Stuck in the Weeds: TAH Exploring the X-ray Universe with -ray NuSTAR, the Hard Way Astrophysics Daniel R. Wik University of Utah with Silvano Molendi, Fabio Gastaldello, and like 40 other people (who don’t happen to have offices within walking distance…) September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 1 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 2 Why NuSTAR? • 18”-1’ angular resolution • OK collecting area But: • high energy sensitivity • low background September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 3 Characterizing the background and PSF enables the study of… Stars (Eta Car) Supernova Remnants Supermassive (Cas A) Black Holes Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter Galaxies (NGC 253) Dead Stars in binaries Clusters of Galaxies September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 4 High Energy X-rays identified with Eta Carinae Chandra NuSTAR 30-50 keV Hamaguchi+ 18 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 5 Inverse Compton from the shock Hamaguchi+ 18 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 6 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 7 Cas A Grefenstette+ 14,16 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 8 Supernova Remnant W49B: Physics of Shocks Yamaguchi+18 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 9 Supernova Remnant W49B: Physics of Shocks pi-0 decay synchrotron e- bremss IC p+ bremss Tanaka+18 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 10 NGC 253: Effect of all SNRs Wik+14 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 11 NGC 253: What we do detect: XRBs Wik+14 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 12 X-ray emitting binaries Cataclysmic Variables white dwarf non-mag. mag. High Mass donor Low Mass donor BH or NS BH or NS September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 13 The Andromeda Galaxy, M31 Hubble footprint TheThe Andromeda Andromeda GalaxyGalaxy, M31 NuSTAR (M31) GALEX 1 M31 XRB CO Nature Wik+ in prep September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 16 M31 XRB Population Wik+ in prep September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 17 Interlude: Why is this science “hard”? September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 18 Overcoming technical challenges September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 19 Galactic fields are crowded: stray light common September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 20 White dwarf binary population in the Galaxy non-mag. Perez+19 mag. September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 21 Stray light from the Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB) dominates other components from 3-20 keV September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 22 Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB) Calibration uncertainties persist, affect AGN population synthesis models NuSTAR September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 23 Absolute CXB measurement constrains AGN pop. <24 nH log nH<22 log Compton-thick Population log nH=24-26 =22-23 =23-24 H H n n log log Ueda+ 2014 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 24 Steve Rossland grad student ~50 Ms to work with September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 25 Solar Component (sunshine - darkness) pointed at Earth in sunshine residual (sky - earth) pointed at Earth in darkness September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 26 Constraining sterile neutrino dark matter Roach+19 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 27 Characterizing the background and PSF enables the study of… Stars (Eta Car) Supernova Remnants Supermassive (Cas A) Black Holes Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter Galaxies (NGC 253) Dead Stars in binaries Clusters of Galaxies September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 28 Bullet Cluster September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 29 How are particles heated & accelerated during a merger? Bullet shock front Cluster gas flow September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 30 Conflicting evidence so far: bow shocks Mach~3 Mach~2 (de-projected) (projected) Bullet Cluster: Markevitch 2006 Abell 2146: Russell et al. 2012 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 31 How are particles heated & accelerated during a merger? Bullet shock front Cluster gas flow RELIC Shimwell+ 2014 Shimwell+ 2015 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 32 Bullet Cluster 7-30 keV Shocks 270 ks + 150 ks Clusters of Shock Interest Cool Core Cool Abell 665 Core Abell 2146 4-25 keV 4-25 keV Cool 200 ks 260 ks Core Shock Abell 2163 Cool 4-25 keV Shock? Core 110 ks September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 33 Abell 2163 16 14 Cool IC upper limit kT Core corresponds to a lower 12 (keV) limit on B of 0.22 uG (T+IC) or 10 0.35 uG (T-map) single APEC Abell 2163 4-25 keV Shock? background 110 ks Rojas+ in prep. September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 34 Abell 665: another Mach~3 shock Chandra ~150 ks 0.7 – 2 keV Dasadia+ 16 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 35 Abell 665: Chandra-only vs. NuSTAR-only Chandra NuSTAR ~200 ks kT (keV) September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 36 Suggestive, but need to add PSF modeling Shock front Vankayalapati+ in prep. September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 37 Abell 2146 NuSTAR Observation (260 ks) 3-5 keV 6-10 keV 10-20 keV Temperature Map kT (keV) September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 38 NuSTAR data reject high kT of upstream shock Abell 2146: Russell et al. 2012 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 39 Same method applied to the Bullet Cluster 3-20 keV kT (keV) September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 40 shock region Need a new method rates all tied by kT 8-12 keV 12-18 keV NuSTAR constraints Chandra norm. 18-25 keV Rate too hot just right too cold 1 3 5 10 30 Energy (keV) September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 41 Bullet Cluster: resulting temperature comparison Chandra SB Chandra kT Chandra kT NuSTAR kT 8 10 12 keV 14 16 keV 18 20 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 42 Insufficient statistics in the Mach~3 region (so far) M~2 M~3 M~2 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 43 NuSTAR observations Abell 2256 Perseus of extended clusters Coma Cygnus A Ophiuchus September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 44 Ophiuchus Cluster Core: Merger-generated Mini-halo? Werner+16 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 45 Ophiuchus Cluster Core: Merger-generated Mini-halo? A B Time of NuSTAR Observation Now Stray Light from Granat 1716-249 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 46 Ophiuchus Cluster Core: Merger-generated Mini-halo? 2.43e-04 12.6 1.92e-04 11.9 1.47e-04 11.1 1.09e-04 10.4 7.64e-05 9.72 4.95e-05 9 Rate(counts/sec) 2.87e-05 8.28 (keV) Temperature 1.38e-05 7.56 4.95e-06 6.84 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 47 New, more subtle, stray light 12.6 11.9 11.1 10.4 9.72 9 8.28 (keV) Temperature 7.56 6.84 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 48 Coma Cluster Focused Rays Scattered Light September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 49 Potential to address calibration limiting factor for cosmology Schellenberger+ 2015 Jahoda+ 2019 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 50 Future Proposed Hard X-ray Missions Make another NuSTAR, but better! HEX-P: more area + 15” HPD NASA Probe concept JAXA mission concept Or use the FORCE Luke! NuSTAR area with 15” HPD. Or Both. September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 51 Take aways • NuSTAR is great for measuring, and spatially resolving, high temperature gas in galaxy clusters • kTs largely agree, but NuSTAR tends to produce less extreme temperatures • IC emission: no detections yet • Abell 2163: strong limits rule out previous IC estimates • A665, A2146: underway, no indications of IC • Shock measurements: not yet definitive, but strong promise • Abell 665: somewhat favors electron shock-heating • Abell 2146 & Bullet cluster: more work needed, but may be limited by NuSTAR’s resolution September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 52 Suzaku-measured temperature jump Planck-measured XMM-Newton pressure jump Chandra NuSTAR September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 53 Abell 2256: kT (and IC?) features JVLA Claimed temperature jump No Chandra jump seen Cool core and NuSTAR cold front XMM-Newton Trasatti+ 2015 September 13, 2019 — Daniel R. Wik — INAF IASF-Milano 54 Ways this work can help with XRISM analysis The NuSTAR-XRISM synergy is excellent: I’m trying to hire a - both have order 1 arcmin PSFs person to do exactly - bandpasses overlap but combine for a much broader total bandpass this, right now! - both require similar tools/techniques to deal with PSF-mixing If you or someone Galaxy cluster science does not require simultaneous observations! you know is - assuming scattered light can be dealt with, current mosaics can be interested in such combined with future XRISM observations work, please let me - as Hitomi demonstrated so well, NuSTAR’s survival until XRISM’s know! launch is not guaranteed; better to begin deep, Legacy-class surveys of likely XRISM targets ASAP! September 13, 2019 — Daniel R.