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In Situ and Laboratory Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of a Fine Sand Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1990 In Situ and Laboratory Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of a Fine Sand. Behnam Mahmoodzadegan Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Mahmoodzadegan, Behnam, "In Situ and Laboratory Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of a Fine Sand." (1990). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5075. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5075 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction isdependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 3 0 0 North Z e e b Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 -1 3 4 6 USA 313/761-4700 800 521-0600 Order Number 9123218 In situ and laboratory evaluation of liquefaction resistance of a fine sand Mahmoodzadegan, Behnam, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1990 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 NOTE TO USERS THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT RECEIVED BY U.M.I. CONTAINED PAGES WITH SLANTED AND POOR PRINT. PAGES WERE FILMED AS RECEIVED. THIS REPRODUCTION IS THE BEST AVAILABLE COPY. IN-SITU AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE OF A FINE SAND A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Civil Engineering by Behnam Mahmoodzadegan B.S., State University of New York, 1983 M.S., State University of New York, 1984 December, 1990 To My Wife, Fariba ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was carried out under the guidance of Professor Ilan Juran, whose constant encouragement and technical assistance were of great value during the course of this study. I would also like to thank Professors M. T. Tumay, A. Arman, and J. N. Suhayda from the Civil Engineering Department, Professor P. E. Connor from the Department of Mathematics, and Professor S. Iyengar from the Computer Science Department for serving on my dissertation committee. In particular, Professor M. T . Tumay is thanked for his useful comments regarding the in-situ test results, and for his careful review of the draft. My deep appreciation goes to Professor A. Arman, the Director of the Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) at the time this research started, for authorizing the use of the LTRC facilities for installation and maintenace of the triaxial loading system and its auxiliary units. The research grant from the French Ministry of Research al1ocated for the in-situ phase of this study is great 1y appreciated. Specially, Professor F. Schlosser is thanked for initiating the joint research program between LSU and the Ministry of Research. A special thank goes to Mr. Bil 1 Tierney for his assistance in performing the in-situ tests. I wish to also extend my appreciation to my parents for their continued moral support, and specially to my wife without whose constant patience and encouragement this work would have never been completed. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEGEMENTS ................... iii LIST OF TABLES .......................... vii LIST FIGURES ............................... viii LIST OF SYMBOLS ........................... xi ABSTRACT ................................................ xii Chapter 1............. INTRODUCTION ................... 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................... 5 2.1 Basic Definitions of Soil Liquefaction .............................. 6 2.2 Laboratory determination of liquefaction Potential .................................. 7 2.3 In-situ Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential ................................. 14 2.4 Use of Piezocone Penetration Tests ....... 18 3 IN-SITU EVALUATION OF THE LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL OF SAND DEPOSITS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY .......................................... 21 3.1 Available CPT-based Liquefaction Evaluation Procedures ................... 22 3.2 Comparative Evaluation of the Available Procedures ................................ 31 3.3 Potential Use of the Piezocone Data .... 32 4 STATIC AND CYCLIC TRIAXIAL LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE OF THE HRD SAND ................... 59 4.1 Monotonic Triaxial Liquefaction Tests .. 60 4.2 Cyclic Triaxial Liquefaction Tests ....... 79 v 4.3 Relationship Between Monotonic and Cyclic Liquefaction .................... 92 5 DEVELOPMENT OF AN EQUIPMENT AND NEW TESTING PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATION OF STATIC AND CYCLIC LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE OF SOILS 95 5.1 Hollow Cylinder Cell Test: An Overview.. 96 5.2 The Proposed Interpretation Procedure... 99 5.3 Verification of The Proposed Interpretation Procedure .............. 106 5.4 Evaluation of the Boundary Condition Effect ................................... 120 5.5 Definition of the Cyclic Stress Ratio for Cyclic HCC Tests .................... 122 6 USE OF HOLLOW CYLINDER CELL EQUIPMENT FOR EVALUATION OF STATIC AND CYCLIC LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE OF HRD SAND ..................... 128 6.1 Monotonic HCC Liquefaction Tests ....... 129 6.2 Cyclic HCC Liquefaction Tests ...... 146 6.3 Relationship Between Static and Cyclic Liquefaction ............................ 155 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................... 160 REFERENCES .............................................. 175 VITA .................................................... 186 vi LIST OP TABLES Table Page 1 The In-situ Testing Program ............... » . 33 2 Liquefaction Potential of the Sand Layers at the Heber Road and Wildlife Sites ........ 36 3 The Parameters Used for Numerical Simulation of the Cavity Expansion Tests ................ 110 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Liquefaction Evaluation Procedure Based on Shear Wave Velocity (Bierschwale and Stokoe, 1985) .................... 21 2 Liquefaction Evaluation Procedure Based on SPT Results (Seed and Idriss, 1981) .... 25 3 Liquefaction Evaluation Procedure Based on SPT-CPT Correlation (Seed, 1983) ....... 27 4 Liquefaction Evaluation Procedure Based on Relative Density (Seed and Idriss, 1981) 28 5 Liquefaction Evaluation Procedure Based on Tip Resistance (Robertson and Campanella, 1985) ........................... 30 6 Liquefaction Evaluation Procedure Based on Direct Observation (Robertson and Campanella, 1985) ..................... 32 7.a Soil Stratification at the Heber Road Site (Youd and Bennett, 1983) ................... 34 7.b Soil Stratification at the Wildlife Site (Youd and Bennett, 1983) ................... 35 8 Use of Dual Piezocone Test for Identifying Loose Sand Seams ............................ 40 9 Effect of Relative Density on the Deviatoric Stress During Monotonic Triaxial Tests .... 68 10 Effect of Relative Density on the Excess Pore Water Pressure During Monotonic Triaxial Tests .............................. 69 11 The Steady-state Line for the HRD Sand Obtained From Monotonic Triaxial Tests .... 72 12 Effect of Relative Density on the Effective Stress Paths Obtained From Monotonic Triaxial Tests .............................. 74 13 Effect of Confining Pressure on the Deviatoric Stress During Monotonic Triaxial Tests .... 76 viii 14 Effect of Confining Pressure on the Excess Pore Water Pressure During Monotonic Triaxial Tests .............................. 77 15 Effect of Confining Pressure on the Effective Stress Paths From Monotonic Triaxial Tests .............................. 80 16 Effect of Relative Density on Cyclic Liquefaction Resistance of HRD Sand From Triaxial Tests ......................... 86 17 The Excess Pore Pressure Response for Dt =80% 87 18 The Axial Strain Response for Dr =80% ...... 88 19 The Effective Stress Path for Dt =80% ...... 89 20 Effect of Confining Pressure on Cyclic Liquefaction Resistance of HRD Sand From Triaxial Tests .............................. 91 21 Effective Stress Paths for Monotonic and Cyclic Triaxial Tests on HRD Sand ......... 93 22 Schematic of the
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