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1) “Married Couple” Sarcophagus, Cerveteri, 520 Circa, Terracotta

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1) “Married Couple” Sarcophagus, Cerveteri, 520 Circa, Terracotta 1) “Married couple” sarcophagus, Cerveteri, 520 circa, terracotta 2) Latial hut urn from Rome 3) Ara Pacis 13-9 BCE Mausoleum of Augustus, finished 25 BCE Ara Pacis, 13-9 BCE Altar of Peace erected by Senate Leading citizens Family of Augustus Aeneas (Numa) sacrificing Augustus sacrificing Agrippa and family members Pax (Peace) and Golden Age 4 Temple to Mars Ultor pietas virtus New Forums of Caesar and Augustus Temples to Venus Genetrix (Venus the Mother) and Mars Ultor (Mars the Avenger) 5) Augustus, Prima Porta 1st century CE Doryphoros—classical contrapposto Breastplate: Receiving Roman standards from Parthians in cosmic order 6) Nero’s Golden House (Domus Aurea) Tacitus on Fire in Rome / Golden House distorted refounding / making the public private • A disaster followed, whether accidental or treacherously contrived by the Emperor is uncertain, as authors have given both accounts… • A rumor had gone forth that, at the very time the city was in flames, the Emperor appeared on a private stage and sang of the destruction of Troy, comparing present misfortunes with the calamities of antiquity… It seemed that Nero was aiming at the glory of founding a new city and calling it by his name…. • Nero meanwhile availed himself of his country’s desolation, and erected a mansion in which the jewels and gold…were not so marvelous as the fields and lakes, with woods on one side to resemble a wilderness, and, on the other, open spaces and extensive views…[with] the genius and audacity to attempt by art even what nature had refused. Vespasian replaces Golden House with Colosseum and Baths of Titus political palimpsest: restores the private to the public Martial on Vespasian’s building projects on the site of Nero’s Golden House • Where the starry colossus sees the constellations at close range and lofty scaffolding rises in the middle of the road, once gleamed the odious halls of a cruel monarch, and in all Rome there stood a single house. • Where rises before our eyes the august pile of the amphitheater, was once Nero’s lake. Where we admire the warm baths, a speedy gift, a haughty tract of land had robbed the poor of their dwellings. • Rome has been restored to herself and under your rule Caesar [Vespasian], the pleasures that belonged to a master now belong to the people. Domus Aurea (Golden House 64-68 CE) / Severus and Celer Domus Aurea: Octagonal room—dome, barrel and groin vaulting 7) Colosseum [Flavian Amphitheater] 79-80 CE (Vespasian) Roman mass entertainment • Constructed on site of Nero’s private lake • Concrete foundation 40 ft deep • 617 ft by 511 ft by 159 ft • Seated 50,000 • 80 entrances • Travertine, tufa, marble, brick faced concrete / annular, barrel and some groin vaulting Colosseum: cavea, arena, substructure Colosseum: velarium (awning) A day at the Colosseum: Beast hunting (venationes) Public executions Gladitorial games (munera) Naval battles (naumachia) 8) Arch of Titus, 82 AD Commemorates the Sack of Jerusalem 9) Forum of Trajan: Basilica Ulpia, Temple, Column celebrating victory over Dacians, Greek and Latin libraries Trajan’s Markets, on side of Forum 10) Pantheon, 125 CE, Hadrian (original 27 BCE, Agrippa) • --Temple to all the gods • --7th century Christian church [tomb of Raphael and kings of Italy] --Eclecticism: Classical temple porch leads into domed circular space (142 ft diameter) --world’s largest unreinforced concrete dome sits on a drum of supporting arches with coffered ceiling and central oculus (27 ft diameter) • 11) The Roman Baths: public leisure [commodae] • 11 thermae 856 balneae Baths of Caracalla, 216 CE B a t h s o f C a r a c a l l a , ( T h e r m a e A n t o n i n i a n a e ) 2 1 6 C E • Baths of Caracalla (Thermae Antoninianae) 216 • Core of Caldarium, Tepidarium, Frigidarium, Natatio – Concrete walls with barrel and groin vaulted ceilings (140 ft) • Periphery: dressing rooms, gymnasia, small stadium, libraries, meeting rooms, gardens • Marble veneering; Mosaics of robust athletes and colossal statuary strigil Caldarium: faces south for maximum sun uses floor and wall heating Statuary from Baths of Caracala: Farnese Hercules 12) Arch of Constantine, 312-315 CE Arch of Constantine—the Inscription • To the great Emperor Caesar Flavius Constantine, Maximus, Pius, Felix, Augustus: • The Senate and the People of Rome, • By means of the inspiration of the Divine Mind and his own greatness, • Have dedicated this exceptional arch to the triumphs of, • He who used his army to save the state by the just force of arms • from a tyrant on the one hand and every kind of factionalism on the other. Arch of Constantine in relation to colossal statue of Sun God Constantine entering Rome with Sun god above Arch of Constantine, spolia Marcus Aurelius / Constantine: addressing troops, sacrificing Hadrian / Constantine: boar hunting, sacrificing to Apollo Constantine addressing Romans Ara Pacis, Procession of Augustus’ family 13) Seated statue of Constantine, 315 Jupiter, late 1st century CE Augustus as Jupiter 45-50 CE Constantine (dominate) Trajan (principate) 14) Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (Basilica Nova), 306-312 AD Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (Basilica Nova), reconstruction 15) Old St. Peter’s Basilica, begun ca. 320 AD 16) Catacombs: Catacomb of Peter and Marcellinus, Christ and Story of Jonah Catacombs of St. Callixtus loculi and cubicula ICHTHUS fish Iesus Christos Theou Huios Soter Jesus Christ, Son of God the Savior Christ as Good Shepherd Christ as Orpheus Christ as teacher, Catacombs of Domitilla, 4th century .
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