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Mimicry and Defense

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Mimicry and Defense 3/25/2014 Professor Donald McFarlane Mimicry and Defense Protective Strategies Camouflage (“Cryptic coloration”) Diverse Coloration Diversion Structures Startle Structures 2 1 3/25/2014 Camouflage (“Cryptic coloration”) Minimize 3d shape, e.g. flatfish Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) 3 4 2 3/25/2014 Counter‐Shading 5 Disruptive Coloration 6 3 3/25/2014 Polymorphism – Cepeae snails 7 Diversion Structures 8 4 3/25/2014 Startle Structures 9 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) Advertise organism as distasteful, toxic or venomous Problem: Predators must learn by attacking prey; predator learning is costly to prey. Therefore strong selective pressure to STANDARDIZE on a few colors/patterns. This is MULLERIAN MIMICRY. Most common is yellow/black, or red/yellow/black 10 5 3/25/2014 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) Bumblebee (Bombus Black and yellow mangrove snake (Boiga sp.) Sand Wasp (bembix oculata) dendrophila) Yellow‐banded poison dart frog (Dendrobates leucomelas Fire salamander ( Salamandra salamandra) 11 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) coral snakes (Micrurus sp.) ~ 50 species in two families, all venomous 12 6 3/25/2014 Batesian Mimicry 1862 –Henry Walter Bates; “A Naturalist on the River Amazons” 13 Batesian Mimicry Batesian mimics “cheat” –they lack toxins, venom, etc. but imitate toxic/venomous species to gain the advantage of predator deterrence. 14 7 3/25/2014 Batesian mimicry involves an unpalatble/dangerous MODEL and a palatable MIMIC. Disadvantage is that mimics must be rare compared to models, otherwise predator learning will be reversed. How much rarer? How unpalatable/dangerous is the model? What is the shape of the predator learning curve? What proportion of the predator population is experienced versus naïve? Automimicry Danaus plexippus Monarch butterflies feed on milkweed and accumulate toxic cardenolides. Cardenolide concentration varies greatly between individuals (only 12 of 50 collected caused vomiting in Blue Jays) WITHIN the species, palatable individuals mimic high‐cardenolide individuals. 8 3/25/2014 Three examples of female‐limited polymorphism in Batesian mimicry. Hypolimnas misippus: across western India and Africa, males are monomorphic and nonmimetic whereas females are trimorphic, each mimicking a different form of the model, Danaus chrysippus. There are no male‐like nonmimetic females in this species ( Ford, 1975, Smith, 1984 and Wynter‐Blyth, 1957). Papilio polytes: across their distributional range in the Oriental Region and in several subspecific variations, P. polytes males are monomorphic and nonmimetic whereas females may be polymorphic, with one male‐like nonmimetic form and usually one but sometimes two form(s) mimicking locally abundant Pachliopta models. The subspecies Papilio p. romulus in Sri Lanka and peninsular India has trimorphic females, with a male‐like form (cyrus) and two mimetic forms (polytes, also known as stichius, and romulus) ( Ford, 1975, Kunte, 2000 and Wallace, 1865). Papilio dardanus: males of this African species are monomorphic and nonmimetic in several subspecific variations whereas females in most populations are polymorphic, mimicking Danaus, Amauris, Acraea, Bematistes and day‐flying moth models. Only the subspecies in Madagascar (illustrated in the bottom row), Grande Comore Island and Abyssinia have male‐like nonmimetic females Island of Trinidad Auto‐ Auto‐ mimicry mimicry 9 3/25/2014 Wassmanian mimicry Ant‐Mimicing spiders (right: Synemosyna formica) 10 3/25/2014 Rove beetle: Paederus littoralis (Wassmanian mimic of ants) Aggressive Mimicry Photuris sp. Female Photuris attract male Photinus as prey. Photinus sp. 11 3/25/2014 12.
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  • Mimicry and Defense
    3/24/2015 Professor Donald McFarlane Mimicry and Defense Protective Strategies Camouflage (“Cryptic coloration”) Diverse Coloration Diversion Structures Startle Structures 2 1 3/24/2015 Camouflage (“Cryptic coloration”) Minimize 3d shape, e.g. flatfish Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) 3 4 2 3/24/2015 Counter‐Shading 5 Disruptive Coloration 6 3 3/24/2015 Polymorphism – Cepeae snails 7 Polymorphism – Oophaga granuliferus 8 4 3/24/2015 Polymorphism – 9 Polymorphism – Oophaga Geographic locations of study populations and their color patterns. (A) Map of the pacific coast of Colombia showing the three study localities: in blue Oophaga histrionica, in orange O. lehmanni, and in green the pHYB population. (B) Examples of color patterns of individuals from the pHYB population (1–4) and the pattern from a hybrid between Oophaga histrionica and O. lehmanni bred in the laboratory (H) 10 5 3/24/2015 Diversion Structures 11 Startle Structures 12 6 3/24/2015 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) Advertise organism as distasteful, toxic or venomous Problem: Predators must learn by attacking prey; predator learning is costly to prey. Therefore strong selective pressure to STANDARDIZE on a few colors/patterns. This is MULLERIAN MIMICRY. Most common is yellow/black, or red/yellow/black 13 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) Bumblebee (Bombus Black and yellow mangrove snake (Boiga sp.) Sand Wasp (bembix oculata) dendrophila) Yellow‐banded poison dart frog (Dendrobates leucomelas Fire salamander ( Salamandra salamandra) 14 7 3/24/2015 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) coral snakes (Micrurus sp.) ~ 50 species in two families, all venomous 15 Batesian Mimicry 1862 –Henry Walter Bates; “A Naturalist on the River Amazons” 16 8 3/24/2015 Batesian Mimicry Batesian mimics “cheat” –they lack toxins, venom, etc.
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    June 2012 Copperhead Snake on Dead Leaves, study for book Concealing Coloration in the Animal Kingdom ca. 1910-1915 Abbott Handerson Thayer Born: Boston, Massachusetts 1849 Died: Monadnock, New Hampshire 1921 watercolor on cardboard mounted on wood panel sight 9 1/2 x 15/1/2 in. (24.1 x 39.3 cm) Smithsonian American Art Museum Gift of the heirs of Abbott Handerson Thayer 1950.2.15 Not currently on view Collections Webpage and High Resolution Image The Smithsonian American Art Museum owns eighty-seven works of art and studies by the artist Abbott Handerson Thayer made as illustrations for his book Concealing Coloration in the Animal Kingdom. Researcher Liz wanted to learn more about Thayer’s ideas on animal coloration and whether these were accepted by modern biologists. What did Thayer believe about animal coloration and its function? Abbott Handerson Thayer was an artist but had a lifelong fascination with animals and nature. He was a member of the American Ornithologists’ Union in whose publication, The Auk, his coloration studies were first published in 1896. Thayer and his son, Gerald Handerson Thayer, collaborated on the writing and illustrations for their 1909 book, Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom; an Exposition of the Laws of Disguise through Color and Pattern: Being a Summary of Abbott H. Thayer's Discoveries. Several of these original watercolors and oil paintings are on view in the Luce Foundation Center, including Blue Jays in Winter, Male Wood Duck in a Forest Pool, Red Flamingoes, Sunrise or Sunset, Roseate Spoonbill, and Roseate Spoonbills. Copperhead Snake on Dead Leaves illustrates Thayer’s contention that some animals have “ground-picturing” patterns that mimic the appearance of their surroundings.
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  • The Evolution of Crypsis When Pigmentation Is Physiologically Costly G. Moreno–Rueda
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  • Disruptive Coloration in Woodland Camouflage – Evaluation of Camouflage Effectiveness Due to Minor Disruptive Patches Gorm K
    Disruptive coloration in woodland camouflage – evaluation of camouflage effectiveness due to minor disruptive patches Gorm K. Selj*a and Daniela H. Heinricha a Norwegian Defence and Research Establishment, PO Box 25, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway ABSTRACT We present results from an observer based photosimulation study of generic camouflage patterns, intended for military uniforms, where three near-identical patterns have been compared. All the patterns were prepared with similar effective color, but were different in how the individual pattern patches were distributed throughout the target. We did this in order to test if high contrast (black) patches along the outline of the target would enhance the survivability when exposed to human observers. In the recent years it has been shown that disruptive coloration in the form of high contrast patches are capable of disturbing an observer by creating false edges of the target and consequently enhance target survivability. This effect has been shown in different forms in the Animal Kingdom, but not to the same extent in camouflaged military targets. The three patterns in this study were i) with no disruptive preference, ii) with a disruptive patch along the outline of the head and iii) with a disruptive patch on the outline of one of the shoulders. We used a high number of human observers to assess the three targets in 16 natural (woodland) backgrounds by showing images of one of the targets at the time on a high definition pc screen. We found that the two patterns that were thought to have a minor disruptive preference to the remaining pattern were more difficult to detect in some (though not all) of the 16 scenes and were also better in overall performance when all the scenes were accounted for.
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  • Disruptive Coloration and Habitat Use by Seahorses
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  • Wildlife Center Classroom Series: “Can You See Me Now?” Camouflage in Wildlife
    Wildlife Center Classroom Series: “Can You See Me Now?” Camouflage in wildlife. Wednesday, September 11, 2013 Comment From Dori BONG, tht would be the clock :) Comment From CarolinGirl Ok, lunch in my lap( well, on a plate!). I am ready!! Comment From Dori and that would be me here woo hooing Comment From Guest WOO Hoo, I am here, lunch ready and buddy on cam and class about to start. Co en o a e ๏ ๏) Our kids are so excited for class! Raina Krasner, WCV Good afternoon everyone! Comment From CarolinGirl Hi "Teach"! Comment From Dori Howdy Raina, we are excited, can you tell Raina Krasner, WCV Me too! Comment From tinksmom/MO Hello Raina! Comment From 33mama Hi Raina! Happy Wednesday! Raina Krasner, WCV Happy Wednesday! Wildlife Classroom Series: “Can you see me now?” Camouflage in wildlife. Page 1 Comment From Guest Good afternoon. AN Comment From ♥ Jakermo ♥ I'm excited. Comment From moms43 in PA Hi Raina! Love your turtle! Raina Krasner, WCV Thank you. Raina Krasner, WCV So, have we intrigued you enough with our title? Can you see me now? Wildlife Center Classroom Series on Wednesday at 1:00 p.m.! Wildlife Center Classroom Series Wednesday at 1:00 p.m. Eastern! Raina Krasner, WCV Welcome to the September Wildlife Center Classroom Series! Wildlife Classroom Series: “Can you see me now?” Camouflage in wildlife. Page 2 Comment From ♥ Jakermo ♥ Yep, really like the title. Esp the owl. Raina Krasner, WCV Does anyone have any guesses about what we will be talking about today? Comment From Sweetpea Love your turtle Raina.
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  • Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage Online
    yiMmZ (Ebook pdf) Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage Online [yiMmZ.ebook] Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage Pdf Free Peter Forbes DOC | *audiobook | ebooks | Download PDF | ePub Download Now Free Download Here Download eBook #2917253 in Books 2011-11-15Original language:EnglishPDF # 1 7.70 x .90 x 5.00l, .75 #File Name: 0300178964304 pages | File size: 55.Mb Peter Forbes : Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage before purchasing it in order to gage whether or not it would be worth my time, and all praised Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage: 0 of 0 people found the following review helpful. ... really helped me in my research and was a great source of informationBy TimothyThis book really helped me in my research and was a great source of information.The book came quickly and was very fairly priced. It will most certainly remain inmy collection.2 of 2 people found the following review helpful. Camouflage in Art, War, and NatureBy Rob HardySome animals like to sport bright colors, as if they want to be seen. Others favor drab colors, as if they want to blend in and avoid recognition. There must be advantages to both strategies. Soldiers used to sport bright red clothing in the field, and now tend to go with grey and olive blotches, if they are in forest, and beige spotty patterns if they are on sand. The invisible hand of evolution is at work in the natural world and the visible one of tacticians is at work in the military one, both hands working on the vital competition of appearances.
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  • MASTERS of DISGUISE: Learning About Camouflage
    MASTERS OF DISGUISE: Learning About Camouflage CAMOUFLAGE helps animals blend into their surroundings. It helps them survive by making it difficult for their predators or prey to observe them. Animals can camouflage using any sense, such as the way they look, the way they smell, and the sounds they make. Animals can use more than one type of camouflage at once! BACKGROUND OR COLOR MATCHING, DISRUPTIVE COLORATION, MIMICRY, and DISGUISE are some of the many types of camouflage. DID YOU KNOW? One type of camouflage is BACKGROUND OR COLOR MATCHING. An animal will use the color of its body to help it blend into the background. Example: The WHITE-TAILED DEER has a coat that changes color with the seasons to help it blend into its environment. White-tailed Deer Another type of camouflage is DISRUPTIVE COLORATION. It is when an animal uses more than one color to help them hide the outline of their body. Example: The AMERICAN TOAD has a brown, gray, or red color pattern to help it blend into leaf litter and the soil. American Toad 1 Camouflage Challenge: Blend into your surroundings Can you blend into your surroundings like the WHITE-TAILED DEER or the AMERICAN TOAD? 1. Think about a place you might be able to blend in. The kitchen? The living room? Your backyard? Choose one. 2. Ask yourself: What do I need to do to blend in there, to try to make myself invisible? Will I use color matching or disruptive coloration? What color clothes will help me blend in best? Do I need patterns to help me blend in? 3.
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