Darhadyn Wetland

Synthesis Investigation on Ecosystems

Editor Hideo Nishida / Tseden Jamsran

© Mongolia Ecology Information Center Director of investigation, Chief Editor: Hideo Nishida Professor of Graduate School of Kanazawa Gakuin University, Japan Guest Professor of Mongolia State University of Education,Mongolia 1963:Tokyo University of Science- department of science graduation 1970-77: A leader of pollution opposition movement 1973:Pablished "Ecology of Wetland"from Uchida Roukakuho Co.Ltd. 1984;Awarded a grant for "National Wetland environmental research by remote sensing and a study of the evaluation system" from Toyota foundation. 1986;Cnferred Doctor of engineering in "A study of statistical evaluation method of Heavy metals in River sediment" from Tokyo Institute of Technology 1998:Conferred a Honarary doctorate by "Eenvironmental education" from Mongolia State University of Education 2002-8:Awarded a grant for "Thaw survey of the permafrost layer accompanying ecosystem evaluation and the global warming of Darhadyn Wetland" from Fuand for Global Environment. e-mail: [email protected]

Editor: Tseden Jamsran Professor of Mongolia National University, Mongolia PhD. Doctor of Science (Dr. Sc.,) 1954-1959, graduated from Moscow State University as a biologist. 1972-1977, has been worked for Mongolian and Germany joint expedition, specifically on research of the plants in area of the Westerm Mongolian High Mountains. 1977-1997, has been worked for joint expedition of the Mongolian National University and Irkutsk State University, and did scientific research on Huvsgul Lake and plants in this area. e-mail: [email protected]

Subeditor Subeditor Tomoyuki Sano Masahiro Nakagawa Professor of Himeji Dokkyo Wetland International Japan University, Japan e-mail: masahiro_nakagawa@ e-mail: [email protected] wi-japan.org

This booklet was surported by the Grant from the Japan Fund for Global Environment of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. Coyright © 2009 by Mongolia Ecology Information Center. All rights reserved. ……………………………………………………………………………………. Published by © Mongolia Ecology Information Center, Japan 3-5-902 Konohanacho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0853, Japan Tel: +81-76-231-5415 Distributor Kinokuniya Co., Ltd., Japan Printing Alex Company, Japan To the people who love nature of Mongolia

Contents

Preface ...... 7

Part I Photograph of Darhadyn Wetland 1 . Nature of Darhadyn Wetland ...... 11 2 . Satellite Photograph 1 . Survey Route of Darhadyn Wetland ...... 24 2 . Map of Darhadyn Wetland...... 25 3 . Contour line of Darhadyn Wetland ...... 26 4 . Categorize of Near Color ...... 27 5 . NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) ...... 28 6 . Ctegorize of Teacher Data ...... 29 7 . ALOS Data 3 . Motor Paraglider Photograph (by Takashi Morita) ...... 33 4 . Plant ...... 47 5 . Mushroom ...... 83 6. Butterfly and Dragonfly ...... 119 7 .Animal ...... 129

Part II Reports of Darhadyn Wetland Introduction ...... 137 Physical and Chemical Composition Topography Map of Darhadyn Wetland using Landsat Data*2 Tomoyuki Sano & Hideo Nishida ...... 143

Land Covering Classification of Darhadyn Wetland*2 Tomoyuki Sano & Hideo Nishida ...... 147

Influence of Permafrost to Natural Environment at Marsh in Darhad valley*1 Kazuo Takeda, Tamir J . & Hideo Nishida ...... 153

Pingo and Shape of 3-Dimensional Display in the Deed Turuu*2 Tomoyuki Sano, Eiji Sumiya & Hideo Nishida ...... 159

1 Geoscientific and Ecosystematic Researches of the Darhadyn Wetland Basin, Hovsgol Province, Northern Mongolia Norio Fuji, Khadbaatar S., Ulambayar N. & Nasanjargal E...... 165

Ingredient of Soil at Four Points in Darhadyn Wetland Masahiro Nakagawa, Toshie Suzuki & Hidei Nishida ...... 203

Ground Temperatures at a Delta and Permafrost in Darkhadyn Wetland, Mongolia Masahiro Nakagawa, Tomoyuki Sano, Eiji Sumiya & Hideo Nishida...... 209

Air Tempearature over Span at Darhadyn Hotgor*2 Yasuyuki Suzuki & Natsagdorj N...... 213

Spring Water Temperature over a Span of One Year at Darhadyn Hotgor*2 Yasuyuki Suzuki & Natsagdorj N...... 221

Physical Components and Chemical Compositions of Surface Water and Ground Water in Darkhadyn Khotgor Wetland*2 Narantsogt N ., Yasuyuki Suzuki & Yunden M ...... 227

Desiccation of Darkhadyn Wetland Tomoyuki Sano & Hideo Nishida...... 235

The Flora Normalized Vegetation Index of Darhadyn Wetland*2 Tomoyuki Sano & Hideo Nishida ...... 245

Flora and Vegetation of Darkhadyn Khotgor Wetland Jamsran Ts . & Nyambayar D ...... 261

Water Vascular Plants in Some Lakes of Darkhadyn Khotgor Wetlan*3 Jamsran Ts . & Nyambayar S ...... 253

Steppe and Meadow Plants Nearby of Ulgii Uul Mountain of Darkhadyn Khotgor, Renchinlkhumbe Soum*2 Jamsran Ts., Punsalpaamuu G. & Munguntulga E...... 267

Vascular Plants of Darkhadyn Wetlands, Hövsgöl, Mongolia, Collected in August 2005*3 Eisuke Hayasaka ...... 273

Taxonomic Notes on Saussurea (Asteraceae) of Darhadyn Wetlands, Khuvsgul, Mongolia Eisuke Hayasaka ...... 281

2 Dominant Vegetation in Talyn Nuur and Other Lake’s Basin in Darkhadyn Khotgor Wetland Punsalpaamuu G ., Namsalov B . B . & Gundegmaa V ...... 287

Clussfication of the Objects in Wetland by using of RGB Color Image*1 -Analysis of an aerial photogrph which proviied by a Motor Paraglider in Mongoia Darkhadyn Khotgor Hideo Nishida, Tomoyuki Sano, E.Mounguntula...... 293

Vegetation Analysis using Air Photo Images by Motor-Paraglider*2 Munguntulga E., Takashi Morita, Tomoyuki Sano & Hideo Nishida ...... 301

Structure of Vegetation Cover of Talyn Nuur Lake (Darkhadyn Khotgor Wetland) Namzalov B .B ., Tsyrenova M . G . & Muguntulga A ...... 309

Vegetation Cover of Depression of the Talyn Nuur Lake (Darkhadyn Khotgor, Mongolia)*3 Tsyrenova M .G . & Namzalov B .B ...... 319

Vegetation Map of Talyn Nuur by Using Paraglider Tmoyuki Sano, Binderiya G ., Takeshi Morita & Hideo Nishida ...... 325

Vegetation Map of Tovgyn Turuu by Using Paraglider Tomoyuki Sano, Eisuke Hayasaka, Takashi Morita & Hideo Nishida...... 329

Floristic Species Composition of Darkhad Valley Jamsran Ts ...... 335

List of Mushrooms in Darhadyn Wetland Kiyozo Sumiya, Kherlenchimeg N ., Tomoyuki Sano & Hideo Nishida ...... 353

Forests of Darkhad Depression I Dugarjav Ch., Erdenekhuleg D. & Purevbat N...... 357

Forests of Darkhad Depression II Dugarjav Ch. & Tsogt Z...... 363

Forest Structure, Composion and Treering Growth of Larch Trees in Darkhadyn Depression, Mongolia*3 Tsogt Z. & Dugarjav Ch...... 373

Forest Structure and Composition of Khogorgin Zurkh Mountain in Darkhadyn Depression*3 Tsogt Z., Bolormaa T. & Zolbayar D...... 381

3 Ecological Sustainabality forest of Darhadia Enkhsaikhan D...... 385

The Fauna Ticks parasitizing the Small Mammal in Darhadyn Wetland Danzan G., Uugantsetseg Ts. & Bolormaa G...... 395

Butterflies Phase in the Area of Darhadyn Wetland Hiroyuki Terayama, Teruo Tadokoro, Etsuko Ohzeki & Masanori Itoh...... 409

Odonata around Darkhad Valley Tamir J. & Bat-Erdene S...... 419

Microhabitats of the Salamander Salamandrella keyserlingii, Inhabiting Darkhadyn Wetland, Mongolia: a 2005 Examination*3 Masato Hasumi, Taivanjargal B., Hongorzul Ts., Masahiro Nakagawa & Hideo Nishida . . . . 429

New Records of the Salamander Salamandrella keyserlingii in Darkhadyn Wetland, Mongolia*3 Masato Hasumi, Hongorzul Ts., Munkhchuluun B., Taivanjargal B., Hurelbaatar E., Uuganbayar A., Tomoyuki Sano & Hideo Nishida...... 443

Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii) in Darkhadyn Wetland Taivanjargal B. & Hideo Nishida ...... 449

Fauna of Aquatic Organisms in Darkhadyn Khotgor Depression, Mongolia*2 Masahiro Nagkagawa, Tamir J . & Hideo Nishida ...... 455

Dominant Fish Species in Darhadyn Wetland and Proposal of Interdisciplinary Approaches for Future Research*3 Masahiro Nakagawa, Takashi Suzuki & Hideo Nishida ...... 467

The Birds of Darkhadyn Khotgor Tseveenmyadag N ., Tamir J . & Chingel T ...... 475

The Results of the Study of Darkhad Khotgor Birds and Mammals Tseveenmyadag N., Tamir J., Dorjiev Ts. Z. ＆ Dashanimaev V . M ...... 489

4 Darkhad Hotgor Area Tailed Gopher Spermophilus undulates (Pallas, 1778) Research Result Javzmaa N ...... 499

Body Color Variation of Yaks in Darkhadyn Depression*3 Tamir J ...... 503

Nomads Migration of herders in Darkhad Khotgor (Darhadyn depression, Hovsgol province, Mongolia) Dulamdorj S., Byamba A. & Hideo Nishida...... 509

Economic life and Environment awareness of nomadic on Darhadyn Khotgol Yusuke Kobayashi & Hideo Nishida ...... 515

The Present State of the Medical Care of Nomads resident in the Darhadyn Basin and the Provincial Medical Care in the Near Future Eiji Sumiya, Yusuke Kobayashi & Hideo Nishida ...... 527

Index ...... 533

*1 Proceedings: The Research Papers of Darhadyn Wetland in Mongolia, Mongolia Ecology Information Center, 2004 *2 Proceedings: The Research Papers of Darhadyn Wetland in Mongolia II, Mongolia Ecology Information Center, 2005 *3 Proceedings: The Research Papers of Darhadyn Wetland in Mongolia III, Mongolia Ecology Information Center, 2006

¶ There is a variety names in the Mongolian, Russian and English publications and maps for a single locality ( ex . Darhadyn wetland: Darkhadyn Khotgor; Khovsgol: Hovsgol: Hövsgöl: Huvsgul .)

5 6 Preface

Darkhadyn Kohotgor basin is an area which is located in the northwestern part of Mongolia, and consists of the natural special situation. This area consists of the Tiger forest area of Khuvsgul, is located in the southwest part of the large dislocation of Lake Baikal, and has the same origin as the river of Khuvsgul lake or its area. To southwest, this basin continues about 150 km from the northeast, and the width of a northeast part is about 40 km. In this basin, the north and the east side are surround by Sayan mountain range and the Khoridol-Saridag mountain range, and south and the west side are surrounded by the mountains of GurvanTaiga or UlaanTaiga. They are the altitude of 1,560 m, and a place lower 1,500 m than surrounding mountains. At first, the Darkhadyn Kohotgor basin area was 2,600 km2 and the height of the water surface was 1,700 m. A basin caves in to Golotsen era in the end of Pleistotsen, and it is said that Dood Tsagaan Lake, Targan Lake, etc remained. However, there is no information which clarified about the underground structure there, the thickness of a fossil bed, and the structure of a bottom. There are the Shiluust river which makes a surrounding mountain a source, Alkhan river, Bayan river, Jargalant river, Arsai river, Khoton River, Jar River, Sharga River, Khogorgo River, Xugiin River, etc in a Darkhadyn Kohotgor basin. Those rivers are collected, Shishhid River is built and it is flowing into the Dood Tsagaan Lake. The circumference of Khuvsgul is built by the Arkhein age and regarded as having become a big basin in the large dislocation of the Yuri age. Annual normal temperature is minus and, as for this area, the permafrost layer is generated. On the surface of the earth, the phenomenon of rising or denting soil under the freeze of a permafrost layer or the influence of thaw is often seen. Although investigation was conducted for the natural environmental situation of State of Mongolia on the whole until now, most of the natural environmental situation and resources of a Darkhadyn (pictorial book 1990 of republican State of Mongolia) basin is not investigated. The researchers of the NPO Mongolia Ecology Information Center in Japan and a Mongolia State University of Education and teachers started the comprehensive investigation about the living thing and environment of a Darkhadyn Kohotgor basin in 2002. At the results of an investigation in 2004, the climate around the area, and the changes of anual temperature, the water temperature of a river, the origin of Deed Turuu, structure, geology history, an aquatic animal (fishes and invertebrate animal), butterfly, a vegetable kind and distribution, and the new report about the rapid growth plant of lakes are offered This research study of the largest wetland in Mongolia was performed by Mongolia State University of Education, National University of Mongolia, Agriculture University of Mongolia, Mongolia academy of Science, Mongolia Natural History Museum, Buryat State University of Russia, and six Japanese universities for three past years. The total numbers of the researchers in this investigation was about two hundred four teen. The Darhadyn wetland is non-investigation zone. However, we had a lot of knowledge in the first, the second and the third investigation. This investigation divided a group into 4 and performed it. Specially, we investigated a plant, an animal, geological feature structure mainly on Tarin Nuur Lake of a special area (the area that water disappeared from about 1980, and changed on wetland) which was extracted from a satellite image. In addition, we took the aerial photography of non-investigation areas of Darhadyn wetland by a paraglider and MSS data collection. We made

7 a distribution map of desiccation of this wetland and a vegetation distribution map by matching with analysis of a paraglider image, the satellite image and a local survey result. In addition, the rare amphibian’s salamander Salamandrella keyserlingii which had habitation in a low temperature zone was discovered in the area of the north side that was about 50 km away from the first investigation place. We may know the situation of warming by the distribution of salamander in whole a Darhadyn. In addition, we investigated the distribution of the aquatic plants in the lakes that were non-investigation. The researchers of Buriyat University also investigated avifauna, and observed 35 species of 16 families. As a result, the kind of the birds of this wetland area was compared with other areas and we understood that it was this Darhadyn area specially. In addition, we performed bowling of the Lake Door Turuu coast and analyzed a figure of the stratum where this wetland was made and an old climate and investigated the actual situation of warming. Tobugyn Turuu which we discovered by the third investigation is many springs and many wet areas of the forest generated on eternal frozen ground. There is a group of rare Pingo in the worldwide, and there is an intermittent spring thought about according to the methane gas. In addition, because eternal frozen ground has begun to melt in the forest, trees fall down and create a pond. In the wetland area outskirts, many dunes are made. It is necessary to stop progress of the warming. We must begin a study to stop progress of ecological disruption immediately. In Mongolian, it changed to the capitalism from the socialist regime which continued for 70 years, and the nomad's living environment changed a lot. If it asks for “ecosystem preservation which can maintain Darnadyn Kohotgor Wetland”, you have to consider symbiosis with a damp area nomad. If change takes place to the family structure which performs the living standard, the kind of stock farming and the moving range, and nomadism for which a nomad's moving range, a nomad's living environment, and a nomad are asking for that purpose, the acquisition method of necessaries, etc., what kind of dissatisfaction will be born to a nomad it, or how is it connected with environmental destruction? In order to investigate such a problem, listening comprehension investigation of one to man was conducted to nomad 1,000 families. In this questionnaire, the environmental opinion poll to the pasture belt which is nomadizing is also included. This report is discussed even if it attaches as a result of above-mentioned nomad life and environmental opinion poll. This book starts in the preliminary survey in 2002, and is a report of the surveillance study over seven years to 2008. The student of the Mongolia State University of Education exceeding 200 persons and assistance of many local residents were received in this investigation. Thank you very much. Similarly main ivestigation 2003-2005 year : "Thaw survey of the permafrost layer accompanying ecosystem evaluation and the global warming of a Darhadyn Wetland", It is an independent administrative agency as 2006-2008: "influence investigation which preservation and the stock farming of a Darhadyn Wetland give to an ecosystem". The subsidy of the environmental regeneration preservation mechanism "Global Environment Fund" is received a grant. And assistance was received from the Ion Environmental Fundation as 2002-2005 "Comprehensive investigation of ecosystem evaluation of a Darhadyn damp area (Mongolia).". I appreciate deeply. Prof.Dr. Hideo Nishida (Graduate School of Kanazawa Gakuin University) (Mongol Ecology Information Center)