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A Study of the Commercial and Recreational W&M ScholarWorks Reports 1-1-1972 A Study of the Commercial and Recreational Fisheries of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, Accomack, and Northampton Counties: History Review and Recommendations for Improvements V. G. Burrell Jr. Virginia Institute of Marine Science M. Castagna Virginia Institute of Marine Science R. K. Dias Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Burrell, V. G., Castagna, M., & Dias, R. K. (1972) A Study of the Commercial and Recreational Fisheries of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, Accomack, and Northampton Counties: History Review and Recommendations for Improvements. Special Reports in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering (SRAMSOE) No. 20. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary. https://doi.org/10.21220/ V5N445 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1s• 75° 74° 73° .,. ., .. -f. .. _.. -··;.- _; .. ,· . .,--~ ·' _.-··-· i _.,· .. -·· 39,"4-.:...;..:.._~Jp.._-A,-~.,;.._;__.:+--------___;_;~---+--+c:.:.;,..:if---------''--------:l---/-i-'.---~--~-+---,:.-+, -----::~-,,----"-~-,;--.,.-"11,t OMMERcui. 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I ·, - ,:, / ,·'.(:;;;/ :>, ..'': ...,/r- ,/t·'ty, 1972 _; Y \ r~1;_:;/i ,:~.... pera tion with ·~;;;iL,.-----l;~'.!L..----!----_....,.:..,...____ ~::..._-1---',........;_~....::.:;--.:.:..:.::;::..;...__-4 _________ -+---------tfit3 . ,: ,' ( (:_·.-·······--·· '7itgft1ia D_!visio · of State Plannin and ·, ( i (if t Comm nity Affairs '·- _: ' .. - ' '· .· ) \ ! i / / Deliparva dvisory Council ( ;i //; S~ Gran Program, VIMS • Ee'l~tiom:i,c.i Develo ment Administrati n of ---- _,:·, ! /1:· ,' i : ! '-.i ii, f: t;the' U. S. De artment of Commer e ~ : '·-'i / _.·, ' : ~ecre~~i~na;L and Co ercial Fishing In ustries of ,. i ; \'. \ ·· .. ,_ the astern Shore i_ ,' i \. \ 1 1 : ! : I ',;.+....~;.;.z.---=-=--+---~...,__-----!,--____._____.·'-f-,-+-.;----=::---::.-=-+-:-----=--;-;-----=----+--------t1rt3 ; ; /:' , inary Edition .. , nee and ute of Marine Sci nee int, Virginia 23 62 1s• 75• 74• 73• A STUDY OF T"rlE COMI.'1ERCIAL AND RECREATIONAL FISHERIES OF THE EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA, ACCOMACK AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTIES History review and reconunendations for improvements Edited by v. G. Burrell, Jr~, M. Castagna, and R. K. Dias January, 1972 In cooperation with Virginia Division of State Planning and Conununi ty Affairs. Delmarva Advisory Council Sea Grant Program, VIMS Economic Development Administration of the U. S. Department of Commerce Recreational and Conunercial Fishing.Industries of the Eastern Shore Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 20 from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science Gloucester Point, Virgini~ 23062 This study was carried out under provisions of Technical Assistance Grant Project #03-6-09198 from the Economic Develop­ ment Administration of the u. s. Department of Commerce to the Virginia Division of State Planning and Community Affairs. Additional support was also provided as a result of research sponsored by NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce, under Grant #I-36032. Matching funds were provided by Virginia Institute of Marine Science of the Corrunonwealth of Virginia. The U. S. Government is authorized to produce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation that may appear hereon. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS :,_· ii INTRODUCTION 1 ECONOMIC HISTORY (Chapter I) 3· Introduction ·3 Historical Data ··~- 4 .. ; -r, Statistical Data 10 Explanation of Tables 12 Discussion of Figures 18 Conclusion 24 Literature Cited 25 THE OYSTER INDUSTRY ( Chapter II) 27 Introduction 27 Natural History 27 Diseases and Predators 28 Description of the Fishery 32 Where Oysters Grow 32 How Oysters are Grown, Harvested and Processed 41 Packing, Grading, Distribution 44 Oyster Production 45 ii Labor 54 Problems of the Industry 57 Recommendations 58 Summary and Conclusions 62 Literature Cited 63 THE HARD CLAM INDUSTRY (Chapter III) 64 Introduction 64 Natural History 64 Harvesting 69 Packing and Shipping 73 Labor and Mechanization 75 Problems of the Industry 77 Reconunendations 79 Sununary and Conclusions 80 - Literature Cited 82 THE .$URF CLAM IN~UST~Y (Chapter ,IV) 93· - '.l History of Fishery 83 Natural History 84 Description of the Fishery 85 Harvesting Method 85 Virginia Eastern Shore Industry 86 Harvesting 88 Processing 88 Future Potential. 89 iii Labor 90 Mechanization 90 Problems of the Industry 90 Recommendations 91 Summary and Conclusions 91 Potential Ocean Quahog Fishery 92 Literature Cited 93 THE CRAB INDUSTRY ( Chapter V) 94 Introduction 94 Natural History 95 Production and Importance 96 The Hard Crab Fisheries 105 Soft and Peeler Crab Fishery 109 Potential Value of the Blue Crab Fisheries 112 Potential for Fisheries on Other Crustaceans 112 Lobster Fisheries 113 Problems of the Industry 114 Hard Crab Industry 114 Soft Crab Industry 115 Recommendations /. 115 THE FINFISH INDUSTRY ( Chapter VI) 117 Introduction 117 Description of the Fisheries 122 The Pound Net Fishery 122 The Pot Fishery 126 iv Haul Seine Fishery 126 The Gill Net Fishery 127 The Trawler Fishery 127 Handling and Marketing 128 The Industrial Fishery 131 Labor 132 Finfish Industry Problems 133 Recommendations 141 Research Needs 141 Education and Training 142 Increasing Efficiency 143 New Product Development 144 Promotion of Products 146 -- Management 147 Legislation 148 Sununary and Conclusions 150 Literature Cited 151 RECREATIONAL FISHING (Chapter VII) 152 Introduction 152 --- General Trends 153 Value of Marine Sport Fishing to the Eastern Shore 156 The Effects of Increased Sport Fishing Effort 159 Sununary and Reconunendations 160 Literature Cited 163 V TANGIER ISLAND (Chapter VIII) 164 Introduction 164 The Fisheries 165 Discussion and Recorrunendations 166 SUMMARY (Chapter IX) 169 Literature Cited 176 RECOMMENDATIONS (Chapter .X) 177 The Oyster Industry 177 The Hard Clam Industry 178 The Surf Clam Industry 179 The Blue Crab Industry 180 Finfish Industry 181 Recreational Fishing 182 General Recorrunendations 182 Literature Cited 187 vi -1- INTRODUCTION The fishing industry of the Eastern Shore is probably the oldest industry in Virginia. Its importance has been reflected within the Eastern Shore and throughout Tidewater. As part of the industrial development section of the Accomack and Northampton Counties, Virginia Developmental Study, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science was requested by the Governor's Office to submit a report of the seafood industry of this important bi-county area of the Commonwealth. Specialists in the biology of various species presently utilized reviewed that portion of the industry in which they have expertise. This report is a compilation of their studies. The participants were Dr. J. D. ,AndFews, v. G. Burrell, Jr., M. Casta~na, Dr. w. J. Davis, R. K. Dias, W. P. Duggan, D. s. Haven, Dr. E. B. Joseph, Dr •. J. Loesch, J. J. Norcross, J. B. Pleasants, c. E. Richards, and W. A. Van Engel. Other staff members were consulted for specific information. Dr. A. B. King of the School of Business Administration of William and Mary acted as a consultant. Questionnaires to provide additional information from various segments of the seafood industry were used in interviews. Separate / questionnaires were designed for processors, harvesters, oyster lease holders, coJIUnercial and sport fishermen. Interviews were also held to define long-term fishery trends and included former operators of ocean pound net fisheries and former employees of -2- . the Smith Menhaden Factory. Virginia Marine Resource Commission inspectors were interviewed to obtain information on licenses and trends in corrmercial fisheries. Motel, marina, and campground operators were interviewed to ascertain the seasonality of the sport fishery. Boat ramps were visited on several occasions, including weekends, to determine most used areas and home areas of the fishermen. These studies have brought to light some interesting aspects of the commercial fishing industry on the Eastern Shore. We find that many of the problems that plague the industry are the same ones that have been with the industry from its early days and are not unique to this area. Many of the industry's problems will be exceedingly complex and will be difficult to overcome. · we--are indebted to the many industry personnel, fishermen, and inspectors for answering our questions and for their interest and generous help in this study. -3- Chapter I ECONOMIC HISTORY by J. B. Pleasants /.• Introduction The Eastern Shore of Virginia is composed of two counties which divide the Virginia portion of the penins.ula between them on an east-west line. Accomack, the northern-most, has more than twice the land area of its
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