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Illustrated Key to the Tribes of Subfamilia Ichneumoninae and Genera of the Tribe Platylabini of World Fauna (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)

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Illustrated Key to the Tribes of Subfamilia Ichneumoninae and Genera of the Tribe Platylabini of World Fauna (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Linzer biol. Beitr. 41/2 1317-1608 18.12.2009 Illustrated key to the tribes of subfamilia Ichneumoninae and genera of the tribe Platylabini of world fauna (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) A.M. TERESHKIN A b s t r a c t : Detailed descriptions of 60 Ichneumoninae species, 37 Platylabini genera, and 27 tribes and subtribes of Ichneumoninae subfamily of the world fauna are presented in this article. Cratolaboides nov.gen. is described. Schematic illustrations of separate parts of Ichneumoninae body and terminology used in taxonomic works by different authors are provided. An attempt was made to unify terminological means used in Ichneumoninae terminology. Maximally standardized scheme of the description of ichneumon flies is supposed to ease the realization of comparative investigations and fulfillment of new descriptions. All considered taxa are illustrated by standard color tables including a total drawing of species and most meaningful in the taxonomy of the group parts of body (head in two foreshortenings, propodeum and 1-2 segments of abdomen), executed in accordance with a unified scheme. In case of need, drawings of other structures characterizing taxon of certain rank are presented in addition. Thus, a graphic representation corresponds to a verbal description of each taxonomic character. Platylabini taxonomic characters used for definition of generic structure of the group are specified. Basing on this, conclusion on the possibility of usage of certain taxonomic characters and their combination to identify tribal belonging (to characterize tribe as a whole as an example to develop Ichneumoninae tribal structure) were made. The article is illustrated by 482 drawings including 146 black and white drawings, illustrating morphology peculiarities of different systematic groups, and 336 colored drawings tabulated in 60 tables, illustrating morphological peculiarities of taxa under consideration. K e y w o r d s : Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae, Platylabini, genera, description, picture. Introduction One of the main merits of any taxonomic work is a possibility of using it in a compara- tive aspect to carry out subsequent investigations. The gateway to the solution of the given problem, to our opinion, is the maximal unification and standardization both of the taxa’ descriptions and their graphical presentation. The necessity of a scientific drawings preparation in entomology is dictated by two cir- cumstances. On the one hand, there are a lot of groups of insects requiring rather labour- consuming verbal description; key couplets for such groups occupy considerable volume. © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 1318 Thus, identification of different rank taxa becomes extremely complicated. A good ex- ample of such group are ichneumon flies of subfamily Ichneumoninae (Ichneumonidae). Their morphological diversification is generated not by diversity of constant trait combi- nations, but by free, almost occasional combination of the same traits. This phenomenon is connected with a mode of evolution in the treated group that led to a plenty of closely related and hardly differentiated species. Furthermore, the establishment of superspecific taxa is more difficult than distinguishing of species (RASNITSYN 1978). According to G. Heinrich (HEINRICH 1967a), "…in a young subfamily, such as the Ichneumoninae proba- bly are, intermediate characters can be expected to be still in existence more frequently than in most other groups. Hence the genera can not be so sharply separated as our taxo- nomic mind would like." One of the ways to make superspecific taxa identification easier is preparation of tables of illustrations of a type or the most characteristic species of taxa of different rank belonging to the subfamily. One of the conditions of a successful solu- tion of this problem, to our opinion, is a standard preparation of tables fulfilled by a single specialist in the treated group (TERESHKIN 2004). On the other hand, while preparing descriptions of new taxa, particularly higher, tax- onomist must have a type or comparative material from different, often hardly accessible collections. The solution of this problem is also seen in a preparation of maximally stan- dard illustrations and descriptions of taxa. The availability of illustrations of taxon repre- sentatives correctly prepared by taxonomist makes it possible to avoid necessity of using of type material and representatives of related taxa. In higher taxa of the subfamily, the above mentioned obtains special significance because of the mode of group evolution and, as a result, morphological definiteness of higher taxa, based on a combination or conjunction of comparatively small number of taxo- nomic characters. The foundation of taxa description standardization was laid by Gerd HEINRICH (1962- 1977), and standardization of illustrative material was founded by Henry TOWNES (1969- 1971). We made an attempt to go further in those directions and strengthen and unite each of them. We consider maximal standardization and unification to be a basic princi- ple of successful taxonomic works that will promote the group investigation and allow to accomplish description of new taxa of various rank without necessary visual examination of all its representatives. Methodology of preparation of the standard taxa illustration charts for taxonomists, both possessing and lacking artistic skills, is considered in details in "The methodology of a scientific drawings preparation in entomology on example of ichneumon flies (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)" (TERESHKIN 2008). Modern digital technologies allow to describe and represent taxa without saving space. It is necessary to keep a strict order of consistency in the description of characters, with indicating of their presence or absence, since a trait is typical for at least one representa- tive of a taxon not being afraid of iterations. To retain the order of presentation of the body parts, it is advised to divide separate segments description with full stop. Such scheme is more preferable for further comparative analysis or for preparation of new descriptions. For example, only in Notoplatylabus "pronotal base with angular projection above front coxae". In this case, it is necessary to indicate morphology of the pronotal base describing other genera of the tribe, e.g. "pronotal base gradually rounded", thus preserving an order of characters description. Thus, performing this work it was necessary to carry out unification of terms and to © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 1319 describe taxa, maximally standardizing not the sequence of body parts description only, but the sequence of description of their structures (characters). Besides mentioned above, one of the goals of the current work was to provide maximally complete illustrations of the entire range of morphological traits variability used in tax- onomy of the group. In particular, detailed description of each character of a taxon and simultaneous presence of scientific illustration of its morphological features serve the goal. The foundation of modern concept of the structure and volume of higher taxa of Ichneumoninae subfamily is made by viewpoints of Gerd Heinrich a significant hymen- opterologist of the 20th century. His scientific work itself may become a subject of investigation, and his life can be an example for any researcher. Gerd Heinrich’s con- tribution into subfamily study, to which he has dedicated his entire life, is unprecedented and does not have any analogs and it is so great that A.P. RASNITSYN characterized his activity as a "scientific feat" (1972). Study of Ichneumoninae in scope of Palaearctic, Nearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental regions allowed him to compose an objective and rea- sonable understanding of the structure of higher taxa of this group. Therefore, in this work, we followed this researcher concept. Morphology of imago and used terminology As it was mentioned above, one of the goals of the current work is unification and stan- dardization of taxa descriptions, which is a necessary condition to conduct comparative analysis in future and prepare new descriptions as well. As it turned out, terms used to describe ichneumon flies characters differ from author to author. It depends upon fre- quency of Latin names of characters usage and upon various degree of Latinization of terms in national languages, and creates certain difficulties. Pictures 1-4 and notations to them present parts of ichneumon body and indications of characters used by us in further descriptions. Terms mostly used by various authors are given in brackets. Wing mor- phology is less used when describing Ichneumoninae. At the same time it is rather bulky. That is why we tried to simplify it as more as possible. The terms used for wings’ char- acters definition, especially areolet morphology, are reviewed in a section concerning morphology of Platylabini. When marking the terms, names of characters used in the current paper are given, while terms most widely used in literature on taxonomy of ichneumon flies (PFANKUCH 1920; HEINRICH 1934-1977; TOWNES 1969; GOULET & HUBER 1993; KASPARYAN 1981; YU & HORSTMANN 1997) are in brackets. © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 1320 Fig. 1: Imago of Ichneumoninae spp. (female). Tribal structure of Ichneumoninae subfamily As discussed in the Introduction, in the definition of tribal and subtribal
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