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A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2014 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Tobias Osterhaug Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Osterhaug, Tobias, "A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E." (2014). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 25. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/25 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Tobias Osterhaug History 499/Honors 402 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Introduction: The first Crusade, a massive and unprecedented undertaking in the western world, differed from the majority of subsequent crusades into the Holy Land in an important way: it contained no royalty and was undertaken with very little direct support from the ruling families of Western Europe. This aspect of the crusade led to the development of sophisticated hierarchies and vassalages among the knights who led the crusade. These relationships culminated in the formation of the Crusader States, Latin outposts in the Levant surrounded by Muslim states, and populated primarily by non-Catholic or non-Christian peoples. Despite the difficulties engendered by this situation, the Crusader States managed to maintain control over the Holy Land for much of the twelfth century, and, to a lesser degree, for several decades after the Fall of Jerusalem in 1187 to Saladin. -
Concept of a Crusade Within Each Faith in an Attempt to Ascertain the Roots of the Actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades
InSight: RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 2, FALL 2009 CONCEPT OF A CRUSAID Thomas Jackson* Master of Arts in Teaching Social Studies Program, Rivier College Keywords: Crusades, Islam, Pope, Warfare, Christianity Abstract Mention the word Crusade and depending on who is listening, the word's meaning and cultural impact varies significantly. Specifically, the Medieval Crusades, often traditionally defined by historians as offensive military campaigns waged by Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims are held out as an example of western exploitation of Islam. Much work by authors such as John M. Riddle and Jonathan Riley-Smith has highlighted the historical events but has not considered the possibility these Crusades were defensive actions to counter previous Islamic advances into Christian territories. This paper will first examine the origins of Christianity and Islam, their spread, and the general concept of a Crusade within each faith in an attempt to ascertain the roots of the actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades. There will be an examination of the early Islamic advances into the Christian Levant. The work will assess the 1094 call for help by Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus I to thwart the Seljuk Muslim invaders. The paper will also examine the abhorrent Western European behavior during the Crusades. Finally, in a thoughtful postmortem analysis, the case will made that if the Crusades were not undertaken, Europe and its culture that we know today may not have existed. Introduction Mention the word Crusades and depending on who you converse with, the word's connotation and historical impact varies significantly with Christians and Muslims often holding diametrically opposing views. -
History of Fall of Roman Empire Volume 6
THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY COLLECTIONS THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE VOL. 6 by Edward Gibbon To the Students of the Words, Works and Ways of God: Welcome to the AGES Digital Library. We trust your experience with this and other volumes in the Library fulfills our motto and vision which is our commitment to you: MAKING THE WORDS OF THE WISE AVAILABLE TO ALL — INEXPENSIVELY. AGES Software Albany, OR USA Version 1.0 © 1997 2 THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE EDWARD GIBBON, ESQ. WITH NOTES BY THE REV. H. H. MILMAN VOL. 6 3 CHAPTER 59 THE CRUSADES PART 1 Preservation Of The Greek Empire. — Numbers, Passage, And Event, Of The Second And Third Crusades. — St. Bernard. — Reign Of Saladin In Egypt And Syria. — His Conquest Of Jerusalem. — Naval Crusades. — Richard The First Of England. — Pope Innocent The Third; And The Fourth And Fifth Crusades. — The Emperor Frederic The Second. — Louis The Ninth Of France; And The Two Last Crusades. — Expulsion Of The Latins Or Franks By The Mamelukes. In a style less grave than that of history, I should perhaps compare the emperor Alexiusf1 to the jackal, who is said to follow the steps, and to devour the leavings, of the lion. Whatever had been his fears and toils in the passage of the first crusade, they were amply recompensed by the subsequent benefits which he derived from the exploits of the Franks. His dexterity and vigilance secured their first conquest of Nice; and from this threatening station the Turks were compelled to evacuate the neighborhood of Constantinople. -
Constitution of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
CONSTITUTION OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE OF JERUSALEM Translated from the Italian Original 1978 Note: Pages I, II, III, IV, VI, and VIII are blank. PREAMBLE “You are to be my witness in Jerusalem, and throughout Judea, in Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.” (Acts 1.8) *** The Knighthood is defined as self-discipline, generosity and courage. Whosoever does not have the firm willingness to develop and deepen these traits in his life will never be able to become a True Knight. The zeal for self-renunciation, in the midst of abundance, generous aid to the weak and those without protection, courageous struggle for justice and peace are the characteristic virtues of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. The tie with Jerusalem which is manifested in the Order and exacts responsibility for the Holy Places orients our desires toward the heavenly Jerusalem. (Gal. 4.26) The Holy Sepulchre is the symbol of the Passion shared with Jesus and also of our hope in the Resurrection. (Phil. 3.10) The Cross which we wear is not just jewelry but a testimony of our submission to the Cross of Christ. The form of the Cross which is the symbol of the Order brings to our minds the five wounds of our Lord as well as the suffering in the Holy Land with the loss of its own blood. “The Pilgrim Shell” reminds us of the reality that we are all pilgrims on this earth, and recalls also our pledge to aid the needy. Exemplary moral conduct and true Christian feeling are the prime requisites for admission to the Order. -
In This Issue
THE ORDER The Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem Spring 2016 In This Issue Spiritual Message Grand Prior’s Message Member Spotlight New GPA Website 2016 GPA Review WINTER 2016 GPA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 48, ISSUE 3 Winter 2016 -THE ORDER- Page Spiritual Message (Delivered by The Very Rev. Dr. Richard Miles at the Vigil service for the 2016 GPC) “Keep Watch to Serve!” Luke 12:35-38 “Be dressed for action and have your lamps lit; be like those who are watching for their master to re- turn...” These words of our Lord speak to what we do here this night. From ancient times those about to be knighted, and those preparing for promotion in that quest, have been required to watch; that is, to keep a vigil, with lamps lit and dressed for action in full armor, through the night, in preparation for the accolade. Most of us are well acquainted with the idea of a vigil. Many of us were first introduced to it in college. Remember the “all-nighter”? It’s that great college tradition of staying awake from sundown on one day, through the long night, and well past sunup the next day, cramming our brains with information, both review and new, in the last-ditch quest for a decent grade on our finals. We remember that, in the desperate effort to stave-off ever encroaching sleep, and keep energy levels up, we fueled ourselves on sugary snacks, Rahman noodles, and strong (and usually very bad) coffee. Amazingly, sometimes, it actually worked. But, as important a tradition as the college all-nighter was to many of us, it holds only a shadow of the impact in a knight’s vigil. -
Peter the Hermit: Straddling the Boundaries of Lordship, Millennialism, and Heresy Stanley Perdios Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 peter the hermit: straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy Stanley Perdios Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Perdios, Stanley, "peter the hermit: straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12431. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12431 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Peter the Hermit: Straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy by Stelios Vasilis Perdios A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: History Program of Study Committee: Michael D. Bailey, Major Professor John W. Monroe Jana Byars Kevin Amidon Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Stelios Vasilis Perdios, 2012. All Rights reserved. ii Table of Contents Chapter Page Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: The Crisis of Secular Lordship 7 Chapter Three: The Crisis of Spiritual Lordship 35 Chapter Four: Lordship on the Eve of the Millennium 65 Chapter Five: Conclusion 95 Bibliography 99 1 Chapter One: Introduction When is a hermit not a hermit? When he is Peter the Hermit who led the Popular Crusade in the year 1096. -
Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Defender of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Spring 6-18-2013 Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Defender of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem John Francis Lowe Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the History of Christianity Commons, Medieval History Commons, and the Medieval Studies Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lowe, John Francis, "Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Defender of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem" (2013). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1029. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.1029 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Defender of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem by John Francis Lowe A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Thesis Committee: John Ott, Chair Thomas Luckett Brian Turner Anne McClanan Portland State University 2013 © 2013 John Francis Lowe i Abstract The reign of King Baldwin I (1100-1118) has thus far received little noteworthy attention by historians as the important pivotal period following the First Crusade conquest of Jerusalem in 1099. The two decades of his rule marked the extension of Latin conquests in the east, most notably by the conquest of the important coastal cities of Arsulf, Acre, Caesarea, Beirut and Sidon. These vital ports for the early Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem provided outlets to the sea for commerce, as well as safe harbors for incoming assistance from the west. -
NEAS 19'1 Interior.Indd
Remarks on the Blacks in the Fatimid Army, Tenth–Twelfth Century CE Abbès Zouache, French National Center for Scientifijic Research ABSTRACT In this article, I revisit some aspects of the organization of the Fatimid army, and more specifijically to the role played by its black contingents, who are still often considered the most faithful supporters of the dynasty. Wherever they came from and regardless of their social and legal status, black soldiers, whose Egyptian-ness was indisputable, were major players in the history of the Fatimid Caliphate. Medieval authors, who sometimes conveyed negative representations linked with racial bias, and who are not necessarily accurate in dealing with other races, even acknowledged this role. Originating in Ifrīqiyya, the Fatimids conquered Egypt at the end of the tenth century CE. They established a Shi’i caliphate that disappeared in the last quarter of the twelfth century. The Fatimid caliphs adopted a policy of expansion. This expansion was ideological, led by the Ismaili Daʿwa, espe- cially in Yemen and the Persian Gulf. It was also economic: the Fatimid state, which was largely based on trade, created an extensive road and maritime network for economic purposes. Finally, it was a political and military one, as the Fatimid caliphs extended their influence to southern Syria and Arabia.1 Northeast African Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2019, pp. 23–60. ISSN 0740-9133. © 2019 Michigan State University. All rights reserved. n 23 This work originally appeared in Northeast African Studies, 19:1, 2019, published by Michigan State University Press. 24 n Abbès Zouache Of course, this expansion was not endless. -
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson Ellis, Edward S. Thomas Jefferson About Phoenix−Edition Copyright 1 Thomas Jefferson Great Americans of History THOMAS JEFFERSON A CHARACTER SKETCH BY EDWARD S. ELLIS, A. M. AUTHOR OF 'The People's Standard History of the United States,« »The Eclectic Primary History of the United States," Etc. with supplementary essay by 2 Thomas Jefferson G. MERCER ADAM Late Editor of «Self−Culture» Magazine, Etc., Etc. WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE TOGETHER WITH ANECDOTES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND CHRONOLOGY No golden eagle, warm from the stamping press of the mint, is more sharply impressed with its image and superscription than was the formative period of our government by the genius and personality of Thomas Jefferson. Standing on the threshold of the nineteenth century, no one who attempted to peer down the shadowy vista, saw more clearly than he the possibilities, the perils, the pitfalls and the achievements that were within the grasp of the Nation. None was inspired by purer patriotism. None was more sagacious, wise and prudent, and none understood his countrymen better. By birth an aristocrat, by nature he was a democrat. The most learned man that ever sat in the president's chair, his tastes were the simple ones of a farmer. Surrounded by the pomp and ceremony of Washington and Adams' courts, his dress was homely. He despised titles, and preferred severe plainness of speech and the sober garb of the Quakers. «What is the date of your birth, Mr. President?» asked an admirer. «Of what possible concern is that to you?» queried the President in turn. -
Relations of the Emperor Alexius with the First Crusaders
University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1948 Relations of the Emperor Alexius with the first crusaders. Marilyn Tyler Waggoner University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Waggoner, Marilyn Tyler, "Relations of the Emperor Alexius with the first crusaders." (1948). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2185. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2185 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY OF I,OU! SVILIE Relations of tbe Fmperor Alexius wi th the First Crusaders f. A dissertation submi tted to tr1e fa cuI ty of tbe Graduate School of the Fniverf'ity of Louisville in Partial fulfillment of tte ~equirements for t~e Degree of lla~ter of Arts • .' Department of History by lEarilyn Tyler Waggoner 1948 This PDF document is a scanned copy of a paper manuscript housed in the University of Louisville (UofL) Libraries. The quality of this reproduction is greatly dependent upon the condition of the original paper copy. Indistinct print and poor quality illustrations are a direct reflection of the quality of materials that are available for scanning. -
Matt King Research Project.Pdf
1 We’re on a Mission from God: A Translation, Commentary, and Essay Concerning The Hierosolymita by Ekkehard of Aura Matthew LaBarge King A thesis presented to the History Department, University of Washington In completion of the History Honors Thesis Requirement Department of History University of Washington 7 March 2011 _____________________________ _____________________________ 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank a number of people for their assistance in the writing of this senior thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Dean Robert Stacey for his consistent help and feedback with any problems I might have had, whether relating to crusading historiography or the basics of thesis construction. His expertise in the field of history has proved invaluable, and I could not have been more honored to work with such a gracious adviser. For helping me with the intricacies of the Latin text, I owe an extreme debt to Professor Alain Gowing. I would also like to extend my thanks to Professor Purnima Dhavan, who oversaw this project over the last two quarters and was able to provide me with guidance as the project progressed from its infancy to completion. My fellow colleagues in the UW History Honors Program have also provided me with feedback about the course of my paper, and for that I also am indebted to them. Finally, I would like to thank my family, who has instilled in me a love of learning, through which this thesis was made possible. 3 Table of Contents Map of the First Crusade 1 Introduction to the Hierosolymita -
By Annette Güntzel Basel
Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 70 (2013), 209-222 Special Issue Section: Saints and Sovereigns GODFREY OF BOUILLON: THE STYLIZATION OF AN IDEAL RULER IN UNIVERSAL CHRONICLES OF THE 12TH AND 13TH CENTURIES by Annette Güntzel Basel Abstract This article is about the first Christian ruler of Jerusalem, Godfrey of Bouillon, and the way he was shaped into the ideal ruler in the Latin universal chronicles of late C12 and C13. Godfrey was not canonized, but even early descriptions tend to present him as a legendary figure. Scholarship has analyzed Godfrey’s presentation as a Christ- like ruler in Old French epics. Since Godfrey was a towering figure of the First Crusade, this raises the question of whether he was presented in a similar way in the influential universal chronicles. Written from a historian’s perspective, this article examines the different modes of description of Godfrey of Bouillon in the Latinate culture of Western Europe. This allows showing the similarities and differences between the examined universal chronicles, including central texts composed in the (Holy) Roman Empire like Ekkehard of Aura and Otto of Freising. There are far- reaching intertextual connections. The text basis of this study on Latin universal chronicles indicates that certain issues in German studies go beyond the German language sphere, requiring an interdisciplinary approach. The figure of Godfrey of Bouillon, who travelled to the Near East in the year 1096 with a contingent of crusaders, and, three years later, was elected the first Christian ruler of Jerusalem, was depicted with legend-like features from an early date.