A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 650: 1–205 (2017) Annotated checklist of fish cestodes from South America 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.650.10982 CHECKLIST http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Annotated checklist of fish cestodes from South America Philippe V. Alves1, Alain de Chambrier2, Tomáš Scholz3, José L. Luque4 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, 23851-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2 Natural History Museum of Geneva, CP 6434, CH - 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland 3 Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic 4 Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, CP 74.540, BR 465, Km 7, 23851-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Corresponding author: Tomáš Scholz ([email protected]) Academic editor: B. Georgiev | Received 2 November 2016 | Accepted 21 December 2016 | Published 1 February 2017 http://zoobank.org/CAD92ABE-4626-4206-98E3-E044D45EA9AC Citation: Alves PV, de Chambrier A, Scholz T, Luque JL (2017) Annotated checklist of fish cestodes from South America. ZooKeys 650: 1–205. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.650.10982 Abstract An exhaustive literature search supplemented by a critical examination of records made it possible to pre- sent an annotated checklist of tapeworms (Cestoda) that, as adults or larvae (metacestodes), parasitize fresh- water, brackish water and marine fishes, i.e. cartilaginous and bony fishes, in South America. The current knowledge of their species diversity, host associations and geographical distribution is reviewed. Taxonomic problems are discussed based on a critical evaluation of the literature and information on DNA sequences of individual taxa is provided to facilitate future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. As expected, the current knowledge is quite uneven regarding the number of taxa and host-associations reported from the principal river basins and marine ecoregions. These differences may not only reflect the actual cestode richness but may also be due to the research effort that has been devoted to unravelling the diversity of these endopara- sitic helminths in individual countries. A total of 297 valid species, 61 taxa identified to the generic level, in addition to unidentified cestodes, were recorded from 401 species of fish hosts. Among the recognized cestode orders, 13 have been recorded in South America, with the Onchoproteocephalidea displaying the highest species richness, representing c. 50% of all species diversity. The majority of records include teleost fish hosts (79%) that harbour larval and adult stages of cestodes, whereas stingrays (Myliobatiformes) ex- hibit the highest proportion of records (39%) among the elasmobranch hosts. Fish cestodes are ubiquitous in South America, being mostly recorded from the Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific (WTSP; 31%) for marine hosts and the Amazon River basin (45%) for freshwater ones. The following problems were detected during the compilation of literary data: (i) unreliability of many records; (ii) poor taxonomic resolution, i.e. identification made only to the genus or even family level; (iii) doubtful host identification; Copyright Philippe V. Alves et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Philippe V. Alves et al. / ZooKeys 650: 1–205 (2017) and (iv) the absence of voucher specimens that would enable us to verify identification. It is thus strongly recommended to always deposit representative specimens in any type of studies, including faunal surveys and ecological studies. An analysis of the proportion of three basic types of studies, i.e. surveys, taxonomic and ecological papers, has shown a considerable increase of ecological studies over the last decade. Keywords Biodiversity, marine ecoregions, river basins, species richness, tapeworms Table of contents Introduction ............................................................................................................. 4 Materials and methods ............................................................................................. 5 Parasite-Host List ..................................................................................................... 7 Class Cestoda Rudolphi, 1808 ........................................................................... 7 Order Amphilinidea Poche, 1922 ....................................................................... 7 Family Amphilinidae Claus, 1879 ...................................................................... 7 Order Bothriocephalidea Kuchta, Scholz, Brabec & Bray, 2008 ......................... 7 Family Bothriocephalidae Blanchard, 1849 ........................................................ 7 Family Echinophallidae Schumacher, 1914 ...................................................... 10 Family Triaenophoridae Lönnberg, 1899 .......................................................... 10 Order Caryophyllidea van Beneden in Carus, 1863 ......................................... 13 Order Cathetocephalidea Schmidt & Beveridge, 1990 ..................................... 13 Family Cathetocephalidae Dailey & Overstreet, 1973 ...................................... 13 Family Disculicepitidae Joyeux & Baer, 1935 ................................................... 13 Order Cyclophyllidea van Beneden in Braun, 1900 .......................................... 14 Family Gryporhynchidae Spassky & Spasskaya, 1973 ....................................... 14 Order Diphyllidea van Beneden in Carus, 1863 ............................................... 15 Family Echinobothriidae Perrier, 1897 ............................................................. 15 Order Diphyllobothriidea Kuchta, Scholz, Brabec & Bray, 2008 ...................... 16 Family Diphyllobothriidae Lühe, 1910 ............................................................ 16 Order Gyrocotylidea Poche, 1926 .................................................................... 22 Family Gyrocotylidae Benham, 1901 ............................................................... 22 Order Lecanicephalidea Wardle & McLeod, 1952 ............................................ 23 Family Aberrapecidae Jensen, Caira, Cielocha, Littlewood & Waeschenbach, 2016 .......................................................................................................... 23 Family Cephalobothriidae Pintner, 1928 .......................................................... 23 Family Lecanicephalidae Braun, 1900 .............................................................. 23 Family Paraberrapecidae Jensen, Caira, Cielocha, Littlewood & Waeschenbach, 2016 .......................................................................................................... 23 Family Polypocephalidae Meggitt, 1924 ........................................................... 23 Order Onchoproteocephalidea Caira, Jensen, Waeschenbach, Olson & Little- wood, 2014 ................................................................................................ 24 Annotated checklist of fish cestodes from South America 3 Family Onchobothriidae Braun, 1900 .............................................................. 24 Family Prosobothriidae Baer & Euzet, 1955 ..................................................... 31 Family Proteocephalidae La Rue, 1911 ............................................................. 31 Subfamily Corallobothriinae Freze, 1965 ......................................................... 32 Subfamily Endorchiinae Woodland, 1934 ........................................................ 33 Subfamily Ephedrocephalinae Mola, 1929 ....................................................... 34 Subfamily Monticelliinae Mola, 1929 .............................................................. 34 Subfamily Nupeliinae Pavanelli & Rego, 1991 ................................................. 42 Subfamily Peltidocotylinae Woodland, 1934 .................................................... 43 Subfamily Proteocephalinae La Rue, 1911 ....................................................... 45 Subfamily Rudolphiellinae Woodland, 1935 .................................................... 53 Subfamily Zygobothriinae Woodland, 1933 ..................................................... 54 Order Phyllobothriidea Caira, Jensen, Waeschenbach, Olson & Littlewood, 2014 ....66 Family Phyllobothriidae Braun, 1900 ............................................................... 66 Order Rhinebothriidea Healy, Caira, Jensen, Webster & Littlewood, 2009 ...... 70 Family Anthocephaliidae Ruhnke, Caira & Cox, 2015 ..................................... 70 Family Echeneibothriidae de Beauchamp, 1905 ............................................... 71 Family Rhinebothriidae Euzet, 1953 ................................................................ 72 Order ‘Tetraphyllidea’ Carus, 1863 .................................................................. 80 Order Trypanorhyncha Diesing, 1863 .............................................................. 87 Suborder Trypanoselachoida Olson, Caira, Jensen, Overstreet, Palm & Beveridge, 2010 .......................................................................................................... 87 Superfamily Gymnorhynchoidea