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Downloaded From: Books at JSTOR, EBSCO, Hathi Trust, Internet Archive, OAPEN, Project MUSE, and Many Other Open Repositories Stranger Citizens Migrant Inuence and National Power in the Early American Republic • John McNelis O’Keefe Copyright © by Cornell University e text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives . International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/./. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact Cornell University Press, Sage House, East State Street, Ithaca, New York . Visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu. First published by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: O'Keefe, John McNelis, – author. Title: Stranger citizens: migrant inuence and national power in the early American republic / John McNelis O'Keefe. Description: Ithaca [New York]: Cornell University Press, . | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identiers: LCCN (print) | LCCN (ebook) | ISBN (paperback) | ISBN (pdf) | ISBN (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Citizenship—Social aspects—United States—History—th century. | Citizenship—Social aspects—United States—History—th century. | Immigrants—Social aspects—United States—History—th century. | Immigrants—Social aspects—United States—History—th century. Classication: LCC JF.O (print) | LCC JF (ebook) | DDC ./—dc LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ Cover image: John Lewis Krimmel, Nightlife in Philadelphia— an Oyster Barrow in ont of the Chestnut Street eater. Courtesy of the Rogers Fund of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. is book is published as part of the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot. With the generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Pilot uses cutting-edge publishing technology to produce open access digital editions of high-quality, peer-reviewed monographs from leading university presses. Free digital editions can be downloaded from: Books at JSTOR, EBSCO, Hathi Trust, Internet Archive, OAPEN, Project MUSE, and many other open repositories. While the digital edition is free to download, read, and share, the book is under copyright and covered by the following Creative Commons License: BY-NC-ND .. Please consult www.creativecommons.org if you have questions about your rights to reuse the material in this book. When you cite the book, please include the following URL for its Digital Object Identier (DOI): https://doi.org/. /cp-g We are eager to learn more about how you discovered this title and how you are using it. We hope you will spend a few minutes answering a couple of questions at this url: https://www.longleafservices.org/shmp-survey/ More information about the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot can be found at https://www.longleafservices.org. To those who have crossed borders • Acknowledgments xi Introduction Refugees Push Back Virtual Citizens Married to an Alien Enemy Citizens Not Denizens From Servants to Equals Conclusion Notes ­ anks to everyone who took this project from idea to book and its many stages in between. is book began at the Department of American Studies at George Washington University. ere, Terry Murphy spent many hours reviewing and discussing chapter dras with me, and her willingness to take the time to read and comment with constructive criticism thoroughly enriched this book as we discussed how to think about citizenship and the people who made it. Addi- tional thought and input from Tom Guglielmo and David Silverman also con- tributed to the strengths of the book, and they encouraged me to demonstrate what mattered about the information that I was nding in primary sources, while ensuring that my claims were backed with strong evidence. Chad Heap and Richard Stott also provided comments and guidance. I have participated in several reading groups over the years, and they too have provided invaluable comments, insight, and exchange of ideas. In particu- lar, I would like to thank Justin Pope, Mary McPartland, Sara Berndt, Andrea O’Brien, and Richard Boles. In additional to formal reading groups, formal and informal conversations at GW provided numerous insights from related and in- terdisciplinary elds of study. Kathleen Bartoloni-Tuazon has given me detailed advice on navigating the process from manuscript to publication, in addition to her careful reading of chapters. Lance Macon provided proofreading. anks as well to University of Nevada and Ohio University colleagues. Helpful reading and comments from Debra Nickles, Marguerite Hernandez, and Katherine Jel- lison helped to improve the manuscript, as did comments from the Ohio Uni- versity history department’s seminar, where many department members oered advice and insight. anks are also due to scholars outside my home institutions who have taken time to provide comments on my work, including Iona Man-Cheong, Rosemarie Zagarri, Peter Hinks, Saskia Sassen, Ashli White, Dinah Mayo-Bobee, and Erin Aeran Chung. a strong and supportive relationship with Cornell University Press while working on this book. Michael McGandy’s editorial guidance through xi xii Acknowledgments this whole process has been very much appreciated by this rst-time author. anks also to Clare Jones as well as my anonymous readers, whose construc- tive criticism and advice have given this book additional scholarly insight. Addi- tional thanks to Elsa Dixler, Ihsan Taylor, and Longleaf Services at UNC Press. A grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation that has funded the Sustain- able History Monograph Pilot has allowed this book to be published as a digital, open-access book available to all. anks also to those institutions that have provided nancial support for this research, and to the people at archival institutions who made their materials ac- cessible. e Columbian College and American Studies Department at George Washington University provided generous nancial support and stipends, as did the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Ohio University provided conference funding to workshop dra materials, and the OU Regional Higher Education Faculty Development Committee as well as the OU Faculty Research Support Program provided additional funding to support the publica- tion of this book. e Cosmos Club Foundation funded archival research travel to Belfast and Dublin. anks to the Public Record Oce of Northern Ireland and the John Carter Brown Library for their assistance in locating dicult to nd sources. Special thanks are due to the Cornwall Historical Society and Ann Schillinger, from whom I learned much about the Foreign Mission School and the students there. A version of Chapter of this book previously appeared as “Alien Enemies or Naturalized Citizens? Representations of British-born Residents in the United States during the War of ,” in Representation and Citizenship (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, ). I thank Liette Gidlow, Richard Marback, Marc Kruman, and the anonymous reviewers for their comments. have also been a great help and support during this project. Especial thanks to my husband, Greg Brown, whose comments during proofreading helped this book be the best it can be, and who has been there throughout with love and support. anks also to Cynthia Owens, Laura Gos- ling, Ritija Gupta, and Gonzalo Gómez. Finally, thanks to my parents, John and Monica O’Keefe, as well as my sisters Laura and Meaghan, who have been loving and supportive family members throughout this whole process. Introduction United States in the late eighteenth century, Adam Donaldson and Benjamin Maingault had much in common: A both arrived in bondage. ey both obtained freedom at the end of their indentures. Both of them attempted to exercise rights of citizenship, but found that either ocial or public hostility impeded their ability to do so: Maingault, a man of color, found his right to vote challenged in a Philadel- phia election in , while Donaldson, a British subject, was required to reg- ister as an “alien enemy” with the federal government during the War of , and faced being ordered to move forty miles away from tidewater—an order that applied to all British subjects engaged in commerce. Both men were able to in uence their application and recognition of their legal rights and their treatment by the government. ey di ered, though, in how their rights were threatened. Donaldson, a white man, lost his status during a period of tem- porary national crisis. For those Americans who saw Maingault as a danger, however, the crisis was ongoing: they continually had to ensure white control of public participation in American politics, and exclude dangerous racial oth- ers from the polity. e experiences of Donaldson and Maingault illustrate the way migrants af- fected the development of citizenship in the early American republic. Although neither dra ed legislation, they nonetheless engaged with the political process at a time when citizenship and its rights were acquiring de nition in law and capturing the interest of the American public. Citizens began to acquire new rights, and foreign migrants new penalties, but the extent to which di erent citizens might be able to exercise rights was open to debate. Donaldson suc- cessfully lobbied for di erent treatment by mentioning his American-born wife, despite a legal tradition of coverture that made his wife a British subject. Maingault exercised the franchise and voted, a right increasingly associated with citizenship, despite white hostility. Maingault pushed for his rights even as white Americans sought to
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