Stuck in the Weeds: TAH Exploring the X-ray Universe with -ray NuSTAR, the Hard Way Astrophysics Daniel R. Wik University of Utah
with Silvano Molendi, Fabio Gastaldello, and like 40 other people (who don’t happen to have offices within walking distance…)
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 1 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 2 Why NuSTAR?
• 18”-1’ angular resolution • OK collecting area
But: • high energy sensitivity • low background
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 3 Characterizing the background and PSF enables the study of…
Stars (Eta Car)
Supernova Remnants Supermassive (Cas A) Black Holes
Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter Galaxies (NGC 253) Dead Stars in binaries Clusters of Galaxies
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 4 High Energy X-rays identified with Eta Carinae
Chandra
NuSTAR 30-50 keV
Hamaguchi+ 18 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 5 Inverse Compton from the shock
Hamaguchi+ 18
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 6 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 7 Cas A
Grefenstette+ 14,16
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 8 Supernova Remnant W49B: Physics of Shocks
Yamaguchi+18 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 9 Supernova Remnant W49B: Physics of Shocks
pi-0 decay synchrotron
e- bremss
IC
p+ bremss
Tanaka+18 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 10 NGC 253: Effect of all SNRs
Wik+14 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 11 NGC 253: What we do detect: XRBs Wik+14
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 12 X-ray emitting binaries
Cataclysmic Variables white dwarf
non-mag.
mag. High Mass donor Low Mass donor BH or NS BH or NS
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 13 The Andromeda Galaxy, M31
Hubble footprint TheThe Andromeda Andromeda GalaxyGalaxy, M31 NuSTAR (M31)
GALEX
1 M31 XRB CO Nature Wik+ in prep
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 16 M31 XRB Population
Wik+ in prep
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 17 Interlude: Why is this science “hard”?
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 18 Overcoming technical challenges
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 19 Galactic fields are crowded: stray light common
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 20 White dwarf binary population in the Galaxy
non-mag. Perez+19
mag.
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 21 Stray light from the Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB) dominates other components from 3-20 keV
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 22 Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB)
Calibration uncertainties persist, affect AGN population synthesis models
NuSTAR
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 23 Absolute CXB measurement constrains AGN pop.
<24 nH log
nH<22 log Compton-thick Population log nH=24-26
=22-23 =23-24 H H n n
log log
Ueda+ 2014
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 24 Steve Rossland grad student
~50 Ms to work with
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 25 Solar Component (sunshine - darkness)
pointed at Earth in sunshine residual (sky - earth)
pointed at Earth in darkness
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 26 Constraining sterile neutrino dark matter
Roach+19
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 27 Characterizing the background and PSF enables the study of…
Stars (Eta Car)
Supernova Remnants Supermassive (Cas A) Black Holes
Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter Galaxies (NGC 253) Dead Stars in binaries Clusters of Galaxies
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 28 Bullet Cluster
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 29 How are particles heated & accelerated during a merger?
Bullet shock front Cluster gas flow
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 30 Conflicting evidence so far: bow shocks
Mach~3 Mach~2
(de-projected) (projected)
Bullet Cluster: Markevitch 2006 Abell 2146: Russell et al. 2012
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 31 How are particles heated & accelerated during a merger?
Bullet shock front Cluster gas flow
RELIC
Shimwell+ 2014 Shimwell+ 2015 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 32 Bullet Cluster 7-30 keV Shocks 270 ks + 150 ks Clusters of Shock Interest
Cool Core Cool Abell 665 Core Abell 2146 4-25 keV 4-25 keV Cool 200 ks 260 ks Core
Shock
Abell 2163 Cool 4-25 keV Shock? Core 110 ks
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 33 Abell 2163 16 14 Cool IC upper limit kT Core corresponds to a lower 12 (keV) limit on B of 0.22 uG (T+IC) or 10 0.35 uG (T-map)
single APEC Abell 2163 4-25 keV Shock? background 110 ks
Rojas+ in prep.
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 34 Abell 665: another Mach~3 shock
Chandra ~150 ks
0.7 – 2 keV
Dasadia+ 16
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 35 Abell 665: Chandra-only vs. NuSTAR-only
Chandra NuSTAR ~200 ks
kT (keV)
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 36 Suggestive, but need to add PSF modeling
Shock front
Vankayalapati+ in prep.
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 37 Abell 2146 NuSTAR Observation (260 ks)
3-5 keV 6-10 keV 10-20 keV Temperature Map
kT (keV)
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 38 NuSTAR data reject high kT of upstream shock
Abell 2146: Russell et al. 2012
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 39 Same method applied to the Bullet Cluster
3-20 keV kT (keV) September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 40 shock region Need a new method
rates all tied by kT
8-12 keV
12-18 keV
NuSTAR constraints Chandra norm. 18-25 keV
Rate too hot
just right
too cold 1 3 5 10 30 Energy (keV)
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 41 Bullet Cluster: resulting temperature comparison
Chandra SB Chandra kT Chandra kT NuSTAR kT
8 10 12 keV 14 16 keV 18 20
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 42 Insufficient statistics in the Mach~3 region (so far)
M~2
M~3
M~2
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 43 NuSTAR observations Abell 2256 Perseus of extended clusters
Coma
Cygnus A Ophiuchus
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 44 Ophiuchus Cluster Core: Merger-generated Mini-halo?
Werner+16 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 45 Ophiuchus Cluster Core: Merger-generated Mini-halo?
A B Time of NuSTAR Observation
Now
Stray Light from Granat 1716-249
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 46 Ophiuchus Cluster Core: Merger-generated Mini-halo?
2.43e-04 12.6 1.92e-04 11.9 1.47e-04 11.1 1.09e-04 10.4 7.64e-05 9.72 4.95e-05 9 Rate(counts/sec) 2.87e-05 8.28 (keV) Temperature 1.38e-05 7.56 4.95e-06 6.84
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 47 New, more subtle, stray light
12.6 11.9 11.1 10.4 9.72 9
8.28 (keV) Temperature 7.56 6.84
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 48 Coma Cluster Focused Rays Scattered Light
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 49 Potential to address calibration limiting factor for cosmology
Schellenberger+ 2015 Jahoda+ 2019
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 50 Future Proposed Hard X-ray Missions
Make another NuSTAR, but better! HEX-P: more area + 15” HPD NASA Probe concept
JAXA mission concept Or use the FORCE Luke! NuSTAR area with 15” HPD. Or Both.
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 51 Take aways
• NuSTAR is great for measuring, and spatially resolving, high temperature gas in galaxy clusters • kTs largely agree, but NuSTAR tends to produce less extreme temperatures • IC emission: no detections yet • Abell 2163: strong limits rule out previous IC estimates • A665, A2146: underway, no indications of IC • Shock measurements: not yet definitive, but strong promise • Abell 665: somewhat favors electron shock-heating • Abell 2146 & Bullet cluster: more work needed, but may be limited by NuSTAR’s resolution
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 52 Suzaku-measured temperature jump
Planck-measured XMM-Newton pressure jump Chandra
NuSTAR
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 53 Abell 2256: kT (and IC?) features
JVLA Claimed temperature jump
No Chandra jump seen
Cool core and NuSTAR cold front
XMM-Newton Trasatti+ 2015
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 54 Ways this work can help with XRISM analysis
The NuSTAR-XRISM synergy is excellent: I’m trying to hire a - both have order 1 arcmin PSFs person to do exactly - bandpasses overlap but combine for a much broader total bandpass this, right now! - both require similar tools/techniques to deal with PSF-mixing
If you or someone Galaxy cluster science does not require simultaneous observations! you know is - assuming scattered light can be dealt with, current mosaics can be interested in such combined with future XRISM observations work, please let me - as Hitomi demonstrated so well, NuSTAR’s survival until XRISM’s know! launch is not guaranteed; better to begin deep, Legacy-class surveys of likely XRISM targets ASAP!
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 55 Systematics in galaxy cluster kT measurements
Schellenberger+ 2015
September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 56