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A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files GHANA 1960-January 1963 Internal Affairs and Foreign Affairs Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files GHANA 1960-January 1963 INTERNAL AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 745J, 845J, and 945J Decimal Numbers 779, 879, and 979 (West Africa) and FOREIGN AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 645J and 611.45J Decimal Numbers 679 and 611.79 (West Africa) Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide Compiled by Daniel Lewis Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Ghana 1960-January 1963 [microform] : internal affairs and foreign affairs / project coordinator Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels. "The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S. Department of State in the custody of the National Archives of the United States." Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Daniel Lewis, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Ghana 1960-January 1963. ISBN 1-55655-910-0 (microfilm) 1. Ghana--Politics and government--1957-1979--Sources. 2. Ghana--Foreign relations--1957--Sources. 3. United States. Dept. of State--Archives. I. Title: Ghana 1960-January 1963. II. Lester, Robert. III. Lewis, Daniel, 1972- IV. United States. Dept. of State. V. United States. National Archives and Records Administration. VI. University Publications of America (Firm) VII. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Ghana 1960-January 1963. DT512 320.9667'09'046--dc22 2003066000 CIP The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S. Department of State in the custody of the National Archives of the United States. No copyright is claimed in these official records. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction vii Scope and Content Note xi Source Note xiii Organization of the U.S. Department of State Decimal Filing System xv Numerical List of Country Numbers xix Acronym List xxvii Reel Index Reel 1 Internal Political and National Defense Affairs--West African States 779.0 Political Affairs 1 779.1 Political Affairs: Executive Branch of Government 1 779.5 National Defense Affairs 1 Internal Economic, Industrial, and Social Affairs--West African States 879.0 Economic Matters 1 879.1 Financial Matters 2 879.2 Agriculture 2 879.3 Manufacturers; Manufacturing 2 879.4 Social Matters 2 Communications, Transportation, Science--West African States 919.4 Communications 2 International Political Relations; Bilateral Treaties--West African States 679.01 Political Relations between West African States and Other Countries 3 679.98 Political Relations between West African States and Republic of Indonesia 3 International Political Relations; Bilateral Treaties--U.S.-West African States 611.79 Political Relations between U.S. and West African States 3 Internal Political and National Defense Affairs--Ghana 745J.0 Political Affairs 3 Reel 2 745J.0 Political Affairs cont 6 745J.1 Political Affairs: Executive Branch of Government 8 Reel 3 745J.1 Political Affairs: Executive Branch of Government 8 745J.2 Political Affairs: Legislative Branch of Government 11 745J.3 Political Affairs: Judicial Branch of Government 12 Reel 4 745J.5 National Defense Affairs 12 Internal Economic, Industrial, and Social Affairs--Ghana 845J.0 Economic Matters 15 Reels 5-6 845J.0 Economic Matters cont 17 Reel 7 845J.0 Economic Matters cont 24 845J.1 Financial Matters 25 Reel 8 845J.1 Financial Matters cont 28 845 J.2 Agriculture 29 Reel 9 845J.2 Agriculture cont 31 845J.3 Manufacturers; Manufacturing 32 845J.4 Social Matters and Conditions 33 845J.5 Public Order, Safety, and Health 35 Reel 10 Communications, Transportation, Science--Ghana 945 J.0 Communications 35 945J.4 Communications: Radio; Radio Broadcasting 35 945J.5 Communications: Television 35 945J.6 Communications: Public Press 36 945 J.7 Transportation 37 945J.8 Science 39 International Political Relations; Bilateral Treaties--Ghana 645J.00 Political Relations between Ghana and Other Countries 39 645J.45K Political Relations between Ghana and [Togoland] 39 645J.45R Political Relations between Ghana and Kenya Colony 39 645J.48 Political Relations between Ghana and Poland 39 645J.49 Political Relations between Ghana and Czechoslovakia 39 645J.51 Political Relations between Ghana and France 40 645J.51T Political Relations between Ghana and French West Africa 40 645J.53 Political Relations between Ghana and Portugal 40 645J.54 Political Relations between Ghana and Switzerland 40 645J.55 Political Relations between Ghana and Belgium 40 645J.55A Political Relations between Ghana and Belgian Congo 40 645J.60 Political Relations between Ghana and Eastern Europe 40 645J.61 Political Relations between Ghana and USSR 40 645J.62 Political Relations between Ghana and Germany 40 645J.62A Political Relations between Ghana and Federal Republic of Germany 41 Reel 11 645J.62B Political Relations between Ghana and Russian Zone (East Germany) 41 645J.64 Political Relations between Ghana and Hungary 41 645J.65 Political Relations between Ghana and Italy 41 645J.67 Political Relations between Ghana and Albania 41 645J.68 Political Relations between Ghana and Yugoslavia 41 645J.69 Political Relations between Ghana and Bulgaria 42 645J.70 Political Relations between Ghana and Other African Countries 42 645J.70B Political Relations between Ghana and Republic of Guinea 42 645J.70C Political Relations between Ghana and Cameroon 42 645J.70D Political Relations between Ghana and Togo 42 645J.70E Political Relations between Ghana and Mali 43 645J.70G Political Relations between Ghana and Congo Republic 43 645J.70H Political Relations between Ghana and Dahomey 43 645J.70J Political Relations between Ghana and Niger 43 645J.70K Political Relations between Ghana and Upper Volta 43 645J.70M Political Relations between Ghana and Ivory Coast 43 645J.70U Political Relations between Ghana and Nigeria 43 645J.70X Political Relations between Ghana and Republic of South Africa .... 43 645J.71 Political Relations between Ghana and Morocco 43 645J.72 Political Relations between Ghana and Tunisia 43 645J.75 Political Relations between Ghana and Ethiopia 44 645J.76 Political Relations between Ghana and Liberia 44 645J.77 Political Relations between Ghana and Somalia 44 645J.81 Political Relations between Ghana and Greece 44 645J.82 Political Relations between Ghana and Turkey 44 645J.83A Political Relations between Ghana and Lebanon 44 645J.84A Political Relations between Ghana and Israel 44 645J.86B Political Relations between Ghana and United Arab Republic 44 645J.89 Political Relations between Ghana and Afghanistan 44 645J.90D Political Relations between Ghana and Pakistan 44 645J.91 Political Relations between Ghana and India 44 645J.93 Political Relations between Ghana and China [PRC] 44 645J.94 Political Relations between Ghana and Japan 44 Reel 12 International Political Relations; Bilateral Treaties--U.S.-Ghana 611.45J Political Relations between the U.S. and Ghana 44 Subject Index 47 INTRODUCTION On July 1, 1960, Ghana became a republic, and Kwame Nkrumah won the presidential election that year. Shortly thereafter, Nkrumah was proclaimed president for life, and the Convention People's Party (CPP) became the sole party of the state. Using the powers granted him by the party and the constitution, Nkrumah detained an estimated four hundred to two thousand of his opponents by 1961. Nkrumah's critics pointed to the rigid hold of the CPP over the nation's political system and to numerous cases of human rights abuses. Others, however, defended Nkrumah's agenda and policies. Nkrumah discussed his political views in his numerous writings, especially in Africa Must Unite and in Neocolonialism. These writings show the impact of his stay in the United Kingdom in the mid-1940s. He attended one of the annual conferences of the pan-Africanist movement in Manchester in 1945. The movement was influenced by socialist ideologies and sought unity among people of African descent. The movement also sought improvement in the lives of workers who, it alleged, had been exploited by capitalist enterprises in Africa. Western countries with colonial histories were identified as the exploiters. According to the socialists, "oppressed" people ought to identify with the socialist countries and organizations that best represented their interests; however, all the dominant world powers in the immediate post-1945 period, except the Soviet Union and the United States, had colonial ties with Africa. Nkrumah asserted that even the United States, which had never colonized any part of Africa, was in an advantageous position to exploit independent Africa unless preventive efforts were taken. According to Nkrumah, his government had an important role to play in the struggle against capitalist interests on the continent because it represented the first black African nation to win independence. As he put it, "the independence of Ghana would be meaningless unless it was tied to the total liberation of Africa." It was important, he said, for Ghanaians to "seek first the political kingdom." Economic benefits associated with independence were to be enjoyed later, proponents of Nkrumah's position argued. But Nkrumah needed strategies to pursue his goals. On the domestic front, Nkrumah believed that rapid modernization of industries and communications was necessary and that it could be achieved if the workforce were completely Africanized and educated. Even more important, however, Nkrumah believed that this domestic goal could be achieved faster if it were not hindered by reactionary politicians--elites in the opposition parties and traditional chiefs--who might compromise with Western politicians. From such an ideological position, Nkrumah supporters justified the Deportation Act of 1957; the Detention Acts of 1958, 1959, and 1962; parliamentary intimidation of CPP opponents; the appointment of Nkrumah as president for life; the recognition of his party as the sole political organization of the state; the creation of the Young Pioneer Movement for the ideological education of the nation's youth; and party control of the civil service.
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