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Thermocouple Selection Guide

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A\)(BQ%A\!"C# Encuu!2 1!!,2711¢E<! 1 for t < 1100°C, qt!²2/1¢E P 3/885 23/;85 39/566 47/367 54/957 . [1 + 0,003 x (t - 1100)] for t > 1100°C JVM Encuu!3 1! ,2711¢E<! ²1/1136 /!v qt!²2/6¢E T 1/758 4/519 8/;61 21/617 24/339 28/562 A\)+BQ%A\!"B# Encuu!4 . U 1/757 4/36; 8/456 ;/698 22/;62 26/693 A\+(BQ% Encuu!2 . D 1/144 1/898 4/265 5/945 7/897 21/1;; A\.BQ!"3# Encuu!3 ,711!,2811¢E<! ²1/1136 /!v qt!²2/6¢E Encuu!!4 ,711!,2811¢E<! ²1/116 /!v qt!²5/1¢E Pqvg< v!?!cevwcn!vgorgtcvwtg Wug!vjg!nctigt!qh!vjg!vyq!fgxkcvkqp!xcnwgu Comparison of Sensor Types Thermocouple Platinum Resistance Thermistor Thermoelement, Platinum-wire wound or flat- Ceramic Sensor two dissimilar metals/alloys Thermometerfilm resistor (metal oxides) Accuracy (typical values) 0.5 to 5.0°C 0.1 to 1.0°C 0.1 to 1.5°C Long term Stability Variable, Prone to ageing Excellent Good Temperature range -200 to1750°C -200 to 650°C -100 to 300°C Thermal response Sheathed – slow Exposed tip – fast Wirewound – slow generally fast 0.05 to 2.5 secs 0.1 to 10 secs typical Film – faster typical 1-50 secs typical Excitation None Constant current required None Characteristic Thermovoltage PTC resistance NTC resistance (some are PTC) Linearity Most types non-linear Fairly linear Exponential Lead resistance effect Short cable runs satisfactory 3 & 4 wire – low. 2 wire – high Low Electrical “pick-up” susceptible Rarely susceptible Not susceptible Interface Potentiometric input. Cold junction Bridge 2 wire resistance compensation required 2,3 or 4 wire Vibration effects/ shock Mineral insulated types suitable wirewound – not suitable. Film – Suitable good Output/ characteristic From 10µV/°C to approx. 0.4 W/°C -4% / °C to 40µV/°C depending on type Extension Leads Compensating cable Copper Copper Cost Relatively Wirewound – more expensive Inexpensive low cost Film – cheaper to moderate Comments and values shown in this chart are generalised and nominal. They are not intended to be definitive but are stated for general guidance. Different Thermocouple Junctions Sheathed Thermocouples – Measuring Junctions Many alternative sheath materials are used to protect thermoelements, three alternative tip configurations are usually offered: An exposed (measuring) junction is recommended for the measurement of flowing or static non-corrosive gas temperature when the greatest sensitivity and quickest response is required. An insulated junction is more suitable for corrosive media although the thermal response is slower. In some applications where more than one thermocouple connects to the associated instrumentation, insulation may be essential to avoid spurious signals occurring in the measuring circuits. An earthed (grounded) junction is also suitable for corrosive media and for high pressure applications. It provides faster response than the insulated junction and protection not afforded by the exposed junction. Different Thermocouple Types The Nicrosil-Nisil thermocouple is ideally suited for accurate measurements in air up to 1200°C. In vacuum or controlled The materials are made according to internationally accepted atmosphere, it can withstand temperatures in excess of 1200°C. Its standards as laid down in IEC 584 1,2 which is based on the sensitivity of 39µV/°C at 900°C is slightly lower than type K (41µV/°C). international Practical Temperature scale ITS 90. Operating Interchangeability tolerances are the same as for type K. temperature maxima are dependent on the conductor thickness of the thermoelements. The thermocouple types can be subdivided in 2 Type T – Copper-Constantan: This thermocouple is used less groups, base metal and rare (noble) metal: frequently. Its temperature range is limited to -200°C up to +350°C. It is however very useful in food, environmental and refrigeration -200°C up to 1200°C – These thermocouples use base metals applications. Tolerance class is superior to other base metal types and Type K – Chromel-Alumel: The best known and dominant close tolerance versions are readily obtainable. The e.m.f/temperature thermocouple belonging to the group chromium-nickel aluminium is curve is quite non-linear especially around 0°C and sensitivity is type K. Its temperature range is extended (-200 up to 1100°C). Its 42µV/°C. e.m.f./ temperature curve is reasonably linear and its sensitivity is 0°C up to +1600°C – Platinum-Rhodium (Noble metal) 41µV/°C Thermocouples Type J – Iron-Constantan: Though in thermometry the conventional Type S – Platinum rhodium 10% Rh-Platinum: They are normally type J is still popular it has less importance in Mineral Insulated form used in oxidising atmosphere up to 1600°C. Their sensitivity is between because of its limited temperature range, - 200C to +750°C. Type J is 6 and 12 µV/°C. mainly still in use based on the widespread applications of old instruments calibrated for this type. Their sensitivity rises to 55µV/°C. Type R – Platinum rhodium 13% Rh-Platinum: Similar version to type S with a sensitivity between 6 and 14µV/°C. Type E – Chromel-Constantan: Due to its high sensitivity (68µV/°C) Chromel-Constantan is mainly used in the cryogenic low temperature Type B – Platinum rhodium 30% Rh-Platinum rhodium 6% Rh: It range (-200 up to +900°C).
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