Katsouraki2018.Pdf
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. The Theatre Director’s Philosophical Entanglements Aesthetics and Politics of the Modernist Theatre Evanthia Katsouraki A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2017 1 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed solely by me, that it is my own work, and that it has not been submitted in whole or in part for any other degree or professional qualifications. The thesis includes two peer reviewed published articles written by me and for which I have attained copyright permission for their inclusion in this thesis. Signed: Evanthia Katsouraki Date: 2.2.17 2 To my mother and father 3 abstract This thesis presents a conceptual examination of the modernist director read through Gillian Rose’s speculative lenses of the ‘broken middle’. Highlighting the significance of speculative philosophy, I explore the meaning of the director as a mediating subjectivity. I demonstrate how a speculative reading of the director can act as a corrective to the received totalitarian, despotic image of the director. I urge for the rehabilitation of the director as a history and as a practice and I propose the emergence of this figure as being the outcome of a complex theatrical articulation entangled with the discipline of philosophy. Combining close readings of philosophical texts by Rose, Plato, Castoriadis, Badiou, Rancière, Laclau and Mouffe, among several other intellectual references in this study, I explore the director as a mode or trope of embodied philosophy. My argument also proposes the director as an Event, in Badiou’s definition, and I trace this configuration as already taking place with the ‘tragic’ paradigm of the Athenian theatre. This Event of the director, I then argue, gets fully inaugurated in modernism as the Event of thought in theatre. I explore how the director acting as a mediator transforms theatre to what Puchner calls ‘a theatre of ideas’ while simultaneously philosophy becomes itself transformed to a theatre of thought. Chapter 1 outlines the key strands of Rose’s thought and sets out the theoretical parameters of my examination. The chapter argues for a speculative reading of the director cross-examined with current positions within theatre historiography. The chapter paves a new understanding of the director, not historically, but conceptually, as a mode of embodied thought. Chapter 2 explores the relationship between the primacy and centrality of the aesthetic paradigm of theatre in philosophy and the role and practice of the poet – or ‘chorodidaskalos’ – who I consider as an early philosophical figuration of the modern director. I highlight speculative ‘aporia’ which in Rose indicates a path ‘with- out a path’ as the primary modality of thinking philosophically, already at work in tragedy, that renders the modernist director as a theatrical thinker. Chapter 3 puts forward the case of the director’s mediating subjectivity by arguing for the Event of the director. I analyse Badiou’s philosophy of the Event, making connections to speculative philosophy and illuminating the Evental dimension of this figure. Chapter 4 moves the examination to the Event of the director that I locate in Richard Wagner. My reading explores the philosophical dimension of Wagner as an artist and a thinker by which I rehabilitate his overtly negative image. I do this by reading Left Hegelianism, and anarchist philosophy more broadly, in Wagner’s operatic works, writings, and political activism. Chapter 5 examines the ‘speculative director’ in the aesthetic project of Naturalism and Realism. The chapter includes a published section by which I explore the political mode of the director indirectly, by examining the articulatory discourse in Laclau and Mouffe’s definition and the practice of affirmation. Chapter 6 looks at the avant-garde manifesto as a form of meta-language that seeks to actively re-shape theatre and the world as embodied, declaimed philosophy. The chapter repositions the avant- garde’s aesthetic preoccupation with failure as a profoundly transformative project rather than as being incomplete. The included published article examines more closely the affinity between the Spartacus Manifesto by Rose Luxemburg (philosophy) and the more politicized forms of the Dada Berlin manifesto art (theatre). Chapter 7 is the concluding chapter by which I argue the case of the director finally having entered the theatre as a philosopher; that is, through Bertolt Brecht. 4 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Image: Angelus Dubiosus by Paul Klee PART I: Philosophical Figurations of the Director 1. Introduction: Theatre’s Broken Middle 2 Historiography and the (Philosophical) Director 12 The ‘Tragic’ Gesture of the Mediating Subjectivity 23 Chapter Outlines 28 2. Between Theatre and the Polis Participation 33 ‘Didaskein Choron’: The Poet/Director 39 The Poet/Director as a Democrat 46 Democracy, Hubris, Aporia 50 The Greek ‘Tragic’ Imaginary 55 An Aporetic Ethics 60 Theatrocracy in the Middle 63 The Poet as a Form of Thought 70 3. The Event of the Modernist Director 75 Framing, Reframing, Enframing 78 Mediation as the Evental Director 87 Theatre and Philosophy 93 5 PART 2: THE DIRECTOR’S PHILOSOPHICAL MODERNITY 4. ‘Feeling Together’: Richard Wagner’s Affect Aesthetic Politics 105 Wagner’s Philosophical Opening 112 Wagner, the Philosopher 118 Wagnerian Affectivity 125 The Politics of the Common 125 Wagner’s Philosophical Gesture of ‘Becoming’ (‘Das Werden’) 129 Wagner’s Left Hegelianism 132 Anarchist Wagner 137 The Radical Turn: Schopenhauerism 141 The Aesthetics of Metamorphosis 145 The Social Case of Wagner 150 5. Unthinking Naturalism and Realism: Antagonism, Hegemony Census The Speculative Middle of the Naturalist / Realist Director 159 Negotiating Reality 166 - Introduction to published article 171 ‘Affirmative Antinomies of Naturalist and Realist Theatre’. Performance Research. Routledge. 2014. pp. 63-73. Naturalist, Realism, Articulation Realism, Naturalism, Hegemony and Antagonism Social Realism and Hegemony Conclusion to published article 173 6 6. The Director’s Meta-Language: Avant-Garde Manifesto Between Theatre and Revolutionary Poiesis 175 Inhumanity and the Futurist Manifesto 178 Marinetti’s Meta-Language 182 Specters of Enchantment 187 - Avant-Garde ‘Failures’: Introduction to published article 191 ‘Violating Failures: Rose Luxemburg’s Spartacus Manifesto and Dada Berlin Anti-manifestation’. Somatechnics. Edinburgh University Press. Vol 3. No. 1. 2013. pp. 50-7. Failure and the Manifesto Spartacus Uprising – A Historical Context Rosa Luxemburg’s Aporetic and Failure Failure as Negative Poiesis Ontological Violence of Failure The ‘Spartacus’ Manifesto – Body of ‘Being,’ a Tortured Body Dada Berlin Anti-Manifestation Failure and ‘the Work of Love’ - Conclusion to published article 196 7. Conclusion: The Director’s Theatrocratic Middle The Director as Philosopher: Bertolt Brecht 197 Bibliography 214 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My biggest thanks go to my supervisor Professor Olga Taxidou for her endless support, deep insight, and invaluable direction throughout the various stages of this project. I’m also very grateful to my second supervisor, Dr Alexandra Smith for her encouragement, feedback and ideas, all of which were enormously helpful to me. A special thanks to Linda Grieve, the Graduate School Administrator, for her support and guidance with the various forms I had to fill in, especially towards the last stages of the submission process. I also want to thank the University of Edinburgh for funding my participation to international conferences to present some of this present research, for providing me with the opportunity to get some of this research published in peer review articles, and for giving me, above all, the necessary support to see this project into completion. Finally, yet not least, I want to thank my family, colleagues and friends, for their love, understanding and faith in me over the years during this project. 8 Angelus Dubiosus by Paul Klee 9 PART 1 Philosophical Figurations of the Director 10 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Theatre’s Broken Middle In response to Walter Benjamin’s evocation of Paul Klee’s Angelus Novus, wherein he famously depicted the angel of history turning his head back, but with his wings facing forward while watching, frozen in horror, as the ruins of history piled up, Gillian Rose proposes another of Paul Klee’s angels, namely Angelus Dubiosus: …[a] hybrid of hubris and humility – who makes mistakes, for whom things go wrong, who constantly discovers its own faults and failings, yet who still persists in the pain of staking itself, with the courage to initiate action