Recent Research on Ladakh: an Introductory Survey John Bray
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HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 18 Number 1 Himalayan Research Bulletin: Solukhumbu Article 10 and the Sherpa, Part Two: Ladakh 1998 Recent Research on Ladakh: an Introductory Survey John Bray Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Bray, John (1998) "Recent Research on Ladakh: an Introductory Survey," HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: Vol. 18 : No. 1 , Article 10. Available at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol18/iss1/10 This Research Report is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Research . Reports Recent Research on Ladakh: an Introductory Survey John Bray In the last 25 years, the north-west Indian region of At the Herrnhut conference Henry Osmaston of Ladakh has attracted intense interest from researchers Bristol University formally proposed the establishment representing a wide range of nationalities and of the International Association of Ladakh Studies disciplines. Like Tibet, Ladakh lies to the north of the (IALS). Subsequent conferences were organised under main Himalayan range, but it belongs politically to the the auspices of the IALS in Bristol (1989); London Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Until 1834 it was (1992); Leh Ladakh, (1993); Bonn (1995); and Aarhus, an independent kingdom, and it is one of the few Denmark ( 1997). The proceedings of all these remaining Buddhist regions which has retained a degree conferences have been published or are in press (see of social and religious continuity, despite political RROLs 4-8), and the next conference is due to take upheavals in neighbouring Tibet. However, nearly half place in Ladakh in 1999. The IALS publishes a of the region's population are Muslims, and recent newsletter, Ladakh Studies, and actively promotes research has pointed to cultural influences from the contacts between Western and Ladakhi or other Indian regions to the south and west as well as from Tibet. As scholars. the title of one of the best general surveys points out The only bibliography specifically devoted to (Rizvi 1996), Ladakh lies at the 'crossroads of high Asia.' · Ladakh is Bray ( 1988), and much new material has appeared since it came out. To date six bibliographic Western scholarship on Ladakh falls into two supplements have been published in Ladakh Studies, distinct phases. From the mid-nineteenth century until and these include more than 400 new items. This article Indian independence in 1947, the region came under is intended to serve as a concise introduction to the colonial influence; and British officials and German main themes of current research. It cites what is missionaries contributed a number of important studies. designed to be a representative sample of recent work, as This phase came to an end after independence. Ladakh well as the most important older texts, but makes no adjoins disputed international boundaries both to the claim to be comprehensive. east and to the west, and in 1948 a Pakistani army came close to capturing Leh, the regional capital. The region CLASSICAL TRADITIONS again became a theatre of conflict with China in 1962- 63, and there were two further wars with Pakistan in Indigenous Learning 1965 and 197 l . Most foreigners were barred from Tibetan Buddhism has traditionally placed great entering Ladakh because of its gee-strategic sensitivity. importance on scholarship, and monasteries were the However, in 1974, the Indian authorities re-opened main sources of learning for monks, and to a lesser Leh and the Indus valley to outsiders, and this new extent, for Buddhist lay people. Ladakh's Spituk accessibility led to the second phase of Western monastery maintained a residence (khang mtshan) in the scholarship on Ladakh. David Snellgrove and Tadeusz great Tibetan monastery of Tashi Lhunpo, and the more Skorupski wrote an early survey of Ladakh's cultural scholarly Ladakhi monks went there and to other parts heritage, focusing particularly on Alchi monastery of Tibet for higher education and meditation training. ( 1977, 1980). Other younger scholars from a variety of Meanwhile, ordinary people commonly travelled to the disciplines and natior.alities followed, and in 1981 great pilgrimage sites of Tibet. From a religious point Detlef Kantowsky and Reinhard Sander organised a of view, Ladakh was very much part of the wider world conference on Ladakh in Konstanz (Germany). This of Tibetan Buddhism. resulted in the first of a series of collections of research Historically, the dominant written language in papers (RROL 1). Four years later in 1985 Patrick Ladakh was classical Tibetan, the language of the Kaplanian and Claude Dendaletche organised a follow-up Buddhist scriptures. The indigenous literary tradition conference in Pau (LHOEE); and a third took place in concentrated on religious works, but these have often Herrnhut, in the then German Democratic Republic in included a strong historical element. Examples include 1987 (WGFN). the biographies (rnam thar) of major religious figures RESEARCH REPORTS: Bray, Research on Ladakh 47 such. as the eighteenth century Zangskari saint, Nawang century Hashmatullah Khan , an Indian official who Tsenng (Grub-chen Ngag-dbang Tshe-ring, 1736-1794), served in the Jammu and Kashmir administration, wrote who has been studied by a contemporary namesake a detaifed Urdu-language history of the region ( 1939) . (Nawang Tsering 1979). Other works recorded the region's political history. The most notable is the La However, the most important academic contributions during the British period came not from ~vags rgy~l ra~s, a royal chronicle which was probably ftrst comptled m the seventeenth century , and continued officials but from Moravian missionaries. H.A. as far as the nineteenth. Jaeschke compiled a pioneering Tibetan Dictionary English Dictionary (1881), which paid special Meanwhile, for ordinary Ladakhis, one of the main attention to local lin guisti c variations. A.H. Francke, sources of traditional wisdom has come not from who worked in Ladakh and Lahul from 1896 to 1908, written texts, but from the oral tradition . Ladakh has its published the text of the La dvags rgyal rabs ( 1926), as own version of the Kesar saga, which is well known in well as a series of articles and books on Ladakhi Tibet and Mongolia, as well as a rich variety of folk history, rock inscriptions, folk stories and religious stories and songs. In recent years many of the folk beliefs. Francke subsequently became the first professor songs have been compiled and published by the local of Tibetan at Berlin University. Walravens and Taube branch of the Jammu & Kashmir Cultural Academy have recently publislied an extended bibliography (1992) (1970-1994). listing more than 200 of hi s publications, as well as unpublished papers which are scattered across a series of Despite the region's large Muslim population, few archives in Germany and abroad. significant pre-20th century Urdu and Persian texts referring to Ladakh have come to light. Among the most important is the Tarikh-i-Rashidi (Ross 1895), the CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH memoirs of a Moghul military leader who invaded General Surveys Ladakh in the sixteenth century. Among contemporary authors, Janet Rizvi has Western Perspectives written the best introducto ry survey for non-specialists ( 1996). Kaplan ian's introduction to Ladakh (1 981) The first Westerner to leave a detailed account of his remains useful, although it needs to be updated in the travels in Ladakh was the Italian Jesuit Ippolito light of new research. Crook anci Osmaston (1994) have Desideri, who travelled through Ladakh on his way to produced an important collaborative work on the local Lhasa in 1715. However, his writings were not economy, culture and religion of the Zangskar valley. published in Italian until the late nineteenth century, This is a multi-disciplinary study based on fieldwork and the first English edition did not appear until later conducted by British and Indian schol ars in the early still (Desideri 1931). Partly as a result, Desideri is 1980s, before the construction of the valley's first much less known than William Moorcroft, a British veterinary surgeon who spent several months in the motor road. region between 1820 and 1822. Moorcroft was an astute Historical Research commentator both on Ladakh's economic potential-he was patticularly interested in the potential of the trans The best single source for the earl y hi story of Himalayan wool trade-and on local political intrigues. Ladakh remains Petech (1977) , which draws on the La His fame in Ladakh studies rests partly on his own dvags rgyal rabs , as well as a large range of other writings: an edited version of his travel reports was Tibetan-language sources. Important recent publications published after his death (Moorcroft and Trebeck 1837). include Vitali (1997), which breaks new ground in the He made a further significant contribution by persuading study of the neighbouring regions of West Tibet the Hungarian scholar Alexander Csoma de Koros to between the lOth and 15th centuries. In the field of art take up the study of the Tibetan language. With the history, Roger Goepper (1996) has produced a detailed, help of Sanggye Phuntsog (Sangs rgyas Phun tshogs), illustrated study of the 12th century wall -paintings in Csoma later published the first reliable Tibetan-English Alchi monastery. Neil Howard has contributed a series dictionary (1834). of studies of the ruined forts of the Indus valley and Zangskar (e.g. 1995), while Peter Schwieger (e.g. 1996) In 1834 Ladakh was invaded by a Dogra army from has filled in gaps in the 18th century history of Ladakh.