APHIDS (HEMIPTERA: APHIDINEA) OF THE OJCÓW NaTIONAL PaRK Structure and origin of fauna The Monograph MSZYCE (HEMIPTERA: APHIDINEA) OJCOWSKIEGO PaRKU NaRODOWEGO Struktura i geneza fauny Monografia ROCZNIK MUZEUM GÓRNOŚLĄSKIEGO W BYTOMIU PRZYRODA NR 18 Barbara Osiadacz, Wacław Wojciechowski MSZYCE (HEMIPTERA: APHIDINEA) OJCOWSKIEGO PaRKU NaRODOWEGO Struktura i geneza fauny Monografia Bytom 2008 ANNALS OF THE UPPER SILESIAN MUSEUM IN BYTOM NATURAL HISTORY NO. 18 Barbara Osiadacz, Wacław Wojciechowski APHIDS (HEMIPTERA: APHIDINEA) OF THE OJCÓW NaTIONAL PaRK Structure and origin of fauna The Monograph Bytom 2008 Editorial board / Redakcja: Jacek Betleja, Piotr Cempulik, Roland Dobosz (Head Editor / Redaktor Naczelny), Tadeusz B. Hadaś, Witold Ryka, Jacek Szwedo Manuscript submission / Adres redakcji: Department of Natural History, Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Dział Przyrody, Muzeum Górnośląskie w Bytomiu Plac Jana III Sobieskiego 2, 41–902 Bytom, Poland tel./fax +48 032 281 34 01 e-mail: [email protected] World List abbreviation: Roczn. Muz. górnośl. (Przyr.) Issued 25 August 2008 © Copyright by Upper Silesian Museum, Bytom 2008 PL ISSN 0068-466X Printed in Poland CONTENTS / SPIS TREŚCI Abstract ...................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ................................................................................................ 7 The history of biological investigation in the area of the Ojców National Park .................................................................... 8 Characteristics of the investigated area ..................................................... 9 Materials and methods .............................................................................. 17 Results ........................................................................................................ 39 Discussion ..................................................................................................107 The genesis of aphidofauna in the OPN against the background of Kraków-Częstochowa Upland ............................................................120 Summary ....................................................................................................132 Botanical list of aphid host plants ..............................................................134 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................147 References ..................................................................................................147 Streszczenie (Polish summary)...................................................................163 5 Barbara Osiadacz1, Wacław Wojciechowski2 Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, ul. Bankowa 9, PL 40–007 Katowice 1e-mail: [email protected] 2e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The paper presents distributional data on the aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidinea) occurring in the area of the Ojców National Park (Ojcowski Park Narodowy, OPN), Wyżyna Krakowsko- Wieluńska (Kraków-Wieluń Upland, SE Poland); UTM DA15 and DA16. The inventory of aphid species, their host plants, as well as ecological and chorological characteristics are given. The taxonomic structure, the chorological structure as well as ecological structure and trophic relationships of the aphids of OPN are given and discussed. The material for this study has been collected during years 2003–2006. The voucher specimens are deposited in the entomological collections of the Department of Zoology, University of Silesia in Katowice. The number of 250 aphids species, including the published data from a previous research, not confirmed in this study, is given. Three species –Aphis lilago, Macrosiphum albifrons and Cavariella salicicola have been recorded for the first time in Poland. The 24 aphid species have been recorded for the first time in the region of Kraków-Wieluń Upland. Both inventory and faunological research confirmed high diversity and mosaic character of the Ojców National Park habitats. Numerous habitats are very limited in size, also some aphids host plants are present in limited numbers which is a factor strongly influencing the composition and commonality of aphid species. Various habitats, e.g. rock ledges covered with plant community Festucetum pallentis, even if very small-sized presented the highest numbers of aphid species, also xerothermic swards Origano-Brachypodietum and termophilous shrubs Pruno-ligustretum and the community of the border between associations Geranion sanguinei and Potentilio albae-Quercion petraeae presented high number of aphid species. The beech forests Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum and Fagus sylvatica-Cruciata glabra and alder forests of the Alno-Ulmion association presented the lowest number of aphid species. The very high number of aphid species was also recorded in the anthropogenic ruderal and segetal plant assemblages. The reason for this is the character of Ojców National Park habitats, strongly affected by human presence and activity, and the location of the Park, surrounded by the intensive agriculture landscape, and close vicinity of Kraków agglomeration and neighbouring industrialized areas. The analysis of ecological composition of aphid species present in the area of the OPN displays the prevailing ratio of monophagous and strictly oligophagous (oligophags of 1st degree) species. This may prove that the area still preserves a rather natural character. On the other hand, the increasing number of polyphagous species records may be related to heavy influence from surrounding habitats and strong anthropopression. Similar results were obtained after analyses of other ecological factors and chrological elements. The origin of the fauna of Ojców National Park was investigated. It is relatively young, originated after the glacier retreat, during the Holocene. Primeval fauna of the OPN reached the area using four migratory routes. These are: Moravian – from the west, Pannonian- Transcarpathian – from the south, Podolian-Volynian – from the east, and Scepusian – from the east. These routets were influenced by physiographic conditions of the area, i.e. shape and depths of the valleys. Recently, the composition of aphid fauna of the OPN has been strongly influenced by human activity. Key words: Hemiptera, Aphidinea, aphids, Ojcowski Park Narodowy, faunistics, ecological relationships, host-plant relationships, chorology, origin of fauna 6 INTRODUCTION Aphids (Aphidinea) represent the phytophag group of the order Hemiptera, suborder Sternorrhyncha, which apart from aphids also includes scale insects (Coccodea), jumping plant lice (Psyllodea) and whiteflies (Aleyrododea). Aphids are characterized by particularly tight relationship with their host plants; nearly 90% of aphid species are monophags or narrowly specialized oligophags. Most aphid species are associated with angiosperms, where they feed on all parts of plants, including subterranean parts and bark. Contrary to other memebers of the order Hemiptera, aphids have conquered mostly the temperate zones of the northern hempisphere, although they are also present in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones of the southern hemisphere. Viewed from the angle of human farming system, aphids are considered as dangerous pests attacking crop plants, since they transmit viral diseases and cause deformation of shootings and leaves, as well as the development of galls. However, in general environmental terms, aphids are a significant link in all ecosystems, since they play an important role serving as food for many species of insects (including rare and protected ones): beetles (Coleoptera), various species of Hymenoptera, flies (Diptera) that belong to the Syrphidae family, various species of Hemiptera that belong to the Anthocoridae family, and also spiders and birds. Furthermore, the importance of the aphid species that excrete honeydew cannot be overlooked, since they are important not only for ants and melitophagous insects, but also for man. So far, 706 aphid species have been identified within Poland’s territory, which constitutes almost 50% of the European aphidofauna (Węgierek & WojciechoWski, 2004; osiadacz & Wieczorek, 2006). This number ascertains that the aphidofauna of Poland is very well, although not evenly, researched. The fact that there exist no faunistic and faunological studies which would characterize the fauna of particular regions of Poland is a serious flaw as far as the knowledge of the country’s biodiversity is concerned. The regions that have been most thoroughly investigated include: Masurian Lakeland (Pojezierze Mazurskie) and Greater Poland-Kuyavia Lowland (Nizina Wielkopolsko-Kujawska), where over 450 aphid species have been identified. The southern part of Poland has been less thoroughly investigated, apart from the northern part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Wyżyna Krakowsko-Częstochowska), where 398 taxons of aphids have been discovered (hałaj & Węgierek 1998). As for its southern part, together with the Ojców National Park (OPN), it had never been extensively examined despite a long history of faunistic investigations. The investigation of aphidofauna in the OPN shall provide an insight into biodiversity of an area under special environmental protection, i.e. a national park. It is particularly important in connection with the special character of the OPN, due to constant presence and activity of man within its area (Partyka, 1990). On the basis of information concerning