2.0 2.2 4.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 Planks 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Chaff-cutters 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Cane-crushers 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.3 Bar-harrow 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Carts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 138
APPENDIX IV (C ontd.)
Region VI Region VI Region V II (Goheer) ___ (Malupur)______(Mamdot) SML s ML SM L
Land (Acres) Owned. 8.2 11.4 21.60 8.9 19.9 27.2 14.0 21.0 71.2 Rented-in 0.6 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.0 3.6 1.2 11.2 0.0 Total 8.8 12.9 22.2 9.7 19.9 30.8 15.2 32.2 71.2 1rrig.by canal 0.5 4.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 12.8 30.6 1rrig.by P/T Well 7.1 6.9 16.6 3.4 4.5 12.6 9.6 10.8 10.9 Total Irrig. 7.6 10.9 18.2 3.4 4.5 12.6 12.8 23.6 41.5 Unirrig. 1.7 2.0 4.0 6.3 1?.4 18.2 1.2 8.6 29.7 1rriqation (Acres/Week) Canal 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.0 5.0 P.Well 2.5 4.7 2.1 4.7 3.1 4.4 5.0 7.0 7.0 T.Well 4.2 0.0 11.2 4.2 1.0 3.0 1.8 0.0 4.2 Permanent 1 a h r t r (Man days/Month) Family labor 62 72 69 102 48 111 120 92 147 Hired labor 18 18 30 0 36 30 12 48 57 Total 80 90 999 102 84 141 132 140 204 Livestock (Nos) Bullocks 3.0 2.8 4.4 2.0 3.6 6.0 4.8 6.0 7.6 He-buffaloes 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Buffaloes 2.0 2.0 2.6 1.6 1.2 2.2 3.0 4.0 6.6 Cows 0.4 0.0 1.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 3.0 1.4 3.4 Calves/Heifers 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.2 2.4 3.0 2.6 5.2 7.2 Others 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Implements & Machinery Plows 4.0 3.6 5.2 3.6 2.8 5.2 4.0 5.0 7.0 Planks 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Chaffcutters 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Cane-crusher 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cultivator hoes 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 D isc.harrows 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Bar-harrows 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Carts 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 APPENDIX IV (C ontd.)
Region V III Region IX Region X (Mari Gaur Singh) (Rana) (Dhilwan) S M L s M L s M L
Land (Acres) Owned 6.7 36.8 61.7 8.6 30.2 156.8 9.8 19.8 24.4 Rented-in 8.2 0.0 0.0 1.6 4.8 2.0 3.6 0.8 5.8 Total 14.9 36.8 61.7 10.2 35.0 158.8 13.4 20.6 30.2 Irrigated by cana1. 6.8 23.8 29.0 1.4 17.2 74.0 8.0 18.6 21.0 1rrig .b y P/T Well 0.8 5.2 26.7 8.8 13.8 72.2 1.3 2.0 5.8 Total Irrig. 7.6 29.0 55.7 10.2 31.0 146.2 9.3 20.6 26.8 Uni rrig . 7.3 7.8 6.0 0.0 4.0 12.60 4.1 0.0 3.4 1rriqation (Acres/Week) Canal 1.5 5.0 4.0 1.5 12.0 15.0 1.8 2.6 2.9 P.Well 0.6 1.0 1.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T.Well 0.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 4.0 20.0 14.0 10.5 15.4 Permanent N Labor (Man days/month) Family labor 90 70 70 67 78 32 42 78 60 Hired labor 6 90 70 18 6 120 24 36 54 Total 96 160 140 85 84 152 66 114 114 Livestocks (Nos) Bui locks 2.0 4.0 5.0 2.8 4*0 6.0 2.0 3.2 2.8 Came 1s 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 He-buffaloes 1.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Buffaloes 2.0 5.0 14.0 2.0 4.4 3.2 0.8 2.6 3.2 Cows 2.0 2.0 3.0 0.4 1.2 1.6 0.0 1.2 0.6 Calves/Heifers 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.6 2.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 Others 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Implements & Machinery P lows 2.0 4.0 10.0 2.6 5.0 6.0 3.6 8.0 6.0 Planks 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Chaffcutters 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Canecrushers 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bar-harrow 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dri11s 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 Carts 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Tractors 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 Tractor Imp. 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 APPENDIX IV (C ontd.)
Region X Item (Golewala) S M L
Land (Acres) Owned 10.0 39.6 82.0 Rented-in 5.6 0.6 0.0 Total 15.6 40.2 82.0 1rrig.by canal 1.3 3.7 4.2 1rrig.by P /T w e ll 1.0 4.5 3.5 Total Irrig. 2.3 8.2 7.7 U nirrig. 13.3 32.0 74.3 1rriq a t ion (Acres/Week) Canal 0.7 3.7 3.5 P.Wei 1 1.8 4.5 4.2 T.well 0.0 0.0 0.0 Permanent labor (Man days/month) Family labor 71 42 96 Hired labor 0 48 48 Total 71 90 144 Livestock (Nos) Bullocks 1.8 3.6 2.6 Camels 0.0 0.6 1.4 He-buffaloes 0.0 0.0 0.0 Buffaloes 2.2 2.0 4.6 Cows 0.8 2.4 1.4 Calves/Heifers 0.8 1.6 0.2 Others 0.0 0.0 0.0 Implements & Machinery Plows 2.4 4.0 3.2 Planks 1.0 1.0 1.0 Chaffcutters 1.0 1.0 1.0 D rills 0.0 1.0 1.0 Carts 1.0 1.0 1.0 Tractors 0.0 0.0 0.6 Tractor Impl. 0.0 0.0 0.6 APPENDIX V
MATRIX OF INPUT-OUTPUT COEFFICIENTS FOR DIFFERENT CROP ACTIVITIES IN PUNJAB UNDER IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY (1966-67)
Wheat Gram Barley Cotton Resource Unit Maize Sugar Paddy Irr ig . Un- Ir r ig . Un- Irr ig . Un- des i -cane ir r ig . i rrig . i rrig . Am. Des i
Rabi Land Total ir r ig . Acres 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Total unirrig. " 01010100000 Wheat/Barley irrig. " 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wheat/Barley unirrig. " 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Gram irrigated " 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gram unirrigated " 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Toria " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sugarcane " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Khar if Land Total irrig. " 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Total unirrig. " 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Ma i ze/Cotton/Baj ra ir r ig . " 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Sugarcane 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Peanut ir r ig . " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Peanut u n irrig . " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ma i ze/Cotton/Baj ra unirrig. 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Paddy " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 APPENDIX V (C ontd.)
Unit Tori a Baj ra Desi______Peanut_____ Wheat Maize Paddy Baj ra hybrid Resource Ir r ig . Un- Ir r ig . Un- Mex. hyb. T .N .l Ir r ig . Un- i rrig .______i rrig .______ir r ig .
Rabi Land Total ir r ig . Acres 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Total unirrig. 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Wheat/Barley irrig. M 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Wheat/Barley unirrig. " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gram irrigated " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gram unirrigated 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Toria " 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sugarcane " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Khar if Land Total irrig. " 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 Total unirrig. " 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Ma i ze/Cotton/Baj ra ir r ig . " 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Sugarcane " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Peanut ir r ig . " 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Peanut u n irrig . 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Maize/Cotton/Bajra u n irrig . " 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Paddy " I
)
APPENDIX V (Contd.)
Maize Sugar Paddy Wheat Gram Barley Cotton Resource Unit desi -cane Irr ig . Un- Ir r ig . Un- Ir r ig . Un Am. Desi i rrig . i rrig . ir r ig .
Irrigation Apr.-July Acres 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 10 2 Labor July Man-days 0 1 0 0 0 0 10 2 2 1 3 Mid.Oct.-Mid.Nov. ii ii 6 k 1 1 5 k k 0 0 0 0 Mid.Nov.-Mid.March II II 8 6 k k 1 0 0 0 0 25 0 Mid.Apr.-End Apr. II 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 k k 0 0
Cash kharif Rupees 0 0 0 0 0 0 1^5 161 90 291 15^ Cash Rabi n 98 kz 80 76 71 66 0 0 0 kz 0
Ca1.Amm.N itra te Kgs. 90 50 0 0 50 50 110 200 100 233 100 Superphosphate n 56 0 100 100 0 0 70 0 0 50 60
Net returns to fixed farm resources per acre Rupees 965 331 528 37k 507 317 513 389 ZkQ 1017 kkS
■p- \ jO APPENDIX V (C ontd.)
Baj ra Des i Peanut Bajra hybrid Resource Unit Toria Wheat Maize Paddy Ir r ig . Un- Ir r ig . Un- Mex. hyb. T.N. Ir r ig . Un- ir r ig . i rriq . ir r ig .
Irrigation Apr.-July Acres 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 Labor July Man-days 1 3 3 5 4 0 10 3 3 3 Mid.Oct.-Mid.Nov. 11 n 1 0 0 4 4 6 4 0 0 0 Mid.Nov.-Mi d.March 11 11 2 2 2 0 0 8 0 0 2 2 Mid.Apr.-End Apr. II II 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cash Khar if Rupees 0 108 68 14o 83 0 264 297 196 128 Cash Rabi 11 73 0 0 0 0 222 0 0 0 0
Ca1.Amm.N itra te Kgs. 70 100 50 50 0 280 268 300 250 150 Superphosphate 11 0 50 0 100 75 170 113 180 50 0
Net returns to fixed farm resources per acre Rupees 788 432 342 621 473 1380 1094 733 814 632 APPENDIX VI
EXISTING PRODUCTION PLANS OF THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB 1966-67
Region I Region II Sma 11 Med i urn Large Smal 1 Med i urn Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age . age age age age age
EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat Ir r ig . 3.60 41.14 4.20 26.25 7.60 27.19 Wheat U nirrig. 5.00 38.02 8.00 36.00 17.00 31.00 -- 2.40 15.00 4.20 15.03 Gram Ir r ig . ------0.40 1.43 Gram U nirrig. ------0.20 2.29 0.40 2.50 0.40 1.43 Barley Irrig. - - - mm m m - - -- 0.30 1.07 m m Barley Unirrig. 0.50 3.80 1.00 5.00 2.80 5.00 0.25 2.86 0.10 0.62 - w m a* Tor ia 0.05 0.38 - a* ------Rabi Fodders 0.80 6.09 1.20 5.00 2.40 4.00 0.40 4.57 0.40 2.50 1.50 5.37
(b) Khar if Season Maize 2.70 20.53 4.60 21.00 7.20 13.00 1.00 11.43 0.50 3.13 0.60 2.15 Cotton Desi 0.15 1.14 1.50 7.00 - - ■■ - 0.20 1.26 0.70 2.50 Sugarcane 1.15 8.74 - - 4.50 8.00 0.50 5.71 2.00 12.50 1.65 5.90 Paddy 2.10 15.97 4.20 19.00 15.20 29.00 2.00 22.86 4.10 25.62 7.60 27.20 Khar if Fodders 0.70 5.33 1.50 7.00 5.40 10.00 0.80 9.14 J * 7 ° 10.61 3.00 10.73 Total cropped area 13.15 100 22.00 100 5^.50 100 8.75 100 16.00 100 27.95 100 Total culti. area 8.00 - 14.00 m m 36.40 - 5.00 - 12.00 a* 20.00 - Cropping intensity % 164 - 157 - 121 - 175 - 133 m m 140 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 2807 - 4715 - 7610 - 1546 -■ 3807 m m 5210 - APPENDIX VI (C ontd.)
EXISTING PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB 1966-67
Region I I I Region IV Sma 11 Med i um Large Sma 11 Medium Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Are Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age age
EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat ir r ig . 2.10 36.21 6.00 38.46 17.60 44.67 1.55 5.84 0.60 2.18 6.30 10.46 Wheat U nirrig. 1.40 24.14 ---- 10.20 38.41 15.35 55.67 26.90 44.68 Gram ir r ig . - - - 0.70 1.78 0.50 1.88 - 1.50 2.49 Gram U n irrig . ------2.00 7.53 0.60 2.18 3.00 4.98 Rabi Fodders 0.50 8.62 1.60 10.26 2.30 5.84 1.00 3.77 1.30 4.72 0.95 1.58 (b) Khar if Season Maize 0.10 1.72 1.00 6.41 2.30 5.84 5.90 22.22 5.06 18.35 6.70 11.14 Cotton American - - - — 0.30 0.76 ------Cotton Desi - - - wm 0.30 0.76 - - 0.10 0.36 0.85 1.42 Sugarcane 0.20 3.45 2.00 12.82 0.30 0.76 0.85 3.20 0.96 3.48 1.50 2.49 Paddy 1.00 17.24 4.00 25.64 14.60 37.05 0.20 0.75 0.40 1.45 0.40 0.66 Bajra irrig. ------1.00 3.77 - 5.90 9.80 Khar if fodders 0.50 8.62 1.00 6.41 1.00 2.54 3.35 12.63 3.20 11.61 5.70 9.47 Total cropped area 5.80 100 15.60 100 39.04 100 26.55 100 27.57 100 60.20 100 Total culti.area 5.20 - ■ 8.00 ■■ 25.00 - 17.00 r 26.95 - 50.50 - Cropping intensity % 112 - 195 - 158 - 156 - 102 119 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 1186 - 3515 - 10337 - 6071 - 8967 - 19353 -
■p- cr\ APPENDIX VI (C ontd.)
EXISTING PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB 1966-67
Region V______Region VI Small Med i um Large Smal 1 Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent aqe age age age age age
EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat irr ig . 3.20 42.67 4.70 27.17 8.30 31.32 7.10 26.01 7.60 18.29 19.28 30.58 Wheat u n irrig . -- - - 1.40 5.28 - - 0.30 0.72 - - Gram ir r ig . -- 0.80 4.62 ------Gram u n irrig . - - 0.40 2.31 0.40 1.51 ------Wheat+Gram - -- - 2.50 9.43 0.30 1.10 2.80 6.74 - mm Rabi Fodders 1.30 17.33 3.70 21.39 3.20 12.08 2.30 8.42 2.40 5.78 3.82 6.06 (b) Khar if Season Ma ize 1.70 22.67 3.10 17.92 3.00 11.32 3.60 13.19 3.20 7.70 5.76 9.14 mm mm Mi Cotton American - mm mm 0.20 0.73 0.55 1.32 0.70 l . U Cotton Desi 0.20 2.67 0.60 3.46 1.10 4.16 1.60 5.86 1.20 2.89 2.31 3.66 Sugarcane 0.30 4.00 0.60 3.46 0.80 3.02 0.90 3.30 0.80 1.92 1.64 2.60 Peanut ir r ig . - - 0.30 1.73 0.60 2.26 1.40 5.13 1.70 4.09 3.75 5.95 Peanut u n irrig . - • - 0.40 2.31 1.40 5.28 8.10 29.67 17.10 41.16 21.05 33.38 Khar if fodders 0.80 10.66 2.70 15.63 3.80 14.34 1.80 6.59 3.90 9.39 4.75 7.52 . Total cropped area 7.50 100 17.30 100 26.50 100 27.30 100 41.55 100 63.06 100 Total culti.area 5.25 - 13.40 - 21.50 - 18.50 - 32.80 - 51.30 - Cropping Intensity % 143 - 129 - 123 - 148 - 127 - 123 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 2496 _ 5428 - 10226 — 10859 - 16800 _ 29150 -
•p- APPENDIX VI (C ontd)
EXISTING PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB 1966-67
SEX Region V II Region V III Sma 11 Med i um Large Sma 11 Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age______age______age age age______age
EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat ir r ig . 7.20 34.62 8.00 18.60 15.00 18.25 3.50 15.19 7.70 13.42 23.33 27.94 Wheat u n irrig . 0.80 3.85 11.60 26.98 26.00 31.64 1.45 6.29 4.00 6.98 1.00 1.20 Gram irr ig . ------0.10 0.43 1.60 2.79 1.67 2.00 Gram u n irrig . ------,0.35 1.52 - - 0.67 0.80 Wheat+Gram ------5.80 25.11 9.80 17.09 14.33 17.16 Barley irrig. 1.40 6.73 6.60 15.35 8.00 9.74 0.05 0.22 0.40 0.70 - - Tor ia - - - - 2.00 2.42 1.70 7.37 4.00 6.98 4.67 5.59 Rabi Fodders 1.90 9.13 3.00 6.98 5.00 6.08 2.30 9.99 5.90 10.29 5.33 6.38 (b) Khar if Season Maize 1.50 7.21 2.30 5.35 1.20 1.46 0.50 2.17 0.80 1.39 2.00 2.40 Cotton American 0.40 1.92 - - - - 2.50 10.86 4.60 8.02 6.67 7.99 Cotton Desi - . - - - 0.60 0.73 0.10 0.43 3.00 5.22 - - Sugarcane 0.70 3.37 1.00 2.33 2.00 2.43 0.70 3.05 1.65 2.88 2.83 3.39 Paddy Desi 3.00 14.42 4.50 10.46 3.90 4.75 1.45 6.30 6.30 10.99 8.33 9.98 Bajra irrig. --- - 12.00 14.60 - - - - - Khar if Fodders 3.90 18.75 6.00 13.95 6.50 7.90 2.55 11.07 7.60 13.25 12.67 15.17 Total cropped area 20.80 100 43.00 100 82.20 100 23.05 100 57.35 100 83.50 100 Total culti.area 15.20 - 32.20 - 71.20 - 14.90 - 36.80 - 61.67 - Cropping intensity % 137 - 134 - 115 - 155 - 156 mm 135 - Returns to fixed
- - - CTi CO - - resources (Rs.) 6336 11349 23670 Gn 14338 - 30243 APPENDIX VI (Contd) 1
EXISTING PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB 1966-67
Region IX______Region X Smal 1 Med i um Large Smal 1 Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent .a3e . age age age age
EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat ir r ig . 2.40 22.43 10.00 29.67 18.40 10.70 5.80 14.81 14.60 21.67 14.70 16.18 Wheat u n irrig . - - mm - 1.60 0.92 8.60 21.96 21.74 32.26 30.60 33.65 Gram ir r ig . 0.50 4.67 1.20 3.49 - - 1.20 3.07 5.00 7.42 3.80 4.18 Gram u n irrig . ------5.70 14.56 1.60 2.37 9.40 10.35 Barley irrig. - - - mm mm - ---- 0.60 0.66 Barley unirrig. - - - - - m 0.15 0.38 - ■N 0.40 0.44 Rabi Fodders 0.90 8.41 2.00 5.81 14.90 8.67 1.85 4.73 3.40 5.64 2.90 3.19 (b) Khar if Season Ma ize - - mm - - 3.50 8.94 1.60 2.37 0.20 0.22 Cotton American 4.70 43.93 15.40 44.67 118.60 69.02 1.30 3.33 4.30 6.38 2.90 3.19 Cotton Desi 0.60 5.61 mm - 3.20 1.86 3.45 8.81 5.19 7.57 8.00 8.80 Sugarcane 0.20 1.87 1.00 2.91 0.40 0.22 0.40 1.02 0.94 1.39 0.70 0.77 Paddy Desi -- 0.40 1.16 2.20 1.28 - -- ■M - - Bajra irrig. -- 0.10 0.29 - 1.70 4.34 2.40 3.56 4.40 4.84 Bajra unirrig. ------2.80 7.15 3.60 5.34 6.90 7.59 Khar if Fodders 1.40 13.08 4.30 12.00 12.60 7.33 2.70 6.90 3.12 4.63 5.40 5.94 Total cropped area 10.70 100 3^.40 100 171.90 100 39.15 100 67.40 100 90.90 100 Total culti.area 10.20 • 35.00 - 158.80 - 29.00 - 60.80 - 112.20 - Cropping intensity % 105 - 98 - 109 -■ 135 - 111 - 81 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 4788 14025 62575 mm 13957 24574 29465 d APPENDIX V II
NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION A
Region I______Region 11 Smal I Med i um Large Smal 1 Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age
EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat ir r ig . ------6.31 47.09 6.88 31.27 Wheat u n irrig . 3.05 33.89 -- 12.98 34.16 -- tm - - - f \ un*> • Gram irr ig . ------2.00 14.93 3.00 13.64 Barley unirrig. 1.95 21.67 1.26 8.40 1.02 2.68 0.40 9.66 - -- mm Toria ---- 19.00 50.00 ------Rabi fodders 1.00 11.11 1.00 6.87 2.00 5.26 1.00 24.15 1.40 10.45 2.00 9.09 (b) Khar if Season Maize - - 7.23 48.20 ------Cotton des i ------1.69 12.61 7.12 32.36 Sugarcane -- 3.51 23.40 - - 1.24 29.95 - - - - Paddy desi 1.00 11.11 ------tm Khar if fodders 2.00 22.22 2.00 13.13 3.00 7.90 1.50 36.24 2.00 14.91 3.00 13.64 Total cropped area 9.00 - 15.00 - 38.00 - 4.14 - 13.4o - 22.00 - Total culti.area 8.00 - 14.00 - 36.40 - 5.00 - 12.00 - 20.00 - Cropping intensity % 113 - 107 - 194 - 83 - 112 - 110 - Returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 1552 - 3630 - 9099 - 310 - 3386 - 5864 -
vn o APPENDIX V II (C o n td .)
NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION A
Region I I I ______Region IV Small Med i um Large Smal 1 Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age age
EXISTING VAR IETIES (b) Rabi Season Wheat ir r ig . 0.20 3.28 7.20 61.33 8.64 59.02 0.60 3.54 0.20 0.68 4.00 8.21 Wheat u n irrig . 2.60 42.62 - -- - 10.83 63.96 13.65 46.18 12.24 25.12 Gram u n irrig . ------«■ - 15.00 30.78 Wheat + Gram ------9.80 33.16 - - Rabi fodders 0.80 13.12 0.80 6.81 2.50 17.08 2.20 13.00 2.40 8.13 3.40 6.96
(b) Kharif Season Maize -- 2.74 23.34 ------8.80 18.06 Sugarcane 1.50 24.59 -- - - . ------Khar if fodders 1.00 16.39 1.00 8.52 3.50 23.90 3.30 19.50 3.50 11.85 5.30 10.87 Total cropped area 6.10 mm 11.74 - 14.64 - 16.93 - 29.55 - 48.74 - Total culti.area 5.20 - 8.00 - 25.00 - 17.00 - 26.95 - 50.50 - Cropping intensity % 117 - 147 - 59 - 99 - 110 - 96 - Returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 1426 - 3278 - 2946 - 3136 - 10,049 - 18,714 - APPENDIX V II (C o n td .)
NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION A
SB Region V Region VI Smal 1 Med i um Large Smal 1 Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age age
EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat ir r ig . 4.40 41.12 2.08 13.61 - - 2.10 9.05 7.60 22.30 2.60 6.90 Wheat+Gram - - - - 5.50 32.87 6.00 25.86 5.40 15.84 - - Rabi fodders 0.90 8.41 1.00 6.54 1.50 8.97 2.40 10.35 2.50 7.34 3.80 10.11 (b) Kharif Season Ma ize 0.62 5.80 7.70 50.39 6.73 40.23 1.80 7.76 8.60 25.23 Cotton American ------«* - 6.68 17.77 Cotton desi 3.88 31.59 ------• - - 1.13 3.08 Sugarcane ------3.30 14.22 -- 14.62 38.89 Peanut ir r ig . - - 1.00 6.5** 1.00 5.98 2.20 9.48 3.20 9.39 0.46 1.22 Peanut u n irrig . - - 2.00 13.09 - m 1.80 7.76 3.08 9.04 2.60 6.92 Kharif fodders 1.40 13.08 1.50 9.83 2.00 11.95 3.60 15.52 3.70 10.86 5.70 15.16
Total cropped area 10.70 - 15.28 - . 16.73 - 23.20 - 34.08 - 37.59 - Total culti.area 5.25 - 13.40 - 21.50 Ma 18.50 - 32.80 - 51.30 - Cropping intensity % 204 114 - 78 - 126 - 104 - 73 - Returns to fixed m farm resources (Rs.) 3088 - 77**2 - 10,504 - 8171 - 11,918 14,882 -
\ro n f
APPENDIX V II (C o n td .)
NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION A
Region V II______Region V III Smal 1 Med i um Large Smal 1 Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent ______age______age______age______age______age______age
EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat irr ig . 12.00 41.10 20.70 64.29 14.00 21.08 5.19 25.10 - mm 11.14 10.22 Wheat u n irrig . 1.20 4.11 mm mm - - 7.30 35.30 7.80 16.35 6.00 5.50 Gram ir r ig . ------■ - mm - 12.00 11.01 Wheat+Gram ------8.50 17.83 26.86 24.64 Toria - -- - 18.17 27.35 - - 19.00 39.83 mm - Barley uni rrig . - - -- 6.96 10.47 ------Rabi fodders 2.00 6.85 2.50 7.76 4.00 6.03 1.40 6.77 2.40 5.03 5.00 4.59 (b) Kharif Season Ma i ze - - - - w - 4.69 22.68 0.98 2.05 40.00 36.70 American cotton 11.00 37.67 - - . ------Desi cotton - im --- ■ a - - 5.42 11.36 - - Sugarcane - - - 5.30 7.98 ------Paddy desi - ~ 5.00 15.53 12.00 18.06 - -- -- mm Kharif fodders 3.00 10.27 4.00 12.42 6.00 9.03 2.10 10.15 3.60 7.56 8.00 7.34 Total cropped area 29.20 - 32.20 - 66.43 - 20.68 - 47.70 «• 109.00 - Total culti.area 15.20 mm 29.20 mm 71.20 mm 14.90 mm 36.80 - 61.67 - Cropping intensity % 192 - 100 - 93 - 139 - 130 - 177 mm Returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 11,160 - 13,297 - 29,329 - 6595 - 19,310 - 39,507 -
vn UJ APPENDIX V II (C o n td .)
NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION A
Region IX Reqion X Sma 11 Med i um Large Smal 1 Medium Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age age
EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat ir r ig . 8.00 56.82 19.56 11.65 1.30 3.82 1.87 2.76 Wheat + Gram ------0.30 0.88 0.45 0.55 - - Gram ir r ig . mm - 29.00 57.86 -- 6.98 20.48 18.46 22.37 21.00 22.30 Gram u n irrig . ------15.00 18.18 37.30 39.60 Barley irrig. ------1.70 1.80 Rabi fodders 1.20 8.52 2.20 4.39 2.20 1.31 2.00 5.87 3.60 4.36 3.60 3.80 (b) Kharif Season Cotton American 3.08 21.88 6.63 13.22 10.87 13.17 10.37 1 1 . 0 0 Cotton Des i - --- 92.90 55.31 2.44 7.16 0.87 1.05 - - Sugarcane mm ----- 0.32 0.94 4.87 5.90 7.20 7.60 Paddy Desi m - 5.00 9.97 50.00 29.77 - - mm - - mm Bajra irrig. mm - •• - - 5.24 15.37 6.14 7.44 7.63 8.10 Bajra unirrig. - - 4.00 7.98 - 13.00 38.14 15.01 18.18 - - Kharif fodders 1.80 12.78 3.30 6.58 3.30 1.96 2.50 7.34 5.40 6.54 5.40 5.80 Total cropped area 14.08 100 50.13 100 167.96 100 34.06 100 82.54 100 94.20 100 Total culti.area 10.20 - 35.00 - 158.80 29.00 - 60.80 - 112.20 - - - - • - - Cropping intensity % 138 143 106 118 - 136 85 Returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 5908 - 17,004 - 73,066 - 12,998 - 31,959 - 40,984
\ APPENDIX VIII
NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION B
Region I Region II Sma 11 Med i um Large Sma 11 Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age age
) EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat u n irrig . 3.05 33.89 0.98 5.45 « ■ Gram ir r ig . ------0.06 1.65 0.15 2.33 0.25 2.46 Barley unirrig. 1.95 21.67 ------Tor ia - - - - . - - 1.09 29.86 2.89 44.87 4.91 48.33 Rabi fodders 1.00 11.11 1.00 12.56 2.00 11.12 1.00 27.40 1.40 21.74 2.00 19.68 (b) Kharif Season
Paddy Des i 1.00 11.11 ------•M Bajra unirrig. -- 4.96 62.31 12.00 66.74 - - --- Kharif Fodders 2.00 22.22 2.00 25.13 3.00 16.69 1.50 41.09 2.00 31.06 3.00 29.53 Total cropped area 9.00 100 7.96 100 17.98 100 3.65 100 8.44 100 10.18 100 Total culti.area 8.00 - 14.00 - 36.40 - 5.00 - 12.00 - 20.00 - Cropping intensity % 113 - 57 - 49 - 73 54 - 51 - Returns to fixed MB resources (Rs.) 954 - 1696 - 4428 - 887 - 2353 4004 -
vn vn APPENDIX VIII (C o n td .)
NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION B
Region I I I Region IV Smal 1 Med i um Large Small Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent ______age______age______age______age______age age
EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Gram ir r ig . 0.06 1.96 0.10 2.18 0.32 2.14 - - • - --- Gram u n irrig . ------0.22 1.93 ■ 0.34 2.19 0.37 1.69 Barley irrig. - - 2.74 59.03 8.64 57.76 0.90 7.91 0.60 3.87 0.90 4.10 Toria 1.20 39.22 ------8.71 39.68 Rabi Fodders 0.80 26.14 0.80 17.24 2.50 16.71 2.20 19.33 2.40 15.46 3.40 15.49 (b) Kharif Season Bajra unirrig. ------4.76 41.83 8.68 55.93 2.88 13.12 Peanut irr ig . ------0.39 1.78 Khirif fodders 1.00 32.68 1.00 21.55 3.50 23.39 3.30 29.00 3.50 22.55 5.30 24.14 Total cropped area 3.06 100 4.04 100 14.96 100 11.38 100 15.52 100 21.95 100 Total culti.area 5.20 - 8.00 - 25.00 - 17.00 - 26.95 - 50.50 - Cropping intensity % 59 - 58 - 60.00 - 67 - 58 - 43 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 977 - 1442 - 4549 - 2167 - 4400 - 8629 -
un NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION B Region V Region VI Smal 1 Med i um Larqe Sma 11 Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent aqe a9e. aqe age aqe aqe EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Gram u n irrig . 0.06 1.49 Barley irrig. 1.68 41.58 4.74 63.45 7.64 43.63 5.38 42.66 7.58 41.24 17.74 62.20 Rabi Fodders 0.90 22.28 1.00 13.39 1.50 8.57 2.40 19.03 2.50 13.60 3.80 13.33 (b) Kharif Season Bajra unirrig. ------0.92 7.30 4.02 21.87 0.40 1.40 Peanut ir r ig . ■ ------0.15 1.19 - --- Peanut u n irrig . - - 0.23 3.08 6.37 36.38 0.16 1.27 0.58 3.16 0.16 3.09 Kharif fodders 1.40 34.65 1.50 20.08 2.00 11.42 3.60 28.55 3.70 20.13 5.70 19.98 Total cropped area 4.04 100 7.47 100 17.51 100 12.61 100 18.38 100 28.52 100 Total culti.area 5.25 - 13.40 - 21.50 - 18.50 - 32.80 - 51.30 - Cropping intensity % 77 - 56 - 81 - 68 - 56 - 56 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 883 - 2511 - 4050 - 3187 - 5^89 - 9548 - APPENDIX VIII (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION B Region V II Region V III Sma 11 Med i um Large Sma 11 Medium Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age aqe aqe . a.Se aqe ...... age .... EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Gram ir r ig . 0.18 1.76 0.42 2.30 0.94 3.22 0.19 2.59 -- 0.78 2.68 Barley irrig. 5.04 49.32 11.34 62.11 ------Toria - - -- 18.20 62.46 3.64 49.66 9.63 59.16 15.29 52.60 Rabi Fodders 2.00 19.57 2.50 13.69 4.00 13.73 1.40 19.10 2.40 14.74 5.00 17.20 (b) Kharif Season Peanut u n irrig . ------0.65 3.99 - - Kharif fodders 3.00 29.35 4.00 21.90 6.00 20.59 2.10 28.65 3.60 22.11 8.00 27.52 Total cropped area 10.22 100 18.26 100 29.14 100 7.33 100 16.28 100 29.07 100 Total culti.area 15.20 - 32.20 - 71.20 - 14.90 - 36.80 mm 61.67 - Cropping intensity % 67 - 57 - 41 - 49 •a 44 - 47 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 2650 - 5971 ■■ 14838 - 2971 - 7897 - 12457 — vn 00 APPENDIX VIII (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION B Region IX Region X Smal 1 Med i um Large Smal 1 Medium Large Crop Ac re Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age aqe age EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Gram ir r ig . 0.13 1.98 0.46 2.48 0.27 0.85 Gram u n irrig . - - - m -- 0.20 1.35 0.53 1.67 1.12 2.15 Barley irrig. 13.44 53.36 9.51 51.24 23.20 50.80 5.66 38.09 13.44 42.48 16.62 31.88 Rabi Fodders 1.20 18.26 2.20 11.85 2.20 4.82 2.00 13.46 3.60 11.38 3.60 6.91 (b) Kharif Season Sugarcane mt «• 4.38 9.59 m m Bajra unirrig. -- 3.09 16.65 10.98 24.06 4.29 28.87 8.40 26.55 24.86 47.68 Peanut u n irrig . - - - mm - - 0.21 1.41 - - 0.5.3 1.02 Kharif fodders 1.80 27.40 3.30 17.78 3.30 7.23 2.50 16.82 5.40 17.07 5.40 10.36 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Hybrid Bajra 1.60 3.50 Total cropped area 6.57 100 18.56 100 45.67 100 14.86 100 31.64 100 52.13 100 Total culti.area 10.20 - 35.00 - 158.80 - 29.00 - 60.00 - 112.20 m Cropping intensity % 64 - 53 - 29 - 51 - 52 46 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 1813 - 6121 - 20991 - 4514 - 10027 - 17600 - APPENDIX IX NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION C Region 1 Crop Sma11 Med i um Large Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage HIGHYI ELDING VARIETIES Hybrid Bajra unirrig. 0.89 9.90 1.20 8.00 4.33 11.40 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Gram u n irrig . 0.10 1.11 - - - - EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Barley unirrig. 5.00 55.62 4.00 26.67 9.67 25.45 Toria unirrig. -- - - 19.00 50.00 Rabi fodders 1.00 11.12 1.00 6.67 2.00 5.25 Maize desi u n irrig . -- 6.80 45.33 - mm Kharif fodders 2.00 22.25 2.00 13.33 3.00 7.90 Total cropped area 8.99 100 15.00 100 38.00 100 Total culti.area 8.00 - 14.00 - 36.40 - Cropping intensity % 112 *“ 107 104 * Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 1809 3670 mm 10,319 APPENDIX IX (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS |N PUNJAB IN SITUATION C Region II Smal 1 Med i um Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES - ' -- -- IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Gram irr ig . 0.06 1.47 0.15 1.11 0.25 1.15 Toria irrig. 1.09 26.90 -- 4.91 22.68 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . -- 6.31 46.57 - - Gram uni rrig . - - 2.00 14.76 3.00 13.85 Barley unirrig. 0.40 9.88 - - -- Rabi fodders 1.00 24.69 1.40 10.33 2.00 9.23 Cotton American - ■■ 1.69 12.47 8.50 39.24 Kharif fodders 1.50 37.06 2.00 14.76 3.00 13.85 Total cropped area 4.05 100 13.55 100 21.66 100 Total culti.area 5.00 - 12.00 - 20.00 - Cropping intensity % 81 113 108 * Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 956 - 3465 - 6676 - APPENDIX IX (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION C Region I I I Smal 1 Med i um Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Gram ir r ig . 0.06 1.05 - m 0.32 2.15 Wheat ir r ig . - - 0.18 1.56 -- Barley irrig. 0.14 2.45 - - 8.64 57.75 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . ------Wheat u n irrig . 2.57 44.93 7.02 61.47 - - Rabi fodders 0.80 13.99 0.80 7.00 2.50 16.71 Sugarcane 1.15 20.10 - - - Maize desi irr ig . -- 3.42 21.19 -- Kharif fodders 1.00 17.48 1.00 8.76 3.50 23.39 Total cropped area 5.72 100 11.42 100 14.96 100 Total culti.area 5.20 - 8.00 - 25.00 - Cropping intensity % 110 143 74 • Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 1471 - 3296 —. 4549 MO'* APPENDIX IX (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION C Region IV Smal 1 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Mexican wheat 0.02 0.07 Hyb. Bajra unirrig. -- 0.82 2.76 - - IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 0.21 1.24 0.33 0.80 Gram ir r ig . 0.10 0.59 0.18 0.60 0.19 0.46 Gram u n irrig . - - 0.20 0.67 - - Barley irrig. 0.20 1.18 - -- mm Toria irrig. - -- - 8.71 21.14 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 0.39 2.30 mm 0.38 0.92 Wheat u n irrig . 9.36 55.18 13.65 45.88 7.50 18.20 Wheat+Gram - - 8.98 30.18 - - Gram uni rrig . - tm - - 15.00 36.42 Rabi fodders 2.20 12.97 2.40 8.08 3.40 8.25 mm Bajra desi unirrig. 1.20 7.08 -- - Peanut u n irrig . - - -- 0.39 0.95 Kharif fodders 3.30 19.46 3.50 11.76 5.30 12.86 Total cropped area 16.96 100 29.75 100 41.20 100 Total culti.area 17.00 - 26.95 - 50.50 - Cropping intensity % 100 m 110 - 81 mm Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 3458 - 10,419 - 19,375 ON ■ - i ■ ..Q»> APPENDIX IX (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION C Region V Sma 11 Med i um La rge Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat irr ig . 0.11 1.03 Gram irr ig . 0.17 1.10 0.03 0.18 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 4.29 40.09 2.07 13.41 5.50 32.82 Rabi fodders 0.90 8.42 1.00 6.48 1.50 8.95 Maize desi irr ig . 0.46 4.30 7.70 49.87 6.73 40.16 Cotton desi ir r ig . 3.54 33.08 -- - - Peanut ir r ig . - - 1.00 6.48 1.00 5.96 Peanut u n irrig . - - 2.00 12.95 - - Khar if fodders 1.40 13.08 1.50 9.71 2.00 11.93 Total cropped area 10.70 100 15.** 100 16.76 100 Total culti.area 5.25 - 13.40 - 21.50 - Cropping intensity % 204 - 115 - 78 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 3114 7832 - 10,520 - ON •P- APPENDIX IX (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION C Region VI Smal 1 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 0.20 0.85 0.30 0.79 Barley irrig. 2.40 10.16 7.03 18.45 9.22 22.30 Bajra desi unirrig. 0.12 0.51 4.02 10.55 1.68 4.06 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat-HJram irr ig . 5.80 24.56 5.66 14.86 Rabi fodders 2.40 10.16 2.50 6.56 3.80 9.19 Maize desi i rrig . 3.43 14.52 m - - Cotton American - - 6.30 16.54 8.75 21.16 Cotton desi ir r ig . 1.67 7.07 1.30 3.41 0.27 0.66 Peanut ir r ig . 2.20 9.31 4.20 11.02 3.93 9.50 Peanut u n irrig . 1.80 7.62 3.09 8.11 - Sugarcane - - - 8.00 19.35 Kharif fodders 3.60 15.24 3.70 9.71 5.70 13.78 Total cropped area 23.62 100 38.10 100 41.35 100 Total culti.area 18.50 - 32.80 - 51.30 - Cropping intensity % 122 - 116 - 81 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 8,356 - 13,251 - 16,878 O'* vn APPENDIX IX (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION C Region VII Smal 1 Med i um Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 0.32 1.10 Gram ir r ig . 0.42 1.13 0.94 1.08 Barley irrig. 2.66 9.10 Tor ia 9.18 10.61 Bajra desi ir r ig . 2.67 7.18 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat irr ig . 9.02 30.89 16.68 44.74 10.38 12.00 Wheat u n irrig . 1.20 4.11 5.93 15.94 - - Toria i rrig. - - - - 10.81 12.50 Barley unirrig. - - - - 10.76 12.44 Rabi fodders 2.00 6.85 2.50 6.72 4.00 4.62 Sugarcane ir r ig . - - - - 6.18 7.14 Cotton irrig. 11.00 37.67 --- - Paddy irr ig . - - 5.00 13. Mf 9.32 10.77 Bajra desi u n irrig . - -- - 18.94 21.89 Khar if fodders 3.00 10.28 4.00 10.75 6.00 6.95 Total cropped area 29.20 100 37.20 100 86.51 100 Total culti.area 15.20 - 32.20 - 71.20 - Cropping intensity % 192 - 115 - 121 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 11,477 - 14,251 - 32,567 - APPENDIX IX (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION C Region VIII Smal 1 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Bajra unirrig. 1.43 3.00 3.02 3.82 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 0.34 1.55 0.87 1.83 Barley irrig. 4.49 20.50 7.63 15.99 tm - Bajra desi unirrig. - - - - 2.98 3.77 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 0.67 3.06 wm a,, 0.25 0.32 Wheat u n irrig . 7.80 33.33 6.37 13.35 - Gram irr ig . - - - - 12.00 15.19 Toria irrig. 0.60 2.75 19.00 38.83 33.00 41.78 Rabi fodders 1.40 6.39 2.40 5.03 5.00 6.33 Maize desi ir r ig . 5.00 22.83 6.40 13.42 - - Cotton American - - -- 4.75 6.01 Cotton desi ir r ig . -- - - 2.38 3.01 Paddy desi i rrig . - - 7.62 9.64 Khar if fodders 2.10 9.59 3.60 7.55 8.00 10.13 Total cropped area 21.90 100 47.70 100 79.00 100 Total culti.area 14.90 - 36.80 - 61.67 - Cropping intensity % 147 - 129 - 128 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 7522 - 21,013 - 33,385 - APPENDIX IX (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION C Region IX Smal 1 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . -- - - 0.63 0.90 Gram ir r ig . 0.13 0.92 0.46 1.28 - - Barley irrig. - - - - 22.44 32.20 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 8.00 56.70 - - mm - Gram ir r ig . - - 15.85 44.14 - - Rabi fodders 1.20 8.50 2.20 6.13 2.20 3.16 Cotton American 2.98 21.12 2.04 5.68 - - Sugarcane ir r ig . -- 3.06 8.50 3.67 5.27 Paddy desi ir r ig . - - 5.00 13.94 37.44 53.73 Bajra desi unirrig. - - 4.00 11.14 - - Khar if fodders 1.80 12.76 3.30 9.19 3.30 4.94 Total cropped area 14.11 100 35.91 100 69.68 100 Total c u lti.a re a 10.20 mm 35.00 ■■ 158.80 mm Cropping intensity % 138 102 ■■ 44 ■" Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 6915 mm 14,438 •a 47,025 mm ON co APPENDIX IX (C ontd.) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION C Region X Smal 1 Med i urn Larqe Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Bajra unirrig. 1.40 3.89 4.21 5.09 2.51 1.86 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 0.10 0.28 0.95 1.15 Barley unirrig. - - 0.27 0.33 -- Gram ir r ig . -- - - 1.00 0.74 Gram u n irrig . -- - - 0.12 0.09 Bajra unirrig. .1.41 3.92 - - 31.45 23.31 Peanut u n irrig . 0.21 0.58 -- -- EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 1.20 3.33 1.04 1.26 Wheat-HJram u n irrig . 0.30 0.83 - - - - Gram ir r ig . 7.30 20.26 18.46 22.34 21.00 15.26 Gram u n irrig . - - 15.00 18.15 36.96 27.39 Barley irrig. - - - - 1.70 1.26 Rabi fodders 2.00 5.55 3.60 4.36 3.60 2.67 Cotton desi 7.25 20.13 0.90 1.09 -- Bajra irrig. 0.75 2.08 6.14 7.43 7.62 5.65 Baj ra des i u n irrig . 11.66 32.20 11.06 13.38 -- Cotton American -- 10.86 13.14 10.38 7.69 Sugarcane - - 4.75 5.75 13.20 9.78 Khar if fodders 2.50 6.95 5.40 6.53 5.40 4.00 Total cropped area 36.02 100 82.64 100 13^.9^ 100 Total culti.area 29.00 - 60.80 - 112.20 - Cropping intensity % 124 - 135 - 120 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 13.579 - 34.253 - 53.796 - APPENDIX X NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION D !-‘-a I ■ ■■ ■ I ■ I - I—I ■ ■■■■ ■ LLlft'J » L ■_ ' ■ . I ' I 'P ■_ l. l — Region I______Region II Sma 11 Med i um Large Sma) 1 Medium Large C rop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age age EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat ir r ig . mm mm 1.77 26.03 2.31 14.70 3.97 15.38 Wheat u n irrig . - - 4.00 26.7 21.00 55.26 - - - - - ■■ Gram u n irrig . 2.27 25.22 mm m mm 0.40 ' 5.88 1.75 11.14 3.00 11.62 Toria - - m - - - 1.83 26.91 6.29 40.05 11.03 42.71 Rabi fodders 1.00 11.11 1.00 6.7 2.00 5.26 1.00 14i 71 1.40 8.91 2.00 7.75 (b) Kharif Season Maize ■■ mm 0.30 4.41 1.71 10.88 2.28 10.92 Bajra unirrig. -- 3.60 34.00 1.30 3.42 - - 0.25 1.59 -- Kharif fodders 2.00 22.22 2.00 13.30 3.00 7.90 1.50 22.06 2.00 12.73 3.00 11.62 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Hybrid Bajra 3.73 41.45 4.40 79.30 10.70 28.16 a. mm Total cropped area 9.00 100 15.00 100 38.00 100 6.60 100 15.71 100 25.82 100 Total culti.area 8.00 - 14.00 - 36.40 - 5.00 - 12.00 - 20.00 - Cropping intensity % 112 - 107 - 104 - 136 - 131 - 129 mm Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 3206 _ 5336 mm 14158 _ 3454 _ 88.03 - 15117 - APPENDIX X (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION D Region I I I Region IV Smal 1 Med i urn Large Smal 1 Med i urn Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age age EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat irr ig . 1.11 15.61 5.14 56.48 9.23 32.26 0.90 5.12 0.60 2.03 9.68 15.25 Wheat u n irrig . ------7.89 12.43 Gram ir r ig . -- - - 2.59 9.05 ------Gram u n irrig . 0.50 7.03 - - - - 2.70 15.35 9.50 32.20 5.71 8.89 Barley irrig. - - 2.06 22.64 6.01 21.00 ----- mm Toria 0.59 8.30 ------1.82 2.87 Rabi fodders 0.80 11.25 0.80 8.78 2.50 8.75 2.20 12.51 2.40 8.14 3.40 5.36 (b) Kharif Season Maize 0.91 12.80 _ 2.40 3.70 Cotton Des i - - 0.10 1.10 --- - - ■N - «■ Bajra irrig. ------2.28 3.59 Sugarcane - --- 2.18 7.62 ------Bajra unirrig. 2.20 30.94 «■ - 2.60 9.09 1.69 9.61 1.61 5.46 19.21 30.26 Peanut u n irrig . ------2.00 3.15 Kharif fodders 1.00 14.07 1.00 11.00 3.50 12.23 3.30 18.76 3.50 11.86- 5.30 8.35 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES ' — Hybrid Maize ■m 3.00 4.72 Hybrid Bajra ------6.80 38.66 11.89 40.31 0.79 1.24 Total cropped area 7.11 100 9.10 100 26.61 100 17.59 100 29.50 100 63.46 100 Total culti.area 5.20 - 8.00 - 25.00 - 17.00 - 26.95 - 50.50 Cropping intensity % 137 - 114 - 114 - 104 - 104 - 126 - Returns to fixed - - 16428 - - - resources (Rs.) 2942 6029 6753 12539 29037 % APPENDIX X (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION D Region V______Region VI Smal 1 Med i urn Large Smal 1 Medium Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age age EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat ir r ig . 3.15 46.60 8.86 59.46 12.54 53.36 7.97 32.55 11.29 30.00 20.65 33.58 Wheat u n irrig . ------0.12 0.49 3.45 9.18 - mm Gram ir r ig . -- - 0.62 2.64 mm m - mm 1.25 2.03 Barley irrig. 1.25 18.49 0.3^ 2.28 0.63 2.68 0.43 1.76 1.43 3.81 1.69 2.75 Rabi fodders 0.90 13.31 1.00 6.71 1.50 6.38 2.40 9.80 2.60 6.66 3.80 6.18 (b) Kharif Season Cotton Desi 0.06 0.89 - - mm mm - - - - - mm Sugarcane - - - - 0.71 3.02 - - 0.27 0.72 1.21 1.97 Bajra unirrig. -- 3.02 20.27 5.50 23.41 6.95 28.89 1.83 4.87 19.63 31.93 Peanut ir r ig . - ---- 2.00 8.18 -- 5.10 8.29 Peanut u n irrig . - mm - - - 0.18 0.76 6.95 18.50 0.78 1.27 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Hybrid Bajra irrig. ------0.97 2.58 - - Hybrid Bajra unirrig. -- 0.18 1.21 m mm 0.85 3.47 5.17 13.76 2.29 3.72 Total cropped area 6.76 100 14.90 100 23.50 100 24.50 100 37.50 100 61.50 100 Total culti.area 5.25 - 13.40 - 21.50 - 18.50 - 32.80 - , 51.30 - Cropping intensity % 129 - 111 - 109 - 132 - 114 - 120 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 3688 - 9869 - 15351 - 12191 - 21013 - 34373 - "vl |S J APPENDIX X (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION D Region VII______Region V III Smal 1 Med i urn Large Sma 11 Med i urn La rge Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age centa age cent age cent age cent age cent age ge age age age age EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat irr ig . 9.43 51.82 13.85 38.2b 17.50 19.19 4.23 23.08 13.54 29.91 2.80 3.53 Wheat u n irrig . - - ■■ - •• - 0.60 3.27 - - mm ■■ Gram ir r ig . mm - 2,82 7.79 ------9.20 11.65 Gram u n irrig . mm - - - 9.94 10.88 - - 3.00 6.62 6.00 7.60 Barley irrig. 2.57 14.12 1.82 5.03 ------mm - Tor ia -- - - 20.00 21.90 1.87 10.20 13.96 30.83 38.00 48.11 Rabi fodders 2.00 10.99 2.50 6.90 4.00 4.38 1.40 7.64 2.40 5.30 5.00 6.33 (b) Kharif Season Ma i ze - - - - 0.52 0.56 0.64 3.48 3.98 8.79 - - Sugarcane mm - 2.61 7.21 ------Paddy Desi mm - mm - - - mm - - - 6.22 7.86 Bajra irrig. - - mm - 13.56 14.86 - -- - tm - Bajra unirrig. 1.07 5.88 8.60 23.76 19.76 21.66 5.00 27.28 3.80 8.39 - - Peanut ir r ig . -- - mm - 2.10 11.46 - - - - Peanut u n irrig . ------mm mm 1.00 2.21 - - Kharif fodders 3.oo 16.48 4.00 11.05 6.00 6.58 2.10 11.46 3.60 7.95 8.00 10.12 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Hybrid Maize ------0.39 2.13 - - m» - Hybrid Bajra irrig. - - mm ------3.79 4.80 Hyb.Bajra unirrig. 0.13 0.71 mm - mt - mm - - - ml - Total cropped area 18.20 100 36.20 100 91.26 100 16.33 100 45.28 100 79.01 100 Total culti.area 15.20 - 32.20 - 71.20 - 14.90 - 36.80 - 61.67 - Cropping intensity % 120 - 112 - 128 - 123 - 123 - 128 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 10851 - 21373 - 49248 - 9973 - 29004 - 45601 - APPENDIX X (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION D Reqion IX Reqion X Sma 11 Med i um Larqe Smal 1 Medium La rqe Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age aqe aqe aqe EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat ir r ig . 6.14 54.24 8.60 26.94 14.99 22.86 12.42 10.40 Wheat u n irrig . - - •a - - - 1.07 3.35 - mm 4.96 4.16 Gram ir r ig . -- 10.51 28.40 30.30 32.02 - 1.83 2.79 5.34 4.47 Gram u n irrig . - - mm - - - 3.98 12.47 11.81 18.00 27.92 23.38 Barley irrig. 1.86 16.43 7.50 20.26 5.44 5.75 -- 6.69 10.20 8.46 7.09 Barley unirrig. ------2.25 3.34 7.51 6.29 Rabi fodders 1.20 10.60 2.20 5.94 2.20 2.33 2.00 6.27 3.60 5.49 3.60 3.02 (b) Kharif Season Cotton Desi 4.12 11.13 mm Sugarcane 0.32 2.83 5.38 14.54 7.48 7.90 - - 1.69 2.58 4.68 3.92 Bajra irrig. ------1.77 1.48 Bajra unirrig. • ---- - 8.86 27.76 2.14 3.26 3.40 2.85 Peanut ir r ig . ------8.45 1.41 - - -- Kharif fodders 1.80 15.90 3.30 8.92 3.30 3.48 2.50 7.83 5.40 8.23 5.40 4.52 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Mexican Wheat 9.75 10.20 (b) Kharif Season Hybrid Maize ■■ 1.00 3.13 •• Hybrid Bajra irrig. - - - - 23.57 24.90 ------Hyb.Bajra unirrig. -- 4.00 10.81 12.60 13.32 3.46 10.84 15.19 23.16 33.91 28.42 Total cropped area 11.32 100 37.01 100 94.64 100 31.92 100 65.59 100 119.37 100 Total culti.area 10.20 - 35.00 - 158.80 - 29.00 - 60.80 - 112.20 - Cropping intensity % 111 - 106 - SO - 110 - 108 - 106 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 719^ - 18330 - 66968 - 16732 - 36019 - 63587 - APPENDIX XI NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION E Reqion I Smal 1 Medium Larqe Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Hyb.Bajra unirrig. 3.73 41.45 6.86 45.70 12.00 31.57 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Gram u n irrig . 2.27 25.22 - wm - EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat u n irrig . - -- 18.40 48.43 Barley - - 4.00 26.7v - - Toria unirrig. --- - 2.60 6.84 Maize Desi •M - 1.14 7.61 - - Rabi fodders 1.00 11.11 1.00 6.70 2.00 5.26 Kharif fodders 2.00 22.22 2.00 13.30 3.00 7.90 Total cropped area 9.00 100 15.00 100 38.00 100 Total culti.area 8.00 - 14.00 - 36.40 - Cropping intensity % 112 - 107 - 104 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 3207 - 5638 - 14392 - APPENDIX XI (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION E Region 11 Smal 1 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 1.77 26.03 4.03 23.12 0.70 2.22 Toria irr ig . 1.83 26.91 4.57 26.22 5.50 17.45 Gram u n irrig . 0.40 5.88 1.99 11.42 8.80 27.94 Maize irr ig . 0.20 4.41 -- - - Paddy ir r ig . - --- 2.63 8.35 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Gram u n irrig . - - 0.01 0.06 3.00 9.52 Rabi fodders 1.00 14.71 1.40 8.03 2.00 6.35 Maize ir r ig . - - 3.31 18.99 - - Cotton irrig. -- 0.12 0.69 5.87 18.64 Kharif fodders 1.50 22.06 2.00 11.47 3.00 9.53 Total cropped area 6.80 100 17.43 100 31.50 100 Total culti.area 5.00 - 12.00 - 20.00 - Cropping intensity % 136 - 145 - 157 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 3452 9233 I6669 APPENDIX XI (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION E Region I I I Sma 11 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Hyb.Bajra unirrig. 1.04 13.50 -- -- IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 1.70 22.08 5.14 45.65 14.59 51.02 Gram ir r ig . -- - - 0.46 1.61 Gram u n irrig . 0.81 10.52 - - - - EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . - - 2.06 18.29 -- Rabi fodders 0.80 10.39 0.80 7.11 2.50 8.74 Maize ir r ig . 1.50 19.48 2.26 20.07 - - Sugarcane - - - 4.53 15.84 Kharif fodders 1.00 12.99 1.00 8.88 3.50 12.24 Total cropped area 7.70 100 11.26 100 27.60 100 Total culti.area 5.20 - 8.00 - 25.00 - Cropping intensity % 148 - 141 - 110 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.J 3205 - 6324 — .16673 APPENDIX XI (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION E Reqion IV Smal 1 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Mexican Wheat 0.60 1.97 4.00 6.28 Maize ---- 3.00 4.72 Bajra unirrig. 6.88 38.91 10.73 25.18 4.57 7.18 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 0.90 4.43 5.88 9.13 Gram u n irrig . 4.42 26.73 - - 18.25 28.68 Toria irrig. - - - 1.69 2.66 Bajra unirrig. 0.90 4.43 - - 3.63 5.7^ Groundnut u n irrig . - - - - 2.00 3.14 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat u n irrig . 0.69 3.40 8.26 27.08 60.15 11.24 Wheat + Gram - - 5.01 16.43 - - Rabi fodders 2.20 10.84 3.40 7.87 3.40 5.34 Maize ir r ig . - -- - 4.81 7.56 Kharif fodders 3.30 16.26 3.50 11.47 5.30 8.33 Total cropped area 20.29 100 30.50 100 63.61 100 Total culti.area 17.00 - 26.95 - 50.50 - Cropping intensity % 119 - 113 - 126 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 7804 - 13251 _ 35899 - APPENDIX XI (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION E Reqion V Smal 1 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Bajra unirrig. 4.38 13.75 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 3.14 29.35 8.22 34.83 1.93 6.06 Gram ir r ig . - - 0.36 1.53 6.92 21.73 Barley irrig. - - 0.62 2.63 -- Bajra Desi u n irrig . - - 1.35 5.72 - - EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 1.26 11.78 Wheat +Gram u n irrig . - - - - 1.12 3.52 Rabi fodders 0.90 8.41 1.00 4.24 1.50 4.72 Cotton irrig.D esi 2.92 27.29 -- - - Maize Desi irr ig . 1.08 10.09 7.70 32.62 14.00 43.96 Peanut i rrig . -- 1.00 4.24 - - Peanut u n irrig . - - 1.85 7.84 -- Kharif fodders 1.40 13.08 1.50 6.35 2.00 6.36 Total cropped area 10.70 100 23.60 100 31.35 100 Total culti.area 5.25 - 13.40 - 31.85 - Cropping intensity % 204 - 176 - 148 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 4878 - 15628 _ 22553 - ■ v j vo APPENDIX XI (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION E Reqion VI Sma 11 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percen tage Acreage Percentage HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Wheat 0.32 1.07 0.52 1.08 Bajra irrig. - - 1.16 2,42 -- Bajra unirrig. 2.80 9.40 5.42 11.26 12.18 15.86 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 7.65 25.67 10.03 20.82 18.11 23.57 Gram ir r ig . --- - 3.61 4.70 Gram u n irrig . -- 1.90 3.94 -- Bajra Desi u n irrig . - - 1.09 2.26 1.83 2.38 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat + Gram 0.43 1.44 1.43 2.98 Rabi fodders 2.40 8.05 2.50 5.19 3.80 4.95 Cotton American - - 6.30 13.08 8.15 10.61 Peanut u n irrig . 5.30 17.79 9.77 20.28 8.69 11.31 Peanut ir r ig . 3.00 10.07 3.20 6.64 7.75 10.09 Cotton Des i i rrig . 1.85 6.21 - - 4.82 5.62 Sugarcane - - 0.47 0.97 2.68 3.49 Kharif fodders 3.60 12.08 3.70 7.68 5.70 7.42 Total cropped area 29. SO 100 48.17 100 76.82 100 Total culti.area 18.50 - 32.80 - 51.30 - Cropping intensity % 161 - 147 ' - 149 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 16080 — 26641 _ 43929 - APPENDIX XI (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION E Reqion VII Sma 11 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage r HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Hybrid Bajra unirrig. 0.49 1.68 8.60 17.78 15.89 15.53 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 9.43 32.30 5.78 11.95 19.26 18.82 Barley irrig. 2.57 8.80 - - - - Gram irr ig . - - 7.90 16.33 7.86 7.68 Gram u n irrig . - - - - 8.24 8.05 Tor ia - - - - 5.37 5.25 Sugarcane ir r ig . -- 1.49 3.08 5.58 5.45 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat u n irrig . 0.71 2.43 •m Wheat ir r ig . -- 5.93 12.26 - - Rabi fodders 2.00 6.85 2.50 5.17 4.00 3.91 Ma i ze Des i - - 7.17 14.82 - m Cotton American 11.00 37.67 -- - - Cotton Desi - -- - 13.11 12.82 Sugarcane - - -- 5.02 4.91 Paddy ir r ig . - - 5.00 10.34 12.00 11.72 Kharif fodders 3.00 10.27 4.00 8.27 6.00 5.86 Total cropped area 29.40 - 48.37 100 102.33 - Total culti.area 15.20 - 32.20 - 71.20 - Cropping intensity % 192 - 150 - 145 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 16.248 _ 25.416 - 54.583 - APPENDIX XI (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION E Reqion V III Sma11 Med i um Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreageq Percentage HIGHYI ELDING VARIETIES Mexican Wheat 1.88 2.28 Hybrid Maize ' 1.72 8.52 1.19 2.06 Hybrid Bajra unirrig. 0.42 0.08 5.49 9.49 2.68 3.25 Hybrid Bajra irrig. 4.34 5.27 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat ir r ig . 6.10 30.18 18.67 32.26 1.46 1.78 Gram ir r ig . - - 2.31 3.99 3.32 4.03 Gram u n irrig . -- -- 12.00 14.58 Toria irrig. - - - - 26.96 32.73 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat u n irrig . 5.19 25.68 •■ Toria - - 8.81 15.22 7.71 9.36 Rabi fodders 1.40 6.93 2.40 4.15 5.00 6.07 Maize ir r ig . 3.28 16.23 - - - - Cotton Desi ir r ig . - - 15.M> 26.61 - - Paddy irr ig . -- - - 9.00 10.93 Kharif fodders 2.10 10.38 3.60 6.22 8.00 9.72 Total cropped area 20.21 100 57.37 100 82.35 100 Total culti.area 14.90 36.80 - 61.67 - Cropping intensity % 136 - 157 - 133 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 10961 31950 - 46717 - APPENDIX XI (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION E Reqion IX Sma 11 Med i urn Large Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage » HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Mexican wheat 13.47 13.66 Bajra irrig. - - 2.04 4.48 - - Bajra unirrig. -- 4.00 8.78 - - IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat irr ig . 1.33 6.59 1.15 2.52 Gram ir r ig . - - 9.28 20.38 35.20 35.69 Sugarcane - - 4.50 9.88 8.62 8.75 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Wheat irr ig . 2.87 34.01 Gram ir r ig . 1.00 4.95 10.61 23.30 - - Rabi fodders 1.20 5.94 2.20 4.83 2.20 2.24 Cotton American 8.00 39.60 3.46 7.60 - - Paddy Des i - - 5.00 10.98 35.79 36.30 Kharif fodders 1.80 8.91 3.30 7.25 3.30 3.36 Total cropped area 20.20 100 45.54 100 98.58 100 Total culti.area 10.20 mm 35.00 - 158.80 - Cropping intensity % 198 - 130 - 62 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 10.607 _ 23961 ■■ 68663 _ oo APPENDIX XI (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION E Reqion X Sma 11 Med i urn Larqe Crop Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage Acreage Percentage HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES Wheat 1.30 4.00 7.01 5.05 Ma i ze 1.00 3.08 m - 0.08 0.06 Bajra unirrig. 5.38 16.55 14.30 17.49 37.76 27.19 Bajra irrig. 1.00 3.08 1.35 1.66 1.74 1.25 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY Wheat irr ig . a » 12.67 15.50 3.18 2.29 Gram irr ig . 2.50 7.69 - - 0.31 0.22 Gram u n irrig . - - 12.62 15.44 26.24 18.89 Barley unirrig. -- 5.08 6.21 - - Sugarcane - - - - 2.88 2.07 Bajra desi u n irrig . 0.21 0.65 - - -- Peanut ir r ig . -- - - 1.45 1.04 Peanut u n irrig . 2.08 6.40 - - - - EXISTING TECHNOLOGY Gram ir r ig . 1.30 4.00 4.90 5.99 12.58 9.06 Barley unirrig. - -- - 13.70 9.86 Rabi fodders 2.00 6.15 3.60 4.40 3.60 2.59 Cotton American -- 10.95 13.39 9.76 7.03 Sugarcane 6.06 18.46 7.63 9.33 4.95 3.58 Bajra desi irr ig . - - 3.26 3.99 8.24 5.93 Bajra desi u n irrig . 7.23 22.25 - - - - Kharif fodders 2.50 7.69 5.40 6.60 5.40 3.89 Total cropped area 32.50 100 81.76 100 138.88 100 Total culti.area 29.00 - 60.80 - 112.20 - Cropping intensity % 112 - 134 - 124 - Net returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 21059 - 5098I - 81465 - APPENDIX X II NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION F ^ L t i MgweaBP-L-L-i 11..i.~.ii ' — —— Reqion I______Reqion II Smal 1 Med i urn Larqe Sma 11 Med i urn La rqe Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent aqe aqe aqe age aqe age EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season imYr®?,!j - 4.00 26.67 21.00 55.26 Gram ir r ig . ------4.40 11.89 Gram u n irrig . 1.00 11.11 - • - - - - - 1.52 6.91 -- Rabi fodders 1.00 1 1 .1 1 1.00 6.67 2.00 5.26 1.00 10.42 1.40 6.36 2.00 5.40 (b) Kharif Season Kharif fodders 2.00 22.22 2.00 13.33 3.00 7.90 1.50 15.62 2.00 9.09 3.00 8.11 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat Mexican 3.60 37.50 7.08 32.18 10.60 28.65 (b) Kharif Season Paddy T.N .l mm _ _ ■a 2.00 5.40 Hybrid Maize ------3.10 32.29 - - - mm Hybrid Bajra i rrig. mm ------8.00 36.36 12.00 32.44 Hybrid Bajra unirrig. 5.00 55.56 8.00 53.33 12.00 31.38 0.40 4.17 2.00 9.10 3.00 8.11 Total cropped area 9.00 100 15.00 100 38.00 100 9.60 100 22.00 100 37.00 100 Total culti.area 8.00 - 14.00 - 36.40 - 5.00 - 12.00 - 20.00 - Cropping intensity % 112 - 107 - 104 - 192 - 183 - 185 - Returned to fixed 3,53k - 6.380 - 14.538 - 8,612 - 18.349 - 30.081 - resources (Rs.) APPENDIX X II (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION F Reqion I I I Reqion IV Smal 1 Med i urn Larqe Smal 1 Med i urn Larqe Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent aqe aqe aqe aqe aqe aqe EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Gram ir r ig . 6.40 13.45 Gram u n irrig . ------0.90 4.43 1.00 3.28 15.60 23.88 Rabi fodders 0.80 10.39 0.80 5.00 2.50 5.25 2.20 10.84 2.40 7.87 3.40 5.21 (b) Kharif Season Kharif fodders 1.00 12.99 1.00 6.25 3.50 7.35 3.30 16.26 3.50 11.47 5.30 8.11 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat Mexican 1.70 22.08 7.20 45.00 13.60 28.57 0.90 4.43 0.60 1.97 11.50 17.61 (b) Kharif Season Hybrid Maize 1.50 19.48 3.95 24.69 •» 6.36 9.75 Hybrid Bajra irrig. - - 3.05 19.06 19.00 39.92 m - - - 15.14 23.18 Hybrid Bajra unirrig. 2.70 35.06 - - 2.60 5.46 13.00 64.04 23.00 75.41 8.00 12.26 Total cropped area 7.70 100 16.00 100 47.60 100 20.30 100 30.50 100 65.30 100 Total culti.area 5.20 - 8.00 - 25.00 - 17.00 - 26.95 - 50.50 - Cropping intensity % 148 - 200 - 190 - 119 - 113 - 129 - Returns to fixed resources (Rs.) 5,693 — 16.185 — 39.256 9,795 _ 15,738 - 46,042 - APPENDIX X II (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION F &BcasaaHS3BBaaBssaanM assaneasanBaBssacsas3S8SEaHeBaBasBS9aBasncsn Region V______Reqion VI Smal 1 Med i um Large Smal 1 Med i um Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age aqe aqe aqe EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Gram irr ig . 1.60 3.46 2.68 3.37 Gram u n irrig . -- - mm - - - - 5.40 11.16 - mm Rabi fodders 0.90 8.41 1.00 4.24 1.50 3.25 2.40 8.04 2.50 5.17 3.80 4.78 (b) Kharif Season Sugarcane mm mm a. 0.30 0.38 Peanut ir r ig . - - 0.70 2.96 0.70 1.51 - - - - 1.60 2.01 Peanut u n irrig . ------0.33 1.11 5.00 10.33 - - Kharif fodders 1.40 13.08 1.50 6.36 2.00 4.33 3.60 12.07 3.70 7.64 5.70 7.16 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat Mexican 4.40 41.12 9.20 38.98 12.90 27.92 8.40 28.16 13.00 26.86 21.82 27.42 (b) Kharif Season Hybrid Maize 4.00 37.39 8.00 33.90 8.00 17.32 7.30 24.47 4.80 9.92 3.06 3.84 Hybrid Bajra irrig. - - - - 14.00 30.30 - - 7.00 14.46 17.94 22.53 Hybrid Bajra unirrig. -- 3.20 13.56 5.50 11.91 7.80 26.15 7.00 14.46 22.70 28.51 Total cropped area 10.70 100 23.^0 100 46.20 100 29. S3 100 48.40 100 79.60 100 Total culti.area 5.25 - 13.40 - 21.50 - 18.50 - 32.80 - 51.30 - Cropping intensity % 204 - 176 - 215 - 161 - 148 mm 155 - Returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 10.448 23.905 42.706 24.650 _ 37.703 mm 64,888 oo —i APPENDIX X II (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION F Region VII______Region V III Sma 11 Med i urn Large Smal 1 Med i urn Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age age EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Gram ir r ig . 6.32 11.33 9.73 9.37 3.00 4.77 11.97 14.52 Gram u n irrig . - - - - 13.64 13.13 2.30 10.50 0.80 1.27 6.00 7.28 Tor ia ------m * - m - 30.85 37.42 Rabi fodders 2.00 6.85 2.50 4.48 4.00 3.85 1.40 6.39 2.40 3.82 5.00 6.06 (b) Khar if Season Sugarcane M 8.84 8.51 .. 3.80 6.04 3.64 4.42 Khar if fodders 3.00 10.27 4.00 7.18 6.00 5.78 2.10 9.59 3.60 5.72 8.00 9.70 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat Mexican 12.00 41.10 14.78 26.49 18.94 18.23 6.10 27.86 20.70 32.91 3.50 4.24 (b) Khar if Season Paddy T .N .l 1.66 1.60 «• 3.60 5.72 Hybrid Maize 6.25 21.40 - - -- 5.00 22.83 - - - Hybrid Bajra i rrig . 4.75 16.27 19.60 35.13 25.00 24.07 - - 18.00 28.62 13.50 16.36 Hybrid Bajra unirrig. 1.20 4.11 8.60 15.41 16.06 15.46 5.00 22.83 7.00 11.13 - - . Total cropped area 29.20 100 56.SO 100 103.S7 100 21.90 100 62.90 100 82.46 100 Total culti.area 15.20 - 32.20 - 71.20 - 14.90 - 36.80 - 61.67 - Cropping intensity % 192 - 173 - 146 - 147 - 171 - 134 - Returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 28,022 _ 45.123 _ 77.083 - 18,348 - 56,029 - 52,395 - APPENDIX X II (C o n td .) NORMATIVE PRODUCTION PLANS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN SITUATION F Region IX Region X Smal 1 Med i urn Large Smal 1 Medi urn Large Crop Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per Acre Per age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age cent age age age age age age EXISTING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Gram irr ig . 0.60 3.00 25.09 46.25 116.00 72.40 4.00 4.70 4.26 3.54 Gram u n irrig . - - 4.00 7.37 - - 1.40 3.64 15.00 17.65 41.67 29.61 Barley unirrig. ------1.45 1.71 - - Rabi fodders 1.20 6.00 2.20 4.05 2.20 1.37 2.00 5.19 3.60 4.23 3.60 2.67 (b) Khar if Season Sugarcane 0.40 2.00 0.76 1.40 1.00 1.18 6.40 4.56 Khar if fodders 1.80 9.00 3.30 6.08 3.30 2.06 2.50 6.49 5.40 6.25 5.40 3.85 HIGHYIELDING VARIETIES (a) Rabi Season Wheat Mexican 8.00 40.00 3.15 5.81 8.60 22.35 20.20 23.78 19.54 13.92 (b) Khar if Season Hybrid Maize 4.10 20.50 38.67 24.17 2.27 5.89 M i a . Hybrid Bajra irrig. 3.90 19.50 15.75 29.04 - - 5.73 14.88 22.20 26.12 22.70 16.18 Hybrid Bajra unirrig. ------16.00 41.56 12.13 14.28 36.03 25.67 Total cropped area 20.00 100 54.25 100 160.17 100 38.50 100 84.98 100 i4o.30 100 Total culti.area 10.20 - 35.00 - 158.80 - 29.00 - 60.80 - 112.20 - Cropping intensity 196 - 155 - 101 - 133 - 140 - 125 - Returns to fixed farm resources (Rs.) 19,424 - 32,684 1,03,553 - 29,151 - 62,814 - 92,927 - APPENDIX XIII RESOURCE-USE PATTERN ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Region I U ti1ization S i tua- Rabi land Khar if land Irrig Labor Cash Rs. F e r t i1izer Net t ion Irrig Un- Irr ig Un- Apr- July O ct.- Nov.- Apri 1 Rabi Kharif CAN S/P Returns i rrig i rrig July Nov. March 00 Rs. Smal 1 Ava i 1. 0.0 8.0 0.0 8.0 0.0 44.0 44 176 22 515 515 134 10 - 1Z0 "ZBir Exist. 0.0 6.6 0.0 8.0 0.0 23 33 105 22 396 413 220 0 28 A 0.0 7.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 7 22 75 1 263 92 134 0 16 B 0.0 1.1 0.0 4.7 0.0 8 0 6 0 8 182 134 10 10 C 0.0 6.1 0.0 2.9 0.0 3 25 8 0 155 8 134 10 18 D 0.0 0.0 0.0 11 2 0 560 32 i 3*3 5.7 17 173 473 227 E 0.0 b . 3 0.0 5.2 0.0 11 2 17 0 173 477 560 227 32 F 0.0 .2.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 15 1 14 0 76 640 750 100 35 Med i um 248 18 Ava i 1. 0.0 14.0 0.0 14.0 0.0 50 50 200 25 1010 1010 10V0 520 - Ex i s t . 0.0 10.0 0.0 12.3 0.0 56 55 163" 0 174 558 281 0 47 A 0.0 5.8 0.0 12.8 0.0 50 35 154 0 140 793 248 0 36 B 0.0 1.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 15 0 10 0 0 337 248 0 17 C 0.0 5.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 31 50 68 0 174 449 248 0 37 D 0.0 5.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 28 16 40 0 168 798 1040 0 53 E 0.0 5.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 25 25 28 0 100 850 1040 0 56 F 0.0 5.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 28 16 40 0 168 1024 1400 0 64 La rqe 649 48 Ava i 1. 0.0 36.0 0.0 36.0 0.0 91 91 364 46 1940 1940 2720 "1360 - Exist. 0.0 21.8 0.0 29.9 0.0 135 111 282 0 699 637 2065 0 78 A 0.0 35.0 0.0 22.0 0.0 45 57 174 0 593 0 649 0 91 - B 0.0 3.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 37 4 30 0 41 816 649 0 44 ^ C 0.0 30.7 0.0 7.3 0.0 32 48 113 0 793 0 649 0 103 D 0.0 23.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 37 84 150 0 882 1458 2720 0 142 E 0.0 23.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 57 74 147 0 612 1536 2720 0 144 F 0.0 23.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 57 84 150 0 882 1536 2850 0 148. „ APPENDIX X III (Contd.) RESOURCE-USE PATTERN ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Ut i 1ization S i tua- Rabi Land Khar if land 1 rrig Labor Cash Rs. F e r t i1izer Net t ion Irrig Un- Irrig Un Apr- July Oct.- Nov.- Apr. Rabi Khar if CAN S/P Returns i rrig irrig July Nov. March 00 Rs. Small holdinq 76 6 Ava i 1. 4.60 0.40 4.60 0.40 23.0 59 59 236 30 660 660 320 TO Exist. 4.6o 0.40 4.60 o.4o 9.5 17 21 46 1 193 497 5S7 0 15 A 2.20 0.40 2.70 0.00 8.7 1 2 32 1 34 209 76 0 3 B 2.10 0.00 2.60 0.00 0.0 1 1 2 0 84 0 76 6 9 C 2.10 0.40 2.60 0.00 0.0 1 3 6 0 2 84 76 6 10 D 4.60 0.40 1.60 0.00 0.6 5 14 19 0 337 44 320 160 35 E 4.60 0.40 1.80 0.00 1.0 5 14 19 0 337 44 320 160 35 F 4.60 0.00 4.60 0.40 6.2 32 34 3 0 799 669 1899 962 86 . Med i urn hold ing 202 15 Ava i 1. 10.00 2.00 10.00 2.00 50.0 44 44 176 22 970 970 848 424 - Exist. 5.60 2.00 8.80 0.00 23.8 26 34 103 3 385 820 543 0 38 A 7.70 2.00 3.70 0.00 5.1 10 31 51 7 363 111 202 0 34 B 4.40 0.00 4.90 0.00 0.0 3 3 6 0 223 0 202 15 24 C 7.90 2.00 3.70 0.00 5.0 10 31 54 7 363 123 202 15 35 D 10.00 1.75 10.00 0.25 3.4 24 29 39 0 265 848 848 424 88 E 10.00 2.00 5.40 0.00 7.0 18 44 79 0 880 455 848 424 92 F 10.00 0.00 10.00 2.00 8.0 30 37 83 0 1693 1824 4282 1756 183 Large holding 344 25 Ava i 1. 17.00 3.00 17.00 3.00 173.0 68 68 272 34 1380 1380 1440 720 - Exist. 10.30 3.00 12.90 1.60 30.1 44 62 135 5 862 1209 1021 0 52 A 8.90 3.00 10.10 0.00 21.4 21 37 55 29 490 413 344 0 59 B 7.20 0.00 7.90 0.00 0.0 5 5 12 0 379 0 344 25 40 C 7.20 3.00 16.40 0.00 25.0 12 14 11 34 15 872 344 25 67 D 17.00 3.00 16.80 0.00 5.6 39 49 66 0 1422 409 1440 720 151 E 17.00 3.00 17.00 0.00 23.0 25 68 83 23 1155 745 1440 720 167 F 17.00 0.00 17.00 3.00 16.0 51 57 132 0 2705 3330 7018 3202 301 APPENDIX XIII (C o n td .) RESOURCE-USE PATTERN ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Region I I I Ut i 1 ization S i tua- Rabi land Kharif land Irrig Labor Cash Rs. Ferti1izer Net tion Irr ig Un Irr ig Un A pr.- July Oct. Nov. Apr. Rabi Kharif CAN S/P Returns irrig irrig July Nov. Mar. 00 Rs. Small holding Ava i 1. 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.7 36 51 51 204 26 541 541 84/352 6/176 - Exist. 2.5 1.4 2.3 0.0 4 6 19 31 0 86 147 160 0 12 A 2.5 2.6 2.5 0.0 11 7 12 55 2 48 126 84 0 14 B 2.1 0.1 2.2 0.0 0 1 1 3 0 92 0 84 6 10 C 2.5 2.6 2.5 0.0 10 7 11 52 1 41 141 84 6 15 D 2.5 0.5 2.5 2.2 2 16 11 17 0 190 282 352 176 29 E 2.5 0.8 2.5 1.9 5 12 17 27 0 229 283 352 176 32 F 2.5 0.0 2.5 2.7 3 23 16 19 0 377 742 1283 459 57 Medium holding Ava i 1. 8.0 0.0 8.0 0.0 280 59 59 236 30 1144 1144 137/576 10/288 - Ex i s t . 6.8 0.0 8.0 0.0 24 id 4o 107 2 254 484 350 0 35 A 8.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 6 11 54 82 0 281 197 137 0 33 B 3.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 0 0 14 3 0 203 0 137 10 14 C 8.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 5 10 53 79 0 274 192 137 10 33 D 8.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0 0 41 43 0 650 9 576 288 60 E 8.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 5 9 52 78 0 584 163 576 288 63 F 8.0 0.0 8.0 0.0 21 49 55 64 0 1598 1641 3837 1823 162 Large holding Ava i 1. 22.5 2.6 22.5 2.6 170 88 88 352 44 1791 1791 432/1768 32/884 - Exist. 20.8 0.0 21.3 0.0 37 53 115 169 0 1363 1901 2502 0 103 A 11.1 0.0 3.5 0.0 0 0 52 69 0 665 0 432 0 29 B 11.5 0.0 3.5 0.0 0 0 44 10 0 639 0 432 32 45 C 11.5 0.0 3.5 0.0 0 0 44 10 0 0 639 432 32 45 D 22.5 0.0 5.7 2.6 22 10 88 150 0 1630 811 1768 884 164 E 17.5 0.0 8.5 2.6 36 13 88 248 5 1467 960 1768 884 167 F 22.5 0.0 22.5 2.6 19 65 88 178 0 3531 4056 8948 3902 393 APPENDIX XIII (C o n td .) RESOURCE-USE PATTERN ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Region IV Utilization S i tua- Rabi land Kharif land Irrig Labor Cash Rs. Fert i 1izer Net t ion Irrig Un- Irrig Un- Apr.- July Oct. Nov. Apr. Rabi Khar if CAN S/P Returns irriq i rriq July Nov. Mar. 00 Rs. Sma 11 hoidinq Ava i 1. 3.1 13.9 3.1 13.9 98 120 110 440 56 912 912 283/1184 22/592 - Exist. 3.1 12.2 3.1 8.0 0 46 74 76 1 437 410 6l8 0 61 A 3.1 10.8 3.1 0.0 0 22 47 70 0 339 0 220 0 31 B 3.1 0.2 3.1 4.8 0 14 5 11 0 81 323 283 22 22 C 3.1 9.4 3.1 1.2 0 24 42 64 0 383 43 283 22 35 D 3.1 2.7 3.1 8.5 0 26 11 48 0 293 985 1184 592 68 E 3.1 6.1 3.1 10.9 0 25 13 48 0 448 942 1184 592 78 F 3.1 0.9 3.1 13.0 0 39 6 37 0 268 1664 3102 239 98 Medium hoidinq Ava i 1. 3.0 24.0 3.0 24.0 118 174 158 631 72 2072 2072 464/1968 34/984 - Exi st. 3.0 16.0 3.0 7.1 0 55 89 173 1 333 283 699 0 90 A 2.6 23.5 3.0 0.0 0 47 95 133 0 370 0 332 34 101 B 3.0 0.3 3.0 8.7 0 2b 3 10 0 69 590 464 34 34 C 2.6 22.8 3.0 0.8 0 48 92 132 0 460 38 464 34 104 D 3.0 9.5 3.0 14.5 0 44 13 63 0 781 1699 1968 984 125 E 3.0 13.3 3.0 10.7 0 58 56 97 0 397 1373 1968 984 133 F 3.0 1.0 3.0 23.0 0 69 5 46 0 209 2944 3618 202 157 Large hoidinq Ava i 1. 14.9 35.6 14.9 35.6 304 201 201 804 101 3651 3651 799/3768 56/1884 - Ex i s t . 11.2 29.9 14.7 6.4 21 90 177 331 5 959 379 1^72 68 194 A 7.4 27.2 14.1 0.0 18 60 143 184 0 477 317 793 49 187 B 13.0 0.4 14.0 2.2 0 19 15 26 0 729 229 799 56 86 C 13.0 22.9 5.3 0.4 0 25 90 69 0 235 683 799 56 194 D 14.9 13.6 14.8 22.0 13 139 127 196 0 1847 2960 3768 1884 290 E 14.9 25.3 13.1 10.3 16 97 177 198 0 3142 1971 3768 1518 359 F 14.9 15.6 14.8 20.0 16 133 113 201 0 3739 5730 9910 4991 460 APPENDIX XIII (C o n td .) RESOURCE-USE PATTERN ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS C33rBB3s3ss==BEs=ra=aBaaBB^£^^a>KSsasEa=x33aaaaBsan U ti1ization S i tua- Rabi land Kharif land Irr ig Labor Cash Rs. F e r t i1izer Net t ion Irrig Un- Irrig Un- Apr.- July Oct. Nov. Apr. Rabi Kharif CAN S/P Returns irriq irriq July Nov. Mar. 00 Rs. Small hoidinq Ava i 1. 5.3 0.0 5.3 0.0 72 78 78 312 39 666 666 84/352 6/176 - Exist. 4.1 0.0 3.5 0.0 6 11 23 38 1 128 165 131 0 25 A 5.3 0.0 5.3 0.0 11 9 29 41 14 172 244 84 6 31 B 2.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 0 0 9 2 0 124 0 84 6 8 C 5.3 0.0 5.3 0.0 12 9 28 39 14 167 252 84 6 31 D 5.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 0 0 25 26 0 397 54 352 176 37 E 5.3 0.0 5.3 0.0 11 10 31 45 12 357 283 352 176 49 F 5.3 0.0 5.3 0.0 8 40 42 35 0 977 1056 2304 1200 104 Medium hoidinq Ava i 1. 10.2 3.2 10.2 3.2 79 95 95 380 48 1248 _ 1248 237/992 17/496 Exist. 6.5 0.4 6.1 0.4 13 22 39 71 3 241 128 274 0 54 A 3.1 0.0 10.2 2.0 16 45 55 86 0 104 610 237 0 77 B 5.7 0.0 1.5 0.2 0 1 25 5 0 337 19 237 17 25 C 3.2 0.0 10.2 2.0 16 44 55 87 0 104 624 237 17 78 D 10.2 0.0 1.5 3.2 0 10 55 78 0 892 228 992 496 99 E 10.2 0.0 10.2 3.2 17 47 95 140 0 879 687 992 496 156 F 10.2 0.0 10.2 3.2 17 93 90 80 0 2042 2542 5235 2503 239 Larqe hoidinq Ava i 1. 16.0 5.5 16.0 5.5 137 79 79 316 40 1700 1700 382/1600 28/800 - Exist. 12.3 1.6 7.5 1.4 16 37 72 199 5 597 524 727 50 102 A 1.5 5.5 9.7 0.0 15 43 53 94 0 71 662 382 25 105 B 9.1 0.0 2.0 0.4 0 2 40 8 0 542 31 382 28 41 C 1.5 5.5 9.7 0.0 14 43 53 94 0 71 665 382 28 105 D 16.0 0.0 2.7 5.5 7 17 79 132 0 1353 581 1600 800 154 E 10.4 1.1 16.0 4.4 28 71 79 I85 0 765 1835 1600 800 226 Co F 16.0 0.0 16.0 5-5 14 59 79 149 0 2864 5663 10116 3867 427 ^ APPENDIX XIII (C o n td .) RESOURCE-USE PATTERN ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Region VI Uti 1 izat ion S i tua- Rabi land Kharif land Irrig Labor Cash Rs.. Fertilizer Net tion Irrig Un- Irr ig Un Apr; - July Oct. Nov. Apr. Rabi Kha r i f CAN S/P Returns i rriq irrig July Nov. Mar. 00 Rs. Sma 11 hoidinq Ava i 1. 11.4 7.1 11.4 7.1 224 142 142 568 71 2600 2600 315/1320 23/660 - Ex i s t . 10.1 0.0 11.3 7.1 19 62 99 106 10 532 932 515 295 109 A 8.1 0.0 7.3 1.8 16 44 60 69 13 215 572 315 12 81 B 8.1 0.0 4.1 0.2 0 4 28 7 0 382 88 315 23 32 C 11.4 0.0 11.4 1.9 14 48 66 70 7 66 707 315 23 84 D 11.4 0.1 6.1 7.0 2 34 59 81 0 816 888 1320 660 122 E 10.8 0.0 10.9 3.1 13 59 92 94 7 844 979 1320 660 161 F 11.1 0.0 11.4 7.1 15 98 81 93 0 1865 2950 5478 2276 247 Medium hoidinq A vai1. 15.5 17.4 15.5 17.4 128 128 128 512 64 3250 3250 580/2432 43/1216 - Ex i s t . 12.9 0.3 11.1 17.1 19 105 137 120 8 435 1050 475 370 168 A 15.5 0.0 15.5 3.1 22 63 102 102 46 437 584 433 43 119 B 10.1 0.0 3.7 4.6 0 14 40 16 0 538 321 580 43 55 C 15.5 0.0 15.5 7.1 27 78 88 51 30 332 987 580 43 133 D 15.5 3.5 4.9 14.0 4 55 117 135 0 1364 1632 2432 1216 210 E 14.5 1.9 15.5 15.5 26 102 128 130 31 1256 1836 2432 1216 266 F 15.5 5.4 15.5 12.0 17 128 123 154 0 3296 3958 7726 4008 377 ' Large holding Ava i 1. 28.6 22.7 28.6 22.7 282 178 178 712 89 4500 4500 907/3800 66/1900 mm Exist. 23.1 0.0 19.9 21.1 36 154 229 247 i4 [241 1575 1680 1341 292 A 14.4 0.0 28.6 2.6 126 40 128 386 36 266 1687 823 66 149 B 22.0 0.0 5.7 1.3 0 5 92 19 0 1260 100 907 66 95 C 13.0 0.0 26.6 1.7 87 60 61 213 194 1835 907 66 169 D 28.6 0.0 11.9 22.7 17 85 157 246 0 2295 2989 3800 1900 344 E 25.5 0.0 28.6 22.7 64 151 178 255 53 2064 3033 3800 1900 439 ^ F 28.3 0.0 28.6 22.7 29 161 152 274 0 5061 7550 14970 5394 649 APPENDIX XIII (C o n td .) RESOURCE-USE PATTERN ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Reg ion V11 UtiIization S i tua- Rabi land Khar if land Irrig Labor Cash1 Rs. F e r t i1izer Net t ion Irr ig Un- Irr ig Un- Apr. - July Oct . Nov. Apr. Rabi Khar if CAN S/P Returns irrig i rriq July Nov. Mar. 00 Rs. Smal 1 ho 1 d ing Ava i 1. 14.0 1.2 14.0 1.2 64 97 97 388 49 1188 l l 88 252/1050 18/525 - Exi st. 10.6 0.8 0.8 0.0 15 26 52 166 2 308 409 127 0 65 A 14.0 1.2 14.0 0.0 33 35 77 153 44 468 627 120 18 112 B 5.2 0.0 3.0 0.0 0 0 25 56 0 312 0 252 18 27 C 14.0 1.2 14.0 0.0 33 35 74 85 44 361 847 252 18 115 D 14.0 0.0 3.0 1.2 0 4 69 80 0 1107 89 1050 525 109 E 14.0 0.7 14.0 0.5 33 36 72 83 44 1027 690 1050 525 162 F 14.0 0.0 14.0 1.2 17 80 97 108 0 2666 2735 6403 2984 280 Med i um holdi ng Ava i 1. 23.6 8.6 23.6 8.6 126 95 95 380 48 1594 1594 567/2376 42/1188 Exi st. 17.1 8.6 11.8 0.0 21 55 129 218 1 823 598 250 0 113 A 23.2 0.0 9.0 0.0 10 30 95 166 0 828 425 514 0 133 B 14.3 0.0 4.0 0.0 0 0 57 13 0 839 0 567 42 60 C 19.6 5.9 9.0 2.7 10 49 95 176 0 603 459 567 42 143 D 23.6 0.0 6.6 8.6 26 28 95 206 0 1822 1344 2376 1188 214 E 22.1 0.0 17.7 8.6 39 77 95 244 0 1346 2045 2376 1188 254 F 23.6 0.0 23.6 8.6 20 85 95 200 0 3787 4942 10328 4125 451 Larqe holding Ava i 1. 41.5 29.7 41.5 29.7 207 137 137 548 69 3352 3352 1274/5376 94/2638 Ex i s t . 29.0 26.0 25.7 0.0 26 87 226 415 4 804 613 356 0 237 A 41.5 7.0 41.5 0.0 61 137 137 548 5 606 1661 753 74 293 B 23.1 0.0 24.2 0.0 0 18 19 40 0 1404 0 1274 94 148 C 35.3 10.8 21.5 18.9 62 100 137 548 6 473 2208 1274 94 326 D 41.5 10.0 40.1 19.8 15 125 137 286 0 3930 2884 5376 2688 492 - E 36.5 8.2 36.1 21.5 98 137 137 548 69 3534 5898 5376 2688 546 c F 41.5 13.6 41.5 16.1 117 137 137 548 0 6391 10021 10520 7548 771 APPENDIX XIII (C o n td .) RESOURCE-USE PATTERN ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Uti1izat ion______Situa- Rabi land Khar if land Irrig Labor Cash Rs. F e r tiliz e r Net tion Irrig Unirrig Irrig Un- Apr.- July Oct. Nov. Apr. Rabi Kharif CAN S/p Returns i rrig July______Nov. Mar. 00 Rs. Small hoidinq Ava i 1. 7.6 7.3 7.6 7.3 23 So So 320 4o 960 960 255/1072 19/536 - Ex i s t . 6.8 7.3 7.2 0.0 16 32 47 130 11 21S 233 15 0 62 A 6.7 7.3 6.7 0.0 9 33 80 132 0 188 206 0 19 66 B 5.3 0.0 2.2 0.0 0 4 4 8 0 281 0 255 19 30 C 7.6 7.3 7.0 0.0 22 35 78 104 0 97 572 255 19 75 D 7.6 0.6 5.1 5.0 4 38 42 51 0 576 842 1072 536 100 E 7.6 5.2 7.6 0.4 10 42 77 110 0 6 97 652 1072 536 110 F 7.6 2.3 7.6 5.0 11 67 59 68 0 1521 I960 3798 1832 183 Medium holding Ava i 1. 29.0 7.8 29.0 7.8 70 128 128 512 64 1470 1470 674/2824 49/1412 Ex i s t . 24.6 4.4 19.9 0.0 49 79 100 278 32 608 858 847 329 143 A 29.0 7.8 29.0 0.0 18 47 88 202 22 410 269 74 49 193 B 11.1 0.7 13.2 0.0 0 12 12 19 0 703 54 674 49 79 C 29.0 6.4 10.0 1.4 19 30 88 151 26 417 858 674 49 210 D 29.0 3.0 7.6 4.8 8 69 118 156 0 2574 919 2824 1412 290 E 29.0 2.3 20.2 5.5 49 59 128 214 62 2094 1571 2824 412 320 F 29.0 0.8 29.0 7.0 63 90 128 326 0 5117 6595 13311 5737 560 Large hoidinq Ava i 1. 55.7 6.0 55.7 6.0 226 75 70 280 35 2710 2710 1070/4480 78/2240 - Ex i s t . 49.7 1.7 27.5 0.0 52 8l 172 497 30 1218 783 1622 247 302 A 55.7 0.1 55.7 0.0 8 75 70 211 0 521 414 390 78 324 B 21.8 0.0 23.0 0.0 0 15 16 34 0 1179 0 1070 78 125 C 50.9 0.0 22.4 6.0 29 62 70 205 9 1072 580 1070 78 334 D 55.7 6.0 17.7 0.0 16 68 70 280 0 4240 1701 4480 2240 456 E 55.7 3.3 21.0 2.7 13 75 70 280 0 3847 1671 1070 78 467 F 55.7 6.0 55.7 0.0 50 75 70 280 0 2343 3705 7363 3249 524 APPENDIX XIII (C o n td .) RESOURCE-USE PATTERN ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Region IX U t i1ization Si tua- Rabi land Kharif: land 1 rrig Labor Cash1 Rs. F e r t i1izer Net tion Irrig Un- Irrig Un- A pr.- July Oct. Nov. Apr. Rabi Kharif CAN S/P Returns i rriq irriq July Nov. Mar. 00 Rs. Small holding Ava i 1. 10.2 0.0 10.2 0.0 161 65 65 260 33 1135 1135 172/720 13/360 - Ex i s t . 4.1 0.0 7.3 0.0 16 17 14 45 19 57 317 338 0 48 A 9.2 0.0 4.9 0.0 9 9 48 67 8 176 185 459 13 59 B 4.8 0.0 1.8 0.0 0 0 17 4 0 247 0 172 13 18 C 9.3 0.0 4.8 0.0 9 9 48 67 8 176 216 172 13 69 D 9.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 3 0 46 59 0 734 93 720 360 72 E 10.2 0.0 9.8 0.0 24 24 49 260 32 286 492 720 360 106 F 10.2 0.0 10.2 0.0 16 53 65 84 0 1841 1963 4407 2098 194 Medium hoidinq Ava i 1. 31.0 4.0 31.0 4.0 213 48 48 192 24 1660 1660 630/2640 46/1320 - Exist. 13.2 0.0 19.9 0.0 54 48 53 186 63 452 1619 2060 0 140 A 18.0 0.0 14.6 4.0 30 47 48 36 0 160 1171 630 46 140 B 12.0 0.0 3.0 3.1 0 9 44 18 0 712 210 630 46 61 C 18.3 0.0 13.1 4.0 38 48 48 192 3 189 1113 630 46 144 D 25.4 0.0 12.5 4.0 66 26 48 192 17 1373 2448 2640 1320 183 E 23.2 0.0 18.0 4.0 67 48 48 192 0 961 3238 2640 1320 240 F 31.0 4.0 14.5 0.0 23 48 48 192 0 3042 3308 4997 4270 327 Large hoidinq Ava i 1. 146.2 12.6 146.2 12.6 479 116 116 464 58 6481 6481 2971/12528 219/6264 - Exist. 20.6 1.6 127.7 0.0 373 388 92 525 488 998 12771 8950 130 626 A 21.5 0.0 43.3 0.0 90 116 116 268 2 1065 3756 2960 219 327 B 29.8 0.0 7.7 12.6 44 42 116 158 0 1831 2228 2971 219 210 C 25.2 0.0 44.4 0.0 112 116 116 119 0 1069 5179 2971 219 470 D 55.2 0.0 35.2 12.6 98 116 116 464 0 5854 8409 12528 6264 670 ^ E 50.9 0.0 47.7 0.0 158 116 116 464 0 5806 6091 6674 6264 687 F 118.2 0.0 42.0 0.0 77 116 116 464 0 9280 10209 10364 6370 3343 APPENDIX XIII (C o n td .) RESOURCE-USE PATTERN ON THE DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Reg io n X Uti 1 ization______' Rabi land Kharif land Irr ig ______Labor Cash Rs. F e r tiliz e r Irrig Un- Irrig Un- Apr.- July Oct. Nov. Apr. Rabi Kharif CAN S/p ______i rrig ______irr ig July______Nov. Mar.______) Rs - Small holding ______11.6 17.4 11.6 17.4 244 105 105 420 53 1425 1650 497/2080 36/1040 10.0 14.5 9.5 7.5 19 31 37 60 18 419 630 449 167 75o 11.6 0.3 11.6 13.0 15 61 30 27 10 160 968 283 32 130 8.7 0.2 3.6 4.5 0 14 29 15 0 417 310 497 36 45 11.6 0.3 11.6 14.9 22 62 32 25 29 212 1346 497 36 136 11.6 5.1 5.0 12.3 2 50 66 116 0 1190 1375 2080 1040 167 4.6 2.5 10.5 14.9 45 61 26 183 6 501 2822 2080 1040 211 11.6 1.4 11.6 16.0 10 99 62 108 0 2015 3770 6848 2145 292 Medium holding 28.8 32.0 28.8 32.0 279 140 146 608 73 2100 2300 1092/2576 80/2288 23.2 23.3 19.7 3.6 40 63 99 201 39 866 W ' - W ' - 275 i s 28.8 15.5 27.1 15.0 132 131 113 304 73 919 1476 268 7 320 17.3 0.5 5.4 8.4 0 25 67 ’ 33 0 1016 571 1092 80 100 24.1 15.3 28.3 15.3 75 104 113 304 52 778 1746 550 80 343 28.8 14.1 7.1 17.3 17 54 146 258 0 3207 2582 2576 2288 360 21.2 17.7 28.8 14.3 91 96 123 608 51 2593 3478 2159 2288 510 26.8 16.5 28.6 12.1 32 104 146 331 0 6040 6195 13331 6494 628 Large holding______3**.5 77.7 34.5 77.7 342 200 200 8 48 109 6000 6000 2074/8688 152/4344 mm 21.9 40.4 21.6 6.9 73 43 113 174 44 1256 963 775 287 295 33.5 37.3 30.6 0.0 257 51 183 419 49 486 233 125 152 410 20.2 1.1 5.4 25.4 0 77 86 571 0 1265 734 2074 152 176 27.3 37.1 30.6 34.0 257 163 183 491 44 1944 1312 2074 152 538 34.5 33.9 11.8 43.9 49 127 200 466 0 5265 6054 8688 4344 636 26.7 39.9 34.5 37.8 196 188 200 710 99 4116 7520 8688 4344 815 34.5 41.6 34.5 36,0 87 183 164 639 0 8170 10924 18042 9440 929 200 APPENDIX XIV ESTIMATED YIELDS OF CROPS IN PUNJAB UNDER IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY (Kilograms per acre) Crop Yield Barley irrigated ...... 900 Barley unirrigated ...... 600 Peanut ir r ig a t e d ...... 800 Peanut unirrigated ...... 600 Wheat irrigated ...... 1,500 Wheat un i r r i g a t e d ...... 600 Wheat M exican ...... 2,400 R i c e ...... 1,200 Paddy T.N. 1 ...... 2,700 Bajra hybrid irrigated ...... 1,600 Bajra hybrid unirrigated...... 1,200 Bajra desi ir r ig a t e d...... 800 Bajra desi unirrigated...... 600 Maize h y b r id ...... 2,000 Maize d e s i...... 1,000 Tor i a ...... 600 Cotton desi...... 300 Cotton Am erican ...... 400 Gram unirrigated...... 600 Gram irrigated ...... 800 Sugarcane (Gur) ...... 3,000 201 APPENDIX XV PRICES OF DIFFERENT COMMODITIES AND INPUTS A. Crops (Per Quintal) Crop Produce (Rs.) Seed (Rs.) Wheat 65 80 Gram 75 80 Barley 57 70 Maize 70 70 Cotton American 130 80 Cotton desi 100 80 Sugarcane 5 5 11 (Gur) 65 Rice 40 55 Toria 144 150 Massar 100 100 Ba j ra 60 60 Guara 60 60 Wheat + Gram 70 Peanut 100 - 150 B. Bye-Products (Per Quintal) Wheat Bhusa Rs. 8 Wheat + Gram Bhusa " 5 Gram Bhusa " 4 Maize Karvi " 2 Barley Bhusa " 6 Bajra Karvi 11 2 Paddy straw " 1 Peanut Bhusa " 4 Cotton sticks " 2 C. Others Compost (per ton) Rs. 6 Calcium Ammonium-Nitrate (per quintal) " 38.50 Superphosphate (per quintal) " 34.50 Labor (per day) 11 4.00 202 APPENDIX XVI QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE STUDIES ON CROPPING PATTERNS OF THE SELECTED HOLDINGS IN PUNJAB Section 1 I. Name of the farm operator: Village Block Tehsi1 District I I . Land (acres) Owned Rented in Total Weil/Tubewel1 irrigated; Canal irrigated; Unirrigated; T o ta l;______ III. Classification of Land (acres) Crop Land f i t for Land put Remarks the crop under the ______crop _____ A. Rabi _ Wheat irrigated Wheat unirrigated Gram irrigated Gram unirrigated Barley Toria Wheat +' Gram Fodders B. Kharif Maize American cotton Desi cotton Sugarcane Peanut irrigated Peanut unirrigated Paddy Bajra Fodders IV. Permanent Labor Men Women ChiIdren (Man days per month) Family Hi red Total 203 APPENDIX XVI (C o n td .) V. Live-stock Number Condit ion Draught Animals 1. Bullocks 2. Camels 3...... Other animals 1. Cows 2. Buffalos 3...... V I. Farm Implements Implement Number Capacity per week Remarks VII. Irrigation (April-July) Source Capacity per week (acres) Remarks 1. Canal 2. Tubewell 3. Percolation Well ______Total V I I I . Farm-yard Manure (Tons) Quantity That can be Total avail- Remarks owned purchased able during ______the season ___ Rabi Kharif ______Total ___ IX. Yield Estimates (based on expected yields with the practices to be followed in quintals per acre) Rotation 1 Yield Rotation 2 Yield — Rotation 3 Yield Rotation k Yield Rotat ion 5 Yield APPENDIX XVI (Contd.) Section 2 PATTERN OF FARM OPERATIONS Prep.Plough Sowi ng- Hoe i ng Water Har Thresh Winnow Spray ing (Nos.) plough- & Weed- ings vest -ing -ing ing Crop ing(Nos) ings (Nos.) ing (Man- (Man- (Nos.) (Nos.) (Man days) days) days) Wheat irrig. after fallow Wheat irrig. after Kharif Wheat unirrigated Gram Barley Rabi fodders Others Maize American cotton a fte r fallow American cotton a fte r wheat Desi cotton Sugarcane Peanut irrigated Peanut unirrigated Kharif fodders Others Paddy APPENDIX XVI (C o n td .) S e c tio n 3 Variable Costs (Rs.) Labor Seed Ferti Com I n Wa V il Others To liz e r post s e c - ter lage tal C rop Sow Hoe Weed A fter Har Thre Win Misc. To t i - rate A rti ing ing i ng care vest shing now tal cides sans ______ing______ing Wheat irrigated Wheat unirrigated ' Gram Rabi fodders Barley Others Maize American cotton a fte r fallow American cotton a fte r wheat Desi cotton Paddy | Sugarcane Peanut irrigated Peanut unirrigated Kharif fodders Others N> O vn