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Autherine Lucy Foster First African American to Enroll at the University of Alabama

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Autherine Lucy Foster First African American to Enroll at the University of Alabama Alab am a L e a r n i n g E x c e h g a n Arthur Alexander Singer, Songwriter, Music Industry Legend rthur Alexander was born on May 10, Alexander eventually did have a top 100 R&B hit 1940, in Florence, Alabama. Alexander, with “Sharing the Night Together” in 1976. A a talented “country-soul” and rhythm By the 1980s, Alexander had abandoned the & blues singer and songwriter, influenced nu- music business entirely and worked in Cleve- merous artists and played a significant role land, Ohio driving a social services bus for a liv- in the development of north Alabama’s Mus- ing. During this period, his recording legacy grew cle Shoals music recording scene. in reputation, especially in Great Britain, where Many of Alexander’s songs were covered by his catalogue was constantly available through some of the music industry’s legends, including reissues. Alexander recorded a comeback album the Beatles, Rolling Stones, Ike and Tina Turner, in 1992 entitled Lonely Just Like Me. The album, Percy Sledge, Jerry Lee Lewis, Bob Dylan, Otis Alexander’s last, featured “If It’s Really Got To Be Redding, and Elvis Presley. According to Ringo This Way,” covered later by Led Zeppelin front- Starr, one of the advantages of being in Liverpool, man Robert Plant. The album included remakes a port city, was that “All these records were com- of “Every Day I Have to Cry,” “In the Middle of ing from America, so you could find out about It All,” “Genie in the Jug,” and several Alexander Arthur Alexander and people like that.” Len- originals, including a searing rendition of “Mr. non idolized him in particular, and McCartney John.” Alexander would not live to enjoy this re- summed up his influence in 1987: “We wanted surgence in popularity. He died on June 9, 1993, to sound like Arthur Alexander.” in Nashville from a heart attack, and was buried In 1961, Alexander recorded “You Better Move in Florence City Cemetery. On” produced by Rick Hall. The song reached The Alabama Music Hall of Fame created the number 24 on the pop charts in 1962 and became Arthur Alexander Songwriter’s Award, which cel- the first chart hit for Hall’s startup company. The ebrates songwriters who have achieved a high song earned Hall enough money to begin work level of success. This award, originally open to all on a new Muscle Shoals Studio, the Florence Ala- music achievers, is now dedicated to the scribes bama Musical Enterprises (FAME) Studios, still behind some of the most popular songs of the located in Florence today. Another Alexander last century. song that reached the top 100 in 1962 was “Anna As the musical innovator who gave FAME Stu- (Go to Him),” which became an album track for dios its first hit record, Alexander and his legacy the Beatles’ Please, Please Me debut album in are intertwined with that of Muscle Shoals mu- 1963. album included a song called “Burning Love,” sic. Because many American music fans discov- While his songs made many people rich, Al- which became a hit by another music legend. ered Alexander through the “British Invasion,” a exander never profited greatly from his music. A few months after Alexander’s album was re- relationship between Muscle Shoals and British Throughout the 1960s he released several singles leased, Elvis Presley recorded his own version of musicians was born, which remains strong to but his second album, Arthur Alexander, didn’t “Burning Love,” which became Presley’s last top- this day. come together until 1972. Alexander’s self-titled 10 single, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard charts. DECEMBER S M T W TH F S FEBRUARY S M T W TH F S 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 JANUARY 26 27 28 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday President Abraham Sadie Tanner William Tucker, Grace Bumbry, Alvin Ailey, Jr., Louis Allen Rawls, Zora Neale Hur- Lincoln issues Mossell Alexander, the first recorded opera singer, was hall of fame cho- soul, jazz and blues ston, author and Emancipation the first African African American born in St. Louis, reographer and singer, died in 2006. playwright, was Proclamation, 1863. American woman birth in the Ameri- Missouri, 1937. activist, was born in born in Notasulga, to receive a Ph.D. in can colonies, was Rogers, Texas, 1931. Alabama, 1891. the US, was born in born in Jamestown, Philadephia, 1898. Va., 1624. Charles Deslondes Earl Gilbert Graves, George Wash- Reuben V. Ander- U.S. Supreme Douglas Wilder Dudley Randall, leads slave revolt in Sr., publisher, entre- ington Carver, son, first African Court rules that becomes first Afri- founder of Broad- Louisiana, 1811. preneur, philanthro- agricultural American to be African Americans can American U.S. side Press, was pist, and founder of scientist, inventor, appointed to Mis- have the right to governor (Virginia) born in Washing- Black Enterprise and educator born sissippi Supreme study law at state since Reconstruc- ton, D.C, 1914. magazine was born in 1864. Court, 1985. institutions, 1948. tion, 1990. in Brooklyn, New York, 1935. Martin Luther Marcelite Jordan Three-time Dr. Daniel Hale John Harold Colin Luther Leonard Roy King, Jr., clergy- Harris, the first heavyweight Williams, pioneer Johnson, publisher Powell became Harmon, the first man, activist and African American boxing champion heart surgeon, was (Ebony and Jet the first African African American leader of the Civil female general in Muhammad Ali born in Holliday- magazines), American United to have a navy Rights Movement, the U.S. Air Force, was born in sburg, Pennsylva- author, and busi- States Secretary of ship named in his was born in was born in Hous- Louisville, Ken- nia, 1856. nessman was born State, 2001. honor, was born Atlanta, Georgia, ton, Texas, 1943. tucky, 1942. in Arkansas City, in Cuero, Texas, 1929. Arkansas, 1918. 1917. Ronald Ervin Susan Rice “Roots” the televi- Jackie Black Entertain- Angela Yvonne Leontyne Price McNair, physicist confirmed as U.S. sion miniseries Robinson is ment Television Davis, political made her Met- and NASA astro- Ambassador to based on Alex first African began broadcast- activist and edu- ropolitan Opera naut, died, along the U.N., the first Haley’s book Roots: American ing, 1980. cator, was born debut, 1961. with six other crew African American The Saga of an elected to in Birmingham, members, during female to hold American Family, Baseball Hall Alabama, 1944. launch of Space that position, began airing on of Fame, 1962. Shuttle Challenger, 2009. ABC, 1977. 1986. Violette Nealy Franklin Thomas Benjamin Anderson named president Lawson Hooks, becomes the first of Ford Founda- attorney, minister African American tion, 1979. and civil rights woman admitted leader, was born to practice before in Memphis, Ten- the U.S. Supreme nessee, 1925. Court, 1926. Cover image from Alexander’s The Greatest LP (Michael Ochs Archives) www.alafricanamerican.com Left to right: Aurelia Browder; Claudette Colvin; Browder v. Gayle Case Struck Down Montgomery’s Segregated Public Transportation System Mary Louise Smith; Susie McDonald n November 13, 1956, the United States Su- and those of a few other courageous men and wom- v. Gayle, in U.S. District Court. The specific legal preme Court upheld a lower court ruling en that followed, eventually led to the Montgomery question before the court was whether the segrega- O that found segregated bus laws in Mont- Bus Boycott which started on December 5, 1955. In a tion of the Whites and African Americans on “pri- gomery, Alabama were in violation of U.S. Consti- city of 20,000 bus riders, these heroic women (Clau- vately” owned buses operated by the City of Mont- tution laws of “due process and equal justice under dette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and gomery violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the the law.” Four brave African American women, Clau- Mary Louise Smith) were among a handful of rid- U.S. Constitution, which guarantees equal protec- dette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and ers willing to endure the physical and psychological tion and treatment under the law. On June 19, 1956, Mary Louise Smith, served as plaintiffs in Browder threats associated with being a plaintiff. the three-judge panel of the United States District v. Gayle, the case that struck down Montgomery’s Shortly after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, Court for the Middle District of Alabama ruled that segregated public transportation system and ended the city of Montgomery refused to meet the bus pas- Montgomery segregation codes “deny and deprive bus segregation throughout the land. The case also senger terms created by the Montgomery Improve- plaintiffs and other Negro citizens similarly situated ended the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott, and ment Association (MIA), which included courteous of the equal protection of the laws and due process put another nail in the “separate but equal” coffin. treatment by bus operators; first-come, first-served of law secured by the Fourteenth Amendment.” The All four women had been either arrested for refusing seating; and employment of Negro bus drivers. This federal court essentially decided that the precedent to give up their seats to white passengers or harmed refusal prompted Montgomery leaders to start de- of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) could be ap- by being forced to comply with segregation codes termining the best strategy to end Alabama bus seat- plied to Browder.
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