UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR
27TH ANNUAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE ABSTRACT BOOK LET
GONDAR, ETHIOPIA ,
March 25-26, 2017 | i UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Contents Contents ...... ii Preface ...... vii 1. College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation...... 1 CART-01: Analysis of Socioeconomic Aspects of Smallholder Vegetable Production in North Gondar Zone, ANRS, Ethiopia ...... 1 CART-02: Allometric Equations for Prediction of Aboveground Biomass in Woodland Ecosystem, Aletash National Park, North West Ethiopia ...... 2 CART-03: Survey and management of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch) using selected botanicals and inert materials on stored Sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) in Gondar Zuria Woreda North Western Ethiopia ...... 3 CART-04: Members’ participation in primary Dairy cooperatives in North Gondar zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia ...... 4 CART-05: Log-wood Utilization and Production Efficiency of wood-based Micro and Small Enterprises in Selected towns of North and South Gondar Zones...... 5 CART-06: Structure and Functioning of Timber and Fuel wood Value Chains from Smallholder Plantations in Amhara Region ...... 6 CART-07: Agricultural Extension: Challenges in Addressing the Needs of Smallholders in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia...... 7 CART-08: Job Satisfaction and Its Determinants among development agents: the case of North Gondar zone: Amhara Region, Ethiopia...... 8 CART-09: Determinants of Market Supply and Outlet Choices by Smallholder Onion Farmers in Fogera District Amhara Region, Northwestern Ethiopia...... 9 CART-10: Assessment of Non-timber forest products in Quara District, Northwestern Ethiopia.. 10 CART-11: Determinants of Agricultural Extension Service Delivery ፡ the case of North Gondar zone: Amhara Region, Ethiopia...... 11 Cart-12: Evaluations of Chickpea Varieties and Fungicides for the Management of Chickpea Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Ciceris) Disease at Adet Sick Plot in Northwest Ethiopia...... 13 CART-13: Value Chain of Cotton in Case of Metema Woreda ...... 14 CART-14: How did trees grow in the highlands of Gondar: Reconstructing 300 years of forest growth and disturbance...... 15 CART-15: Modelling of Land Surface Temperature from satellite Data and trigger by of Land use/Land cover Dynamics by using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology “A cause study of Debre Tabor District, South Gondar zone, Ethiopia”...... 15 2. College of Business and Economics ...... 17 CBE-01: Perception of Tax Officers towards Challenges of Tax Revenue Mobilization in North Gondar Administrative Zone of Ethiopia...... 17
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CBE-02: Risk Attitude and Discounting Behavior of Recognized Farmers: Experimental Evidence from Amhara Region...... 18 CBE-03: The Value Chain Analysis of Micro and Small Enterprises’ in Manufacturing Sector in the case of North Gondar Zone ...... 19 CBE-04: Determinants of Household Poverty: Analysis of Multidimensional Aspect in Rural and Urban Areas in Amhara Region ...... 20 CBE-05: Governance Practices and Public Service Delivery: Challenges and Opportunities in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia ...... 21 CBE-06: Rural Roads Access and its socio- economic impact in Ethiopia: Evidence from Amhara region...... 22 CBE-07: Investment Potentials, Opportunities and Challenges in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia...23 CBE-08: The Effects of Workplace Friendship & Good Governance on Employees Job Satisfaction, Turn over Intention and Task Performance ...... 25 CBE-09: Sources of Income Inequalities, Poverty and Determinants of Household Saving in Rural and Urban Amhara Region...... 26 CBE-10: Assessing Barriers Encountered During Micro and Small Business Start-Up (A Case of North Gondar Zone) ...... 27 CBE-11: Challenges of Tax Administration and Tax Revenue Mobilization: Special Reference to North Gondar Administrative zone in Ethiopia...... 28 CBE-12: Micro and Small Enterprises Sustainability and its Economic Contribution in Amhara Region ...... 29 3. College of Medicine and Health Science ...... 31 CMHS-01: Improving Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Evaluation of MDR/XDR TB Genetic Diversity in Amhara Region, Ethiopia...... 31 CMHS-02: Feasibility of Implementing Tablet-Server Based Electronic Data Collection Method in Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance Site North-West Ethiopia: A crossover randomized control trial...... 32 CMHS-03: The Burden of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Patients in Northwest Ethiopia ...... 34 CMHS-04: Level of Fecal Coliform Contamination of Drinking Water in rural North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia; A Cross-Sectional community-based Study ...... 35 CMHS-05: Bacterial Profile and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns from Inpatients Suspected for Nosocomial Infections at the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia...... 36 CMHS-06: Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Northwest Ethiopia...... 38 CMHS-07: Incidence and risk factors of first line antiretroviral treatment failure among HIV infected children in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia ...... 39 CMHS-08: Audit on immediate Post-operative Vital Signs Monitoring Practice in GUH Recovery Room ...... 40
March 25-26, 2017 | iii UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CMHS-09: Trends and causes of child mortality in children aged less than 15 years: The case of Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites (HDSS) in Ethiopia ...... 41 CMHS-10: Hunger as a Major Coping Strategy of Shortage of Food: The Case of Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance Site: Northwest Ethiopia ...... 42 CMHS-11: Knowledge, Practice and Associated Factors towards Adverse Drug Reaction reporting among nurses working in district Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia...... 43 CMHS-12: Dietary diversity and associated factors among infant and young children: a cross- sectional study from northwest Ethiopia...... 44 CMHS-13: Solar Water Disinfection and Its Effect on Diarrheal Disease Response among Under Five Children in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ...... 45 CMHS-14: Isolation and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacteria pathogens from inanimate objects and indoor air of operating theatre of government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia...... 46 CMHS-15: Population at risk of malaria living in rural areas of northwest Ethiopia did not possess sufficient insecticide treated nets: Evidence from Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System...... 47 CMHS-16: Prediction of Height from Arm Span, Half Arm Span and Knee Height among Ethiopian Adults in Jimma University, Ethiopia: An implication for assessing nutritional status of the elderly...... 48 CMHS-17: High burden of Hypertension across the age groups among residents of Gondar city in Ethiopia: a population based cross sectional study...... 49 CMHS-17: Household Flood Preparedness and Associated Factors in Flood Prone Community of Dembia District, Amhara National Regional State, North West Ethiopia...... 50 4. College of Natural and Computational Sciences ...... 52 CNCS-01: Ethno-zoological study on therapeutic animals used by the local communities of north Gondar, northwest Ethiopia ...... 52 CNCS-02: Evaluation of essential oils extracted from native Ethiopian home garden plants against malarial vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) ...... 53 CNCS-03: Diversity and Symbiotic Effectiveness of Rhizobia Isolated from some Faba bean (Vicia faba) growing areas of sSuth and North Gondar, Ethiopia ...... 54 CNCS-04: Isolation, Production and evaluations of the applications of Keratinolytic Protease(S) Through Solid State fermentation Using Bacterial Isolates Found in Traditional Leather Processing Ponds at Enferaze, North Gondar...... 55 CNCS-05: Abundance, Diversity and Distribution of Macrophytes in relation to water quality in the littoral zone of Lake Tana, Ethiopia...... 56 CNCS-06: Identification of 1BL.1RS Wheat-Rye Chromosome Translocation, Lr34 and Lr37 Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars Using Molecular Markers...... 57 5. College of Social Science and Humanities ...... 59 CSSH-01: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Treating Childhood Trauma among Poly Victimized Institutionalized Ethiopian Children ...... 59
March 25-26, 2017 | iv UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CSSH-02: Mental Health the Aftermath of Migration among Gulf State Migrant Returnees in Amhara Regional State...... 60 CSSH-03: Current Practices and Challenges of Preschool Education in Amhara Regional State: Implication for Quality and Intervention...... 60 CSSH-04 Consequences of Revenge in Amhara Regional State ...... 62 CSSH-05-Green infrastructure in Metropolitan urban centres of Amhara Region: Socio-economic and spatiotemporal perspective ...... 63 CSSH-06: Economic importance of alley cropping agroforestry practice with Rhamnus prinoides L'Herit in cereal-dominated landscape of Maytemeko Watershed, Northwest Ethiopia...... 64 CSSH-07 Opportunities and Challenges of Urban Expansion on Peri-urban Residents of Amhara National Regional State: The cases of Bahir Dar, Dessie and Gondar cities ...... 65 CSSH-08 Levels, Trends and Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey (2000 - 2011) ...... 66 CSSH-09 Analyzing impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to Climate Change: In North and South Gondar Zones, Amhara region ...... 67 CSSH-10 Analysis of Rural and Agricultural Policy and Plans of Ethiopia from Gender Lens...... 68 CSSH-11 Impact of climate variability on crop production in Jannamora woreda, Northeast Ethiopia ...... 69 CSSH-12 Political Empowerment and Representation of Women in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects...... 70 CSSH-14 Demystifying the Nile Water Discourse ...... 72 6. College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences ...... 73 CVMAS-01: In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation of the Anthelmintic Efficacy of Two Preparations of Ivermectin against Gastrointestinal Nematode in Sheep...... 73 CVMAS-02: Morbidity Parameters Associated with Gastrointestinal tract Nematodes in Sheep in Dabat District, Northwest Ethiopia ...... 74 CVMAS-03: Human Presumptive Tuberculosis Cases: Syndromes and Animal Ownership in the Rural Communities of North-Western and North-Eastern Parts of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia ...... 75 CVMAS-04: Assessment of adoption behavior of soil and water conservation practices in the Simein Mountains National Park, Ethiopia ...... 76 CVMAS-05: Field experimental evaluation of commonly used anthelmintics efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Dabat district, Northwest Ethiopia ...... 77 CVMAS-06: Study on Pathology and Skin Quality on Treated and Non Treated Mange Mites Infested Goats...... 79 CVMAS-07: Epidemiological Study of Sheep Pox and Goat Pox in Western Amahara Region ....80 CVMAS-08: Equine Trypanosomosis and Health Management in Selected Districts of Western Amhara Region, Ethiopia ...... 81
March 25-26, 2017 | v UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CVMAS-09: Demarcating the Gene Segregations Effects, Linear Body Measurements and Performance Evaluation of Dairy Cattle Cross Breeding in Amhara Region, Ethiopia ...... 82 7. Institute of Technology ...... 88 IOT-01: Integration of Space Design and Communication Technology in Healthcare Service with Ethiopia context ...... 88 IOT-02: Optimally spaced helical antenna with high directive gain ...... 89 IOT-03: Experimental study on hydraulics of gabion weirs...... 90 IOT-04: Design of Linear Quadratic Regulator for Networked Control Systems with Delays using Minimal Resource Allocation Network ...... 91 8. Faculty of Education...... 92 FoE-01: Principal Leadership and Community Participation on Inclusive Education in Amhara Region Primary Schools with Particular reference to North and South Gondar Zones, Ethiopia ... 92 FOE-02: Teacher’s Intervention Practices on Common Behavior Problems of Children with Emotion and Behavior Disorder in Integrated Primary Schools of Amhara Regional State ...... 93 FoE-03: Emotional and Behavioral Disorder: Causes, Consequences and its Intervention in Amhara Region Integrated Primary Schools...... 94 FoE-04: በሰሜን ጎንደር ዞን የእንቆቅልሽ ክዋኔና ለቅድመ መደበኛና 1ኛ ደረጃ ተማሪዎች መዳበርና ለሥነ-ማስተማር ዘዴ ያለው ፋይዳ፤ ...... 95 FoE-05: Sensory Impairments: Educational, Medical and Psychosocial Assessment and Intervention of Primary Schools in North and South Gondar Zones ...... 96 FoE-06: The Importance of Self-Advocacy Skills for Students with Disabilities in Higher Education for a Full Inclusion and a Glimpse of Ethiopian Case ...... 97 FOE-07: The Supremacy of Feedback on Learning and Achievement to Improve Quality of Education ...... 98 FOE-08 Assessment of the Implementation of Active Learning Practices in Science, Mathematics, and Language Classes in Primary Schools of Amhara National Regional State ...... 99 9. School of law ...... 101 SOL-01: Critical Assessment of the Institutional and Normative Responses to Serious Crimes in North Gondar Zone...... 101 SOL-02: Pharmaceutical Patents –Its role in the development in the State...... 102
March 25-26, 2017 | Preface vi UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Preface
University of Gondar is one of the first generation Universities in Ethiopia. One of the missions of the university is to contribute to the sustainable socio-economic development of the country by conducting problem solving researches. University of Gondar has been engaged in problem-solving research activities thereby to address a variety of societal problems of the country. To this end, the University hosts the 27th annual conferences under the theme: “Research for Regional Development” on 24 and 25 March 2017. This is the fact that the Office of Research and Community Service Vice President, University of Gondar, took the initiative to establish the culture of team research whose purpose has been to address pressing problems of the society and hence came up with the idea of mega research. Since then, a significant number of faculty members from different disciplines and fields of specialization have come together and tried to address mega research issues. Accordingly, in the current conference, different research papers focusing on different issues will be presented by researchers from inside and outside of the university. In this abstract booklet, the themes fall under 7sections of colleges, faculties, institutes and schools of the University.
Mission, Vision, Values and Motto
Mission
Our mission is to contribute to the sustainable socioeconomic development of the country by conducting problem solving research, and disseminating evidences to policy, decision makers and scientific community to satisfy societal needs.
Vision Our vision is to be one of the leading research office in the university in the country by 2020 Core Values Our core values are:
Quality in all: Strong commitment in all aspects of research and publication to produce scientific based research outputs to support and enhance different research programs and individuals.
March 25-26, 2017 | Preface vii UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Customer first: We put the good of customers first and seek to develop responsible citizens committed to the common good.
Solidarity and Teamwork: Enhancing unity and forming cohesive teams determines our future success. Thus, we value solidarity and encourage team work in our process.
Sustainability: Maintain the diversity, quality and quantity of evidence based research outputs through leadership, technical and financial support.
Invention and Innovation: Creativity and innovation as hallmark of our efforts, we are in a higher education industry where creativity and adaption to its changing environment and responds to the needs of the community.
Care for Staff: Our success is based on attracting, developing and retaining employees. Faithful to Research Ethics: All research should be ethical and not harmful in any way to the participants. We comply to legal, social and professional ethics through the practice of accountability, transparency
The following below are the themes and sub-themes of the conference:
1. Agriculture, Natural Resource, and Environment . Natural resource and irrigation water management . Crop production, protection and post-harvest handling . Rural development, agricultural extension and economics . Rural development, agricultural extension and economics 2. Animal Health and Production . Farm animal health and health services . Poultry, fish and the honey bees . Zoonosis . Wildlife diseases, conservation and management . Animal genetics and feed improvement . Animal products, Byproducts and marketing chain 3, Human Health and Welfare . Infectious Diseases . Reproductive health and nutrition March 25-26, 2017 | Preface viii UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
. Non-communicable diseases . Environmental and Occupation Health and Safety . Mental Health . Health service and resource management 4. Science and Technology . Adoption/adaption/innovation science . Mathematics and science . Water and sustainable energy . Manufacturing, construction and design technology . Industrial automation control system . Biotechnology 5. Business and Economic Development . Business, finance and marketing . Taxation and tax audit . Value chain and supply management . Market, price and welfare economics . Macroeconomic, human capital and development economics . Tourism, hospitality and resource management . Market failure, climate and environmental economics . Private sector, urbanization and development . Poverty dynamics, vulnerability and policy 6. Human, Culture and Social Development . Social, psychological and cultural development issues . Psychosocial issues and mental health . Socio- cultural and social development issues . Historical, environmental and anthropological issues . Educational quality, educational management and special needs education
March 25-26, 2017 | Preface ix UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
7. Law and Governance . Rule of law, legal system, human rights and environmental protection . Rule of law and democracy . Legal protection . Institutional independence and impartiality . Human rights and Legal aspects of environment
Finally, the Office of Vice President for Research and Community Service would like to extend its deepest appreciation to the research presenters, participants, and editorial committee. Hopes the research presentations and the ensuing discussions will be informative and enjoyable.
Office of Vice President for Research and Community Service
University of Gondar
March 25-26, 2017 | Preface x UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
1. College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation
CART-01: Analysis of Socioeconomic Aspects of Smallholder Vegetable Production in North Gondar Zone, ANRS, Ethiopia
Abebe Dagnew1, Zework Aklilu1, Taye Melese1, Siraj Nursshen1, Tigabu Dagnew1 and Abebaw Abibo1 1College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia Abstract Economic policies of the Ethiopian government is aimed at improving farm productivity of high value crops namely onion, tomato and potato with export potential, detailed and systematic empirical studies on the production efficiency, market supply and risks of vegetables are scarce or non-existent. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the market supply of vegetables, farm level economic efficiency, the major sources of risks and management strategies involved in vegetable production decision. As sample respondents, 99 sample households for tomato and 205 sample households for onion with a total 304 sample households were taken as sample respondents through simple random sampling proportional to sample size in Gondar Zuria, Takusa and Dembia Woreda. Moreover, 91 sample households for potato were selected through simple random sampling proportional to sample size in Dabat Woreda, 18 onion retailers were selected randomly at Koladiba and Delgi market. Semi structured interview schedule was employed to collect primary data. Secondary data was gathered secondary sources. To examine the farm level economic efficiency of vegetable production descriptive statistics, stochastic frontier and two-limit Tobit model was employed whereas logistic regression and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the factors that determine the farmers participation and volume of vegetable supplied, respectively. The major vegetable production and marketing constraint and its mitigation strategies was analyzed through frequency table. The maximum likelihood estimates of Stochastic Frontier Analysis indicated that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiency of onion, tomato and potato was (53%, 60%, & 68%), (66%, 64% & 73%) & (85%, 91% & 83%), respectively. The implication of the mean production efficiency vegetable could be increased through improving vegetable farming practices. Age, improved variety, watering frequency, education, livestock holding, experience, family size, training, plot fertility, credit access, cooperative, off-farm income, own transport, yield and plot slope
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 1 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet were affected vegetable production (economic efficiency), market participation and supply. Therefore, governmental and/or private institutions should work to improve the production and market supply of vegetables by providing the necessary institutional support to the smallholder farmers in the study areas.
Keywords: efficiency, logistic regression, market supply, MLR, SFP, tobit, vegetable
CART-02: Allometric Equations for Prediction of Aboveground Biomass in Woodland Ecosystem, Aletash National Park, North West Ethiopia
Amsalu Abich1*, Tadesse Mucheye1, Mequanent Tebikew1, Yohanns Gebremariam1 and Asmamaw Alemu1
1Department of Natural Resources Management, College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract
Allometric equations are important for quantifying biomass and carbon storage in terrestrial forest ecosystem. Several allometric equations have been developed in various regions to predict quantitative contribution of forest to global carbon cycle. However, allometric equations for woodland ecosystem have not been developed in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate allometric equations for predicting aboveground biomass of four woody plant species. Species specific allometric equations are developed for Combretum collinum, Combretum molle, Combretum harotomannianum, Piliostigma thonningii and site specific equation is also developed based on destructive sampling method. Data were collected in Altash National Park woodland ecosystem, North West Ethiopia. Four woody plant species, 12 trees from each species were sampled. The number of sampled trees was 48 with diameter at breast height ranging from 5cm to 30cm. Allometric equations validation and comparison were made based on SEE, R2, RMSE, average deviation, mean bias and paired t- test. Based on these statistical parameters both model 1 and models 2 are appropriate allometric equations. DBH and height were the best predictive biometric variables of aboveground biomass. Model comparison shows that there was no significance difference between the developed in this study and previously published models. However, the application of generic allometric equations by Brown for woody plant species found in the study area leads to underestimation. The development and application of empirical
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 2 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet species and site specific allometric equations, therefore, improve the accuracy of biomass estimation and carbon stock assessment.
Keywords: aboveground biomass, allometric equations, destructive sampling method
CART-03: Survey and management of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch) using selected botanicals and inert materials on stored Sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) in Gondar Zuria Woreda North Western Ethiopia
Aytolign Wassie1, Assefa Sintayehu1 and Eshetu Agegnehu1 1College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor M.) is an important food crop in Ethiopia. Despite its importance and growth in production, area coverage and food value, a wide range of pests grain moth and maize weevil attack sorghum. A study was conducted both on the field and laboratory in Gondar Zuria Woreda from (march to April 2016) with the objective of assessing maize weevil damage and infestation and evaluating the efficacy of botanicals and inert materials against maize weevils on sorghum grain, Twelve treatments were used in the experiment and categorized into four such as, botanicals Neem (Azadirachta indicia L), Mexicana marigold (Tagetus minute L) and wild oil nut (Jatropha carcass L) , Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules), Biribira (Militia furuginia ), Lantana (Lantana camera L), Datura (Datura stramonium L) and Endode (Phytolaca dodendra ), Teff (Eragrostis teff ) and Ash (wood ash ), standard check (Ethiolathion 5% dust) and local check(control) were included for comparison. Treatments were arranged using completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The relevant data such as weevil mortality, germination, and grain damage and weight loss were collected and subjected to SAS computer software and critical mean values computed through using LSD .As the result of the survey indicates ,low to high level of maize weevil infestations and damage were encountered in the field survey. And thus more weevil infestations (76.6%) were observed in Tach- Tseda Kebele while, the least infestation (45.5%) were observed at Macha Kebele similarly high grain damage (82.2%) was observed at Tach Tseda Kebele whereas the least (54.4%) was from Macha Kebele. In the case of laboratory result each treatments show significant differences among treatments at (p<0.01)
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 3 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet on weevil mortality, grain germination, damage and weight loss from the result high weevil mortality was recorded in treatments tested with Ethiolathion 5% dust(100% ) followed by Neem (91.6% ) whereas least (26.3%) was recorded from control,. Generally these study showed that all treatments except un treated (control) showed pesticidal property to suppress weevils number on store grain especially neem and datura next to Ethiolathion 5% dust as first alternative control weevils .
Keywords: botanicals, inert materials, sorghum grain, Sitophilus zeamais, treatment
CART-04: Members’ participation in primary Dairy cooperatives in North Gondar zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Beyene Derso1 and Genanew Agitew 1College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract Dairy co-operatives can improve/facilitate access to market information, reduce costs and price risks of marketing and can increase producers’ access to technology, extension and related services and enhance bargaining power of dairy producers. The overall objective of the society is to alleviate members’ milk marketing problem and increase their income generated from the milk and milk by products. But, there are a number of problems in the performance of dairy cooperatives. For examples, there is less members’ participation in the supply of milk and democratic matters, unnecessary competition between members and primary dairy cooperatives, poor coordination between the members and the societies. So, the major objective of this study is to assess member’s participation in primary dairy cooperatives in north Gondar administrative zone. North Gondar zone is selected purposively. 11 districts and 114 sample respondents were selected by using simple random sampling methods. Both Qualitative and quantitative as well as primary and secondary data were used in the study. The data was coded and entered in to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 20) computer program for analysis. Qualitative analytical and the Descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze the qualitative and quantitative data. The results indicated that the majority of the members didn’t participate regularly from general assembly meeting, decision making, election and economic activities and the researchers
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 4 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet conclude that there was no regular participation of members in their dairy cooperatives in democratic and economic activities. As a recommendation, the concerned bodies, members and dairy cooperatives should give emphasis for members’ participation in general assembly meeting, decision making, election and business control of the cooperative societies.
Keywords: dairy cooperatives, democratic and business matters, members’ participation
CART-05: Log-wood Utilization and Production Efficiency of wood-based Micro and Small Enterprises in Selected towns of North and South Gondar Zones.
Dagm Fikir*1, Mekuannint Tebikew1, Yohannis Gebremariam1, Yibeltal Walle2, and Gediwon Melkamu2 1College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O.box- 196, Ethiopia. 2College of Business and Economics, University of Gondar, P.O.Box: 196, Ethiopia
Abstract
This research was intended to provide insight and understanding on two dimensions of log input use in the wood based MSEs in selected towns of North Gondar and South Gondar zones of Amhara National Regional State: one on the access, source and acquisition; and the other on the log input use efficiency. The major objectives were to: document overall profile of wood based MSEs; assess the status of native tree log source/acquisition and utilization; explore existing and future roles of forestry, wood based industries, enterprise development agencies and other concerned sectors; and evaluate the level of and factors affecting technical efficiencies of wood-based MSEs. For the study, eight towns were purposively selected (Gondar, Debark, Chiliga, Metema and Sanja from North Gondar, and Debre Tabour, Woreta and Gayint from South Gondar), and primary data using interview and observation was collected from 100 of the 124 MSEs available in the selected towns. According to the study, wood input in MSEs were found to be obtained from six major sources, among which the most common log source was that of private/farmers in nearby places. Different woody species were found to be utilized by MSEs. Most of the reported species were legally prohibited by government. Given that log and tree acquisition are in one or more ways influenced by forestry sector, necessary effort from the sector and coordination with MSE office are expected. However, we found no tangible integration and coordination of such and other concerned sectoral offices. Regarding efficiency, the study has shown that wood based MSE production in the study area was marginally efficient. On the other hand, the production March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 5 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet function revealed that 79.8% of the variation in output among the small scale furniture firms in the study area was due to disparity in input. The estimation of the stochastic production function parameters reveals that the coefficients of Plywood, Log, Labor and Depreciation are significant variables affecting production efficiency.
Keywords: economic efficiency, indigenous species, input-acquisition, log-wood, micro and small enterprises, utilization
CART-06: Structure and Functioning of Timber and Fuel wood Value Chains from Smallholder Plantations in Amhara Region
Asmamaw Alemu1*, Raphaël Barbiche2
1College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar 2 Giz, Democratic Republic of Congo
Abstract
Despite the growing expansion of smallholder plantations over the past decades in Amhara region, their socioeconomic and environmental outcomes are compromised by interrelated technical and institutional constraints. Improvement of their economic efficiencies and environmental outcomes needs an integrated and interdisciplinary action. This paper presents value chain analysis of smallholder plantations development and commercialization in four zones of Amhara region as part of GIZ-Forest and Biodiversity program mission. Specifically, it examines the smallholder timber and fuel wood value chains, input-output structure and marketing systems, institutional arrangements and governance, and suggest upgrading options. The study followed commodity chain analysis approach with combination of methods for data collection and analysis. Primary data was collected through key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, group discussions, direct observations along the value chain, which also verified and complemented by stakeholders’ diagnostic workshop. The result reveals that the timber and fuel wood value chains are relatively complex involving complex interaction among indirect actors and seven direct value chain actors: input suppliers (nurseries), smallholder producers, local traders, wholesalers, industrial buyers, exporters and retailers. Financial profitability is a motivating factor for expansion of woodlots in the study areas. However, skewed benefit distribution was observed in all the
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 6 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet value chains (timber and fuel wood). Moreover, spatial variation in price of the products was evident across the surveyed areas depending on their location and market levels. Besides, profit captured by direct actors along the chain, the production and marketing system create huge employment opportunities for rural and urban workers estimated at 47,629,220US$/year and 69,918,390US$/year in the construction wood and charcoal value chains, respectively. The SWOT analysis revealed opportunities and constraints for designing upgrading options. Upgrading strategies sought different actions for improvement of the production, processing and marketing systems; institutional arrangements, and governance structure in the respective value chains to ensure their economic efficiency and sustainability.
Keywords: benefit distribution, governance, profitability, smallholder plantations, value added, upgrading
CART-07: Agricultural Extension: Challenges in Addressing the Needs of Smallholders in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia
Genanew Agitew1, Sisay Yehuala1, Asegid Demissie2 and Abebe Dagnew1
1 College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia 2College of Business and Economics, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract
Agricultural extension service is one of institutional support services systems, which is expected to promote sustainable livelihoods of the smallholder farmers and transform the sector into modern production system. With objective to assess the challenges of the agricultural extension system in addressing the needs of the smallholders, the study used cross sectional survey using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Data were generated from primary and secondary sources using household survey from randomly taken households, focus group discussions, key informant interview, observation and review of relevant documents and empirical works. The results of the study show that despite structurally decentralized system of public agricultural extension system, it has been challenged by institutional, technological and technical issues. Institutionally, the farmers training centers have many pitfalls. The mismatch between the needs of smallholders in crop and livestock production and available agricultural technologies and extension advisory and
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 7 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet technical supports has been identified as technological predicaments of the system. The study has also revealed that inefficient technical demonstration and communication skills of extension agents, as a result of institutional, geographical and absence of system based reward and incentives to be among the challenging issues of the public agricultural extension in the study area. The study has recommended that public agricultural extension service provision to be demand driven with full participation of concerned stakeholders and led by technically equipped expertise.
Keywords: agriculture, challenge, extension, smallholder, technology
CART-08: Job Satisfaction and Its Determinants among development agents: the case of North Gondar zone: Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Sisay Yehuala1, Assegid Demssie2, Genanew Agetew1
1 College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia 2College of Business and Economics, University of Gondar, P.O.BOX 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract
In Ethiopia, though the Government is dedicated in producing extension agents in different training colleges and assigning them at grassroots level to assist farmers, only very limited of them are serving the farmers as required. At the moment, significant numbers of development agents had left their job to search for other works. It is expected that this may be due to their dissatisfaction on their jobs. According to John Wiley and Sons the job satisfaction of professionals has been shown to be influenced by a range of individual and organizational factors, including personality, the work itself, work organization, remuneration, workload, interactions with colleagues, training opportunities, recognition, and leadership styles. Importantly, job satisfaction depends not only on the characteristics of a job but also on employees’ expectations of what their job should provide. Hence, a research was conducted to identify the level of job satisfaction of extension agents and its determinant factors in North Gondar zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia with an objective of identifying factors that affect the level of satisfaction of development agents and to determine the level of their job satisfaction working in the study area at peasant association level. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary data sources
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 8 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet using self administered questionnaire and group discussion. Purposive sampling method was employed to select sample Woredas and simple random sampling with proportional probability to size was employed to select peasant association’s development agents. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed and appropriate tools and techniques of analysis were employed. Quantitative data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics including frequency counts, and percentages. Likert scale was used to analyze the perception of respondents towards job satisfaction. From the results of the study most of respondents 67 (57%) confirmed as they are satisfied with their job, while 41 (34.5%) of them confirmed their dissatisfaction. The major factors that contributed to the dissatisfaction of development agent’s were infrastructural facilities, workload, remuneration and training opportunities. Therefore, regional and local governments and concerned stakeholders must work to improve the limitations of these factors to bring job satisfaction and increase work efficiency of development agents.
CART-09: Determinants of Market Supply and Outlet Choices by Smallholder Onion Farmers in Fogera District Amhara Region, Northwestern Ethiopia
Taye Melese1, Degye Goshu2, Assefa Tilahun1
1 College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia 2School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Haramaya University, Ethiopia
Abstract
Onion crop is one of the most important horticultural crops among smallholder farmers because they derive benefits such as income, source of food, health care and rural employment. In developing countries like Ethiopia in general and at Fogera district in particular, most smallholder farmers are characterized by limited market supply due to lack of market information, price volatility related to seasonality of supply, perishability of product and poor performance of the vegetable market. In Fogera district; onions have been perceived to have high market value, resulting in trade-offs with staple food. This study was aimed at assessing determinant of market supply and market outlet choice by smallholder onion farmers in Fogera District of Ethiopia. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 150 onion producers from four sample Kebeles in the study area. Multiple regression models and Multivariate probit model were applied to identify factors influencing March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 9 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet farmer’s onion supply to the market and choice of market channels. Result showed that literacy status, onion yield, land covered by onion, livestock holding, production cost, agro ecology, ownership of communication device and access to extension services significantly determined volume of onion supply and choose of market channels. The common underlying factors of market channel choice were also identified. Based on the findings, the study suggests that the government and stakeholders should focus on strengthening the provision of formal and informal education, strengthening the existing onion production system ,encouraging the use of labour saving technologies, improving extension system, strengthening the existing rural-telecom and rural-urban infrastructure development, improving crop-livestock production.
Keywords: channel choice, marketed supply, multivariate probit model, onion
CART-10: Assessment of Non-timber forest products in Quara District, Northwestern Ethiopia
Mekuanent Tebkew1,Yohannis G/Mariam1,Tadesse Mucheye1,Dagim Fikir1, Amsalu Abich1 and Asmamaw Alemu1 1College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are all goods derived from forests of both plant and animal origin other than timber and firewood. 80% of the people living in developing countries use wild plants to meet their health and nutritional needs especially those living in rural areas in developing countries, make use of NTFPs on a daily basis. With broad latitudinal and altitudinal ranges, various non-timber forest products are available in North Gondar provenance. The exploitation of NTFPs is often proposed as a potential means of ensuring sustainable management of forests and conservation of biodiversity in these areas. A study was conducted in Quara district to: 1) Assess non-timber forest products, 2) appraise the role of non-timber forest products the rural dwellers; 3) identify the major factors related to gathering/consumption of Non-timber forest products; To conduct this study, preliminary assessment were conducted and four representative study Kebeles were selected based assessment result. Various data collection techniques including semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, focused group discussion, market survey and vegetation assessment via March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 10 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet transect walks were used. Ninety four samples were taken to collect the data randomly. About 37 edible plants, 70 medicinal, 6 charcoal production, 8 construction, 4 fencing, 5 fodder and fuel wood each,, 3 gum and resin and honey production 10 species were recorded. Trees, herbs, shrubs and climbers/lianas were the growth forms of plants. Non-timber forest products in the study area offer various uses such as food, income generating; fuel wood, fencing, construction, medicinal, fodder, timber, honey production and detergent, shade and soil and water conservation. Products were sold for instance in local or international market with mean unit price 306.67 stem for log to 2 ETB (Ethiopian Birr) fruits for food. Fire, agricultural expansion, deforestation, free grazing, fuel wood, herbicides (for herbs), construction and settlement were the major threats. About 62 percent of the respondents said that firing the forests and habitats of NTFPs were the major threat followed by agricultural expansion (about 36 %). However, some local people practice some traditional management, which includes planting around the home garden, pruning, pollarding and preventing from cutting of some plants by local culture like Ekebergia capensis. They also allow some plants to regenerate and grow in their fields. The people are dependent on natural forests and environments for fuel wood, grazing and construction, which have a higher effect of sustainability of on non-timber forest products and forests as a whole. Therefore, proper forest management system and utilization is needed to sustain the role of the forest products for the future.
Keywords: gum plants, medicinal plants, non-timber, resin plants, wild edible plants
CART-11: Determinants of Agricultural Extension Service Delivery ፡ the case of North Gondar zone: Amhara Region, Ethiopia.
Haimanot Atinkut1, Tigist Petros1, Kibrom Adino1 and Beyene Derso1 1College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract
Ethiopia is one of the countries on the African continent with highest agricultural potential. Its natural resources base is the foundation of any economic development, food security and other basic necessities of its people. Predominantly smallholder agriculture is the dominant sector of the national economy. Agriculture provides over 87 percent of the total employment
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 11 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet and 90 percent of foreign exchange earnings and approximately 55 percent of the GDP. To boost the production and productivity of the agriculture sector; the extension systems is expected to play paramount role. However, the agricultural system is still characterized by low level of Agricultural service delivery practice that couldn’t move the existing traditional agriculture in to modern. Cognizant, two major research objectives have been critically analyzed. In terms of approach, mixtures of quantitative and qualitative approaches were utilized to come up with the following conclusions and recommendations. Firstly, the study isolated the major challenges of agricultural activities in the study area as low level of input supply, higher prices of inputs; shortage of gazing land; and low productivity of land as the major one. However, despite those facts, the study roughly assessed the existing extension activities in the areas of agricultural input utilization; soil and water management; marketing extension, meteorological extension and livestock extension in line with the major challenges. Secondly, the study tried to analyze the important determinant factors of extension service delivery. The binary logit econometrics model revealed that most importantly; household characteristics notably farm size; organizational efforts such as consistency of development agents follow-up; integrated approach and demonstration arrangements were positively and significantly influenced extension service delivery. Finally, the study recommends an integrated effort from government, stakeholder and farmers themselves to improve extension service delivery through inclusive extension program planning, implementation and evaluation.
Keywords: extension system, service delivery, small holder
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 12 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Cart-12: Evaluations of Chickpea Varieties and Fungicides for the Management of Chickpea Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Ciceris) Disease at Adet Sick Plot in Northwest Ethiopia
Yigrem Mengist1, Samuel Sahile2 and Assefa Sintayehu1
1College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia 2College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract
Chickpea is one of the major cool season legume food crops in Ethiopia. However, the production of the crop is threatened by a number of biotic and a biotic factor among which the fusarium wilts, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris is one of the major biotic constraints for chickpea production. This study was aimed to evaluate effective chickpea varieties and fungicides for the management of fusarium wilt of chickpea. Field experiments were conducted at AARC wilt sick plot during 2015/16 main cropping seasons. The treatments were arranged in factorial combinations of four chickpea varieties (Shasho, Arerti, Marye and local) and two fungicides. i.e. Apron star and Mancozeb and one untreated were arranged in RCBD with three replications. General Linear Model (GLM) procedures using the SAS version 9.2 (SAS, 2002) and least significant difference at p<0.05 were used for analysis. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the overall mean of fusarium wilt incidence, AUDPC, yield and yield components between the varieties and fungicide treatment combination. The maximum final disease incidence and AUDPC value, 65.62% and 578.5 %-day, respectively were recorded from local chickpea with untreated while the minimum final disease incidence and AUDPC value, 23.41% and 147%-day, respectively were recorded from Shasho variety treated with Apron star fungicides. The maximum biomass and grain yield of 6.71 t/ha and 4.6 t/ha, respectively were recorded from Shasho variety treated with Apron star fungicides while the minimum biomass and grain yield of 0.62t/ha and 0.21t/ha, respectively were recorded from local chickpea with untreated. The maximum biomass and grain yield loss of 90.76% and 95.38% respectively were recorded from local chickpea with untreated while the minimum was recorded from Shasho variety with Apron star. Even though these research results find with only one year and one location from disease resistance, yield and yield components point of view, Shasho variety treated
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 13 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet with Apron star could be recommended as a first alternative for management of fusarium wilt.
Key words: AUDPC, Cicer arietinum. L, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, chickpea varieties, disease incidence, fungicides
CART-13: Value Chain of Cotton in Case of Metema Woreda
Zework Aklilu1, Yewub dar Kassa1, Bethelehem Tsedalu1 and Yordanos Sete1
1 College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract
Metema woreda has a potential to produce cotton which is cash crop. However as a potential the place do not produce as much as possible due to there are different determinants and obstacles. The purpose of this research is to analyze cotton value chain in Metema woreda. The general objective is investigate market performances and value chain of cotton With specific objective of identify cotton value chain of cotton, examine the performance of actors in the value chain, analyze the factors influencing participation of cotton, analyze extent of participation in marketing of cotton, identify marketing channels of cotton and identify outlet choice decision of cotton producers. The research collects data from different actors who involve cotton production and marketing. The primary data collected from 194 cotton producer farmers from five Kebele, 10 traders, 4 farmer cooperatives 2 galleries and group discussion. The data was analyzed by descriptive and econometric analysis method. The findings show there are five significant independent variables which influence the dependant variable. These are land coverage, frequent extension, regular customer, input access and experience. The first and second variables are significant at 1% significance level, the third variable is significant at 5% significance level and the fourth and fifth variables are significant at 10% significance level. There are also challenges which are obstacles to production and marketing of cotton. Among these the majors are low price of output, high price fertilizer, high weed and low yield of local variety of cotton seed. Based on the result recommendations are forwarded for the right responsible organs.
Keywords: cotton, Metema, quantity sold, value chain
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 14 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CART-14: How did trees grow in the highlands of Gondar: Reconstructing 300 years of forest growth and disturbance
Abrham Abiyu1, Aster Gebrekirstos2,3, Mulugeta Mokria2, 3, Achim Bräuning3
1Amhara Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. 2World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya 3Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Wetterkreuz 15, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Abstract
Despite their fundamental ecosystem services, forests in mountainous areas are predicted to be easily affected by climate change. We applied dendrochronological techniques from increment cores and discs collected from trees in North Gondar, with the objective of reconstructing growth and disturbance. Radial growth pattern analysis was employed to identify disturbance events. Three groups of generations were identified based on growth pattern and pace. The old generation trees grew at a slower pace. The young generation trees are growing fast. Disturbance prevailed in the 20th century. Fast growth in the current young generation of trees will have a cost on their longevity. The prevalence of disturbance implies reduced patch size and increased edge effect in remnant forests.
Keywords: BAI, dendrochronology, disturbance, Juniperus procera, longevity, sacred forests
CART-15: Modelling of Land Surface Temperature from satellite Data and trigger by of Land use/Land cover Dynamics by using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology “A cause study of Debre Tabor District, South Gondar zone, Ethiopia”
Mulualem Asfaw1
1Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
ABSTRACT
Rapid changes in the land use/land cover of a region have become a major environmental concern in recent times. This has led to unsustainable development with the reduction of green spaces and also changes in local climate. Monitoring and management of land use dynamics would help in land use planning and mitigation of environmental impacts. The March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 15 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet main goal of this paper is to quantify the changes in the Land use/land cover and consequent changes in land surface temperature. Land surface temperature is strongly influenced by the ability of the surface to emit radiation, i.e. surface emissivity. This research was undertaken to analyze the potential of multispectral satellite data to retrieve or estimating land surface temperature. Also it explores the influence of land use/land cover categories on land surface temperatures was carried out over the study area of Debre Tabor District, from 1999 to 2014. Land Use Land Cover change expanded dramatically, LANDSAT-5 TM (Landsat Thematic Mapper) and LANDSAT-7 ETM+ (Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper) images data of Debre Tabor district acquired on October 23, 1999, October 23, 2006 and November 3, 2014 were selected to this research. The thermal infrared bands of the Landsat data were used to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) and land use/land cover (LULC) classes were retrieved and extracted. Supervised classification using Maximum Like Hood Classifier (MLC) was carryout. All the analysis was under taken by using GIS and Remote Sensing Software packages. The result showed that the land use/land cover change was an important driver for LST increase. Land Surface Temperature of the study area also increased by 0.86 0c and urban land, cultivated land, bare land has increased its coverage the reaming shrub land and forest land decreased its coverage by using satellite derived data within 15-year period interval. Finally, the LULC and LST of the study area was analysis compare its correlation. The result was shows that impact of land use/land cover on Land Surface Temperature is high.
Keywords: GIS, LST, LULC, MLC, remote sensing
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation 16 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
2. College of Business and Economics
CBE-01: Perception of Tax Officers towards Challenges of Tax Revenue Mobilization in North Gondar Administrative Zone of Ethiopia
Bamlaku Kassie1; Meseret Milargeh1;Yiheyis Fentie1; Berhanu Mesfin1 ;Enye Dargie1; Haymanot Guade2; Melkamu Workie3; and Aschalew Adane4
1UoG, College of business and economics, Department of Accounting and Finance 2UoG, College of business and economics, Department of Business Management 3UoG, College of business and economics, School of Economics 4UoG, College of business and economics, department of marketing management
Abstract The objective of the study was attempted to investigate Perception of Tax Officers towards Challenges of Tax Revenue Mobilization in North Gondar Administrative Zone of Ethiopia. Moreover, it is also designed to establish a relationship between taxpayers and tax authority. The study used a cross-sectional survey method of research design and it used to both primary and secondary data and adopted mixed research approach. The data was collected from tax officers through in-depth interview. In addition, secondary data was used, mainly to show the trend of the last five years. A purposive sampling technique was used for collected data from tax authority. To analyzing, to summarize the study findings and present the results of the collected data Statistical Package for Social Sciences) SPSS version 16 software was used. Descriptive statistical tools and Reliability test are used in analyzing the data collected. Results and discussions indicated determination of the effect of compliance cost on tax compliance level revealed a strong negative correlation meaning that compliance cost has a significant effect on the level of tax compliance. The study also examined the effect of tax knowledge and education on tax compliance level. The findings show the size of tax payers and workload of tax officer negatively affect government revenue and sex, religious and marital status does not affect government revenue and tax administration. But the finding finalized about knowledge of tax officer and training delivered to tax officer directly affects governmental revenue, tax administration and tax compliance level. This implying that enhanced knowledge on taxation will in turn enhance tax revenue. So by rendering a continuous training to tax officers, the government can increase its revenue.
Keyword: Revenue mobilization, tax officers, challenges and perception
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 17 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CBE-02: Risk Attitude and Discounting Behavior of Recognized Farmers: Experimental Evidence from Amhara Region
WorkinehAsmare1Yinges Alem; Haimanote Belay; Eshetu Woretaw; Nega Mihiret; Kassahun Tegegne; Birhan Siru; Mammo Muchie; Solomon Abrha; Sisay Haile;Tigist Jegnaw; Molalign Belay and Asrat Atsedewoin
1 UoG, College of business and economics, school of Economics
Abstract
The nexus between economic success and human preferences has long been the remit of development economics and policy. Whether preferences do cause economic circumstances or circumstances do create preferences is however maintained to be an empirical question. Individual time and risk preferences, giving rise to behavioral topics of risk/ambiguity aversion and impatience, are important determinants of decision making in poor countries. A considerable attention is paid in development research and policy that sought explanation for, inter alia, low investment in education, environmental conservation, technological innovations and poverty trap at large. And, several studies indicate that individual preferences to uncertainty and time are not mutually independent. Intending to generate cursory observations on the explanatory power of risk aversion and impatience in the reported economic success of recognized farm households, we estimate the risk attitude and discounting behavior of a large sample of rural households in Amhara Regional State. We use an incentive compatible lab-in-field experiment to elicit risk preferences and hypothetical experiment to elicit subjective rates of time preference for recognized (model/successful) farmers and their controls. We find no evidence of significant difference in the risk attitude and discounting behavior for recognized and non-recognized farmers. On the other hand, estimated preference measures of risk and time correlate with demographic and economic variables from the standard household survey that is conducted contemporaneously to the experiments.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 18 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CBE-03: The Value Chain Analysis of Micro and Small Enterprises’ in Manufacturing Sector in the case of North Gondar Zone
Adanech Gedefaw1; Haimanot Belay1; Mulugata Negash1; Tadlo Sintayehu2; Haimoanot Guadie3 and Asrat Astedeweyn 4
1UoG, College of business and economics, department of marketing management 2UoG, College of business and economics, department of Logistics &supply chain management 3UoG, College of business and economics, department of Business management 4UoG, College of natural and computational science, department of statistics
Abstract Recently, empowering micro and small enterprises through sustainable value chain and market linkage is one of the top ranked issues in Ethiopia taking in to consideration its tremendous contribution to the socio-economic development for the country; however, there is only little focus on analyzing the value chain of manufacturing MSEs by identifying the various actors and factor affecting value chain practice, the opportunities and challenges for MSEs’ value chain and the role of having integrated value chain for the economic development in North Gondar of Ethiopia. The objective of this study is, therefore, to assess and analyze the value chain of MSEs’ manufacturing sector. To achieve this objective the researchers employed both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The target population of the study was all micro and small manufacturing enterprises in North Gondar. A survey questionnaire, semi-structured interview, FGD and observation were employed as data collection tools. Descriptive statistics and hieratical regression were used as data analysis methods. The finding of the study indicates that there is no integrated value chain between and among the suppliers and the producers, and the users of the goods and services as well as some supportive organizations. This means that there is poor value chain integration. This finds it difficult for MSEs to leverage market opportunities. Hence, the existing value in the study area does not contribute for the wellbeing of small business owners.
Keywords: value chain, MSEs, manufacturing sector, North Gondar, Ethiopia.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 19 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CBE-04: Determinants of Household Poverty: Analysis of Multidimensional Aspect in Rural and Urban Areas in Amhara Region
Mebratu Kesete Habte1
1 School of economics; department of Development Economics
Abstract
Understanding the determinants and level of multidimensional household poverty would help policy makers to design effective poverty alleviation policies and programmes for the multi deprived poor household and thereby helps to pave the way to improve their living standard. To that end, the study tried to measure the intensity, acuteness and factor that can determine multidimensional poverty status of households (HH) in rural and urban areas. The study used unique data set from Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) of World Bank in 2013/14. In addition to descriptive analysis, a Logit model was used to analyze demographic and socio-economic characteristics of poor household. MPI method was used to define multidimensional poverty line threshold as the poor and non-poor. The poverty indices were used to analyze incidence, and intensity of multidimensional poverty among HH. The findings of the study show that, the multidimensional headcount ratio (H), intensity (or breadth) of poverty (A) and total Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) were found to be 47%, 43%, and 20% in urban area and 81%, 48% and 39% in rural area respectively, with much higher for rural households. The results obtained from a binary logistic model indicate those HH education level, remittance, and house owned were found to be negatively correlated to being poor. Besides In rural area (model 1 and 2), the explanatory variables used in the model include socio economic characteristics of a HH head like, educational, remittance, marital status & total livestock. In the model, HH marital status, livestock and remittance were found to be negatively correlated to being poor. The variables HH size, sex and total dependency ratio were significantly affect HH falling in to poverty while other variables are not significant and rather inconclusive. The major findings of the study reveal that poverty exists severely in the region especially in rural area. This finding strongly supports that promotion of family planning, gender- based poverty interventions, enhancing livestock packages, house
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 20 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
ownership. Additionally, multidimensional poverty can be improved in the region by focusing on education, stabilizing the food prices, and creation of job opportunities.
Key words: Household, poverty, MPI, income, remittance, urban, rural, Amhara region.
CBE-05: Governance Practices and Public Service Delivery: Challenges and Opportunities in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
Simegn Birhan1, Bamlak Yideg, Gashaw Sisay, Dejen Abera, .Desta Gebeyaw1, Mestayit Getaand and Zework Aklilu
1 UoG, College of business and economics, school of Economics
Abstract
Like other African countries, Ethiopia has faced a number of challenges in governance and institutional capacity building process. This research focused on Governance practices and public service delivery challenges and opportunities in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. To this end, the research divided in to three dimensions; the first dimension discusses on governance practices in relation to Good Governance elements, the second discuss on the role and contributions of CSOs to good governance and the last discuss on the challenges of good governance faced in the study area. Methodologically, this research focuses on four Zonal administrations of Amhara Regional State (ANRS). One Woreda has taken from each Zone. The Woredas are selected for this research has challenges that discourage governance practices based on the information collected through preliminary assessment. The design of this research is mixed approach involving qualitative and quantitative methods. The sample size of the study is determined by using Yamane’s formula and the sample size is 398. The total sample was distributed to each Woreda proportionally. In addition, adequacy of the sample was checked by using the value of KMO.To get reliable data, the researchers used questionnaire, interview, Focus Group Discussion and document analysis. The data analyzed by using the quantitative part, five-point Likert scale items analyzed in factor analysis to reduce the dimension of components by using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS version, 16 and 22). The reliability of the questionnaire also checked using Cronbanch’s alpha. On the other hand, the qualitative data which collected through FGD, interviews and document analysis and interpreted along with the result of quantitative (primary) data. The result shows that good governance practices and public service delivery in the study area is poor.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 21 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Limited practice of rule of law and corruption are the main obstacles in practicing good governance. Furthermore, CSOs have limited contribution for the prevalence of good governance in the study area. Most CSOs and NGOs are highly confined to donor activities and lacked grass root link. Comparatively speaking, religious based CSOs have better contribution in terms of providing different kinds of support for the local people. Based on the results of the study, the researchers have recommended the concerned stakeholders and the regional government to provide continuous training and capacity building activities for public institution workers. In addition, the government shall not use coercive mechanism to change policies and programs in to action rather the government shall use the voices and says of the people for policy preparation and for the prevalence of good governance.
Key Words: Governance, Service, Corruption, Law, Accountability, Transparency
CBE-06: Rural Roads Access and its socio- economic impact in Ethiopia: Evidence from Amhara region
Mesfin Welderufael1; Jemila Hussein2; Desta Gebeyaw1 ; Assefa Tsegay2; Tigist Kassaw2; Ashetu Yesuf2; Asmamawu Mulusewu1; Adem Ibrahim2
1UoG, College of business and economics, school of Economics 2UoG, College of business and economics, department of Business management
Abstract In the past few years, every poverty reduction strategic plans have given priority to improve accessibility of public goods especially for the rural households. Rural infrastructure is a major priority for reducing rural poverty. The purpose of this study is to assess empirically the socio-economic effects of rural road accessibility on the welfare of farm households in Amhara region of Ethiopia. It also examines the stock of achievements and the performance of the rural road network development under Universal Rural Road Accessible Program (URRAP) in Amhara region. The study combines both primary and secondary data and applied both descriptive and econometric analyses. It adopted ‘with versus without intervention’ approach to estimate the impacts on rural welfare. The study found that between 2010/11 to 2014/15; URRAP were constructed about 8257.06 km roads network and connected more than 1200 rural Kebeles in Amhara region. It also created employment opportunity for thousands of local communities. The evidence also shows that the overall
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 22 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet productivity of farm households increases significantly with the degree of road access. better road connectivity not only increases the agricultural productivity and farmers return but also enhances market participation and reduces transaction costs significantly. Moreover, the results confirm that road accessibility significantly contributes to reducing farm gate prices of manufactured goods and increasing farm gate prices of agricultural goods. Households with poor access to road confronted with wider price bands. Households used low purchased inputs such as herbicides, pesticides, and animal medicines and low transportation costs. The study went further to examine some of the mechanisms through which road might improve the standard of living in rural areas. We find that rural households with better road network are not only more likely to use modern fertilizers but they also make intensive use of social and institutional services. Finally, the study also found some unintended and adverse effects of rural road accessibility which call for policy intervention.
Key Words: Socio-Economic impact, Rural Roads Accessibility; farm Households; rural Amhara
CBE-07: Investment Potentials, Opportunities and Challenges in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia
Tadlo Sintayehu1; Mesfin Welderufael2; Haimanot Belay3; Asmamaw Mulusew2; Mulugeta Negash3; KedirYesuf2; Ousman Yibrie2, and Asrat Atsedeweyin4
1UoG; College of business and economics, department of Logistics &supply chain management 2UoG; College of business and economics, school of Economics 3UoG; College of business and economics, department of marketing management 4UoG; College of natural and computational science, department of statistics
Abstract Successful mobilization of private investment is increasingly important for creating employment, raising growth rates and reducing poverty. North Gondar zone has great potential, in terms of resource endowment and geographical position, and be considered an attractive location for investment. This study aims to assess and analyze the extent of the investment potentials, opportunities and challenges in North Gondar zone. It tries to extract out more investment potential, opportunities and investigate the major challenges of investment. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to collect information. The target population of the study was licensed investors, peasant rural appraisal and government
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 23 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet offices in sample Woreda of the zone. For gathering relevant data, questionnaire, in-depth interview, field observation and focus group discussion were used. Moreover, Stratified sampling was employed to make strata for investment sectors in each Woreda. Analysis was carried out in two steps; first at Preliminary stage and second at Multivariate. The result shows that in the north Gondar zone there are huge potentials of investment with high opportunities in different sectors. It indicates a number of key sectors, taking into account each sector’s role, the factors driving growth in the sector, the potentials, and various upstream and downstream supply opportunities. Among these; agribusiness and processing industry, manufacturing and export sectors, tourism and other services sectors have immense potential. The opportunities in zone are suitable and conducive working environment, huge availability of agricultural inputs, has suitable for tourist attraction areas including historical monasteries and churches, the availability of Leather and leather inputs, cheap labor force and high demand of products, improved infrastructure facilities. Even though investment environment is improving and rich with different resources, there are various problems raise by investors. Notably, financial, market and infrastructures facilities problems, good governance and rent-seeking problems of officials related to incentive provision, land provision process and bureaucracy are the major ones. The results of the study imply that in order to mobilize investment and utilize the potentials of the zone; there is a need to address key institutional and governance problems; improve implementation and coordination’s of sector offices and also provides appropriate facilities.
Key words: Investment, opportunities, potentials, challenges, North Gondar zone
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 24 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CBE-08: The Effects of Workplace Friendship & Good Governance on Employees Job Satisfaction, Turn over Intention and Task Performance
Yilak Alamrew1; AssegidDemssie1; Yiheys Fentie2; Messeret minlargh2; Tigst kassaw1; Habtamu Genet3; Tewodros Hailu3; Haymanot Belay4 and Solomon Melesse1
1 UoG; College of business and economics, department of Business Management 2 UoG; College of business and economics; department of Accounting & Finance 3 UoG; College of social science and humanities, department of Psychology 4 UoG; College of business and economics, department of marketing management
Abstract
Since employees expend a great share of their lives at occupation, interpersonal associations and friendships among them at job are habitually created. Individuals may perhaps get help from workplace friends on a mixture of work-related issues such as carrying out jobs, accomplish tasks, and managing/handling issues with peers, subordinates, bosses, and/or clients and good governance too (Hamilton, 2007). Hence, this study will examine the effects of workplace friendship & good governance on employees’ job satisfaction, turn over intention, and task performance. With a general objective of analyzing impacts of perceived strong work place friendship & good governance on employees’ job satisfaction, turn over intention and task performance in Gondar University. Appraise effect of good governance on employees’ job satisfaction, turn over intention and task performance. The project is designed to be conducted on 685 samples all of which are Gondar university employees, which were selected through proportional stratified sampling technique & data has been collected through questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis and of course Pearson correlation. Result of this study has showed that Work place friendship and perceived task performance among university of Gondar communities is high with moderate level of good governance, job satisfaction and intention to leave. Employees’ perceptions of strong friendship in the workplace has a positive effect on employees’ job satisfaction and task performance and when the level of good governance in an organization is high, employees, job satisfaction and their task performance in the respective organizations increases but employees’ intention to leave decreases. In general, this study has confirmed that strong work place friendship and Good governance affects employees’ job satisfaction, turn over intention and task
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 25 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet performance and as such we researchers have recommended that to retain skilled work force, and achieve over all organizational goals the university has to invest more on governance and strengthening employees’ workplace friendship.
Key Words:Work place friendship, good governance, job satisfaction, turn over intention, task performance
CBE-09: Sources of Income Inequalities, Poverty and Determinants of Household Saving in Rural and Urban Amhara Region
Asmamaw Mulusew1, Kedir Yesuf1, Amare Birhanu1 Mesfin Welderufael1, Yemane Michael1 Wondu Abebe1 and Suleyman Shikur2
1UoG; College of business and economics, school of Economics 2UoG; College of social science and Humanities, department of social work
Abstract The main focus of this paper is to analysis of the sources of income inequality, poverty and determinant of household saving in the rural and urban areas of Amhara National Regional State among sampled households, in Ethiopia. Data were collected through a detailed structured household survey, and descriptive statistics and econometric modeling were employed to analyze the data. The study covered a total of 722 household heads and found that the incidence of poverty remained high. Our study revealed that the average annual household income is 6990.52 birr. Our survey shows that per-capita income per day is 19.150 birr in the region, or about 0.833 USD, much lower than the poverty line of 1 USD per capita per day denied in the MDG. The study confirmed that there are more poor households in rural area than Urban, with about 42% of households in the ANRS sample living below $1 per day, compared with about 39% for the urban sample. Every additional adult equivalent living in the household increases total household income by approximately 1332 birr on average. Every additional hectare of land cultivated leads to a rise in crop income by almost 5,032 birr. The age and education coefficients confirm the earlier results from the probit estimates: households with older heads benefit less from agricultural but slightly more from non-agricultural employment, while education is particularly important for income from non- agricultural employment and self-employed activities. Unsurprisingly, household assets, access to credit and access to electricity and pipe-borne water influence total household
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 26 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet income in a positive and significant way. We find that – among the disaggregated income sources – self-employed income is the most correlated with total household income with a correlation coefficient of 0.68. Apart from other income, the most unequally distributed income sources are non-agricultural and agricultural wage incomes with Gini coefficients of 0.82 and 0.71, respectively. By decomposing the overall Gini coefficient, we find that off- farm income as a whole accounts for 62.0%, while farm income accounts for 36.9% of total inequality. Inequality as measured by the coefficient has declined in urban areas, while rural inequality increased, though inequality is still higher in urban than in rural areas. This study also examines the factors contributing for low rate of saving by using descriptive and econometric (censored regression model) method of data analysis, that is, the Tobit model. Accordingly, it is found that, availability of financial institutions such as Banks and Microfinance institutions, income, age, fraction of active household members working in the formal sector, education positively and significantly affects household saving. On the basis of these results the paper outlines policies that could help to design a sustainable pro-poor growth strategy.
Keywords: pro-poor growth, Tobit, Gini coefficient, Livelihoods, income inequality, poverty.
CBE-10: Assessing Barriers Encountered During Micro and Small Business Start-Up (A Case of North Gondar Zone)
Eniye Dargie1; Desta Gebeyaw2; Guday Abeje3; Assegid Demissie 4; Tamru Belete1and GedionMelkamu1
1UoG; College of business and economics, department of Accounting & Finance 2UoG; College of business and economics, school of Economics 3UoG; College of business and economics, department of marketing management 4UoG; College of business and economics, department of Business Management
Abstract Small and medium-sized entities (SMEs) play important roles in the economic growth and sustainable development of every nation. The role of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in employment and income generation is increasingly recognized for the unemployed people and has become a major playing field for policymakers and donors with dual objectives of enhancing growth and alleviating poverty. Creating a new business is a process fraught with
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 27 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet difficulty and failure and many businesses fail in the first twelve months of trading. Potential new business owners may not know how to establish or run a new venture when they conceive their business idea. In fact it appears that the majority of those starting-up a new enterprise often have only vague ideas of how they are going to organize the businesses formation and its subsequent management. Thus, this research investigates the problems and challenges encountered during business start-up and short-term success of micro and small businesses in North Gondar zone. The target population comprised of SMEs new small business owners 0-12 month since start-up since as mentioned above most new business success or failure is often known within this period. Woreda towns Debarq, Maxesengit and Aykel are selected because these towns have more number of micro and small enterprises and Gondar city are selected using convenient sampling method. A total of 341 samples were used. Data is collected through a standard opened ended and semi structured questionnaires. The reliability of the questionnaire is tested using cronbache’s alpha which is o.85. Focus group discussion and in depth interviews for both service providers and entrepreneurs are also applied. Data is analyzed using descriptive statistics. The major barriers encountered during business start up and success of the micro and small business in the order of top to least Marketing problems, financial source problems, Infrastructure, work place and management problems.
CBE-11: Challenges of Tax Administration and Tax Revenue Mobilization: Special Reference to North Gondar Administrative zone in Ethiopia
Bamlaku Kassie1; Meseret Milargeh1; Yiheyis Fentie1; Berhanu Mesfin1; Enye Dargie1; Haymanot Guade2; Melkamu Workie3; and Aschalew Adane4
1 UoG, College of business and economics, department of Accounting and Finance 2 UoG, College of business and economics, department of Business Management 3 UoG, College of business and economics, school of Economics 4 UoG, College of business and economics, department of marketing management
Abstract
The objective of the study was attempted to investigate Challenges in Revenue Mobilization, Administration and Tax Compliance Level in the case of North Gondar zone administration. Moreover, it is also designed to establish a relationship between taxpayers and tax authority. The study used a cross-sectional survey method of research design and it used to both
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 28 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet primary and secondary data and adopted mixed research approach. The data was collected from category “A” and “B” taxpayers through questionnaire and in-depth interview for tax officers. In addition, secondary data was used, mainly to show the trend of the last five years. Stratified random sampling technique was adopted from which a total of 531respondents formed from part of the sample size of tax payers and purposive sampling techniques from tax authority. To analyzing, to summarize the study findings and present the results of the collected data Statistical Package for Social Sciences) SPSS version 16 software was used. Descriptive statistical tools and Reliability test, and multiple regressions and Correlation through logit model are used in analyzing the data collected. Results and discussions indicated determination of the effect of compliance cost on tax compliance level revealed a strong negative correlation meaning that compliance cost has a significant effect on the level of tax compliance. The study also examined the effect of tax knowledge and education on tax compliance level. The findings show a strong positive relationship between the two implying that enhanced knowledge on taxation will in turn enhance tax compliance. An assessment of the effect of fines and penalties on tax compliance levels revealed that there is a significant positive contribution on the same. This implies that more enforcement of fines and penalties on tax offenders will deter levels of tax compliance. When tax authorities are weak in enforcing the tax law taxpayers failed to comply for an increased fines and penalties. Wealth of businesses did matter for the variation of the level of tax compliance where firms with higher worth of total assets comply more than firms with the lower worth of total assets. Age is also an important contributor to the variation of the level of tax compliance.
CBE-12: Micro and Small Enterprises Sustainability and its Economic Contribution in Amhara Region
Mulugeta Negash1, Koppala Venu Gopal1 and Aschalew Adane1
1UoG; College of business and economics, department of marketing management
Abstract
The economic contribution of micro and small enterprises in Amhara region is paramount. Large portion of the private sector is dominantly held by this sector. The government of the region is taking this sector as vital component to transform the economic structure from
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 29 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet agriculture dominant to manufacturing dominant majorly by using this sector. The study has been done in Amhara region using 6 zones as representative sample. The respondents are selected randomly and scientific method of sample size calculation has been used and from the distributed 325 questionnaires useful 267 has been found in this study. Quantitative research method has been applied as the study design. The sustainability of MSEs is for less than 3 years for most of MSEs. The sector is dominated by male and micro size enterprises. Access for electricity, access for loan, availability of land, and fair interpretation of laws are most important factors for the success of MSEs in the region from the external factors. Almost all of them want to expand their business or sustain at their current size. The market and technology competence, government support, and entrepreneurial quality and information access have strong predicting power on success of small and micro enterprises in the region. This study tried to see what predict the longevity of micro and small enterprises performance by taking into account various variables. Descriptive statistics and inferential statics have been applied to achieve the research objectives. The major factors affecting sustainability of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) are marketing, technology, finance, government law enforcement, and access for land. The government needs to provide training on marketing skills, financial service enhancement. The government needs to make arrangement for providing uninterrupted power supply, expand financial sources to MSEs’.
Key Words: Factors, Micro and Small Enterprises, Sustainability, Performance
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Business and Economics 30 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
3. College of Medicine and Health Science
CMHS-01: Improving Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Evaluation of MDR/XDR TB Genetic Diversity in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Tessemam1*, Shu-Hua Wang2 ٭Baye Gelaw1Belay ,٭Agumas Shibabaw1 1University of Gondar, 2Ohio State University, USA Authors contributed equally٭ Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is among the top threats to global public health, ranked second to HIV as the most deadly infectious disease worldwide. The rates of misdiagnosis of tuberculosis and MDR TB can be reduced by the development of new diagnostic tools and the new diagnostic tools need to be appropriate for use in low-income countries. The objective of this study was to determine the performance and feasibility of laboratory methods to improve tuberculosis case detection and evaluation for drug resistance together with assessment on the burden of Pre-XDR/XDR TB, and genotyping diversity of MDR TB patients in Amhara region. This study was conducted using 5 main study questions and for each of them data was collected independently following standard operating procedures designed for each study. The study questions were: (1) Evaluation of the performance of colorimetric test (Thin Layer agar; TLA) for drug susceptibility test; (2) Assessment of the utility of Micro-colony detection in thin layer agar culture; (3) mask sampling as a method to detect tubercle bacilli; (4) Assessment of the burden of Pre-XDR and XDR TB among MDR TB patients; (5) Molecular epidemiology of MDR/XDR TB in the Amhara region. A total of 560 patients were planned to be involved in the study (200 for evaluation of TLA and for micro-colony detection, 190 MDR TB cases and 170 for mask sampling). So far a total of 157 samples; 40 for TLA evaluation, 40 for micro-colony detection, 60 MDR TB cases and 17 for mask sampling are collected and investigated. A total of 100 pulmonary TB patients out of 200 study subjects provide morning sputum sample and processed in TB culture laboratory using both LJ and color plate/Thin layer agar until now. Among the 40 pulmonary TB patient samples (15 smear positive and 25 smear negative using ZN technique) only 20 showed growth on both LJ and Color plate culture tests. The remaining 20 patients were negative for both LJ and Color plate. During data collection, it was identified that these 20 patients who got culture
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 31 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet negative results were taking ant-TB treatment. Data of the present study showed that the duration for time to detect the TB bacilli ranges 14 days to 28 days for LJ culture but 8 days to 16 days for color plates for detection of micro-colony of tuberculosis. Sixty-five MDR TB samples were collected at different hospitals of the Amhara National state to determine the epidemiology of pre-XDR and XDR TB pattern in region. For the mask sampling project pilot study forced us to change the methodology and so far we collected 3 mask samples using the newly standardized protocol. Data of the present study showed that Thin Layer agar (TLA) color plate test reduced the duration of tuberculosis detection time by half. Moreover, significant numbers of MDR TB cases are identified and specimen collected, processed for further and advanced laboratory work abroad, USA. The mask sampling methodology is standardized and data collection already established. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Thin Layer agar, Micro-colony, mask sampling, Pre-XDR and XDR TB
CMHS-02: Feasibility of Implementing Tablet-Server Based Electronic Data Collection Method in Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance Site North-West Ethiopia: A crossover randomized control trial.
Atinkut Zeleke1, 2, Binyam Tilahun1, Abebaw Worku1, Adina Demissie1, Fabian Sobotka2, Rainer Röhirg2 1University of Gondar, Institute of Public Health, Department of Health Informatics, Gondar, Ethiopia 2University of Oldenburg, Department of Medical Informatics, Oldenburg, Germany Abstract
Periodic demographic health surveillance and surveys are the main source of health information in developing countries. Despite the importance of this information for high level policy decision making, the data collection process and the quality of the data is compromised as the technologies are solely dependent on paper and pen system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of tablet-server based electronic data collection approach in respect to the quality of the data and its usability in Ethiopian demographic site. Crossover randomized trial was conducted from April 10 to June 03, 2016 in Dabat demographic and surveillance site, Northwest Ethiopia. Twelve data collectors, in the six pairs, were assigned in the six towns of the surveillance premises. Data collections with EDC were directly submitted to server and technical admin extract the types of Errors in the
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 32 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet database. Data was cleaned using Mysql program and transferred to SPSS and R statistic software for analysis. Descriptive analyses were computed to quantify the magnitude of errors in both tools. Moreover; mixed ordinal logistic model were used to estimate effect of variables on data quality. SUS data were transferred to SPSS and the overall score were quantified. The qualitative interview audio record was transcribed, and subsequently compared with the usability Isometric dialogue principles of usability. From the submitted records, 42% PPDC and 29% EDC had one or more type of data quality errors. Most of the errors are one and two in frequency. The overall error rate was 1.67% and 0.6% for PPDC and EDC respectively. Missing errors were more prevalent in both tools compared to inaccuracy errors. Multiple choices, free date and number type of questions had the most errorious responses. The SUS score was found to be 85.6 ranged from 67 to 100. The qualitative findings suggested, EDC was light weight, easy to handle, and help to submit the data instantly. EDC possessed significantly better data quality compared with PPDC, explained in fewer errors, instant data submission and easy handling. The EDC piloted in this study found to be usable. Consistent power source, internet connection, stand-by technical support and security assurance for the tablet theft attempt were suggested the data collectors prior to full-fledged implementation of the system.
Keywords: Maternal, childhood, Surveillance, survey, Electronics data capture, tablet computer, mhealth Ethiopia
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 33 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CMHS-03: The Burden of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Patients in Northwest Ethiopia
Tekalign Deressa1*, Debasu Damtie1, Kevin Fonseca2, Shan Gao3, 4, Ebba Abate1,5, Shitaye Alemu6, Yetemwork Aleka1, Mark G. Swain4, Guido van Marle3, Carla S. Coffin3,4 1Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box.196, Gondar, Ethiopia. 2Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, 3030 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 3Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 4 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 5Ethiopian Public Health institute, P.O.Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 6School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box.196, Gondar, Ethiopia Abstract In sub-Saharan Africa, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are endemic. Although there has been great progress in HIV care, universal HBV vaccination and care is lacking. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for HBV infection in a cohort of HIV patients in Northwest Ethiopia, and to determine the predominant HBV genotype in dual infected cases. A total of 308 HIV-1 infected patients aged ≥ 18 years were enrolled into the study in a cross sectional study setting. Demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from whole blood and sera were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (Abbott, Architect). In HBsAg positive samples, HBV DNA and genotyping was done by an in-house nested PCR using primers specific for HBV pre-core / core (C), and surface region. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Odds ratio at 95% confidence interval was calculated. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Of the 308 HIV positive subjects, 62.7% were female, median age was 38 years (range 18-68, IQR: 27-49), and 43% were illiterate. Most of the participants (94.2%) were on ART, with median CD4+T cell count of 405cells/µl (IQR: 75-734). About 2.3% of the patients reported a family history of liver disease. Overall, HBsAg was detected in 5.5% of cases, of which the majority were HBV genotype A (7A, 2E, 2D, 1C, 1G). Most of HBsAg positive cases were on ART with Lamivudine (3TC) as an only anti-HBV active agent. Risk factors for dual infection included a history of sharing sharp objects (AOR 3.04, 95% CI 0.56-16.42), alcohol abuse (AOR 2.01, 95% CI 0.61-6.56), and multiple sexual partners (AOR, 2.12, 95% CI 0.64-6.94). In this cross-sectional study of HIV patients, we March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 34 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet found 5.5% prevalence of HBV/HIV coinfection; most were receiving first generation anti- HBV therapy with low genetic barrier to resistance. This observation has important implications for current HBV management in HIV patients and underscores the need for screening all HIV patients for HBV prior to putting them on ART. Keywords: HBV, HBV-HIV co-infection, ART, lamivudine, HBV genotype, Northwest Ethiopia, epidemiology, liver disease.
CMHS-04: Level of Fecal Coliform Contamination of Drinking Water in rural North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia; A Cross-Sectional community-based Study
Atalay Getachew1, Daniel Haile1,Tadesse Guadu1, Marta Alemayehu1, ZemichaelGizaw1, Mulat G/Hiwot1, Teklay G/Cherkos1, Alebachew Tadie2 1University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia 2University of Gondar, College of Natural and Computational Science, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia Abstract
About 70% of the earth’s surface is water but only 3% of this is fit for human consumption. Ethiopia is one of the developing countries where only 52% of its population has access to safe drinking water. In the absence of clean drinking water, millions of people in the world would be a victim of water born diseases. E. coli has been found to be the most specific indicator of faecal contamination in drinking-water. The aim of this study was to determine the level of fecal coliform contamination of drinking water and its associated factors in rural North Gondar Zone. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in rural parts of North Gondar Zone from April to June, 2016. Water samples were taken from water storage at household level using standardized water sampling techniques. Face to face interview with structured questionnaires were used to collect socio economic and behavioral data. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done using logistic regression models. A total of 736 households participated in this study. The prevalence of positive fecal coliform from the water sample taken from households is found to be 72.6%. In multivariate analysis; income [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =0.42; 95% CI 0.28-0.65], type of solid waste disposal system (AOR =0.23; 95% CI 0.55-0.99), safeness of water source (AOR =0.42; 95% CI 0.28-0.65), water shortage, number of rooms in the households and educational status are variables identified as predictors for fecal coliform contamination of water in the household. There is high level of drinking water fecal coliform contamination in North Gondar Zone.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 35 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Educational status, income, shortage of water, safety of water sources, solid waste disposal technique and number of rooms per household are predictor for presence of fecal coliform contamination in drinking water.
Keywords: Water quality, Risk factors, Coliform
CMHS-05: Bacterial Profile and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns from Inpatients Suspected for Nosocomial Infections at the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia Tigist Feleke, Moges Tiruneh, Setegn Eshetie, Mengistu Endris, Feleke Moges
Abstract Nosocomial bacteria infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, worldwide. Hospitalized patients are unusually at high risk of infections. The hospital environment favors the circulation of drug resistant bacteria which makes the situation more complicated and limit the option of antibiotics for treatment. Therefore, continuous surveillance for bacterial pathogens are important for a better care and protection of patients. The aim of the study was to assess bacterial profiles and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns from inpatients suspected for nosocomial bacterial infections at the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A cross sectional study was conducted at the University of Gondar Hospital from February 1 to May 31, 2016. A total of 260 patients suspected of having nosocomial infections were included using convenience sampling technique. Pretested structured questionnaire were used to gather socio-demographic data and possible risk factors. Clinical samples were taken and bacteriologically processed using standard procedures. Species of bacteria were identified using classical biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined using disc diffusion by Kirby Bauer method. Statistical significance association was measured by using chi-squares and logistic regression. p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Of the 260 patients, 173 (66.5%) of them were culture confirmed positive. Among culture positive patients a total of 216 bacterial isolates were recovered and of which 101 (46.8%) were Gram-positive and 115 (53.2%) were Gram-negatives. The most common isolates were S. aureus 77(35.6%), followed by E.coli 33(15.3 %) and Klebsiellaspp 29(13.4%). Ninety six percent and 100% penicillin resistance rate were recorded for S. aureus and CoNS isolates
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 36 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet respectively and 67.5% to Cefoxitin for S. aureus. However, relatively low rate of resistance for S. aureus and CoNS were observed in Chloramphenicol 16.9% Gentamycin 14.3%,, Nitrofurantoin 11%. On the contrary, 90% of the isolates of S. pyogenes were sensitive to penicillin. Highest drug resistant rates among Gram negative bacteria isolates were documented for amoxcillin and tetracycline and least resistant in amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Among Gram positives, 85.7% of CoNS and 61% of S. aureus were multidrug resistant isolates while in Gram-negatives, Citrobacterspp, Klebsiellaspp and E. coli were 100%, 79.3% and 75.8% MDR, respectively. Overall MDR resistant in this study was 152 (70.4%) and 27 (12.5%) of the isolates were resistant to one antibiotic and 2 (0.9%) isolates of S. pyogens were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli and Klebsiellaspp were the top three isolates causing hospital acquired infections. Besides, the high rates of MDR bacterial isolates reported in this study, nitrofurantoi, gentamycin and chloramphenicol are still relatively better options for empirical treatment for Gram-positives and amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol are for Gram-negatives. Keywords: Nosocomial infections, Antimicrobial resistance, Multidrug resistance bacteria.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 37 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CMHS-06: Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Northwest Ethiopia
Abyot Endale1*,Zewudu Birhanu1, Berhanemeskel W/Gerima1,BoressaAdugna1, Getnet Mequanint1, Desalegn Asmelash1, Jibril Seid1, Assefa Belay1, Wubayehu Kehaliw1, Eshete Melese1, Henok Getachew1, Kefyalew Ayalew1, Nurahimed Seid1,Bilal Tesemma1, Abebe Muche2, Abyu Enyew3, Seyfe Asrade1
1School of Pharmacy, CMHS, University of Gondar 2School of Medicine, CMHS, University of Gondar 3Department of Biology, College of Natural & Computational Sciences, University of Gondar *Correspondent: Email: [email protected] Tell: +251-913399986
Abstract
Plants have been used as a source of medicine throughout history and continue to serve as the basis for many pharmaceuticals used today. They play an important role in the treatment of infectious and noninfectious diseases especially in developing countries where resources are limited. Traditional medicine practitioners also have access to a tremendous variety of medicinal plants that are believed to be useful for treating various diseases. This study was conducted to identify threatened medicinal plant species and to document ethnopharmacological information of plants that are used for treatment of malaria, cancer, leishmania, inflammation and other microbial infections, in four district of North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was carried out whereby information on socio-economic characteristics, traditional medicine practice, knowledge transfer, threatened medicinal plant species as well as medicinal plants used for treatment of malaria, cancer, leishmania, inflammation and other microbial infections. TH’s were purposively selected with the assistance of local leaders, district health offices and elders from the community. A total of 153 medicinal plant species belongs to 56 families were reported to be used for treatment of different illnesses. Detailing information such as common and vernacular names, parts used, method of preparation, and route of administration, storage condition, frequency and duration of use were compiled. Of the plants identified during the survey, CucumisficifoliusA. Rich (16X), Bruceaantidysenterica J. F. Mill. (13X), Dorsteniabarnimiana Schweinf. (13X), Calpurnia aurea (12X) and CrotonmacrostachyusDel. (12X) showed the highest incidence of encounter. Eighty- fivemedicinal plant species was mentioned as threatened by respondents of which Dorsteniabarnimiana Schweinf. (11X), Myricasalicifolia (7X), Polygala abyssinica (7X)
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 38 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet and Verbana officinale (7X) were the most common threatened plant species. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial phytotherapy products. To ensure the long-term sustainability of threatened medicinal plants, well organized medicinal-plant conservation areas should be established.
Keywords: Medicinal plants; Traditional Medicine; Northwest Ethiopia.
CMHS-07: Incidence and risk factors of first line antiretroviral treatment failure among HIV infected children in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
Malede Mequanent Sisay1*, Tadesse Awoke Ayele1, Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw1, Adino Tesfahun Tsegaye1, Kassahun Alemu Gelaye1, Melkitu Fentie Melak2
1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia 2Departments of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia Abstract Initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a proven medication of HIV positive individuals by reducing the rate of disease progression and death. However, treatment failure becomes one of a public health issue in the sub-Saharan Africa. There is limited evidence on the incidence of first line treatment failure and risk factors among children in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess incidence, and risk factors of treatment failure among HIV/AIDS infected children who were on ART in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. A retrospective follow up study was conducted in six hospitals in Amhara Regional State from January 2010 to March 2016. A total of 824 children under the age of 15 years and started ART were included in the study. Data were collected from medical chart and ART registration logbook using a standard checklist. Weibull cox-regression model was used to identify risk factors of treatment failure. Adjusted Hazard Ratio with its 95% Confidence interval was used to declare the statistical significance of the factors. R version 3.2.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. The mean age of children was 6.4 ± 3.6 years with a median follow up 30.5 (IQR: 14.6, 51.4) months. Sixty three children (7.7%, 95%CI (5.8, 9.5)) had developed treatment failure. Of these, 17 (27.0%) were immunological and 46 (73.0 %) were clinical failures. The incidence rate of treatment failure was 22.1/1000 person-month. The cumulative probability of failure was 0.4 with 28562.5 person-months observations. Being not disclosed
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 39 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
[AHR=4. 4, 95%CI (1.8, 11.3)], having opportunistic infections during initiations of ART [AHR= 2.3, 95% CI (1.3, 4.1)] and having long duration of follow up [AHR = 0.06, 95% CI (0.02, 0.18)] were predictors of treatment failure. This study revealed that incidence of treatment failure remains significant public health concerns in Ethiopia. Not disclosed HIV status to child, presence of opportunistic infections during initiation of ART and having long duration of follow up were found to be predictors of treatment failure. Hence, early initiation of the treatment should be considered and further study may be conducted on viral monitor. Keywords: Incidence; Antiretroviral; Treatment failure; First-line Regimen; children.
CMHS-08: Audit on immediate Post-operative Vital Signs Monitoring Practice in GUH Recovery Room
Zewditu Abdissa
College of Medicine and Health, Department of Anesthesia
Abstract Postoperative patients must be monitored and assessed closely for any deterioration in condition and the relevant postoperative care plan or pathway must be implemented. Monitoring of patients’ vital signs during immediate post-operative time is very important to detect complications as early as possible, so that immediate actions will be taken before patient deteriorates. American society of anesthesiologists association recommends that during the immediate post-operative time particular attention should be given to vital systems such as the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, the renal system, the central nervous system and the wound site. The objective of this audit is to assess vital signs monitoring practice at Gondar University Hospital among elective surgical patients. A cross sectional study design was used to assess vital signs monitoring practice. Our study subjects were elective surgical patients that were admitted to recovery room during data collection period. Checklist prepared based on variables of interest was used to collect data. Data was entered and analyzed using statistical software package SPSS 20. Summary Tables and graphs were used to summarize results. A total of 265 patients were observed in this study, out of which 136 (51.3%) were male and the rest 48.7% were female. The mean age was 35.9 years with the standard deviation of 19.9 years. With regard to post-operative patient monitoring practice, 258 (97.4%) of post-operative patients were monitored by final year medical
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 40 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet students. In more than 50% of the cases, 1-5 beds of RR beds were occupied by non-surgical critically ill patients. The number of patients who did not have their BP measured on arrival to RR was 94.7% and those who didn’t have Pulse rate checked were 34%. Oxygen saturation was measured on arrival to RR in 4.5% of the cases. Those who didn’t have their Temperature and respiratory rate recorded on arrival were 69.8% and 70.6% respectively. In GUH, the nursing staff rarely engaged in Post-operative vital signs monitoring. The frequency of Vital signs monitoring in our Hospital is not as per the standard. The nursing staff should have refreshment training on immediate post-operative patient care.
Keywords: Post-Operative; Vital Signs; Audit; Gondar University Hospital.
CMHS-09: Trends and causes of child mortality in children aged less than 15 years: The case of Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites (HDSS) in Ethiopia
Gashaw Andargie Biks1, KassahunAlemu1,, Amare Tariku1, Abebaw Gebeyehu Worku1, Solomon Mekonnen Abebe1, MezgebuYitayal1, Tadesse Awoke1,, Adino Tesfahun Tsegaye1, 1Dabat Research Centre Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia. Abstract Mortality in childhood, particularly in the first 5 years of life, has been a major global concern in recent years. Knowledge concerning the causes of childhood deaths in a given population is vital for effective allocation of health resources. In many areas, the ability to determine causes of mortality is nearly impossible. An understanding of the trends and causes for child mortality and the design of appropriate interventions are urgently required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify cause of death and measure patterns of cause of death among children up to 14 years of age on the basis of a dataset collected at Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites (HDSS) in Ethiopia. The data was collected from the six networked HDSS sites of Butajira, Dabat, Gilgel Gibe, Kersa, Arba Minch and Kilte Awlaelo, respectively, have been run by Addis Ababa, Gondar, Jimma, Haramaya, Arba Minch and Mekelle Universities. The HDSS sites follow an open dynamic cohort study design. All sites adopted three verbal autopsies from the 2007 standardized and validated WHO questionnaires. Any causes of death in the population from registered deaths were identified using Verbal Autopsy (VA) method by physician reviewers. A five year (2009 to 2013) data was included in this study. The VA data and cause of deaths assigned by
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 41 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet physician reviewers were entered at excel and SPSS. STATA version 11 software was used for data analysis. Including the 719 death in dabat, a total of 4,463 children aged below 15 years were died in five years period in the six HDSS sites. Among all the cases, 1637 (36.7%) occurred in the neonatal period (first 28 days of life); 1,224(27.4%) in the 1 - 11 months of age; 967 (21.7%) in the 1- 4 year age group, and 635 (14.2%) in the 5 - 14 year age group. The child mortality in 2009 was 795 and 785 in 2013. Acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) including pneumonia 592 (13.3%), severe malnutrition 515 (11.5%), bacterial sepsis of the newborn 482 (10.8%), intestinal infectious disease including diarrhea 434 (9.7%) and birth asphyxia and perinatal respiratory disorders 387 (8.7%) were the first top five specific causes of under 14 years of death. The pattern observed in this study is in line with the national level trend of child mortality and it is decreasing. Infectious and parasitic diseases, nutritional disorders and perinatal causes of death remained the major killers diseases over the study period among children aged below 15years in this study.
CMHS-10: Hunger as a Major Coping Strategy of Shortage of Food: The Case of Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance Site: Northwest Ethiopia
Adino Tesfahun Tsegaye1, Amare Tariku1,Abebaw Gebeyehu Worku1, Solomon Mekonnen Abebe1, MezgebuYitayal1, TadesseAwoke1, KassahunAlemu1, Gashaw Andargie Biks1 1Dabat Research Centre Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia. Abstract Food insecurity is a global problem affecting many people worldwide and about 220 million in sub-Saharan Africa. Ethiopia is one of the countries in the region which severely affected by hunger. However, evidences are limited regarding the coping mechanisms to overcome shortage of food. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the coping mechanisms of shortage of food at Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System site. The data was re-census data collected between October 2014 and December 2014. In this study, 15,159 household members found in thirteen Kebeles of the Dabat Health and Demographic surveillance system were included. The outcome variables of the study were shortage of food and coping strategies. Each household were asked about the presence of shortage of food and the respective coping mechanisms that happened four weeks prior to the data collection using a standardized World Health Organization questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 42 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet was done to identify socio-demographic determinants of using hunger as a coping mechanism. Out of the 15,159 households, 6,671 (44.01 %) were reported the presence of shortage of food in their household. Decreasing the usual meal frequency and amount (hunger) (3,733 (55.96%)), borrowing money and food (2,542 (38.11 %)), and receiving food and money aid (1779 (26.67 %)) were among the major coping strategies used by the households. Being urban dweller (AOR 2.07: 95% CI 1.74, 2.46) and marital status of being separated (AOR 1.60: 95% CI 1.07, 2.39) were the determinants of using hunger as a coping strategy. The shortage of food in the study area was very high. Decreasing meal frequency and amount or hunger was the top strategy used by many of the households. Due to the severe shortage of food in their household and the locality, people preferred to stay hungry and try to manage the small amount of food that found in their house. It indicates that, the people are getting to be undernourished and which exacerbates the burden of malnutrition and related diseases in the area. Keywords: Food shortage, coping, hunger, food aid, borrowing, Ethiopia
CMHS-11: Knowledge, Practice and Associated Factors towards Adverse Drug Reaction reporting among nurses working in district Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia
Aynalem Adu Ayisa1§, Fisseha Zewdu Amdie1*, Senetshuf Melkamu Jemberie2*
1School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Ethiopia 2School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract
Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) is any noxious, unintended and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses normally used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease or the modification of the physiological functions. Adverse drug reactions lead to a number of medical and economic consequences. This study were assessed the knowledge and practice gap and identify the associated factors. The aim of the study wasto assess knowledge, practice and associated factors towards Adverse Drug Reaction reporting among Nurses working in District Hospitals Northwest Ethiopia 2016. Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted from April 2-29, 2016 at six district Hospitals in North-west Ethiopia. Data were collected by pretested, validated, self-administered questionnaire then entered using EPI Info V. 7.0 and imported to SPSS V. 20 for possible statistical analysis and
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 43 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet association. Multivariate regression analysis was used to examine the association between the Adverse Drug Reaction reporting and associated factors. Significance was obtained at 95% CI and p< 0.05 and odds ratio is used to measure strength of association. A total of 314 nurses were responded by making response rate of 96.3%. Out of this 53.5% were male and the mean ages were 25.9± 2.5. Among the study participants 101(32.2%) and 41(13.1%) of Nurses were knowledgeable and good practice respectively. Training [AOR= 3.285(1.136, 9.501)], Not knowing how to report [AOR=0.249(0.085, 0.728)], unavailability of reporting form [AOR= 0,190 (0.070, 0.518)] and reporting will generate extra work [AOR= 0.266(0.082, 0.780)] were variables significantly associated with nurses reporting practice of ADRs. Overall, this study revealed that knowledge of Nurses were low and had poor practice towards ADRs reporting in District Hospitals Northwest Ethiopia. Training, Level of education, not knowing how to report, unavailability of reporting form and concern that reporting will generate extra work were found to be associated. Keyword: ADR reporting, Knowledge, Practice.
CMHS-12: Dietary diversity and associated factors among infant and young children: a cross-sectional study from northwest Ethiopia
Aysheshim Kassahun1*, Bekrie Mohammed1, Zegeye Abebe2, Berihun Assefa Dachew3
1Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Ethiopia 2Department of Public Health Officer, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Ethiopia 3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Ethiopia Abstract Insufficient quantity, frequency, and inadequate quality of complementary foods have a negative impact on subsequent health, growth and development of children. The aim of this study was to assess minimum dietary diversity and its associated factors among infants and young children aged 6-23 months at Dabat District, northwest Ethiopia.A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 15 to March 15, 2016. The simple random sampling method was used to select the study participants. An interviewer- administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Both Crude and Adjusted Odds ratio with the corresponding 95% Confidence Interval were calculated to show the strength of association. In multivariable analysis, variables with a P-value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The proportion of children who meet minimum adequate
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 44 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet dietary diversity was 17 % (95% CI: 14.9, 19.4%). Satisfactory media exposure (AOR=2.79, 95%CI: 1.74,4.47), having postnatal visit (AOR= 1.96, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.88), participation in child growth and monitoring follow-up program (AOR= 1.65, 95 % CI:1.14,2.39), age of the children (AOR=2.34, 95%CI: 1.33, 4.11) and age the mothers (AOR=1.89, 95% CI:1.09, 3.27)were positively associated with dietarydiversity.This community, the proportion of children received minimum dietary was low. Media exposure, the age of the mother and children, postnatal care visit and participation in the monthly growth and monitoring follow- up program were significantly associated with dietary diversity. Thus, improving media exposure, counseling of mothers attending postnatal care visit, and strengthening child growth and monitoring program are highly recommended to achieve the recommended dietary practices. Keywords: Children, Dietary Diversity, Ethiopia.
CMHS-13: Solar Water Disinfection and Its Effect on Diarrheal Disease Response among Under Five Children in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis
Bikes Destaw, Yigzaw Kebede, Gashaw Andargie , TakeleTadesse Abstract Diarrheal disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, especially among children in developing countries. Many of the infectious agents associated with diarrheal disease are potentially waterborne. This causes a massive disease burden associated with deficient water quality. The main objective of this systematic review was to examine the different trials which focus on solar water disinfection outcomes to respond childhood diarrhea in developing countries. PubMed was used to search electronic bibliographic database using all in separate/combination of the search terms in terms of Boolean operators. Furthermore, Google and Google scholar search engines were searched for literatures out of aforementioned database search systems and especially grey literatures. Articles were processed based on the criteria priority set. STATA 11 was used as indispensable software to conduct a meta-analysis of pooled estimate effect of SODIS intervention on diarrhea reduction. From a total of 249 literatures to the topic, 17 remain after removal of duplication, and screening by title and abstract. After full text review 8 potentially eligible literatures
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 45 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet from six developing countries were obtained for further assessment. In these eight studies a total of 3,846 households with 5,665 children less than five years of age were involved. Children who lost follow-up were 12.8%. Almost all diarrhea end point shad been significantly reduced among SODIS intervention households. The analysis of compiled data using meta-analysis to provide pooled estimates of statistically significant risk reduction in childhood diarrhea relative risk(RR) at 0.64(95% CI: 0.58, 0.71),with corresponds to preventable fraction of 36 % (95% CI: 29-42%). Though almost all included trials had statistically significant results of effect estimates, most of the trials didn’t follow the appropriate steps of trial protocols. This might affect the internal validity and the conclusion could be flawed. Careful design, conduct, and analysis as well as proper reporting of SODIS randomized controlled trials could improve the quality of intervention research and contribute towards more effective children healthcare in developing-countries. Keywords: SODIS, Diarrhea, under five children, Developing countries, systematic review
CMHS-14: Isolation and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacteria pathogens from inanimate objects and indoor air of operating theatre of government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
1 1 2 3 Edosa Kebede , Kassu Desta , Gebru Mulugeta ,Surafel Fentaw .
1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences,Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia. 3Department of Microbiology, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Abstract
Contamination of the operating theatre is a major cause of nosocomial infection. Nosocomial infection constitute over 25% of infection rates in the hospital setting causing significant morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to establish the possible presence of known bacteria pathogens from inanimate objects and air in the operating theatre and evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility pattern.nA hospital based cross sectional study was conducted from August to November 2014 in government hospitals in Addis Ababa. Swab sample was taken from various items in the operating theatre rooms by using sterile cotton tipped swabs moistened with normal saline and the air sample was collected by open plate technique. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 46 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by disc diffusion method. The study was also supplemented by observation and interviewing of Health care workers about infection prevention. Of the 346 samples collected, 47.4% (164)were positive for bacterial growth. A total of 221 bacterial pathogens were recovered from all samples processed in this study. Coagulase negative staphylococcus, 160(72.4%) were the predominant bacterial isolates followed by Staphylococcusaureus 33(15%), Bacillus species 8(3.6%), Klebsiella species 6 (2.7%), Escherichia.coli 5(2.3%), Pseudomonas auroginosa 3(1.4%), Citrobacter species 2(0.9%) and Entrococcus, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter species each 1(0.45%). Ciprofloxacin showed encouraging results against the isolates. Inanimate objects should be regarded as a possible source of nosocomial infection since bacteria from them can be carried from the hands of theatre personnel to the patient undergoing surgery or through redispersed bacteria from surfaces during surgery. Keywords: Bacterial pathogen, Operating theatre room, Hospital environment.
CMHS-15: Population at risk of malaria living in rural areas of northwest Ethiopia did not possess sufficient insecticide treated nets: Evidence from Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System
KindieFentahunMuchie1*, Kassahun Alemu1, , Zemichael Gizaw1, NigusieBirhan Tebeje1, Terefe Derso1, Amare Tariku1 Abel Fekadu1, GetaAsrade Alemayehu1, AdinoTesfahun Tsegaye1, Solomon Mekonnen Abebe1, Mezgebu Yitayal1, Tadesse Awoke1, GashawAndargie Biks1 1Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia. Abstract Malaria is the leading cause of disease burden across the world, especially in developing countries. Ethiopia has designed five years plan to cover 100% of households (HHs) in malarious areas with one insecticide treated net (ITN) for every two persons, and to reach at least 80% consistent ITN utilization. However, evidence of ITN possession at malarious rural households in northwest Ethiopia is limited. The present study was aimed to assess possession of ITN at risk of malaria living in rural areas and associated factors. The re-census was carried out in Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) site during peak malaria seasons from October to December, 2014. Pretested structured questionnaire
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 47 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet was used for data collection. Data from 15088 HHs from Dabat HDSS site were used for the analysis. Descriptive measures and binary logistic regression were employed. In this study, of possessed at least one ITN, 938(53.4%) resided at altitude above 2500 masl. Only, 396 (15.8%) (95% CI 14.4%, 17.3%) of the households residing at altitude <2000 masl possessed ITN with the average number of 4.3±2.1 persons per ITN per household. Of these, 69.5% (95% CI 64.7%, 74.1%) used the ITN. Only 65 (14.2%) pregnant women and 86 (18.8%) children were prioritized to use ITN. A household that possess radio/mobile (OR 1.60, 95%CI 1.082.35) and with a maximum educational status of secondary/above (OR 1.54, 95%CI 1.19 2.04) were predictors to possess ITN. In this study, population at risk of malaria living in rural areas did not possess sufficient ITN though ITN utilization was promising. However, prioritizing vulnerable groups (children and pregnant) to sleep under ITN remains public health problems. Programmers, partners and implementers should give emphasis on ITN possession in malarious areas to achieve malaria illumination in the country.
Keywords: Altitude, Determinants, ITN, Possession, Ownership, Utilization, Dabat, northwest Ethiopia.
CMHS-16: Prediction of Height from Arm Span, Half Arm Span and Knee Height among Ethiopian Adults in Jimma University, Ethiopia: An implication for assessing nutritional status of the elderly
Alemayehu Digssie1*, Alemayehu Argaw2, Tefera Belachew3, 1Department of public health, College of health sciences, Debre Tabor University; *Primary Author 2Population and family health department, College of health sciences, Jimma University; 3Population and family health department, College of health sciences, Jimma University
Abstract
Standing height measurements in older people hospitalized /bed ridden/ patients and peoples with skeletal deformity can be difficult to obtain due to different reasons. Alternative height measurements such as arm span, knee height and half arm span have been shown to be useful surrogate measures of stature. However, their ability to predict height could differ across populations and this has not been reported in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to develop formula that predicts height from arm span, half arm span and knee height. A cross sectional study was conducted from March 15 to April 21, 2016 in Jimma University. A total of 660 (330 females and 330 males)subjects aged 18-40 years were assessed. A two-stage
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 48 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet sampling procedure was employed. Data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Data were edited and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and statistical analyses were done using SPSS for windows version 20. Linear regression was fitted to predict height from the independent variables. Bland-Altman analysis was employed to see the agreement between actual height and predicted heights. Multivariable linear regression analyses showed that arm span (β =0.63, P<0.001, R2=87%), half arm span (β=1.05, P<0.001, R2=83%) and knee height (β=1.62,P<0.001, R2=84%)are important predictors of height. The Bland-Altman analyses showed good agreement between measured height and predicted height. In the context where height cannot be measured, height predicted from arm span, half arm span and knee height is a valid proxy indicator of height. Arm span was found to be the best predictor of height. The prediction equations can be used to assess the nutritional status of hospitalized/bed ridden/ patients, peoples with skeletal deformity and elderly population in Ethiopia.
Keywords: Height, Arm Span, Half arm Span, Knee Height.
CMHS-17: High burden of Hypertension across the age groups among residents of Gondar city in Ethiopia: a population based cross sectional study
Abayneh Girma Demisse, Ermias Shenkutie , Solomon Mekonnen Abebe, Abera Balcha, Shitaye Alemu, Bewketu Abebe, Nebiyu Mesfin Abstract According to a report on the worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015, mean blood pressure increasing in low and middle income countries while it is either decreasing or stabilizing in high income countries. Previous studies in the setting had smaller sample size and were limited to participants older than 35 years; therefore, the burden among adolescents and young adults was not addressed. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of hypertension (HTN) and associated factors in Gondar city. A population based cross- sectional study was conducted among 3227 individuals in Gondar city. A multistage cluster random sampling was used. The Kish method from WHO step instrument of random sampling method was used for selecting one individual older than 17 years from each household. WHO and IDA criterion was used to classify HTN. The overall prevalence of HTN was 27.4% [95% CI: (25.8-28.9)]. The prevalence for participants in the age group of
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 49 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
≥35 years was 36.1% and it consistently increased from 9.5% in the age group of 18-25 years to 46.3% in the age group of ≥ 65 years (P-value< 0.001). Only 47 % of the participants had ever had any kind of blood pressure measurement. Being elderly (AOR = 5.56; 95% CI: 3.71, 8.35), obese (AOR =2.62; 95%CI: 1.70, 4.03), widowed (AOR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.27, 2.75), separated (AOR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.27, 2.75), daily alcohol user (AOR=1.51; 95%CI: 1.02, 2.23), male (AOR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.18, 1.72) and born in urban area (AOR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.10, 1.56) were found to be independently associated with HTN. There is a high prevalence of hypertension in Gondar city and is showing increasing trend compared to previous reports. Specific strategies targeting both the high risk groups and the general public should be designed. Interventions to raise awareness and to improve both capacity and accessibility facilities for screening hypertension are highly recommended.
CMHS-17: Household Flood Preparedness and Associated Factors in Flood Prone Community of Dembia District, Amhara National Regional State, North West Ethiopia
Baye Ashenafi
1North Gondar Zone Elfora risk management and meat inspector Abstract
Flood preparedness empowers the community to respond effectively to the related hazards. However, there was no research done in the country concerning household flood preparedness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess household flood preparedness and associated factors in flood prone community of Dembia District, Northwest Ethiopia. Community based cross sectional study was employed from March to April 2014 in Dembia District. A two stage sampling technique was used. The study was conducted among 806 flood prone residents. Data was collected using interview administered questionnaire. Data was entered using Epi info version 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Descriptive and analytic statistics were computed. Variables having association with the outcome variable was reported using odds ratio with 95% CI. Model fitness was checked by Hosmer and Lemeshew Chi-square test. Household flood preparedness was found to be 24.4%. Age group of 46 and above, monthly household income greater than 893 Ethiopian Birr, attending primary level education, warning system, knowledge of flood prevention, prior exposure,
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 50 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet lengths of flooding greater than 6 days (AOR=2.62; 95%CI (1.12, 6.00)), (AOR=6.72; 95%CI (2.2 7, 19.88)), (AOR=22.08, 95%CI (8.16, 59.74)), (AOR=5.41 95%CI (2.38, 12.32)), (AOR=8.91; 95% (1.67, 47.57)), (AOR= 32.67; 95%CI (6.15-67.39)), (AOR=2.52; 95%CI (1.43, 5.57)) were positively associated with household flood preparedness. This study had demonstrated that household flood preparedness was found to be low. Household flood preparedness was significantly associated with older age group, attending primary education, having better monthly income, and household level warning system, having knowledge on preparedness, prior exposure of flood and length of flood for more than 6 days. Strengthening household flood preparedness to prevent flood and related consequences is concluded.
Key words: Household, flood preparedness, flood, Ethiopia.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Medicine and Health Science 51 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
4. College of Natural and Computational Sciences
CNCS-01: Ethno-zoological study on therapeutic animals used by the local communities of north Gondar, northwest Ethiopia
Agerie Addisu*, Flipos Engdaw, Getnet Masresha, Eshetu Moges, G/Cherkos W/Georgis, Alebachew Tadie and Muluken Dejene
*Department of Biology, CNCS, University of Gondar,
Abstract In Ethiopia, many ethnic communities are dispersed all over the country and these people are highly knowledgeable about animals and their medicinal value. However, their traditional knowledge for medicinal purpose is passed through oral communication from generation to generation. The youngster generations follow modernization rather than their family traditional knowledge. As a result this way of information flow might result in loss of traditional knowledge that has an impact on the development of modern medicine. The present study document the use of traditional medicine of animal origin used by the local communities in some selected districts in North Gondar. Ethno-zoological data was collected from 95 respondents and traditional healers who were selected based on their experience and recognition as experts from February to August, 2016. The ethno-zoological data (local name of animals, scientific name, diseases treat, parts of animal use, mode of preparation and administration) was collected through semi- structured questionnaire with selected local people. Descriptive statistics was employed for analysis of the data. Thirty nine species of medicinal animals were collected and identified for treating 49 different human ailments, of which about 71.8% were wild animals. About, 28 different types of animal parts were used including bile, milk, blood, honey, meat, butter, fat, skin, liver, urine, hair, fecal matter and etc. The traditional medicines were prepared based on 7 modes of preparations means most without additive substance and preparations were used in as it is/fresh form. The traditional medicines were administrated in 11 different forms. Oral administrations were dominant and through dermal was the least. Respondents confirmed that they have used traditional medicinal system for their health care. Therefore, it would be worth investigating further
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Natural and Computational Sciences 52 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet studies on these traditional remedies to confirm the presence of any bioactive compounds for the development of modern remedies.
Keywords: ethno-zoology, animal, local people, traditional medicine, zoo-therapeutic
CNCS-02: Evaluation of essential oils extracted from native Ethiopian home garden plants against malarial vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae)
Wondmeneh Jemberie 1, Assefa Sintayehu 2, Getinet Masresha1, Zelalem Getnet 1, Yohannes Asmare 3, Zemenay Zewodu 3, Solomon Tesfaye1 and Raja Nagappan1
1Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar 2Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar 3Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar
Abstract Mosquitoes are perilously nuisance for human welfare due to transmission of life threatening malarial parasites. Anopheles gambiae is one of the important mosquitoes species transmitting causal organism of malaria in several part of Ethiopia. Eco-friendly alternative strategies are currently focussing area of research in vector control program. The main objective of this study is to evaluate essential oils extracted from certain home garden plants against immature and adult malarial vector mosquito species Anopheles gamabiae. Home garden plants such as Lepidium sativum, Millettia ferruginea and Phytolacca dodecandra seeds were collected in and around Gondar and subjected to clevanger apparatus to extract essential oil and tested against An. gambiae. The efficacy of essential oil was tested at different concentration against early and late instar larvae, pupae and 3-5 days old An. gambiae under laboratory condition by following World Health Organization (WHO) recommended protocol. The percentage mortality of early, late instar larvae and pupae of An. gambiae exposed to L. sativum essential oil was 97, 91 and 99% respectively. The early instar larva and pupa exposed at 100 ppm concentration of M. ferruginea oil after 72hr exposure period 100% mortality was recorded. The time recorded for knock-down effect of 50% (KT50) of adults mosquitoes exposed to 10% concentration of L. sativum and M. ferruginea was 10.05 ± 0.5 and 7.34 ± 0.2 min. respectively. The female adult mosquitoes exposed to 10 ppm concentration of L. sativum and M. ferrugina oil extract after 24 hr exposure period showed 82.66 and 95.66% mortality respectively. These two plant essential oil contains toxic secondary metabolites to kill immature and adult An. gambiae mosquitoes.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Natural and Computational Sciences 53 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
However, in order to validate laboratory findings in the field appropriate formulation of essential oil is important to apply on breeding sites and indoor residual spray to control malaria vector, An. gambiae.
Keywords: Anopheles gambiae, essential oil, knockdown, toxicity.
CNCS-03: Diversity and Symbiotic Effectiveness of Rhizobia Isolated from some Faba bean (Vicia faba) growing areas of sSuth and North Gondar, Ethiopia
Zewdu Teshome*, Desalegn Adisu, Samuel Sahile, Yibeltal Arega and Meseret Birhane
*Department of Biology, CNCS, University of Gondar Abstract Biological nitrogen fixation is a natural process for fixation of molecular nitrogen to maintain sustainable agriculture throughout the world. Thus, the aim of this study was to isolate, characterize and select potential Rhizobium strains collected from different faba bean growing areas of North and South Gondar, Ethiopia. About 3kg soil samples from each site with previous history of faba bean cultivation was collected and brought to the laboratory for further analysis. A total of 57 Rhizobium isolates were isolated based on infection method. The isolates were characterized on Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar (YEMA) medium and authentication of strain test was done on sand culture using pot experiment. The isolates attain colony sizes ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 mm after 3 to 5 days of incubation. All the isolates showed growth on all the tested carbon sources except lactose, arabinose and mannose. Most of the isolates showed growth at different pH levels ranging 5 to 9, salt concentrations from 0.1% to 2%, temperatures between 5 and 45°C and at different antibiotics with different concentrations. In sand culture, only 35.5% of isolates showed nodulation. Analyses of variance indicated, inoculation of isolates improves tested traits significantly (p< 0.05) at all measured investigated parameters such as shoot length, shoot dry weight, and plant total nitrogen as 11%, 28% and 31.3%, respectively, over nitrogen treated plants, 2%, 10% and 29.4% respectively over standard rhizobium and 55%, 82.3% and 85.7% respectively over negative treatments. Shoot dry weight was found to be strongly positively correlated with symbiotic effectiveness (r= 0.994, P <0.01). Based on symbiotic effectiveness, 80% of the tested isolates was found to be highly effective, 13% effective and only one isolate less
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Natural and Computational Sciences 54 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet effective. From this finding, most of our isolates displayed abundant diversity in their response to morphological and physiological characteristics. Inoculation of selected rhizobium isolates revealed shoot dry weight enhancement over nitrogen treated plants of faba bean on sand culture using pot experiment under controlled greenhouse condition. Dendrogram analysis shows that isolates were categorized into six major clusters that were again sub clustered to many. Best isolates for various agro-climatic regions were identified. Therefore, there is a need for detail study of effective isolates tested on field condition and molecular characterization for better classification of the Rhizobium isolates.
Keywords: Nitrogen fixation, Legumes, Rhizobium, Total nitrogen, Authentication
CNCS-04: Isolation, Production and evaluations of the applications of Keratinolytic Protease(S) Through Solid State fermentation Using Bacterial Isolates Found in Traditional Leather Processing Ponds at Enferaze, North Gondar.
Mequanente Dagnaw *and Berhanu Andualm*
*Department of Biotechnology, CNCS, University of Gondar
Abstract Keratinolytic proteases are hydrolytic enzymes widely used in many industrial processes. At present no enough scientific report available in Ethiopia on the potential application of microbes that isolated from fresh stagnant water. The study is helpful to develop a protocol and apply this knowledge for modern de-haring process. The objective is production of industrial keratinolytic protease(s) through Solid state fermentation using bacterial isolates found in stagnant ponds. Screening and identification of keratinolytic protease producing isolates, Optimization of the growth conditions of isolates, characterization of keratinolytic protease and test for different potential applications of the keratinolytic protease were carried out. Growth medium containing casein has been shown the highest activity. The optimum pH for keratinolytic protease production and stability was 7. The optimum temperature for isolates Ms-2 and Hs-2 was 37°C, whereas for isolate Ss-2 and ms-2, was at 40°C. Wheat bran and rice bran were found to be the best carbon source. Optimum keratinolytic protease production time for selected isolates was 48h. In the present study, 10% of inoculum size was found to be effective for keratinolytic protease production. Growth medium containing 0.2M
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Natural and Computational Sciences 55 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
NaCl maximum enzyme activity. Maximum keratinolytic protease activity was shown at moisture content of 1:3 ratios. The crude enzymes were partially purified by ammonium sulfate and dialysis using phosphate buffer. Partially purified enzymes had a single protein band on the SDS PAGE with approximate molecular weights of 80 kDa. After 24h of incubation, complete de-haring, feather degradation and Blood stain removal were achieved on the feather treated with crude enzyme alone. And enzymes were more effective with the fruits which come from sebha. Enzymes produced in this study might have wide ranges of application for leather industry, hydrolysis of feather for different purposes and detergent industry. Further study for optimization of production and design for application are significant.
Keywords: SDS PAGE, De-hairing Enzyme activity, Hydrolysis, Keratinolytic protease
CNCS-05: Abundance, Diversity and Distribution of Macrophytes in relation to water quality in the littoral zone of Lake Tana, Ethiopia
Yezbie Kassa Brihanu*
*Department of Biology, CNCS, University of Gondar
Abstract Macrophytes are important components of the lake ecosystem in that they influence water quality by taking up nutrients, releasing dissolved organic matter, and increasing sedimentation in lake ecosystems. In view of this, understanding and quantifying the species composition and abundance of macrophytes in relation to the water quality is very vital for integrated management practices of these ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of macrophyte assemblages in relation to water quality in the littoral zone of Lake Tana. Physicochemical parameters were measured in situ using portable multi-probe system and selected nutrients; NO3-N, SRP and TP were analyzed using standard methods while macrophytes were collected using belt transect method. A total of 30 species which belonged to 15 families were identified in the south western littoral zone and 41 species that belonged to 20 families in the north eastern littoral zone of the lake. The emergent group had the highest percentage composition and attained the highest relative frequency and density, followed by floating and other forms in the south western littoral zone
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Natural and Computational Sciences 56 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet whereas in the north eastern zone, E.crassipes (Water hyacinth) was the dominant macrophyte. Relatively better diversity index was recorded in Zegie Yiganda in the south western and in the Debre Sina and Rib in the north eastern littoral zones with less anthropogenic impact and minimal or no water hyacinth impact respectively. RDA showed that the density of A.africana, C.alopecuroides, C.demersum, C.macrostachyo and, D.milanjiana was positively associated with SRP, pH, TP and Secchi, whereas that of
E.stagnina, was with that of NO3-N. In conclusion, Lake Tana shows increasing trend in concentration of nutrients and the reduction trend in transparency and water level and a shift in species composition of macrophytes towards turbidity-tolerant floating and emergent macrophyte species.
Key words: nutrient, redundancy analysis, transparency, turbidity-tolerant
CNCS-06: Identification of 1BL.1RS Wheat-Rye Chromosome Translocation, Lr34 and Lr37 Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars Using Molecular Markers
Asmamaw Bidru*
*Gondar Agricultural Research Center, Gondar,
Abstract Stem rust, leaf rust and stripe rust are widespread wheat rust diseases that can cause significant yield loss in wheat production globally. The development and release of genetically disease resistant wheat cultivars is environmentally safe and effective means to control wheat rusts. Since growing cultivars carrying single rust resistance genes have favored the advent of new virulent races, pyramiding of rust resistance genes is more effective against rust. Increasing knowledge on identity and frequency rust resistance genes present in cultivars that can be used as source of resistance is a basic study. Because, using these genes in appropriate combinations in gene pyramiding can enhance the durability of resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of Lr26-Yr9-Sr31 (1BL.1RS wheat-rye chromosome translocation) and the Lr37-Yr17-Sr38 and Lr34-Yr18 rust resistance genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The cultivars were registered in Gene Bank of Crop Research Institute (GBCRI), Praha-Ruzyně, Czech Republic and
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Natural and Computational Sciences 57 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet originated from different European countries from 1992 to 2013. PCR based molecular markers, RAPD and STSs were used. According to the results, 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation was proved to be present in 13 (12.87%) of all cultivars tested. Lr37-Yr17-Sr38 was detected in 28 (30.7%) cultivars from the 91 registered in Czech Republic while Lr34- Yr18 was found only in one cultivar. Of all tested, five cultivars were proved to have both 1BL.1RS translocation and Lr37-Yr17-Sr38. It could be observed that the frequency of the use of Lr37-Yr17-Sr38 in registered cultivars displays an increasing tendency. Molecular markers are efficient and ideal for identification of rust resistance genes. The information presented here will be helpful in utilization of these identified genotypes for further enhancement of genetic resistance in the respective zones. The methodology used in this study and MAS can be also applied in Ethiopia to explore rust genetic resistance in wild, cultivated and current cultivars.
Key words: Chromosome translocation, resistance genes, molecular markers, STS, RAPD
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Natural and Computational Sciences 58 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
5. College of Social Science and Humanities
CSSH-01: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Treating Childhood Trauma among Poly Victimized Institutionalized Ethiopian Children
Mastewal Abawa Bitew, University of Gondar Abstract Numerous children throughout the world are exposed to such traumatic events as child abuse, rape, community violence, natural disaster, vehicular accidents, war and sudden death of parents. As a result, they are more likely to resemble higher rates of behavioral and emotional problems than are non-traumatized children (MacMillan & Munn, 2001). The present study designed to investigate the Efficacy of Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in treating childhood trauma among Polly victimized children. Quasi-experimental nonequivalent group’s pretest-posttest design with intra and inter-group comparisons were employed including narrating individual cases of violence. There is a reduction in symptoms of PTSD among treatment group from pretest (M=24.96) to post-test measure (M=16.70) where as there is no significant mean reduction among control group. There is also a significant mean reduction in symptoms of depression among treatment group from pre-test (M=31.13) to post-test measure (M=13.26), however; no significant mean reduction is observed among control group. Finally, the present study revealed that there is significance mean enhancement of self-esteem among treatment group from pre-test (M=14.66) to post- test measure (M=20.36) where as no significant mean change is observed among control group. Therefore, Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy is potentially effective in reducing childhood trauma from pre to post-test measures. Child care organizations as part of providing basic necessities and covering medical and school expenses, they should allow mental health professionals to address the psychosocial burdens of multi traumatized children.
Keywords: Childhood trauma, Quasi-experimental, Sexual A, Emotional Abuse, Physical Abuse.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 59 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CSSH-02: Mental Health the Aftermath of Migration among Gulf State Migrant Returnees in Amhara Regional State
Mastewal Abawa, Adera Getaneh, Dereje Workayehu, Getasew Nigussie, Girum Taye, Kassahun Tegegne, Mulusew Birhanu, Setegn Ali and Tesfaye Tafere
Abstract
Given the circumstances under which migrants flee from their countries, they are often faced with significant challenges once they arrived in the host country. Enduring community violence, political torture and the loss of their homes, livelihood, family and loved ones, refugees often suffer from depression, anxiety and PTSD. The general objective of this study is to investigate the mental health state of migrant returnees from Gulf States in Amhara Regional State. This study employed cross sectional survey design consisting only quantitative data and used inferential statistics in order to analyze the data. The result of the current study shows that Gulf state migrant returnees who were exposed to abuse or violence are 37.8 % times (95% CI [15.058, 95.225]) more likely manifested symptoms of depression when they are compared with those who were not exposed to any kind of abuse or violence. Also reported are those who were exposed to abuse or violence as being 63.4% times (95% CI [21.848, 184.129]) more likely to manifest symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder when compared with those who were not exposed to any kinds of abuse or violence. The research investigated those found to be exposed to different forms of abuse exhibited higher degree of both depression and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms than the non-abuse counterparts. Both governmental and non-governmental organizations working with women and youth in addition to supporting migrant returnees, it is better to debrief migrants about the expected difficulties they could suffer once they arrived to the host country.
Keywords: Migration, PTSD, Depression, Gulf States, Abuse and Amhara region.
CSSH-03: Current Practices and Challenges of Preschool Education in Amhara Regional State: Implication for Quality and Intervention.
Sisay Haile , Ebabush Yirdaw, Habtamu Genet, Meseret Getachew, Yoseph Megebu , Yifter Melese, Derib Abiew, Mesafint Muchie , Zelalem Alemayehu, & Hana Shewamoltot Abstract
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 60 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
The positive effects of ECCE programs on school readiness, academic progress and psychosocial well-being have been documented. This study thus, was aimed at assessing the structural and process quality of the preschool centers and whether these qualities associate with children’s cognitive, language, and social development. A cross-sectional research design was used to reach the aim of this study. The population of interest for this study was preschool centers (public and private preschools) located in urban areas in Amhara Region. A total of 52 preschool classrooms, teachers, school principals, and 651 children enrolled in K- 2 or K-3 grades were part of the study. Survey, child assessment, and observation data were collected in the 2016/17 school years. Descriptive analyses showed that the average preschool class size was about 40, with staff-child ratios of 1: 40, which is below the minimum national standard. More than half of the preschool teachers had no any preschool training specific to early childhood education. The mean value of the structural/ classroom environment quality of preschools are below the standards required in ECCE systems. As for the process quality, analyses showed that the quality of teaching methods, teacher–child interactions, assessment, and language and literacy instruction all were at the minimum level, indicating that these situations did not provide quality environment for the holistic development of children. The results of the t-tests revealed significant differences between public and private preschool programs on important structural and process quality indicators. Private preschools programs showed a higher quality than the public preschool programs did. The results of multiple regression analyses revealed that quality of language and literacy instruction and assessment were associated with children’s cognitive development; overall quality of classroom environment and teaching methods were significantly associated with children’s language and literacy development; and teacher-child interactions, instructional support, and quality of teaching methods were significantly associated with children’s socio emotional development. It can be concluded from the findings that the quality of education and care provided by preschools programs lack adequate quality standards; they operate at sub-standard levels required in ECCE systems. Implications include that there is a great need to improve the current situation of the quality of preschools centers especially with regard to physical facilities, teaching and learning materials as well as teachers. The government should regulate the provision of preschool centers to ensure that the stated objectives and goals are pursued and minimum standards are maintained. Adequate training and continuous
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 61 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet on job-training should be designed for care givers and teachers working in ECCE program to improve the quality of process quality.
Keywords: Preschool Education, structural quality, process quality, children’s development, public and private preschool.
CSSH-04 Consequences of Revenge in Amhara Regional State
Abebe Alemu, Bitwoded Admasu, Worku Tekleyes, Mezgebu Belay, Belay Shibeshi, & Meseret Asefa
Abstract Revenge, one type of destructive conflict, has brought bloodshed and property damage in Amhara regional state. The major aim of this study is to investigate the consequences of revenge in the region. To study these issues, qualitative research approach was employed. The main reason of using this research design is based on the researchers’ goal to understand the psychological, social and economic impacts of revenge in selected Woredas of the region. To collect data, in-depth interview was held with victims of revenge and the relatives of the perpetrators /killers/. Besides, focus group discussions were held with police officers and members of peace and reconciliation committee. Judicial documents and police reports of revenge were also consulted intensively. As far as sampling method is concerned, the research team purposefully selected Wogera woreda, West Belessa woreda, Denbia woreda, Debre Elias woreda and Moret and Jiru wereda as the case study based on the gravity of the problem of revenge. The result of the study shows that many people have become the victims of revenge in Amhara region. For instance, 40 people have been killed in Wogera woreda from 2003 to 2007 E.C because of revenge. In West Belessa woreda, 26 people lost their life because of revenge. 22 lost their lives because of revenge in Denbia woreda. In Debre Elias district, 18 people were killed by revenge. The indirect consequence of revenge is far more than the number of people who lost their lives. The study showed that children became without parents because of revenge. People in the study sites have developed sense of fear and insecurity due to the recurrent problem of revenge. To escape from this insecurity, individuals prefer to go to other regions of Ethiopia. Arable land has become uncultivated and this resulted in decrease in production and then starvation.
Keywords: Amhara region, Revenge, Consequences, Destructive conflict March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 62 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CSSH-05-Green infrastructure in Metropolitan urban centres of Amhara Region: Socio-economic and spatiotemporal perspective
Mikias Abera, Meseret Kassie, Kelemu Fenta, Gebreananya Gebru, Mihret Ashagrie, Bizunesh Muluneh,Endeshaw Aynetu, Seid Jibril ,Samuel Sebsibie and Nigussie Ahmedin Abstract Despite green infrastructure (GI) has tremendous social, environmental and economic significances, little attention is given, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to examine the knowledge, attitude and practice of urban inhabitants and city governors on green infrastructure; and assess the spatiotemporal conditions of green infrastructure in metropolitan urban centers of Amhara region, namely Bahirdar, Dessie and Gondar. A cross-sectional survey design was used and data was collected through questionnaire survey, focus group discussion (FGD) and Key informant interview. Moreover, satellite images were used to assess the spatiotemporal changes of GIs in the study area. The socioeconomic data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software by using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Arc GIS and ERDAS EMAGINE software were used to process and analyze the satellite image data. It was found that the majority of the respondents (87%) have knowledge about green infrastructure though there is variation among the three cities. Compared to many other sources of information about GIs, Amhara TV was most frequently indicated by the residents in the three cities. The majority of the respondents reported that the GIs in their localities are low (42.4%) and medium (47.1%) in terms of number or areal coverage. Only 10.2% of the respondents reported that the number of GIs is high in their localities. The distribution is not fair in different localities. Most of the respondents (84%) also believed that the current GIs have problems of sanitation and inaccessibility. Almost all residents are aware about environmental, social and economic values of GIs though there is variation among the three cities. Frequently, it was reported by the residents that the city administration is most responsible in GI development and management. Though the overall perception of residents towards the values of GI development seem to be positive, large portion of them are not participating in GI management and development. In all the three cities, agriculture and built up areas are expanding at the expense of green areas. It can be concluded that though the advantage of GI is recognized, attention is not given for its development and management by both the urban residents and city administrators.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 63 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Keywords: Attitude, knowledge, Practice, Arc GIS
CSSH-06: Economic importance of alley cropping agroforestry practice with Rhamnus prinoides L'Herit in cereal-dominated landscape of Maytemeko Watershed, Northwest Ethiopia
Meseret Kassie2*, Demel Teketay 3 Belayneh Ayele 4 1 University of Gondar; 2Botswana College of Agriculture 3Bahir Dar University;
Abstract This study was conducted to analyze the economic profitability of alley cropping with R. prinoides plots compared with on-farm woodlot plots and mono-cropping plots. It also identified major constraints that hamper the implementation and expansion of agroforestry practices in Maytemeko Watershed. A total of 52 plots of alley cropping agroforestry practice, on-farm woodlots and mono-cropping practice were selected. Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) were used to compare the economic profitability of farm plots. The results showed that alley cropping agroforestry practice has the highest NPV (5830 USD ha-1) followed by on-farm woodlots (1236 USD ha-1) and mono-cropping practice (155 USD ha-1) at 10 % discount rate. Small scale woodlots showed the highest aggregated BCR (5.5) compared with alley cropping agroforestry practice with BCR of 2.7 and mono-cropping practice with 1.1 since the cost invested for overall management is the minimum. Shortage of farm land, free grazing and land tenure insecurity were identified as major problems to implement and expand agroforestry practices. Alley cropping agroforestry practice seems to be promising to improve the livelihood of smallholder farmers though it may need to evaluate both supra regional market connections beyond local markets for future products and the influence of R. prinoides on other ecosystem functions.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 64 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Keywords: Agro-forestry; benefit-cost-ratio; eucalypt woodlots; mono-cropping; net present value
CSSH-07 Opportunities and Challenges of Urban Expansion on Peri-urban Residents of Amhara National Regional State: The cases of Bahir Dar, Dessie and Gondar cities
Mikyas Abera, Meseret Kassie, Gebreananya Gebru, Seid Jibril, Kelemu Fenta, Mihret Ashagrie, Endeshaw Aynetu, Nigussie Ahmedin, Bizunesh Muluneh, & Samuel Shebeshi Abstract In Ethiopia, a rapid urbanization process is demanding the transformation of land-use in rural areas surrounding cities to accommodate the ever-increasing population, industry and commercial expansion of urban areas. The effect of urban expansion is more pronounced in peri-urban areas. The objective of this study is to explore the challenges and opportunities of urban expansion on peri-urban residents. The study was conducted in 2016 in peri-urban areas of the three metropolitan cities of Amhara region: Bahir Dar, Gondar and Dessie. A qualitative study was employed. Primary data was collected using FGD, key informant interview (semi-structured), in-depth interviews and direct field observations. In this study, the major challenges of peri-urban residents were found to be a lack of good governance, land tenure insecurity, livelihood crises, youth marginalization and environmental pollution. Focus group discussants and key informants highlighted the unfairness of the land expropriation process. The land-use rights of the local peri‐urban landholders, supposed to be exercised for a lifetime, have been ceased at any time by an expropriation decision. There have been immediate evacuations of landholders; people were forced to demolish their houses before compensation has been paid. The amount of money paid for land expropriation was very low and compensation money has not usually been paid at the right time. As a result of this the rights and livelihoods of peri-urban residents have been jeopardized. Little attention has also been given for the peri-urban areas because such areas are neither under the control of urban authorities nor under the control of rural authorities. City wastes dumped on peri-urban areas harms the health condition of humans, plants and animals living in the area. The pollution of existing water and the drying of rivers in the study areas led to a grave shortage of water. Urban expansion has severely affected peri-urban youth, forcing them to live in poverty and hopelessness and led them to substance abuse and migration. Few people in peri-urban areas have benefited from their proximity to urban areas in terms of securing
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 65 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet off-farm employment opportunities. In order to address the challenges on youth, the establishment of The Peri-urban Youth Development Center (PuYDC) with the goal of developing inspired, self-reliant and community-minded youths to foster productivity by mobilizing knowledge, skills, technology and innovation through skill development and entrepreneurship training, technology transfer and the use of indigenous knowledge is recommended.
Keywords: Peri-urban, urban expansion, challenges, land insecurity, youth
CSSH-08 Levels, Trends and Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey (2000 - 2011)
Belete Debebe University of Gondar Abstract Children are the human resource banks of every nation. Above all, the first five years of life are the most crucial to the physical and intellectual development of children and can determine their potential to learn and thrive for a life time. Under-five mortality is a key indicator of social and economic development and has received attention as a part of United Nations Millennium Development Goals. This is due to more than any other age group of a population, children survival depends on the socio-economic condition. In Amhara region under-five mortality remains one of the public health problems. Although the region has made remarkable progress in reducing under-five mortality over decades it still remains high. The objective of this study is to assess the levels, trends and determinants of under-five mortality in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. The source of data comes from the three nationally representative Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2000, 2005 and 2011. A total of 8,479 children included in this study. Of these children 3,202, 2,621 and 2,656 were from 2000, 2005 and 2011 surveys, respectively. The analysis tools used include both descriptive and inferential statistics. The finding of the descriptive statistics indicates that under-five mortality was declining over the period 2000 to 2011. Moreover, the result of multivariable analysis revealed that the hazards of under-five mortality were found to be significant for male, children born from illiterate and primary
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 66 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet school mothers, children born outside marital union, mothers who do not use contraceptive and household without access to improved water. The result suggests that support system geared towards improving access and choices to women secondary educational training, integrating family planning with child survival programmes and improving sources of drinking water can reduce the existing high under-five mortality rate in the region.
Keywords: Under-five Mortality; Hazard, Hazard Model; Determinants; Survival
CSSH-09 Analyzing impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to Climate Change: In North and South Gondar Zones, Amhara region
Menberu Teshome, Dereje Amene, Gebreananiya Gebru, Belete Gelanew,Abel Markos Aysheshem Terfe,& Abebeche chekol Abstract Rural communities, who are dominantly dependent upon natural resources, have always been adjusting their livelihood against the vagaries of climate. With the global climate change, these communities have been placed in greater vulnerability as the weather and extreme events have become more unpredictable. In order to formulate suitable policy measures t0 address their livelihood, assessment of local level vulnerability is very important. This paper analyzes the micro-level vulnerability of rural community in Janamora district utilizing the data collected from 352 households from four villages located in four different districts. The analysis is based on indices constructed from carefully selected indicators for exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The indicators are weighted using Principal Component Analysis. The study elucidated LVI of the district 0.208 and IPCC-VI 0.029 (predetermined ranged of LVI is 0 to 1 and IPVV-VI is -1 to +1). Both of these values show the moderately vulnerable situation of the community to the adverse of climate change. Results suggest that the district is more vulnerable in terms of financial assets (0.69) followed by natural assets (0.62). IPCC-VI being positive means community's livelihood is more exposed to climate change impacts than it has capacity to adapt the change. Inter-village analysis of the vulnerability index indicate that the existing exposure in a locality is often modified at the household level depending upon the inherent adaptive capacity of the households to give the picture of overall vulnerability. Using only the biophysical indicators of vulnerability (exposure and sensitivity) can thus lead to an erroneous policy implication. Furthermore,
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 67 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet inter-household analysis of vulnerability indicate that poor households with low adaptive capacity are vulnerable anywhere, irrespective of where they are located. Policy measures and development efforts should be focused towards improving the adaptive capacity of the rural households, while keeping the post-disaster emergency relief measures in place for localities with higher exposure to climate extremes. The poorest households should be the primary target of any interventions.
Keywords: Exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, livelihood assets
CSSH-10 Analysis of Rural and Agricultural Policy and Plans of Ethiopia from Gender Lens.
Tewelde G/Mariam, & Mrs. Tinsae Berihun
Abstract According to growing body of literature, women in the developing world contribute up to 60- 80 per cent labor in food production. However, they are disproportionally affected by food insecurity, and lacks access to and control over productive resources. This study attempts to analyze the rural and agricultural policy and plans of Ethiopia from gender lens with an objective to answer what are the current gender inequalities in rural Ethiopia? What are the likely impact of the policy and plans to address the inequalities? And How does the gender sensitivity and pattern explain in the policy and plans. The research employed mixed research approach and used analytical framework toreview the policy document and plans. The 2003 Rural Development Policy, the two Growth and Transformation Plans (GTPs)and review literatures were used as source of data. Results indicated that,there is gender gap in the rural Ethiopia, especially in agricultural extension services; technology use and adaptation; access to and control over productive resource; and participation and benefits from agricultural developments. Despite instrumental consideration of gender issues, the policy document acknowledged and seemed to visualize the traditional gender roles of women. The plans are gender neutral; and the policy lacks transformative potential on gender power relations. The policy dominantly considers the practical gender needs (PGN) of women and its policy approach is Women in Development (WID). Thus, it seems not in a position to transform the lives of women particularly women within male headed households being the unit of
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 68 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet measurement of the policy is household. Therefore, the policy, strategies and plans of the rural and agricultural development should be revised to incorporate the practical and strategic gender needs of women to address the unequal gender power relationships and to play transformative role.
CSSH-11 Impact of climate variability on crop production in Jannamora woreda, Northeast Ethiopia
Abebech Chekol and Menberu Teshome Abstract The rain fed crop production is inherently sensitive to climate variability. Climate variability affects all countries but disproportionately affecting the poorest counties and the poor people with less capacity to cope. Climate variability, especially rainfall and temperature variability are the major problems on crop production in the highlands of Amhara region. Specifically, it analyzed the trends of temperature change and rainfall variability impacts on crop production in the study. Materials and methods: Both primary and secondary data sources were used. Primary data was gathered using household questionnaire; focus group discussions and key informants interviews. Secondary data were collected from published and unpublished materials. Temperature and rainfall data were also collected from National Meteorological Service Agency. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal research design with multi stage sampling procedure were used to select 340 respondents .Descriptive statistics(mean, percentage and range), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), simple linear regression and fixed effect panel model were used to analyze the collected quantitative data. Narration was also used to analyze qualitative data.Strong inter-annual rainfall variability and significantly increasing temperature which decrease crop production in the study areas. The fixed effect panel model indicated that both minimum and maximum temperature and rainfall affect significantly crop production through reduced seedlings area, delayed seedlings and maturity, increasing pests and total crop loss. Climate variability especially shortage of rainfall and increasing temperature significantly affects crop production in the study area. So, the local government should focus on water shade management, investment on irrigate, and rain water harvesting in the study area.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 69 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Keywords: Climate variability, Crop production, Simple regression, standardized precipitation index and fixed effect panel model
CSSH-12 Political Empowerment and Representation of Women in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects.
Tewelde Gebremariam, University of Gondar
Abstract The concept of empowerment is contextual, multidimensional and relational in nature. It could be defined as ‘a person’s capacity to make effective choices’. Nevertheless, women as a segment of population have been limited to use their capacity. However, there is radical increasing of women representation in Ethiopia (38.8 per cent representation on the 2015 election, with 11% increment). But, there is an increasing debate on the transformative potential of this descriptive (numeric) representation to substantial and symbolic representations of women. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze the transformative potential of the policy measures on gender equality in political participation and to identify the challenges in the effort of political empowerment of women in Ethiopia? Hence, using mixed research approach, qualitative and quantitative review literatures and reports were used to compile data. The findings indicated that, the current ‘fast track’ approach to increase the descriptive representation of women in Ethiopian lower house has limited substantive representation impact. This was evident for the past twenty years’ disproportionate representation of women in the legislative body and executives (25.9% difference) and the representation of women in the executive has been dominantly in the ‘weak positions’. Thus, the state in Ethiopia is continued to control the ‘strategic gender needs’ of women. The lack of freedom women’s associations can enjoy; lack of clear gender policy approach; the restrictive rules on civil society which bans involvement of civil society on gender issue are undermining women’s potential to challenge the unbalance power relationships. Thus, the finding of this study suggest, the government of Ethiopia should emphasis the ‘incremental’ approach to bring substantive representation of women and give freedom to independent progressive women’s groups to have effective choices and influence decision making.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 70 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CSSH 13: The Role of Traditional Financial Institutions of Equb in Resource Mobilization and Livelihood Improvement: The Case of Debark and DebreTabor Town, Ethiopia
Adugna Abebe, Ajanaw Alemie, Bekele Melese, Erahem Damtew, Girma Tayachew, Marshet Girmaye, & Tebaber Chanie, University of Gondar
Abstract
In Ethiopia, policy makers often emphasize on expanding formal financial institutions to provide financial services and to promote the culture of savings among the population, while giving little or no attention to traditional saving and credit associations. Such traditional associations, despite their important role in social and economic life of the local people, are considered irrelevant to development. The potential usefulness of indigenous saving and credit institutions is not considered by policy makers. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Equb in promoting socioeconomic development in Ethiopia with particular reference to North and South Gondar Zones. Empirical data for analysis were collected using survey and in-depth interview methods with Equb participants North and South Gondar Zones. The sampling procedure was that local people were used first to identify some Equb participants and places where Equbs are drawn. Equb participants who were approached by the help of the key informants were also used to identify other Equb participants. The findings reveal that Equbs has important role in efforts to reduce poverty both at the individual and community levels. Equb contributes towards poverty reduction as it encourages saving and planning, or helps people to build assets. Equbs also mobilize a substantial amount of capital and promotes the culture of saving. Almost all of the participants suggested that Equb helps individuals and households to create assets including houses, household furniture, and also as a source of initial capital. Asset creation could range from house building to purchasing household furniture such as television, refrigerator, sofa, mobile etc as per the needs and capacities of the participant. A significant proportion of the participants also indicated that indicated that they consider participation in Equb is as a social obligation. That means they engage in Equbs not only from the point of view of their own financial advantage but they also engage in order to assist other members who are in need of money. In some instances Equbs are initiated by those people who need money to undertake a certain investment like building or buying a house, starting a new business or March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 71 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet expanding an existing business, or even to perform some social events like wedding etc. To accomplish such activities and programs, it is very hard for most of the households to get loans from conventional banks that require collaterals and long and tiresome bureaucracy. So, individuals often resort to initiating Equbs to assist members who are in financial distress. So, Equps promote social solidarity and cooperation among members.
Keywords: Equb, Financial Institutions, Indigenous, Livelihood Improvements, resource mobilization
CSSH-14 Demystifying the Nile Water Discourse
Wuhibegezer Ferede* *Blue Nile Water Institute, Bahir Dar University ABSTRACT Historical linguistic and archeological evidences indicated that the Nile Basin had made rich contribution to world civilization. In addition to this advanced state of socio-economic development the basin is also dominated with tales and countless myths embedded in cultural core and the discourses of the society. Thus, this research had attempted to explore the epistemological foundations of the Nile water myths and their impact on the contemporary policy formulation and riparian dialogue for fair and equitable utilization of the river. Hence, the data collected from discourses such as ancient tales, archives, travel accounts, inscriptions, and decrees was analyzed using analytical and qualitative pluri-disciplinary approach through critical discourse analysis method. Accordingly, the basin was dominated with ethnocentric, creation, geographic, cartographic, migration and diversion myths which had direct impact on the Nile water utilization claims and counter claims. The impacts are manifested in the naming, the morphology, origin, discovery and in the quest of the ownership of the Nile water. The commutative effect of these myth driven assumptions are found as basic determinants of riparian dialogue. Thus, the demystification of the epistemological basis of the Nile water discourse by promoting water science is a demanding task for democratizing the utilization of the Nile water.
Keywords: Demystification, Discourse, Myths, Nile, Water
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Social Science and Humanities 72 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
6. College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences
CVMAS-01: In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation of the Anthelmintic Efficacy of Two Preparations of Ivermectin against Gastrointestinal Nematode in Sheep
Tamralech Tazebew, Achenef Melaku, and Zewdu Seyoum. College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar
Abstract
Gastrointestinal Nematodes are creating problems by inducing significant morbidity and mortality in sheep particularly in developing countries. Treatment using effective anthelmintics is the cornerstone for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes.This study was conducted to evaluate anthelmintic efficacy of two preparations of Ivermectin in vivo and in vitro in naturally infected sheep in Wogera district, Amhara National Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia. Sixty sheep were randomly allocated into four equal groups, the first group was treated with Albendazole, the second with Ivermectin bolus, the third group with Ivermectin injection and the last group was left un-treated (control). Faecal samples were collected on day 0 (before treatment), on day 3 and 10 after treatment. Modified McMaster technique was used for egg counting. The in vitro tested was conducted using Egg Hatch Assay in different concentrations (1, 2, 4 and 8µg per ml) of the drug. Faecal egg count reduction (FECR) of the animals which were treated with Ivermectin bolus and Ivermectin injection were 77 and 80 at day 3 and 82.7 and 91.42 % at day 10, respectively. Post- treatment egg counts and percentage reduction of the drugs were not statistically different between treatment groups but there were statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between the days (day 3 and 10) after treatment. The genera of nematodes identified before treatment assessment were Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia and Bunostomum, while Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus were the identified parasites after treatment. Both Ivermectin injection and Ivermectin bolus induced significant egg hatching inhibition in a dose dependent manner. The Ivermectin injection inhibited the hatchability of egg at 1µg/ml and Ivermectin bolus at 4µg/ml. However, there was no statistically significant difference on the inhibition of hatchability between these preparations. In conclusion this study indicated the absence of significant difference between two preparations of Ivermectin either in vivo or in vitro tests.
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 73 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Keywords: Anthelmintics, Efficacy, Gastrointestinal Nematodes, In vivo, In vitro, Ivermectin injection, Ivermictin bolus, Sheep
CVMAS-02: Morbidity Parameters Associated with Gastrointestinal tract Nematodes in Sheep in Dabat District, Northwest Ethiopia
Kalkidan Getnet , Zewdu Seyoum, Mersha Chanie, Samuel Derso, and Shumye Fentahun College of Veterinary medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar
Abstract
Ethiopia possesses one of the largest ruminant inventories, including more than 57 million heads of cattle and 58 million small ruminants. As compared to large ruminants, small ruminants have many advantages for smallholder farmers via fewer feed costs, quicker turnover, easy management and appropriate size at slaughter. However, their productivity is still low compared to the population due to poor nutrition, diseases and ‘poor’ genetic make- up of the indigenous stock. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between GIT nematode infections and associated parameters such as body condition, fecal consistency, and FAMACHA score, and to evaluate the value of the FAMACHA method for detecting anemia in sheep reared in extensive farm conditions. Gastrointestinal nematode infections and their association with morbidity parameters were studied in sheep. One hundred twenty female sheep were selected randomly to sample feces at a monthly interval for parasitological examinations. Body condition score (BCS), fecal consistency (FC) and conjunctival color (using FAMACHA chart) were determined. One- way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and χ2- analysis methods were used. The overall prevalence of infected animals for gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) was 65.67%, while geometric mean fecal egg count (FECs) was 517.5 eggs per gram. The severity of GIN infection was also determined as a mild infection (EPG <500) 55.1%, moderate infection (EPG =500-1500) 30.3%, and heavy infection (EPG > 1500) 14.6%. Five genera of strongyles were found in the fecal cultures, i.e. in descending order of occurrence: Haemonchus (33.3%), Trichostrongylus (26.7%), Bunostomum (20%), Oesophagostomum (13.3%) and Cooperia (6.7%). A significant difference was observed in the mean FEC among the FC (F = 90.279, P = 0.000), FAMACHA (F = 202.015, P = 0.009) and the body condition
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 74 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet score of the animals (F = 111.955, P = 0.000). FEC was positively correlated with the FAMACHA score (FS), while FC and BCS were correlated negatively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that FAMACHA score correlates well with severity of infection of a nematode and can be used to assess the strongyle nematode burden and serves as a useful on - the - farm tool to aid diagnosis of nematode infection in the sheep, and gives a guide on sheep that need to be treated with an anthelmintic.
Keywords: Body condition score, Dabat district, fecal consistency, FAMACHA score, GIN infection, Sheep
CVMAS-03: Human Presumptive Tuberculosis Cases: Syndromes and Animal Ownership in the Rural Communities of North-Western and North-Eastern Parts of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
Araya Mengistu, Seleshe Nigatu, Tadesse Guadu, Elias Kebede, Bimrew Admasu, Basaznew Bogale1, Atnaf Alebe1, Samuel Sebsbie3, Adugna Burju4, Wendweson Kumlachew5, Mezgebu Asmiro and Wubegzier Mekonnen
Abstract
Human tuberculosis is a global public health problem. In fact, tuberculosis is a problem for the livestock’s as well. Tuberculosis in humans should be considered early in the evaluation of patients with chronic cough. The aim of this study was to know the status of the clinical signs that could be noticed by presumptive TB cases and look livestock ownership with the existence of chronic cough in their animals. The study was cross-sectional which was conducted in 10 purposefully selected districts. The study populations were individuals who suffered from a chronic cough for more than two weeks. Questionnaire was used to collect the required information. The data were checked and entered into excel spreadsheet and exported to SPSS version 20.0 software. Descriptive statistics used to analyze the data and graphs as well as tables used to present the findings. Totally 681 individuals were found to be presumptive tuberculosis cases. More than half (nearly 53%) of them lives in the high altitudes and 49% reported a cough duration of >2 weeks to 4 weeks, while 18.7% coughed for more than one year. Among the cases 63.7showed productive cough. Three fourth of the participants reported the presence of fever, night sweat and fatigue while a quarter of them claimed blood in the sputum. Of these 83.7% own livestock and 38.4% of their animals were March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 75 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet suffering from chronic cough. Of the coughing animals 21.4% received modern treatment and only 7.4% responded. Likewise, 63.5% of livestock owners shared house with their animals.Three fourth of the participants reported the presence of fever, fatigue and night sweating while a quarter of them claimed the presence of hemoptysis. Of the owned animals 38.4% showed chronic cough and among the treated animals for the cough only 7.4% responded to the treatment. The practice of house sharing with animals was 63.5%. The presence of chronic cough in animals and less treatment response with a substantial proportion of house sharing practice might play a role in the tuberculosis disease epidemiological dynamics. Therefore, identification of causes of chronic cough, early diagnosis of presumptive tuberculosis cases, providing better attention to animal health and avoiding of common house utilization with animals is suggested.
Keywords: Presumptive tuberculosis cases, Animals, Chronic cough, Signs
CVMAS-04: Assessment of adoption behavior of soil and water conservation practices in the Simein Mountains National Park, Ethiopia
Mohammed G., Basaznew B., Genanew A., Shimels T., Mersha C., Addis G. and Aschalew A. College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar
Abstract
Despite the protected status, the SMNP is surrounded by humans with widespread farming and heavy grazing of livestock. The study aimed to assess the adoption behavior of soil and water conservation practice in selected Peasant Associations (PAs) surrounding the park. Both primary and secondary data were used. A sample of 148 households was taken from the 12 kebeles based on the farmers’ proximity to the park. In order to select these respondents a two-stage sampling approach were employed. The selection process starts by picking some random point in the list and then every nth element were selected until the desired number is secured. This study identified existing soil and water conservation (SWC) practices, constraints and opportunities with the view of improving and up-scaling appropriate soil and water conservation technologies. The result of this study revealed that, there were a significance change in production of crops in relation to Ice, shortage of cultivated and grazing land as well as conflicts among people at 95% confidence interval (a=0.05). These
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 76 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet may leads to degradation of the land as a result of excessive cultivation of a given piece of land for so many years and eventually the nutrient lost and in turn production decreased dramatically. From the result, we observed that, farmers’ need of fertilizer use dramatically increased to maximize their production (72.3%). The increasing of trend of fertilizer use may be due to observation of the impacts of fertilizers from other model farmers nearby their areas. More than 40.7% of the livestock (cows, goats and sheep) feed on open grazing land while 33.9 % are semi-grazed, 15 % feed under communal grazing land and 19% are under zero grazing. Majority of the farmers (76%) in the settlement scheme had adopted different types of soil and water conservation technologies in their farms. However, 65% of these farmer’s experience soil and water erosion with serious cases. Lack of appropriate soil and water conservation measures was identified by majority of the farmers (35%) as one of the causes of soil and water erosion. Others causes include; lack of water harvesting measures as identified by 38% of the farmers while 5.5% and 4.0% reported of over grazing. Finally, the research concluded that, policy program which is intended at shifting of the people from the park to other areas for the sustainability of the park as well as the farmers’ livelihood improvement is needed.
Key words: Soil, soil erosion, soil and water conservation, SMNP, settlement
CVMAS-05: Field experimental evaluation of commonly used anthelmintics efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Dabat district, Northwest Ethiopia
Yitayew Demessie, Zewdu Seyoum, Basazinew Bogale and Achenef Melaku College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are among the main impediments to ruminant production worldwide. Effective management of GINs negative impact on grazing sheep relies heavily on the use of highly efficacious anthelmintics. This study was conducted to evaluate the status of anthelmintic efficacy against GINs of naturally infected sheep owned by smallholder farmers and to assess the farmers perception on anthelmintics utilization practices in Dabat district, Northwest Ethiopia. One hundred twenty nematode infected sheep were used for field experimental study based on egg excretion output (≥ 150 egg per gram of
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 77 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet feces). The animals were allocated randomly into four groups (30animals/group). Group I treated with albendazole, Group II with tetramisole, Group III with ivermectin and Group IV was left untreated (as control). Fecal samples were collected on day 0 (before treatment) and on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 (post treatment). Modified McMaster technique was used for egg counting. Fecal egg count reduction test (FERT) was used to determine the efficacy of each anthelmintic at day 14 (post treatment). In addition, a questionnaire survey was also conducted on 100 selected sheep owners to assess the anthelmintic utilization practices. All used anthelmintics revealed significant (P < 0.05) reduction effect on nematode egg excretion output. Fecal egg count reduction (FECR) levels for albendazole, tetramisole and ivermectin were 97.16%, 98.86% and 97.72%, respectively. Post-treatment egg counts and percentage egg output reduction were significant varied among treatment groups. The nematodes identified before treatment were Haemonchus, Trichostronglus, Trichuris, Teladorsagia, Bunostomum and Strongyloides species. Of these, Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus species were identified after albendazole and Ivermectin treatment. The questionnaire survey revealed that albendazole was more commonly (43.8%) used anthelmintic in sheep followed by tetramisole (36.6%) and tetraclozan (19.6%). Respondents select the drugs based on veterinarian prescription (83.6%), color (27%), efficacy (4.5%), price affordability (0.9%) and availability (0.9%). The present study demonstrates the tested drugs showed significant efficacy status. Albendazole seems to have had lower efficacy than tetramisole and ivermectin. Therefore, to maintain and prolong the lifespan of the effectiveness of anthelmintics, proper utilization of anthelmintics should be practiced by farmers.
Keywords: Anthelmintic efficacy, Dabat district, FECRT, Gastrointestinal nematode, Sheep
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 78 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
CVMAS-06: Study on Pathology and Skin Quality on Treated and Non Treated Mange Mites Infested Goats
Tadegegn Mitikuewdu Seyoum, Mohammed Yesuf, Shimelis Dagnachew, Mersha Chanie, Ambaye Kenubih and G/Mariam Miruts. College of veterinary medicine and animal sciences, university of Gondar
Abstract
Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa which provides draught power, milk, meat, fiber, fuel and fertilizer. Livestock plays an important role in providing export commodities, such as live animals, hides and skins to earn foreign exchanges to the country. The study was aimed at investigating and comparing gross and histo-pathological changes on skin, skin quality, hematological and body weight alterations among treated, untreated and apparent health goats for mange mites with different treatment category. A total of 25 goats were bought from AddiArkay- zarema area. The study animals were subjected to acclimatization period for 15 days after arrival to University of Gondar. Randomized block design was employed to assess the effects of treatment and determine skin lesion improvement.Among the study animals, 20 goats were naturally infested and 5 goats were apparently healthy. Among the 20 goats which are naturally infested with the disease, 15 were classified into 3 groups as of group 1, 2 and 3 and subjected to treatment regimen with ivermectin 1%, diazinol 60% and amitraz 12.5% respectively. The other 2 additional group was formed comprising the 5 remained infected goats as positive control and 5 apparently health goat as negative control. Prior to treatment, the body weight, blood parameter and skin biopsy was taken for all animals followed by assessing those parameters in two weeks variationfor 2 months before applying the next treatment and follow up period. Histopathological finding revealed that there were parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, discontinuity of the different epidermal layers, furunculosis, heavy leucocytic infiltrations over the dermal and epidermal layers, presence of parasites and part of parasites in the dermal and epidermal layer in all infected groups until the second treatment was applied. Regarding toivermectin treated group, improvement of the gross lesion and body weight gain was observed and mites was disappeared following second treatment. But histopathological examination showed no improvement till last treatment. In the amitraz treated group of goats,
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 79 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet there was no any gross lesion recovery. The lesion was highly advanced from day to day and the whole body was became alopecia with presence of the mite and egg. Diazinon treated group showed moderate progress of the lesion after third treatment and on wards with disappeared parasite and eggs during skin scrape examination. Body weight was significantly increased in case of ivermectin and significantly decreased in amitraz treated groups. Similarly, the hematological parameters were showed significant increase and decrease in ivermectin and amitraz respectively. While the skin quality was not showed significant improvement in all treatment regimens once the animal affected with the disease. Ivermectin was found better drug of choice to treat mange mites followed by diazinon. But Amitraztreatment showed not promising effect against mange mites. The skins submitted for processing to Tannery was all degraded and rejected that implies the skin quality was not improved after the completion of treatment with different drug. So due attention to the prevention and control of the disease is mandatory to avoid economic losses related to poor skin quality.
Keywords: Goats, Gross pathology, Histopathology, Mange, Sin, Treatment
CVMAS-07: Epidemiological Study of Sheep Pox and Goat Pox in Western Amahara Region
Tsegaw Fentie, Nigusie Fanta, Birhanu Ayele, Ashenafe Assefa, Seleshe Nigatu, wassie Molla College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Sciences, University of Gondar
Abstract
Sheep and goat poxes are among the major viral infectious diseases confronting productivity of small ruminants in Ethiopia. A retrospective and cross-sectional study was undertaken in West Amhara Region to assess the knowledge of producers about sheep and goat pox diseases, analyze the spatial and temporal distribution, and determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of the diseases. Multistage sampling technique was applied for selecting study areas and animals. Serum neutralization test was used for laboratory analysis. The overall seroprevalence of sheep and goat poxes in the study region was 15.5% (95%CI: 12.7, 18.2). The diseases were found prevalent in all study zones with the highest seroprevalence in South Gondar (20.91%) and the lowest in North Gondar and West Gojjam (11.92%) zones. District level seroprevalence was ranging from 9.26% in Gozamen to 27.27% in Fogera
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 80 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet district. However the variation was not stastically significant (X2 = 14.1847, P=0.116). Species specific prevalence was higher in sheep (17.02%) than goats (14%). Among the potential risk factors considered in the study, only sex (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.18, 3.05) and age (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.46, 3.40) were found significantly associated with sheep and goat pox infections. The survey revealed that the majority of animal owners (63.4%) were aware of the sheep and goat pox diseases. The herd owners ranked pasteurellosis, peste des petits ruminants and sheep and goat poxes and contagious ecthema/ orf as the top priority diseases of small ruminants in order of their importance. Use of commonal grazing and watering points were associated with the occurrence and spread of sheep and goat pox diseases. The retrospective analysis revealed that the occurrences of the diseases were throughout the year with the highest frequency of outbreaks in the months of May and August. The geographical distribution of the outbreaks showed that the highest frequency was reported from North Showa (number of outbreaks =154) and the least from Waghamera zone (12). In conclusion, sheep and goat pox diseases were endemic occurring throughout the year in the study area with significant impact on the livelihood of the producers. Therefore, appropriate control and preventive strategies should be implemented to reduce the negative impact of the diseases in the western Amhara Region.
Keywords: Goat, Sheep, Pox, Seroprevalence, Risk factors, Western Amhara
CVMAS-08: Equine Trypanosomosis and Health Management in Selected Districts of Western Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Shimelis Dagnachew, Birhanu Dessie, Shemesia Mohamed, Muluken Yayeh, Zewdu Seyoum, Achenef Melaku,Mohamed Yesuf, Meseret Tilahun, Tadegegn Mitiku, and Habtamu Kefeyalew College of Veterinary medicine and Animals sciences, university of Gondar
Abstract
A study was carried out from November 2016 to January 2017 in selected districts of Western Amhara region (South Achefer, Jabitehnan, Dembecha and Jawi) with the aim of determining the prevalence of equine trypanosomosis and assessing their health management. A total of 768 equines, 192 from each district were examined for the prevalence study. Blood samples were collected from the ear vein of randomly selected equines (donkeys, horses and mules). The buffy coat technique was employed to determine the prevalence of the disease
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 81 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet and the packed cell volume (PCV) values was used to assess the anemic status trypanosome infected animals. Thin blood smear was made from positive animals to identify the species of the parasite. To assess the health management of equines in the study areas representative number of farmers were interviewed with a prepared questionnaire format. The main components of the questionnaire includes, types of health problems, drugs frequently used and control practice for trypanosomosis. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 18.2%(n=35) which is found only in donkeys. Among districts the prevalence was 15(7.8%), 11(5.7%), 4(2.1%) and 5(2.6%) from Jawi, South Achefer, Jabitehnan and Dembecha respectively. Themost dominant trypanosome species identified in the study area swere Trypanosoma congolense (94.28%) followed by T.vivax (5.71%). The questionnaire response revealed that trypanosomosis was found the most severe problem for donkeys. The control practice on trypanosomosis in all districts were focused mainly on cattle which pose the survival of donkey in problem and the livelihood of peoples at risk in the lowland areas. The only control practice applied on equine trypanosomosis in the study areas is use of trypanocidal drugs. In conclusion, both the prevalence and questionnaire results confirmed that trypanosomosis is an important disease of donkeys, therefore, the available control practice on cattle should consider the neglected equine population in the study areas.
Keywords: Equine, Trypanosomosis, District, Health Management, Northwest Ethiopia
CVMAS-09: Demarcating the Gene Segregations Effects, Linear Body Measurements and Performance Evaluation of Dairy Cattle Cross Breeding in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Addis Getu, Tadese Guadu, Shewangizaw Addisu, Asechalew Asefa, Nibrete Mogese, Malede Birhan, Mersha Chanie, Basazenew Bogale, Atnaf Alebie, Atsedewoyne Feresebhate, Tadegegne Mitiku Ylew Demewoz, Abaye Ashagerew College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal sciences, University of Gondar
Abstract
An investigative field survey research was done to characterize the cross breeding effects on dairy cattle performances in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Polygenic traits were considered to evaluate the performance improvement effect of cross breeding with different blood levels. Blood level like F1 (50E:50L), F2 (25E:75L), F3 (75E:25l) and F4 (12.5E:87.5l) dairy cattle
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 82 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet characterization work from north and south Gondar and west Gojam zones were conducted for the study. The relationship of body weight with other body measurements for all dairy cows with different blood level was highly significant (P> 0.01). Measurable traits of body weight and body length indicated that at F1, F2, F3 and F4 were none, little and significantly (P<0.01) reduced across blood levels with the least mean value of 401.38a, 405.72a, 405.86a and 346.13b (kg) for body length the values were 184.78a, 182.32a, 178.68ab and 169.59b (cm), respectively. Whereas, performances of cows were reduced as exotic blood was increased. So, this work indicated that F1 blood level was the superior make up and gene segregation was observed at F3 (75E:25l) generation. Factorial ANOVA indicated that peak milk yield (12.83lt/day) was measured from parity three and F1 generations. Therefore, gene segregation and down crossing effect could be the causes of economic losses and should be flew the bloods through generations. In addition, characterization of the randomly disseminated genetic resources should be done to evaluate and know the breeding practices and effect of the merit or demerits of cross breeding in the country.
Keywords: Measurable Traits, Crossbreeding, Genetic Improvement, Performance, Cattle
CVMAS-10: Anthelmintic resistance of strongly nematodes to ivermectin and fenbendazole on cart horses in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia
Alemu Zewdu, Zewdu Seyoum, Shimelis Dagnachew and Basazinew Bogale College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminth parasite infection is a major militating factor against profitable animal production in the world over. Horses among most domestic animals have been reported to be more susceptible to a large number of parasites and may harbor different species at a given time. An apparently healthy horse can harbor over half a million gastrointestinal parasites such as protozoa, trematodes, cestodes and nematodes. This is because the gastrointestinal tract provides a suitable environment for the survival and proliferation of many of these parasites. This study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 to determine fenbendazole and ivermectin resistance status of intestinal nematodes of cart horses in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Forty five strongyle infected
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 83 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet animals were used for this study. The animals were randomly allocated into three groups (15 horses per group). Group I was treated with fenbendazole, Group II with ivermectin and Group III was left untreated. Fecal samples were collected from each cart horse before and after treatment. The reduction in the mean fecal egg count at fourteen days of treatment for ivermectin and fenbendazole was 97.25% and 79.4%, respectively. It was significantly different in net egg count between treatment and control groups after treatment. From the study, resistance level was determined for fenbendazole and suspected for ivermectin. In addition, a questionnaire survey was also conducted on 90 selected cart owners to assess their perception on anthelmintics. In the survey, the most available drugs in the study area used by the owners were fenbendazole and ivermectin. Most respondents have no knowledge about drug management techniques. In conclusion: animal health extension services to create awareness regarding anthelmintic management that plays a key role to reduce the anthelmintic resistance parasites.
Keywords: Anthelmintic, Cart horse, Fenbendazole, Gondar, Ivermectin, Resistance, Strongyle nematode
CVMAS-11: Mathematical Modelling of the Transmission Dynamics of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in the Subsistence Livestock Production Systems of Ethiopia
Wudu T. Jemberu1, Don Klinkenberg2, Monique Mourits2, Henk Hogeveen2
1College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar 2Faculty of Veterinar Medcine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar
Abstract Mathematical epidemiological models have become widely used in evaluating, prioritising and deciding among alternative disease management activities. Such models that provide relevant information are not available to study the endemic FMD situation in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was, therefore, to explore the possibility of developing and parameterizing a simple FMD transmission mathematical model for a typical district in the subsistence livestock production systems of Ethiopia. The model was particularly aimed at predicting morbidity, mortality, and duration of FMD outbreaks. These outputs of the model could then be used for further economic analysis of FMD and its control. A stochastic SIR
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 84 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
(susceptible-infectious-recovered) model was formulated and parameterised with data form various sources (e.g. literature and field data). Key model parameters such as the basic reproductive ratio (which was used to derive transmission parameter) and rate of loss of immunity were estimated from field cross-sectional sero-prevalence data by maximum likelihood estimation. Simulation of the SIR model, using the estimated parameters, resulted in prediction of outbreak characteristics that did not agree well with the actual field outbreak data particulary for the pastoral system. Several unavoidable simplifying assumptions the poor quality of available data might have contributed to the limitations of the model performance. These assumptions are discussed, and areas for future improvement of the model are highlighted.
Keywords: foot and mouth disease, Ethiopia, mathematical model, SIR, transmission dynamics
CVMAS-12: Estimation of Genomic inbreeding in Five African Goat Breeds Using Run of Homozygosity
Solomon Abegaz1, M.Wurzinger2, Aynalem Haile3, Tadelle Dessie4, Solomon Gizaw4 and J. Solknear 2 1Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Gondar Agricultural Research Centre, 2Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel- Strasse33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria .3International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,4International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Abstract The recent availability of high density SNP arrays for the livestock genome has provided the opportunity for investigation of levels of autozygosity based on runs of homozygosity (ROH). Levels of homozygosity derived from ROH are recognized as potential inbreeding measure in livestock animals. This study was conducted to estimate the genomic inbreeding levels in two Ethiopian goats (Abergelle and Gumuz) and three Nigerian goats (West African Dwarf, Red Sekoto and Sahel) using genome wide SNP markers. 54 Abergelle, 41 Gumuz, 23 West African Dwarf, 22 Red Sakoto and 22 Sahel) were genotyped using the Illumina 50K SNP chip. Distribution of ROH was computed by using cgaTOH Analysis and clustering Suite software, while proportions of genome in ROH were calculated for five cut- off lengths (1Mb, 2Mb, 4Mb, 8Mb, and 16 Mb). At run length of >16 MB the proportion of animals with ROHs for Abergelle, Western Lowland, Red Sokoto, Sahel and West African March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 85 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
Dwarf were 9.4%, 7.3%, 31.8%, 30.4% and 9.1 %, respectively. At the ROH >1Mb West African Dwarf goats had the highest average number of segments (42.48±42.48) and it also cover the longest ROH segments as well (120.17MB) while Shale goat had the lowest number of ROH segments (20.5±10.01) and the shortest ROH length (61.68 MB). The estimated levels of inbreeding greater than 1 Mb were 0.0288, 0.026, 0.0388, 0.05 and 0.025 for Abergelle, Gumuz, Red Sokoto, West African Dwarf and Sahel, respectively. The results indicated that inbreeding levels are low in the two Ethiopia goats and one Nigerian goat and relatively higher in the West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto. Therefore, Suitable strategies may need to be implemented for reducing inbreeding when designing breeding programmes for the West African Dwarf and Red Sekoto goat.
Key words: Goats, Genome, Inbreeding, Runs of homozygosity
CVMAS-13: Survival Analysis of Calf Morbidity and Mortality in Urban and Peri- urban dairy farms of Bahir Dar milk-shed, Ethiopia
Yeshwas Feredea, Zeleke Mekuriawb, Wudu Temesgenc, Azage Teegneb, and Reta D Abdid, e a Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, Ethiopia,b Internationa Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,c University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia,d Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia e Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
Abstract
This longitudinal observational study was conducted between November 2014 and April 2015 in peri-urban and urban dairy farms of Bahir Dar milk-shed. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence risk rate of calf morbidity and mortality, and investigating the associated determinant factors influencing calf morbidity, mortality and survival. Retrospective and prospective cohorts were employed to recruit study calves. Accordingly, a total of 440 calves, a random sample of 322 calves from small-holder and 118 from five large dairy farms located in Bahir Dar milk-shed were included in the study. Morbidity and mortality rates were estimated using risk rate. Survival analysis using Cox- proportional hazard model was used to evaluate and quantify the association between herd and calf level explanatory variables and survival up to 180 days of age. The overall incidences of morbidity and mortality risk rates found in this study were 54.6% and 17.9%,
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 86 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
respectively. The most frequent disease condition recorded was calf diarrhea with risk rate of 25.2% followed by pneumonia (8.6 %). Older calves above three months age were at lower risk of mortality (HR=0.03, P=0.000) and morbidity (HR=0.45, P=0.000) than younger calves of below three month. The relative hazard of mortality (HR=0.15, P=0.000) and morbidity (HR=0.26, P=0.000) in good vigored calves was lower than that of calves with poor vigor at birth. Those calves fed colostrum were found at lower risk (HR=4.64, P=0.000) of mortality than those did not ingest colostrum. The relative hazard of diarrhea in crossbred calves (HR=2.63, P=0.016) was higher than that of local counter parts. Good vigored calves at birth were also found at lower risk (HR=0.24, P=0.000) of diarrhea than that of poor vigored counter parts. This study has also revealed that calves with previous treatment history were at greater risk (HR=0.076, P=0.000) for pneumonia than calves which did not receive any previous medical treatment. In conclusion, this study reported low calf survival rate and high incidence of calf morbidity and mortality which is above economically tolerable level. This record therefore, can certainly affect the productivity and profitability of these dairy farms through mainly decreasing the availability of replacement stock, which could ultimately hinders the success of small-holder dairy business. Therefore, understanding and manipulating the aforementioned determinant factors affecting calf health and survival with subsequent application of tailor-made interventions could significantly reduce dairy calf morbidity and mortality in the study areas.
Keywords: Bahir Dar Milk-shed, Calf diarrhea, Incidence rate, Morbidity and Mortality, Survival rate
March 25-26, 2017 | College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences 87 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
7. Institute of Technology
IOT-01: Integration of Space Design and Communication Technology in Healthcare Service with Ethiopia context
Abstract
Ethiopia has seen a significant deployment in changing existing paper based to electronic system based healthcare delivery: electronic system which uniquely positioned to capture, store, process, and communicate timely information to decision makers and patient for better coordination of health care at all levels of analysis. This research is about Architectural design, and it is a specific kind of design research in which the aftermath research knowledge used as a Design theory. The design theory will serve as theoretical foundations for hospital design projects in the context, which is now known in the academia as ‘practice-based design research’. The study has inquiry for how Architecture, along with communication technology and practices surrounding that technology related to affect patients’ satisfaction, effective patient movement, and hospital efficiency to improve service delivery through Architectural design. Conducting case study by survey, observation and questioner, the study found challenges which the design should address while integrating communication technology to the healthcare system. Further, result shows patients spent majority of their time in or around waiting areas with waiting list display. With this regard patients are more concerned about information, privacy and safety factors such as posted waiting list, need waiting division, ancillary activities in waiting, progressive checking and likes. Integrating those waiting area design indicators with the appropriate healthcare communication elements like digital waiting list and information kiosks is important to improve patients’ satisfaction in their stay. Beyond abstracting design theories, Along with the advancement of technologies and artificial intelligence in health care setting in the context, the study experiences that Architects and designers has to move towards evidence-based healthcare design supported by research.
Key words: Integration, space layout, communication technology, Ethiopian context
March 25-26, 2017 | Institute of Technology 88 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
IOT-02: Optimally spaced helical antenna with high directive gain
Anand Anbalagan, Alemu Sisay,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Gondar
Abstract This paper speaks about Design & Optimization of Helical antenna by improving its gain and directivity. The first phase is focused upon deriving a design that is based on the governing equation of helical antenna and simulated and functional verification is done using software tool Matlab 2015a. In second phase the helical antenna model is optimized for different parameters like number of turns, diameter of the ground plate, distance between the bottom of helix and the ground plate and observed the radiation pattern of helical antenna at various frequencies. In the last phase we change the architecture of helical antenna to tapered end helical antenna and analyze and simulate using the software tool 4NEC2 (Numerical Electromagnetics Code). Changing the above parameter using 4NEC2 for architecture and MATLAB 2015a for simulation and functional verification. Algorithm for spacing of helix is done by genetic algorithm with the threshold of spacing. Finding the gain and radiation pattern lobes with less radiation power without reducing the gain and directivity. In this case also the directivity of helix antenna improved as the GPR increases from 0.02m to 0.06m. The directivity of the helical antenna by varying the number of turns, the operating frequency and the Ground Plate. Now we change the architecture of the antenna with Rb = 6cm and Rt =1cm.The simulation result is done using 4nec2 software. We observe from the above simulation results the gain and directivity of the helix antenna can improved by varying operating frequency, ground plane radius and number of turns of the antenna. So we also change the architecture of this helix antenna using the 4NEC2 software and simulate the results using it with infinite ground plane and with center frequency of 3GHz.
Keywords: Helical antenna, directivity, gain, genetic algorithm, 4NEC2
March 25-26, 2017 | Institute of Technology 89 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
IOT-03: Experimental study on hydraulics of gabion weirs
Dessalew Tadesse1, Z. Ahmad2, Muhammad Hashid2
1Department of Water Resource and Irrigation Management, College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract In recent years gabion weirs, which are constructed using stones filled on a wire mesh attract attention; because these structures are environmental friendly unlike impermeable weirs. In the present study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the discharge characteristics of gabion weirs at submerged and free surface flow conditions. To achieve this, nine different gabion weir models were tested in a horizontal laboratory concrete flume of 9.47 m length, 0.65m depth and 0.5 m width for various range of discharge, depth of flow upstream and downstream of weir, weir height and filling material of gabion. Based on dimensional analysis theory multiple near regression equations were developed to compute the discharge passing over the permeable weirs at submerged and free surface flow regimes. The computed discharges using proposed equations in the present study are within of the observed ones for both flow conditions.Checking the accuracy of existing relationship± 10 % between pressure gradient and seepage velocity were conducted. The Ergun equation predicts accurately the observed data of water flow through permeable weir by blocking the over flow when compare to Modified Stephenson equation.
Key Words: - Gabion weir, Solid weir, free surface flow, Submerged flow, Pressure Gradient
March 25-26, 2017 | Institute of Technology 90 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
IOT-04: Design of Linear Quadratic Regulator for Networked Control Systems with Delays using Minimal Resource Allocation Network
Saravanakumar Gurusamy, Agmuasie Belay, Gondar University Institute of Technology Abstract Control systems using communication channels for information exchange among system components are called Networked Control Systems (NCSs). In NCS, from control point of view, communication channels induce time-varying delays in the control loop resulting in performance degradation and possible instability of the system. Therefore, it is imperative to design controllers considering the time-varying delays. To design an adaptive linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) for networked control systems that varies its gains based on the estimates of the time-varying network delays. A sequential learning algorithm for minimum radial basis function neural network, called the Minimal Resource Allocation Network (MRAN) is used to estimate the time delays on-line. The proposed delay estimation technique provides accurate estimates of the delays considering various channel conditions such as length of the channel, contention, loading, and the number of inputs-outputs connected to the controller among others. Then the adaptive controller gains are computed using the delay estimates. To compute the gains, LQR using the backward iteration algorithm is used. The proposed adaptive controller is illustrated on simple examples using experiments conducted on Modbus over TCP/IP to model the network delays using MRAN for various loading conditions. Resulting adaptive controller is simple, yet optimal. Results indicate that the adaptive controller varies its gain to meet the regulation and tracking performance in the presence of random delays. The proposed estimation based adaptive controller is able to adapt its gain in real-time, while simultaneously estimating the delays considering the factors influencing delays in the channel.
Keywords: -linear, adaptive, controller, channel.
March 25-26, 2017 | Institute of Technology 91 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
8. Faculty of Education
FoE-01: Principal Leadership and Community Participation on Inclusive Education in Amhara Region Primary Schools with Particular reference to North and South Gondar Zones, Ethiopia
Menber Enyew, Getnet Alene, Meseret Hasen, Markos Tezera, Getu Ambaye, and Jemberu Arega, Faculty of Education, University of Gondar
Abstract
This paper aim’s to examine the principals perception, leadership practices and school community participation towards inclusive education in Amhara regional state primary schools, Ethiopia with specific reference of North and South Gondar zones. This paper, however, focuses on the perceptions and practices of principals towards inclusive education in the two zones. To meet this objective mixed research design was used. The subjects of the study were all principals in the randomly selected schools. Questionnaire, open ended interview and Focus Group desiccation were used to collect the data. From 160 principals, 140 properly filled and returned the questionnaire. Moreover, nine principals and six schools (six principals, 18 teachers and 18 PTA members) purposively selected thus interview and FGD were hailed. To analyze the quantitative data, frequency and percentage were used and qualitative data thematically analyzed. The results showed that in most primary schools, there are varied numbers of students with disabilities as compared to the general population. The result regarding the availability of inclusive class indicated that fortunately inclusive education was better practicing. Despite of this truth, the practice of inclusive education on daily instruction for improving students’ learning standards in the selected schools are very low. According to the perception of most interviewed principals and FGD group’s inclusive education means the availability of separate class rooms for children with disabilities. This implies that respondents have low level of knowledge, understanding and awareness about inclusive education. They also expressed that out of the total sample, 42 % were non-trained, and 68 % only attended short term training. Respondents who received certificate, diploma and degree were very few in numbers. As a result, larger numbers of primary schools in the study areas do not have a specific plan to deal with students with special needs. The study suggests that the learning difficulties of children with disabilities must be considered in
March 25-26, 2017 | Faculty of Education 92 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet primary schools through building the capacity and providing adequate budget and trainings for school principals.
Keywords: Leadership, Inclusion, Children with Disabilities
FOE-02: Teacher’s Intervention Practices on Common Behavior Problems of Children with Emotion and Behavior Disorder in Integrated Primary Schools of Amhara Regional State
Yityal Alemu, Tadesse Abera, Dr. Della Cruz, Daniel G/Silassie, Nigussie Yigzaw and Hawa Alemu, Faculty of Education, University of Gondar Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the intervention practices of teacher’s in the education of children with Emotion and Behavior Disorder (EBD) in Amhara integrated primary schools. Among 11 zones and one Special Zone, through random sampling technique, the study used two zones (North and South Gondar) and Bahirdar Special Zone. To Select sample Woredas namely, Dembia, Gondar City administration, Chilga, Debarq, Debre Tabor, Fogera and Bahir Dar, multi stage sampling technique was used. To select 228 teachers out of 535 teachers Data were collected by questionnaires distributed to teachers, for the purpose investigating to document as to how the teachers are intervening in the common behavior problems of children with EBD in their classes and schools respectively. Results indicated that EBD is a common problem for every school across the world as many researches confirmed. More or less, the participant teachers of this study are taking necessary interventions on the 10 common behavior problems of sampled students with EBD on ‘Always’, ‘Usually’ and ‘ Sometimes’ basis. However, there were considerable numbers of teachers who rated themselves in ‘Not at all’ basis in their intervention practices. Apart from other studies reviewed for this research in the country, participant teachers of this study showed an encouraging intervention practice to treat, care and support students with EBD in their education. Recommendations are made regarding teachers are doing the intervention practices unconsciously without receiving a formal training as a result of may be their long years of teaching experience in the 10 common behavior problem areas of students with EBD. So, formal training has to be delivered to the teachers by universities around to the zones of Amhara Regional State as there are seven universities in the region; so that
March 25-26, 2017 | Faculty of Education 93 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet teachers will be proactive than being reactive to the exhibited common behavior problems of students with EBD in their classes and schools respectively. Teachers need to take their intervention activities on ‘Always’ basis than, ‘usually’, ‘sometimes’ and ‘Not at all’ basis, so that students with EBD in their schools would be effectively integrated and This good intervention practice of the participant teachers has to be disseminated to other teachers of the region.
Keywords: Children with Emotional and Behavior Disorder, Common Behavior Problems, Integrated Primary Schools, and Teacher’s Intervention Practices
FoE-03: Emotional and Behavioral Disorder: Causes, Consequences and its Intervention in Amhara Region Integrated Primary Schools.
Yitayal Alemu, Tadesse Abera, Hawa Alemu, Dr. Della Cruz, Nigussie Yigzaw, and Daniel G/Slassie, Faculty of Education, University of Gondar Abstract Behavioral disorder is a condition that is caused by individuals experiencing changes in their thoughts and emotions which manifest as challenging behaviors. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of behavioral disorders and emotional disorders, its factors and consequences among students with disciplinary problem at integrated primary school children in Amhara Regional State. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2016 at randomly selected zones of Amhara National Region integrated primary schools. A total of 717 school children of both male and female were selected by random sampling technique from 18 integrated primary schools found in region. Students from 5th-8th grade were included in the study. Data was collected From Teachers and parents using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to asses emotional and behavioral disorder and depression was assessed using Patient Health questioner 9 (PHQ-9) and self esteem was assessed using Romberg self-esteem scale and social skill was assessed using 14 item social skill scale, socio demographic variables, environment and clinical variables were also assessed using semi structure questioner. The finding shows that emotional and behavioral disorders were found to be 86.9% among students with disciplinary problem at integrated primary school children. Depression was found to be 33.9%. The study also indicated that 11.3% of the participant student had low self esteem and the social skills of the student were 47.11%. Male to female ratio was (3:1). The results also reveal that there is a statistical March 25-26, 2017 | Faculty of Education 94 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet significant association between behavior disorders and some individual factors related to the child and their family. In conclusion, the prevalence of emotional and behavioral disorder is high among students with disciplinary problem. Also there was evidence of complex interaction between individual and family factors. Depression and Poor social skills are higher among this special group of population. The study recommended that a periodic screening test should be provided for early detection and intervention of emotional and behavioral problems students with disciplinary problem.
Keywords: Integrated Primary school, Disciplinary problem, emotional and behavioral problems
FoE-04: በሰሜን ጎንደር ዞን የእንቆቅልሽ ክዋኔና ለቅድመ መደበኛና 1ኛ ደረጃ ተማሪዎች መዳበርና ለሥነ-ማስተማር ዘዴ ያለው ፋይዳ፤
መሰረት ሀሰን፣ ቃኘው ታረቀኝ፣ በላይ ስንሻው፣ እባቡሽ ይርዳው፣ ጋሻው አሻግሬ፣ አገኘሁ ተስፋ(ዶ/ር)፣ ጀምበሩ አረጋ፤ ሥነ-ትምህርት ፋኩልቲ፣ ጎንደር ዩኒቨርሲቲ አጠቃሎ
ፎክሎር የህዝቦች የጋራ ጥበብን፣ እሴትን፣ ልማድን፣ ባህልን፣ ወዘተ የሚመለከት እና ከትውልድ ትውልድ የሚተላለፉባቸውን ሃገረ ሰባዊ እውቀቶች የሚመለከት ነው፡፡ እንቆቅልሽ የሰውን ፍልስፍና፤ እምነት እና እሴት ለማንፀባረቅ፤ ስለምንኖርበት አለም ያለንን እይታ፤ ግንዛቤና አተረጓጐም ወይም ትንታኔም ለማስተላለፍ ሚያስችል ቃላዊ የፎክሎር ዘውግ ነው፡፡የዚህ ጥናት ዋና አላማም የእንቆቅልሽ ክዋኔና ሂደትን መፈተሸና እንቆቅልሽ ለቅድመ መደበኛና 1ኛ ደረጃ ተማሪዎች መዳበርና ለሥነ-ማስተማር ዘዴ ያለውን ፋይዳ መመርመር ነው፡፡ ጥናቱ የአይነታዊ ኢትኖግራፊ የምርምር መንገድን ተከትሎ መረጃን መሰረት ባደረገ ንድፈ-ሀሳብ የሚደመድም ነው፡፡ የጥናቱ ተሳታፊ የሆኑትን እረኞች፤ ተማሪዎችና መምህራን አመች የንሞና ዘዴን፤እቆቅልሽን ያውቃሉ የተባሉ የህብረተሰብ አባላትን ጠቋሚ የንሞና ዘዴን ፣ በመጠቀም በቃለ-መጠይቅ፣ተሳትፋዊ ምልከታ እና በተተካሪ የቡድን ውይይት መረጃ ተሰብስባል፡፡ በጥናቱ ከመስክ የተገኙ መረጃዎችን በጭብጥ በጭብጣቸው መሰረት አየተመደቡ የተተነተኑ ሲሆን እንቆቅልሾችን ከበቀሉበት ማህበረሰብ በሚከወኑበት አውድ አንፃር የቴክስትና አውዳዊ ትንታኔን በመከተል ተተንትነዋል፡፡ በዚህ ጥናት ከተካተቱት አላማዎች አንዱ እንቆቅልሽ ለልጆች መዳበር
March 25-26, 2017 | Faculty of Education 95 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
ያለው ፋይዳ መተንተን ሲሆን የጥናቱ ውጤት እንደሚያሳየው እንቆቅልሽ ልጆች የሚኖሩበትን አለም እንዲገነዘቡ፣ የአመክኒዎ ችሎታቸው እንዲጎለብት፣ የፈጠራ ችሎታቸው እንዲዳብር፣ ንቁና የሰላ አስተሳሰብ እንዲኖራቸው ያስችላል እንዲሁም አንዱ ሌሎችን የማዳመጥ፣ የጨዋታውን ህግ የማክበር፣ የህብረተሰቡን ማህበራዊ አኗኗና እሴቶች ለመረዳትና ለመማር ያስችላሉ፡፡ ከዚህ በተጨማሪም እንቆቅልሽ መቻቻልን፣ህግ- አክባሪነትን በጥሞና ሌሎችን ማደመጥንና የመሳሰሉ የስነ ምግባር መዳበር ጉልህ ድርሻ ከማበርከቱም ባሻገር እንቆቅልሽ እራስን ለማወቅ ፣ የራስን ወይም የሌሎችን ጠንካራና ደካማ ጐን መለየት/፣ በራስ መተማመንንና የመሳሰሉ ስብዕናዎችን ለማዳበር ያስችላል፡፡ በመሆኑም እንቆቅልሽ ሁለንተናዊ ለሆነ አእምሮዊ፣ ማህበራዊ፣ ግብረገብነትና ስብዕና መዳበር አስተዋፆ ያደርጋል የሚል የመረጃ ንደፈ-ሀሳብ ላይ ለመድረስ ተችሏል፡፡ ከመደምደሚያው በመነሳት የቅድመ መደበኛና የ1ኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት ሥርዓተ ትምህርት ባለሙያዎች በሥርዓተ ትምህርት፣ በመማሪያና በማስተማሪያ መጻሕፍትና ሌሎች አጋዥ መሳሪያዎች ዝግጅት ወቅት እንቆቅልሽን በአግባቡ ለማካተት ተገቢ ትኩረት ቢሰጥ የሚል የመፍትሔ ሀሳብ ተሰጥቷል፡፡
ቁልፍ ቃላት፡- ፎክሎር፣ እንቆቅልሽ፣ የልጆች መዳበር
FoE-05: Sensory Impairments: Educational, Medical and Psychosocial Assessment and Intervention of Primary Schools in North and South Gondar Zones
Kassahun Anteneh, Meseret Hassen, Belay Sineshaw, Markos Tezera, Kibrom Legese, and Yitayal Alemu, Faculty of Education, University of Gondar Abstract Education has been universally recognized as a fundamental human right to all as it helps to bring national socio economic development. Cognizant to this, Ethiopia has been committed to realize education for all. It has been implementing education policy and strategies aiming at building an inclusive education and training system that could enable all to learn and train in accordance with their full potentials and needs. However, only very few children with sensory (visual and hearing) impairments have access to education (MoE, 2012). They are also inadequately assessed and underserved due to scarcity of resources and trained SNE teachers. The Ministry of Education calls upon strong collaboration among potential stakeholders to alleviate such problems. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the
March 25-26, 2017 | Faculty of Education 96 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet involvement of stakeholders in supporting the education of primary school students with sensory impairments in North and South Gondar Administrative Zones. Specifically, its objectives were identifying the stakeholders who have been supporting the education of children with sensory impairment; and assessing their contributions and challenges. Descriptive survey design and qualitative approach was used to study 13 randomly selected woredas. Sample schools, principals, and focal persons of SNE in the schools were selected purposively. Interview and document review were used to secure the required data. The finding indicated that several Non-Governmental Organizations and very few governmental organizations are among the identified stakeholders. Their support is in providing assistive devices, financial aid, instructional material, capacity building trainings, and health services (medical assessment). Their involvement is better in resource provision and capacity building than in assessment. However, their support system is fragmented; lacks coordination; and is without strong formal partnership agreement. So that it is not economic as it is subjected to duplication of efforts. Therefore, efforts should be made to mobilize more stakeholders, organize and sustain their supports.
Keywords: Involvement, Sensory Impairment, Stakeholders
FoE-06: The Importance of Self-Advocacy Skills for Students with Disabilities in Higher Education for a Full Inclusion and a Glimpse of Ethiopian Case
A Review of Related Literature
Tadesse Abera, Department of Special Needs and Inclusive Education, Faculty of Education, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract The transition from high schools to higher education institutions can be especially difficult for students with disabilities as the impetus for securing necessary accommodations falls on students themselves rather than on parents or on the institution as it did in high schools. Students with disabilities are still facing issues in both their transition to higher education institutions and their retention to complete a degree or certificate. Educators and researchers suggest that self-advocacy skills would address the issue. A self-advocacy skill is an evidence-based predictor in secondary transition, having an impact on improved post-school
March 25-26, 2017 | Faculty of Education 97 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet outcomes in education and employment. Coming to Ethiopia, over the last few years, higher educational institutions in Ethiopia increased from 11 to 32. Universities and enrollment rate also reached to 100,000 per annum. However, the number of students with disabilities in the universities is still low. Those who joined the universities have experienced challenges of different types ranging from academic to social. Ethiopian institutions do not have any explicit policy for students with disabilities. Similarly, the available provision for students with disabilities, if any, is negligible. For example, in the university where I work in students with physical impairments are facing lack of educational materials, non-inclusive environment (inaccessibility of library, dormitory, toilet rooms, classrooms, roads, and the like) and lack of awareness by the university community. Hence, although making higher institutions to be inclusive for students with disabilities is the responsibility of higher education communities and other stakeholders, students with disabilities are also expected to play a role (by using self-advocacy skills) to get appropriate services and supports to complete their education with better academic and psycho-social achievement that enable them to be competitive in the world of job and social integration, which is the aim of this review literature.
Keywords: Self-Advocacy Skills, Students with Disabilities, Higher Education, Inclusion, Students with Disabilities, Higher Education in Ethiopia
FOE-07: The Supremacy of Feedback on Learning and Achievement to Improve Quality of Education George Raja Kumar, Department of Educational Planning and Management, Faculty of Education, UoG
Abstract Feedback is conceptualized as information provided by an agent (e.g., teacher, peer, book, parent, self, experience) regarding aspects of one's performance or understanding. A teacher or parent can provide corrective information, a peer can provide an alternative strategy, a book can provide information to clarify ideas, a parent can provide encouragement, and a learner can look up the answer to evaluate the correctness of a response. Feedback thus is a "consequence" of performance. It is one of the most powerful influences on learning and achievement, but this impact can be either positive or negative. Its power is frequently mentioned in articles about learning and teaching, but surprisingly few recent studies have
March 25-26, 2017 | Faculty of Education 98 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet systematically investigated its meaning. This article provides a conceptual analysis of feedback and reviews the evidence related to its impact on learning and achievement. The objectives of the study are: to assess the influence of feedback, to know how effective feedback is and to summarize the effect sizes relating to types of feedback. This model of feedback is then proposed by using meta-analysis that identifies the particular properties and circumstances that make it effective, and some typically thorny issues are discussed, including the timing of feedback and the effects of positive and negative feedback. Finally, this analysis is used to suggest ways in which feedback can be used to enhance its effectiveness in classrooms. This evidence shows that although feedback is among the major influences, the type of feedback and the way it is given can be differentially effective. On the other hand, when feedback is combined with effective instruction in classrooms, it can be very powerful in enhancing learning. It is important to note, however, that under particular circumstances, instruction is more effective than feedback. Feedback can only build on something; it is of little use when there is no initial learning or surface information.
Keywords: Feedback, Assessment, Student and Teacher Learning
FOE-08 Assessment of the Implementation of Active Learning Practices in Science, Mathematics, and Language Classes in Primary Schools of Amhara National Regional State
Habtamu Reta, Misganaw Alene, Kindie Abeje, Getu Kasie, and Alene Ketema, Faculty of Education, UoG
Abstract
The overall objective of this study was to assess the implementation of active learning, practices in science, mathematics, and language classes in primary schools of Amahara national regional state. More specifically, the study sought to investigate the current status of teachers and students knowledge, attitude and practice of active learning. Descriptive survey design with mixed research approach (i.e. quantitative and qualitative) was employed for this study. To collect the main data, questionnaires were administered among 58 male teachers, 40 female teachers. The data collected via questionnaires from teachers and students were computed through percentage, mean, chi square and standard deviation. The Results indicated from all the items state there was no statistical significance difference among science, Mathematics and language teachers in the implementation of active learning X2 =
March 25-26, 2017 | Faculty of Education 99 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
7.999, df=8, P > 0.05. However, science, mathematics and language teachers’ impalement active learning method such as debates, project work and discussion sometimes as the percentage shows 19.4%, 36.4 % and 56.3% respectively and students implementation of active learning across zones showed that there was no statistical significant difference among students in the implementation of active learning X2 = 6.693, df = 6, P > 0.05. However, we can understand that students were high point of view for the implementation of active learning methods but it doesn’t mean that they were highly implemented active learning method. Finally, this study recommends that for Science, Mathematics and English teachers to remain professionally competent, pre-service training alone cannot be enough and continuous professional development need to be put in place to help teachers become perpetual learners and effectively perform their day-to-day tasks. Hence, it is advisable that the school principals and the Woreda Education Office in collaboration with University of Gondar by arrange various training and discussion opportunities to create teachers in regard to the implementation of active learning methods.
Keywords: Active learning, Language, Mathematics, Primary schools, Science
March 25-26, 2017 | Faculty of Education 100 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet
9. School of law
SOL-01: Critical Assessment of the Institutional and Normative Responses to Serious Crimes in North Gondar Zone
*Wondwossen Wakene, *Abebe Assefa, *Birhan Siru, *Workneh Alemnew, *Kelali Kiros, **Samuel Sebsibie, ***Marshet Girmay, ***Ibrahim Damtew *University of Gondar, School of Law ** University of Gondar, School of Economics ** University of Gondar, Department of History Abstract
“Critical Assessment of the Institutional and Normative Responses to Serious Crimes in North Gondar Zone”aspires to deeply look into how frequently committed crimes in the Zone cut under the foundations of the societal fabric as well as the legitimacy of institutions. With this regard, four frequently occurring and statistically significant crimes, namely, homicide, perjury, corruption and human trafficking were investigated. In terms of homicide, the geographical setting, season, mechanisms, economic activities and demography have an impact on the extent and type of murders committed. In addition, the institutional responses to homicide along with nature of investigation and punishments and the prevalence of blood feuds had led the researchers question the real root problems of homicide in the Zone that almost amounts 400 per annum. Human trafficking as one normative and institutional challenge peculiar to the Zone was considered. North Gondar Zone especially Metema Woreda remains to be one of the main transit routes of trafficking. Taking this as a case study, the research paid attention to the normative intricacies and fallacies the criminal justice system has got itself into. Legally instituted institutions have failed to address human trafficking and so the research asked what exactly went wrong? Perjury on the other hand affects the legitimacy and trustworthiness of the criminal justice system because it always results in the wrongful conviction of the innocent and the exoneration of the factual guilty. Consequently, truth will not be found and justice will be futile routine. Initial surveys and key informant suggestions pin point to the prevalence of perjury in the Zone. The researchers are interested in investigating what really motivates people to lie to a court of law, particularly on crimes of homicide and human trafficking, along with why the justice machinery failed to effectively curb perjury. More over the societal reaction and March 25-26, 2017 | School of law 101 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet degeneration will all be overviewed. Thirdly, the research addressed corruption as one challenge to the legal system specifically on crimes of homicide and human trafficking. Even though corruption will not be independently studied in this research, the researchers will investigate its cross-cutting impact on the overall administration of the criminal justice system and the overarching societal allusion it poses. The study employed qualitative and quantitative approach, in combination, which provides a better understanding of a research problem or issue than either research approach alone. Thus, taking the objective and the research questions in to account, the Mixed Methods Design was employed.
Keywords: Homicide, Human Trafficking, Perjury, Corruption
SOL-02: Pharmaceutical Patents –Its role in the development in the State
T. Vidya Kumari
University of Gondar, School of Law
Abstract Patents have been accepted by the global society for past several centuries with immense trepidation and anxiety as monopoly interests are created on products and processes that are primarily ‘social goods’ necessary for mankind irrespective of caste, creed and community ,rich and poor of all countries at various levels of development. Patents are granted in all fields of technology. The International Patent Classification under the Strasbourg Agreement of 1971 that entered into force on Oct 7 1975 divides technology into 8 sections – A) Human necessities; B) Performing Operations; C) Chemistry; Metallurgy D) Textiles, Paper; E) Fixed Constructions, F) Mechanical Engineering, Lighting, heating, Weapons, Blasting; G) Physics, H) Electricity. In addition, there are also approximately 70,000 subdivisions. In this huge legal canvas of inventions the Pharmaceutical patents are placed differently as the advantages and disadvantages on conferring Patents on drugs pose a serious threat to the fundamental right to Health of the citizens. The utility of the Pharmaceutical Patents are examined in the light of the various theories that justify the Patent Regime. To that effect, the exclusive issues relating to patents of drugs are examined in detail. Accordingly, the paper is to examine the exclusive features of the pharmaceutical patents and its impact on the developing countries like India and Ethiopia. Thus, a detailed examination of the issues has
March 25-26, 2017 | School of law 102 UOG-27th Annual Research Conference Abstract Booklet led to several recommendations to the Government of Ethiopia for an effective utilization of the Patent regime on drugs that are of imminent necessity to the people of Ethiopia.
Keywords: Pharmaceutical Patents, Development, Health
March 25-26, 2017 | School of law 103