An Investigation of the Stability of Thermistors
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JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards Volume B3, No.3, May-June 1978 An Investigation of the Stability of Thermistors S. D. Wood*, B. W. Mangum*, J. J. Filliben**, and S. B. Tillett* Institute for Basic Standards, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234 November 30, 1977 In order to beller characterize thermi stors, a group of 405 bead-in-glass and di sc thermi stors were aged in constant temperature baths. Samples of 135 thermistors were aged in each of three constant temperature baths held at 0, 30, and 60 0c. Eac h sample was composed of 65 bead-in-glass and 70 disc thermi stors whi ch represented a total of six manufacturers and s ix resistance values. The thermi stors were maintained at temperature for 550 to 770 days and their resistances and the bath te mperatures were periodically moni tored. Analysis of the data revealed systematic differences between bead-i n-glass and di sc thermi stors upon ageing and indicated a dependence of agein g behavior on bath temperature and resistance value. Drift rates wi th in groups of thermistors from each manufacturer were fairly uniform. Large initial changes in the drift rate fo r the disc thermistors at 30 and 60 °C (and to a much lesser extent in the bead-in-glass thermi stors) require that thermistors for use at a n accuracy level of a few te ns of millikelvins be aged prior to use. Key words: Clinical laboratory; medical thermometry; resistance thermometer; semiconductor the rmometer, aging; thermistor; thermometer. 1. Introduction of temperature for a typ ical th ermistor is show n in figure l. There we see that th e simple exponential is not adequate and The use of thermistors has grown rapidly over the past few that more terms are needed in the exponent to completely years and thermistors are now used in a wide variety of describe th e resistance-temperature relationship [1 -4]. ' Al industries. In some cases, e.g., in the medical instrumenta though of intrinsic interest, the development of a more tion industry, in clinical Laboratories, and in other biomed i complete resistance-temperature relationship is beyond the cal appli cations, they playa cri ti cal role in cruc ially impor scope of this paper. tant diagnostic procedures. In spite of their wid espread use All of the commercially available form s of thermi stors and in spite of th e fact th at they are used in vitally important discs, beads, rods, washers, and fl akes - may be made from cl ini cal applicati ons, they have not heretofore been ade th e same material and therefore obey th e same resistance quately characterized with regard to their stability while temperature relati onship. Because we chose to study bead being maintained at a fixed temperature or to their stability in-glass (hereinafter referred to as bead) and disc th ermistors upon thermal cycling. In order to remedy this situation, especially in regard to the ir use by the biomedi cal commu nity, we undertoo k a program to investigate th e behavior of a large number of thermistors obta in ed from the major manu 1000 fac turers. In this paper we report the results of an i nvesti ga tion of the stability of th ermi stors while they were being 500 maintained at a fixed temperature. 200 Thermistors are ceramic semi conductors which exhibit 100 large changes in resistance with changes in temperature. In 50 this article, we shall consider only those thermistors which are composed of metal oxides and which have large, negative 20 temperature coeffi cients of resistance. Among the advantages 10 of thermistors are that they can be mad e small enough to be inserted into a cuvette or into a patient; they are rugged ~ '"N enough to withstand use by untrained personnel and they are !!: 2 f- sensitive enough that sophisticated measuring equipment is a: 1 not needed. In addition, they are relatively inexpensive. 0.5 Thermistors are very non-linear in th eir response to temperature. To a first approximation, the resistance, R, of 0.2 a thermistor obeys the relation 0.1 0.05 (l) 0.02 0.01 wh ere R 0 is the resistance at To , f3 is a constant, and T is in -60 - 30 30 60 ~O 120 150 kelvins. A graph of the logarithm of resistance as a function TEMPERATURE .O C • Heat Division •• Stati stical Engineering Laboratol), F,GURE 1. Ratio of thermistor resistance at tem I Figures in brackets indicate li terature refe rences at the end of thi s paper. perature T to that at 25°C versus temperature. 247 as representative of all thermistors, we will discuss the TABLE 1. Manufacturersfrom whom, thermistors/or this study were construction of only these two types. obtained Both beads and discs are prepared from a mixture of metal Fenwal Electronics, Inc. oxides, predominantly those of Mn and Ni, to which are Culton Industri es, Inc. added dopants (usually glass or oxides of Cu, Co, or Fe) to Keystone Carbon Company Thermometries, Inc. adjust the final resistance of the unit. For beads, the oxide Victory Engineering Corporati on mixture is added to a binder to create a slurry, a drop of Yellow Springs Instrument Company which is placed across two taut lead wires. The bead is then dried and sintered, its leads are trimmed, and it is then coated with glass and heat treated. For di scs, the oxide TABLE 2 . Thermistors "sed in this study mixture is usuall y compressed under high pressure. The Di scs resulting pellet is si ntered and its flat faces are coated with Beads a paste consisting of silver and glass. The paste is fired, lead Resistance at Number of Manu- Resistance at Number of Manu- wires are soldered to the silvered faces with a tin-lead solder, 25°C, Ohms facturers 25°C, Ohms faclurers and then the unit is heat treated . For discs, the resistance 2,000 4 1,000 2 behaves much like that of a wire resistor (the resistance is 10,000 3 2,000 4 proportional to the thickness and inversely proportional to 15,000 1 5,000 4 30,000 5 10,000 4 the cross-sectional area of the disc) while for the beads, the resistance depends on a complex set of CUlTent paths between the two embedded lead wires. During sintering, the value of held approximately 60 L of non-conductive oil. There was a f3 (see eq 1) is fixed for both beads and discs. Thus, after co-axial coil in each bath which served two purposes - the sintering, the manufacturer can change the value of a coolant from a small refrigeration unit circulated through the thermistor's resistance by changing its size and shape but he inner tube and the outer tube was the heater. This meant that cannot change its temperature coeffi cient, a the heating and cooling systems were in intimate contact and [a = (l/R)(dR/dT) = - f3JT2]. could work with each other smoothly, thereby producing better control of the temperature. The baths were stirred 2. Experimental Aspects constantly by use of propellers and a stirring motor which produced the flow pattern shown in figure 2. In addition, 2.1 Thermistors Selected for Investigation. there were shallow ( -1 cm) vertical baffles along the sides of the bath to insure the circulation of the oil at the edges Bead and disc thermistors were selected for the study toward the center. By means of a commercially available because they are the most widely used by the medical controller, the tempe rature of each bath was controlled to industry, because they are representative of all forms of within ±2 mK of its set point over the course of a day. thermistors, and because their manufacture involves very different processes. Included in this study were resistance values which the medical in strumentation industry and ~ --------- 60em ------------~----~ clinical laboratories would find useful. For a given resistance 1--22 em ------1 I-- --22 em ------+j value, we tried to assure that all of the thermistors had ..~~~ ==~~-r~*==+====~f '\ closely matched resistance-temperature characteristics be CONTROL tween 0 and 125°C. This was accomplished by choosing THERMOMETER thermistors whose values of f3 were nearly identical. This was PRT most important for the thermistors whose resistances at 25 °C are 5, 10 and 15 kil. These units can be made from either a ~ c high resistance oxide mixture to which are added resistance ~ C p reducing dopants or a low resistance oxide mixture to which P PROPELLERS are added resistance increasing dopants. The 5, 10, 15 and c 30 kil thermistors were made from a high resistance oxide C P. mixture. The 1 and 2 kil thermistors were made from a low \. resistance oxide mixture. As a final criterion, we selected those manufacturers IFIGURE 2. Flow pattern of the oil in a constant temper which sell large numbers of thermistors to medical instrument ature bath (front view) showing the positions of the monitoring manufacturers and clinical laboratories. While not all therm (PRT) and control thermometers. istor manufacturers were included, the six we chose represent the bulk of bead and disc sales in the United States. They The baths were checked for uniformity with a 25.5 il are listed in table 1. The final choice of thermistor resistance platinum resistance thermometer. In horizontal planes 5.5 values and the number of manufacturers for each value are and 8 cm below the oil level of the bath, the largest non shown in table 2.