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Challenges for Transboundary River Management in Eastern Europe – Three Case Studies

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Challenges for Transboundary River Management in Eastern Europe – Three Case Studies Vol. 149, No. 2-3 · Review article Challenges for transboundary river management in Eastern Europe – DIE ERDE three case studies Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin Fabian Krengel1,2, Christian Bernhofer3, Sergey Chalov4, Vasily Efimov4, Ludmila Efimova4, Liudmila Gorbachova5, Michal Habel6, Björn Helm7, Ivan Kruhlov8, Yuri Nabyvanets5, Natalya Osadcha5, Volodymyr Osadchyi5, Thomas Pluntke3, Tobias Reeh2, Pavel Terskii4, Daniel Karthe1,9 1Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Brückstraße 3a , 39114 Magdeburg, Germany, [email protected] 2Institute of Geography, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, [email protected], [email protected] 3Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 23, 01737 Tharandt, Germany, [email protected], [email protected] 4Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 5Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Nauki Prospekt, 37, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03028, [email protected], [email protected] 6Institute of Geography, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland, [email protected] 7Institute for Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany, [email protected] 8Faculty of Geography, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Mykhaila Hryshevskoho Street 4, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine 9Environmental Engineering Section, German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology, GMIT Campus, 2nd Khoroo, Nalaikh, Mongolia, [email protected] Manuscript submitted: 01 December 2017 / Accepted for publication: 05 April 2018 / Published online: 19 July 2018 Abstract The transboundary river basins shared between Russia, Ukraine and the European Union pose unique challeng- es for management because of differences regarding not only the legal framework but also related to monitor- ing practices and water utilization. Using the example of three river basins – the Desna (shared by Russia and Ukraine), the Western Dvina (shared by Russia, Belarus, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia) and the Western Bug (shared by Ukraine, Belarus and Poland) – this paper provides an analysis of current challenges with respect to transboundary water resources management in Eastern Europe. This assessment is based on a comparison of similarities and disparities concerning the physical and human geography of the basins (and their national sub-basins) as well as specific problems related to water pollution caused by urban, agricultural and industrial water usage both in the recent past and today. All three catchments have a similar size, climate and hydro- logical characteristics. However, there are different challenges regarding up- and downstream sections of the respective basins: pollution input in the Western Bug originates primarily from upstream sources in Ukraine and Belarus, whereas ecological problems in the Desna and Western Dvina persist principally downstream, i.e. Fabian Krengel, Christian Bernhofer, Sergey Chalov, Vasily Efimov, Ludmila Efimova, Liudmila Gorbachova, Michal Habel, Björn Helm, Ivan Kruhlov, Yuri Nabyvanets, Natalya Osadcha, Volodymyr Osadchyi, Thomas Pluntke, Tobias Reeh, Pavel Terskii, Daniel Karthe 2018: Challenges for transboundary river management in Eastern Europe – three case studies. – DIE ERDE 149 (2-3): 1 -1 57 72 DOI:10.12854/erde-2018-389 DIE ERDE · Vol. 149 · 2-3/2018 1 57 Challenges for transboundary river management in Eastern Europe – three case studies in Ukraine respectively Belarus and Latvia. Despite some differences between the basins, it is concluded that interstate cooperation is an important prerequisite for integrated water resources management (IWRM) in all of the studied basins. This analysis identified several key challenges related to start or continue with IWRM, including pollution mitigation, improved monitoring, appropriate governance, climate change and its effect on water balances in the catchments, capacity development and thorough system understanding. Zusammenfassung Die Bewirtschaftung der transnationalen Flusseinzugsgebiete im Grenzgebiet zwischen Russland, der Ukraine und der Europäischen Union ist insofern besonders anspruchsvoll, als erhebliche Unterschiede nicht nur hin- sichtlich der gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen, sondern auch bezüglich des Monitorings und der Wassernut- zung bestehen. Am Beispiel von drei Flusseinzugsgebieten – der Desna (Russland und Ukraine), der Westlichen Düna (Russland, Weißrussland, Litauen, Estland und Lettland) und des Westlichen Bugs (Ukraine, Weißruss- land und Polen) – analysiert der vorliegende Beitrag gegenwärtige Herausforderungen in der grenzüberschrei- tenden Bewirtschaftung von Wasserressourcen in Osteuropa. Die Basis hierfür bilden neben der Betrachtung von Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschieden in den natur- und kulturräumlichen Ausgangsbedingungen der Einzugs- - schaftliche, industrielle und urbane Wassernutzung in der jüngeren Vergangenheit und heute ausgelöst werden. Allegebiete drei (und Einzugsgebiete ihrer nationalen ähneln Abschnitte) sich hinsichtlich auch spezifische ihrer Größe, Wasserqualitätsprobleme, der Klimabedingungen dieund durch der Hydrologie. die landwirt Es gibt jedoch unterschiedliche Problemstellungen bezüglich der jeweiligen Ober- und Unterlieger: Die Schadstoff- einträge im Westlichen Bug stammen vorwiegend aus den oberliegenden Staaten Ukraine und Weißrussland. In gefolgertder Desna werden, und der dassWestlichen der zwischenstaatlichen Düna hingegen konzentrieren Zusammenarbeit sich die eine Umweltprobleme Schlüsselbedeutung flussabwärts, für die Umsetzung d.h. in der einesUkraine integrierten bzw. in Weißrussland Wasserressourcenmanagements und Lettland. Trotz (IWRM)einzugsgebietsspezifischer in allen untersuchten Besonderheiten Einzugsgebieten kann zukommt. letztlich - rung eines IWRM von Bedeutung sind. Dazu zählen die Verringerung von Schadstoffeinträgen, Verbesserungen inDie den vorliegende Bereichen Bestandsaufnahme Monitoring und Governance, hat eine Reihe der Klimawandel von Herausforderungen und seine Auswirkungen identifiziert, aufdie diezur Wasserbilanz,Implementie Capacity Development und ein umfassendes Systemverständnis. Keywords IWRM, transboundary rivers, Eastern Europe, water pollution, Western Bug, Desna, Western Dvina 1. Introduction (Karthe Ertel the implementation of measures (e.g. conservation, Transboundary rivers are natural connections be- technical et al. and 2015,non-technical 2017; problem et al. 2012).solutions) Moreover, can be tween different countries. Ukraine, Russia and the Eu- further complicated by institutional or political con- ropean Union share various river basins that cross one straints (Houdret et al. 2013). Besides an assessment or more international borders (Table 1). The availabil- of the current situation, changing boundary condi- tions such as climate, land use or demographic chang- of constantly ongoing transnational negotiations of es can have enormous impacts on water resources theity and riparian quality states. of these A joint water management resources is theonly subject possi- and have to be considered. - In order to meet the manifold water demands of ri- dispensableble when all factorsfor the influencingunderstanding water of availabilitycharacteristics and parian states and to manage transboundary water ofquality hydrological are known. systems. Sufficient Ideally, and reliableinformation data arewould in resources in a sustainable manner, there is no way be collected and analyzed in a consistent manner. around a transnational system analysis and dialogue. Different national regulations (regarding for example International experience shows that the reasoning of - riparian countries is not always rational but driven city can seriously impede a consistent system analysis by political considerations or emotions. In such situa- monitoring or water quality standards) and data scar 1 DIE ERDE · Vol. 149 · 2-3/2018 58 Challenges for transboundary river management in Eastern Europe – three case studies between the EU and external countries, however, the evidence have the advantage of being acceptable to directive becomes legally binding as soon as the riv- alltions, parties water involved management because concepts of their based generally on scientific neu- er enters EU territory. Similarly, when a river leaves tral and unbiased character. One of the most notable - approaches is Integrated Water Resources Manage- ments may change at the national border. In both cas- es,the transboundary EU and enters ancooperation external country,is essential legal so requirethat the promotes the coordinated development and man- interests of all riparian states can be met. Apart from agementment (IWRM), of water, which land is anddefined related as a resources “process whichin or- der to maximize the resultant economic and social understanding about environmental monitoring and - datasome exchange. compromises, At the this same at time,least new requires challenges a common must be integrated in IWRM due to transient conditions of (welfareGWP-TAC in 2000:an equitable 3). Particularly manner without in developing compromis and global change, concerning economic, demographic, transitioning the sustainability countries, IWRM of vital has (aquatic) become
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