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Spatial Distribution of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae; Larroussius

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Spatial Distribution of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae; Larroussius [Downloaded free from http://www.apjtb.org on Saturday, September 29, 2018, IP: 10.232.74.26] Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2018; 8(9): 425-430 425 Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine Journal homepage: www.apjtb.org ©2018 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. doi: 10.4103/2221-1691.242290 Spatial distribution of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae; Larroussius group), the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Northwest of Iran Eslam Moradi-Asl1,2, Yavar Rassi2, Davoud Adham1, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd2, Abedin Saghafipour3, Sayena Rafizadeh4 1Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran 2Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 4Ministry of Health, National Institute for Medical Research Development, Tehran, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Objective: To determine spatial distribution of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae; Larroussius Received 8 July 2018 Revision 8 August 2018 group), the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Ardabil province, Northwest of Iran. Methods: Accepted 10 September 2018 Sand flies were collected using sticky traps from the 30 selected points in Ardabil province, Available online 27 September 2018 during May-November 2017. The MaxEnt model in GIS software was used for modeling. Results: A total of 2 794 specimens of sand flies were collected, of which 33% were Keywords: Larroussius subgenus Larroussius subgenus sand flies. Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus wenyoni were the Sand fly highest and lowest collected species respectively. Based on the modeling, four areas in the Ardabil Modeling province were identified with more than 70% probability of the presence of Larroussius group Iran vectors which were at risk of visceral leishmaniasis disease transmission. Conclusions: The distribution of Larroussius subgenus sand flies was observed in all parts of Ardabil. But the northern parts of the province (Germi and Bilesavar counties) as well as central part (Ardabil and Meshkinshahr counties) were of great importance in terms of the presence of Larroussius subgenus sand flies and the possibility of transmission of the visceral leishmaniasis. 350 million people are living in at high-risk area of the world . [6] 1. Introduction Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is a severe type of disease that occurs in different parts of the world. Some species of two Leishmaniasis is a group of systemic diseases that are caused by subgenera of Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the main vectors of diseases in the Old World and New World respectively . The parasites of the Leishmania complex subgenus and transmitted to [7,8] humans and other mammals by sand flies bites . The mortality annual mortality rate for VL disease is calculated 0.2-0.4 million . [1,2] [6] rate of leishmaniasis is estimated about 51 600 cases in 2010 in This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the the world and it also causes 3.3 million disabilities per year . Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 License, which [3] [4] allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long Leishmaniasis has been reported in 101 countries and over as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical [5] terms. For reprints contact: [email protected] Corresponding author: Yavar Rassi, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector ©2018 Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine Produced by Wolters Kluwer- Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Medknow E-mail: [email protected] Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, How to cite this article: Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y, Adham D, Hanafi-Bojd AA, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saghafipour A, Rafizadeh S. Spatial distribution of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae; E-mail: [email protected] Larroussius group), the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Northwest of Iran. Asian Foundation project: This study was funded and supported by the Tehran University of Pac J Trop Biomed 2018; 8(9): 425-430. Medical Sciences (Project Number: 31437). [Downloaded free from http://www.apjtb.org on Saturday, September 29, 2018, IP: 10.232.74.26] Eslam Moradi-Asl et al./ Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2018; 8(9): 425-430 426 More than 90% of VL disease cases are reported from five countries of Brazil, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sudan . In Iran, the disease [9] is sporadically reported from different regions, but the endemic areas have been located in rural parts of the northwest, northeast and southern Iran . Annually, 100-300 new cases of VL are reported [10-13] from Iran, especially in Ardabil province and more than 89% of [14] affected cases were children under 5 years old of age . So far, in [15] Iran, 44 species of the sand flies have been reported and the presence of other 10 species was doubtful . Among them, six species of [16] sand flies in Larroussius group and Paraphlebotomus subgenera have been identified as the main or probable vectors in the transmission of VL in Iran . Three species of them including Phlebotomus [13,17-22] major (P. major), Phlebotomus keshishiani and Phlebotomus alexandri in southern Iran and the rest including ( Phlebotomus kandelakii P. Figure 1. kandelakii), Phlebotomus perfiliewi (P. perfiliewi) and Phlebotomus Study area in Ardabil province, Iran 2017. tobbi (P. tobbi) in northwest and northeast of Iran (Ardabil province) 2.3. Data analysis are reported as the vectors of the disease. The main aim of this study was to determine the distribution of sand flies in subgenus Excel and SPSS version 21 were used to analyze the collected Larroussius as the vectors of VL in different regions of Ardabil data. Poisson’s regression analysis was conducted to investigate province in northwest of Iran and to model their probability of the the relationship between sand fly frequency with average monthly presence in the province to establish a VL disease surveillance temperature and relative humidity (P<0.05). system. 2.4. Modeling 2. Materials and methods The Maxent version 3.3.3 was used to predict the presence of subgenus Larroussius sand flies in order to prepare the distribution 2.1. Study sites map at 52 locations (22 locations from previous published studies and 30 locations from the finding of present studies) in Ardabil Ardabil province is one of 31 provinces of Iran located on the province northwest of Iran . Jackknife test was used to [13,21,25-28] northwest of the country with a longitude of 38.251 4 and latitude of analyze the relationship between weather variables and distribution 48.297 3. The population of province was 1 270 420 people in 2017. of sand flies and the relevant variables were identified with This province has 10 counties and has a cold region in the northwest percentages and non-relevant variables were assigned zero. The of Plateau with an area of 17 952.5 Sq.km. It is part of the triangular output of the Maxent model was included in the ArcMap software Plateau of Iran in the east of Azerbaijan Plateau, about 2/3 of which and the probability of the presence of Larroussius subgenus members has mountainous texture with high altitude and the rest is formed was divided to 5 categories of 0%-10%, 11%-30%, 31%-50%, 51%- by the flat and low areas. The climate of Ardabil province is largely 70% and more than 70%. The output map of the ASCII format was dependent on four factors of altitude, latitudes, water resources and converted into the raster format in the GIS software version 10.3. Migratory Lows. Other factors such as vegetation, industrial and mining agricultural activities affect in small (Figure 1). 3. Results 2.2. Sand flies collection A total of 2 794 sand flies were collected and identified, of Sand flies were collected from 30 areas of 10 counties in the which 33.1% belonged to the Larroussius, 8.5% Adlerius, 20% province during May-November 2017. The studied areas were Paraphlebotomus, 23.7% Phlebotomus, 0.2% Synphlebotomus and identified and selected based on the prevalence of human cases of 14.5% Sergentomyia . From the Larroussius subgenus five subgenera VL during the last 15 years. Six urban areas and twenty-four villages species of P. kandelakii, P. perfiliewi transcaucasicus, P. tobbi, P. were selected and their geographic coordinates and altitude were major and Phlebotomus wenyoni (P. wenyoni) were observed. The recorded by GPS (Figure 1). Sand flies were collected using caster most frequency was related to P. kandelakii (39.3%) and the least oiled papers (60 papers for indoors and outdoors of each area). They frequency was related to P. wenyoni (0.4%) (Table 1). Considering were installed before sunset and collected the following morning sex, 72% of the sand flies were males and 28% of them were before sunrise. All collected sand flies were transferred to acetone females. The sex ratio for the total of collected sand flies, the and then stored in the 70% alcohol. All specimens were mounted Larroussius sand flies and the P. kandelakii as the dominant species a single drop of Puris’ medium and were identified using relevant were calculated as 256.83, 258.14 and 185.82, respectively. identification keys . [23,24] [Downloaded free from http://www.apjtb.org on Saturday, September 29, 2018, IP: 10.232.74.26] Eslam Moradi-Asl et al./ Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2018; 8(9): 425-430 427 The results of linear regression analysis for each temperature, Table 1 humidity and rainfall variables indicated that there is a significant Sand flies (Larroussius subgenus) fauna in the studied area, Northwest of Iran, relationship between temperature and humidity with monthly 2017.
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