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The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians

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The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Anthropology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1930 The thnobE otany of Jemez Indians Sarah Louise Cook Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Cook, Sarah Louise. "The thnoE botany of Jemez Indians." (1930). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds/85 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Z//TF A1441b S5TD7S 3 1 ? * W DATE DUE /9ff DEMCO 38-297 TEE ETHNOBODTTANT 0? UD1HS By Saraiahi Louise Cook A Thesis subibsomitted for the Dece of Malaaster of Arts The Univer:rssity of Hew Mexicc e>’\ e>’\ *vT)TrCL SUOX^AJDSS i 0--O s XlT3 soqqer^ inj--; or£ 'juxiio' ;s I ai--~ • r- ■ r -\ C£ c ^ W € :.W — ru; s c'".e relent r.v.ir.E end cccrt 1’ieblc of verses fT ld p lZ LINGUISTIC STOCKS OF NEJ MEXICO I. Pueblo ( Taos < ( 1. Tiwa ( Picuris ( ( ( ( Sandia ( ( ( ( Is le ta ( ( ( San Juan ( ( ( ( Santa Clara ( ( ( 2. Tewa ( San Ildefonso A. Tanoan ( ( ( ( Nambe ( ( ( ( Tesuque ( ( 3. Towa ( Jeme ( z ( 4. Zuni ( ( Cochiti Zia ( ( Santo Domingo Laguna ( f B. Keresan ( San Felipe Acoma ( ( Santa Ana I I , Wandering Havajo C. Athapascan J ica rl 11 a Apache Mescalero Apache * • TEE ETHN050TANT OF JW E1 INDIANS The Indians in New Mexico may be divided into two general types — wandering and pueblo. The Athapascan, or wandering Indians, con­ stitu te a group which has d rifted from the fa r north into New Mexico, They are more or less nomadic and w ar-llke, and not a gricu ltu rally inclined, therefore to a large extent dependent upon their neighbors. The remaining Indians in New Mexico are the pueblos. These groups are independent, peaceful, and industrious, particularly along their respective lines of weaving, basketry, p»ottery, and agriculture. (13, 14) Language The Continental Divide extending thorough New Mexico appears to have had some effect upon the distribution of the linguistic stocks. The Rio Grande Pueblos, receiving their name from the Rio Grande River, lie east of the Divide. In the early years of the history of the Indians these pueblos were very numerous; today only seventeen villages remain. The Zuni villages all lie west of the Continental Divide, while the Athapascan groups have settled.on both the east and west sides of the Divide. The languages o f the Indians o f New Mexico are derived from three _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 2 d istin ct lin g u istic stocks: Tanoan, Kieresan, and Athapascan. The Tanoan stock is subdivided imto three divisions or tongues: Tiwa, Tewa, and Towa. This stock embraces the Rio Grande Pueblos lying east of the Divide and the Zuni villa g e s lyin g west of the Di­ vide. The Tiwa tongue is spoken in thie villages of Taos, Picuris, Sandia, and Isle ta , while the villa ges of San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Narabe, and Tesuque use the Tewa tongue. (14) The Towa tongue, which is now spoken only in th.e Pueblo of Jemez, was once the language of a large number of pueblos which have become extin ct. The v illa g e of Pecos, formerly the largest and most populous of the pre­ historic pueblos, was the last to become extinct. The Pecos ruins are located upon the Upper Pecos River , eighteen miles southeast of Santa Fe, four miles from Glorieta. During the years 1790-1793 Co­ manche raids and epidemics greatly reduced the numbers in Pecos, and in 1838 the seventeen survivors joined their kinsmen at Jemez Pueblo. Today in Jemez there are twenty-five inhabitants who claim Pecos hlood only one of whom was born in the mother pueblo. (14, 5) The v illa g e s of Zuni have in the past been classed by themselves a ) as to their language. Mr. John P. Harrington says* RThe Zuni lan­ guage is certain ly related to the Tiwa., Tewa, and Towa tongues or the Tanoan stock. The words and structure are sim ilar.* The second stock or Xeresan is no t subdivided, and is spoken with slight variations in the pueblos of Coichiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, 1 Correspondence with J. P. Harrington under date o f May 3, 1930. _______ ____________ 3 Santa Ana, Zia, Laguna, and Acoma. The third lin g u is tic stock, the ^Athapascan, is spoken among the nomadic tribes o f Navajos, J ic a r illa *and Mescallero Apaches. These people do not wander as o f old, but hsave become accustomed to the comparatively easy living on their resspective reservations. (Map I) (13) Territory The Jemez Indians were given fouir square leagues of land, measur­ ed a league in each direction from thee church, by a spurious grait supposedly from Governor Cruzate at 111 Paso on September 20, 168$. The surveyor general for Hew Mexico, boelieving the grant to be axth- en tic, made no investigation, and reccommended that the Indians be granted their four square leagues. Coongress confirmed the grant on December 22, 1858, surveyed it fo r 17,,510 acres, and a patent was is sued by the United States Land Office in 1864 covering this tract. This land is called the Jemez Pueblo Grrant, and embraces township 16 (i) north, range 2 east o f Hew Mexico Prim cipal Meridian. (Map I I ) 1 1 "According to the documents foumd in the archives at Santa ?e, Governor Cru ate between September 20t;h and 25th made twelve grants of land to the following pueblos: Acosma, Cochiti, Jemez, Laguna, Pe­ cos, Picuris, San F elip e, San Juan, Saint a Ana, San Domingo, Zia, and ZuSi. These documents were forged, anid therefore spurious. From 1854 to 1890 they were considered true papesrs, when W ill M. Tipton proved that they were written subsequent to 11.832. I t was found that soma o f the sentences in the documents were taiken from the book O.leada Sore Huevo Medico published in 1832 at Puebjla, Mexico, by Antonio Barriro. Further proof of the falsity was a conmparison of the signatures of Cruzate on these grants with papers of' known authenticity. The pieblo of Laguna was not founded u n til ten yeaars la te r, and the Jemez Iniians were not in their present site until aafter 1705." Coan. History of Hew Mexico. Vol. 1 , p.214-77. 1 1 4 The Jemez Indians also have a reservation given to then by Preii- ( 2) dent Theodore Roosevelt on December 19, 1906. This reservation adjoins the Pueblo Grant on the wes t and covers the entire towiship 16 north, range 1 east of Hew Mexico Principal Meridian, and com­ prises 14,933 acres. (Map II) President William H. Taft on Septem­ ber 1, 1911, amended the executive order of President Roosevelt of December 19, 1906, to read "New Mexico Principal Meridian0 as there was no MJemez Meridian. 0 Otherwise the amendment was identica. with (3) the origin al. History Prior to the conquest o f the Spaniards in Southwestern America in 1541, - the Jemez Indians were scattered over an area compris.ng approximately townships 17 and 18 n orth , ranges 1, 2, and a friction of 3 east of Hew Mexico Principal Meridian; or chiefly in the een- tra l and southern parts of the Canyon <Le San Diego Grant. (M ap ll) 2 White House, Dec. 19, 1906. Jemiez Pueblo Reservation townihip 16 H. range 1 2* Jemez Meridian, except ing any tract or tracts the title to which valid legal rights haive attached, be, and the sane are hereby withdrawn from sale and settlem ent and set apart as a re­ servation for the uses and benefit o f t3he Indians of Jemez Puelo. Theodore Roosevelt. 3 White House, Sept. 1, 1911. Executive order o f Dec. 19, 1506, withdrawing township 16 N. of range 1 E.. Jemez Meridian fo r th« bene­ f i t of the Indians o f Jemez Pueblo i.s hereby amended to read a* f o l ­ lows: °It is hereby ordered that thte fallowing described landi in N. M. namely, township 16 H. range 1. E. H.M.P.M. excepting any tract or tracts the title to which rights havee attached be, and the same are hereby withdrawn from sale and settlem en t, and set apart ai a reservation for use and benefit of t,he Indians of Jemez Pueblo.- Wm. H. Taft. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This area lust descrioed may be knowm as a province. v<4) A t was in the f a l l of 1541 that Coronado, a Spanish explor­ er with an expedition under the command of Captain Francisco Barrio- (5) nuevo, accompanied by Castaneda, the chronicler, found the Jemez Indians in this province. Coronado i s said to have seen sever pueb­ los and heard o f three others which hie did not v is it . These pieblos were in proximity to Jemez Hot Springes (Aguas Caliente) which is more than half the distance up San Diego Canyon and east of tie cen­ ter. (Map I I ) (6) Espejo in i m vis ite d seven v illa g e s in the Jemez province and heard of three more which he did not see. OEate in 1598 slso 4 Francisco Vasquez Coronado seemred permission in 1539 tc com­ mand an expedition in quest of the Seven Cities of Cibola which Fray Marcos de Niza claimed to have discovered on a preliminary expedi­ tion in 1539.
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