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Review for Final Exam on American War Stories

50 questions—100 points

Directions:

1. Read about the following war , musicians, and music. 2. Analyze the lyrics. Primary source material.  Use the TPCASTT graphic organizer to help in your gathering.  Summarize information using Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? 3. Gather information from the biographies and commentaries on the songs. Secondary source material. Document by marking the text. 4. Use this information to help you study for the final exam. 5. The poems/song lyrics (only) will be provided on the final exam. 50 questions; 100 points

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Civil War Period Song “Buffalo Soldier” by Bob Buffalo Soldier Buffalo Soldier, dreadlock Rasta There was a Buffalo Soldier In the heart of America Stolen from Africa, brought to America Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival I mean it, when I analyze these things To me, it makes a lot of sense How the dreadlock Rasta was the Buffalo Soldier And he was taken from Africa, brought to America Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival Said he was a Buffalo Soldier, dreadlock Rasta Buffalo Soldier, in the heart of America If you know your history Then you would know where you coming from Then you wouldn't have to ask me Who the heck do I think I am I'm just a Buffalo Soldier In the heart of America Stolen from Africa, brought to America Said he was fighting on arrival Fighting for survival Said he was a Buffalo Soldier Win the war for America Said he was a, woe yoy yoy, woe woe yoy yoy Woe yoy yoy yo, yo yo woy yo, woe yoy yoy Woe yoe yoe, woe woe yoe yoe Woe yoe yoe yo, yo yo woe yo woe yo yoe Jestice/English 3

Buffalo Soldier, troddin' through the land woo ooh Said he wanna ran, then you wanna hand Troddin' through the land, yea, yea Said he was a Buffalo Soldier Win the war for America Buffalo Soldier, dreadlock Rasta Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival Driven from the mainland To the heart of the Caribbean Singing, woe yoy yoy, woe woe yoy yoy Woe yoy yoy yo, yo yo woy yo woy yo yoy Woy yoy yoy, woy woy yoy yoy Woy yoy yoy yo, yo yo woe yo woe yo yoy Troddin' through San Juan In the arms of America Troddin' through Jamaica, a Buffalo Soldier Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival Buffalo Soldier, dreadlock Rasta Woe yoe yoe, woe woe yoe yoe Woe yoe yeo yo, yo yo woe yo woe yo yoe : Bob Marley / Noel Williams Buffalo Soldier lyrics © Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC, Music Sales Corporation

Biography information from Biography.com Synopsis Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945, in St. Ann Parish, Jamaica. In 1963, Marley and his friends formed . The Wailers' big break came in 1972, when they landed a contract with . Marley went on to sell more than 20 million records throughout his career, making him the first international superstar to emerge from the so-called Third World. He died in Miami, Florida, on May 11, 1981.

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Early Life in Jamaica Born on February 6, 1945, in St. Ann Parish, Jamaica, Bob Marley helped introduce music to the world and remains one of the genre's most beloved artists to this day. The son of a black teenage mother and much older, later absent white father, he spent his early years in St. Ann Parish, in the rural village known as Nine Miles. One of his childhood friends in St. Ann was Neville "Bunny" O'Riley Livingston. Attending the same school, the two shared a love of music. Bunny inspired Bob to learn to play the . Later Livingston's father and Marley's mother became involved, and they all lived together for a time in Kingston, according to Christopher John Farley's Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley. Arriving in Kingston in the late 1950s, Marley lived in Trench Town, one of the city's poorest neighborhoods. He struggled in poverty, but he found inspiration in the music around him. Trench Town had a number of successful local performers and was considered the of Jamaica. Sounds from the also drifted in over the radio and through jukeboxes. Marley liked such artists as Ray Charles, , Fats Domino, and the Drifters. Marley and Livingston devoted much of their time to music. Under the guidance of , Marley worked on improving his singing abilities. He met another student of Higgs, Peter McIntosh (later ) who would play an important role in Marley's career. The Wailers A local , , liked Marley's vocals and had him record a few singles, the first of which was "Judge Not," released in 1962. While he did not fare well as a solo artist, Marley found some success joining forces with his friends. In 1963, Marley, Livingston, and McIntosh formed the Wailing Wailers. Their first single, "," went to the top of the Jamaican charts in January 1964. By this time, the group also included Junior Braithwaite, Beverly Kelso and . The group became quite popular in Jamaica, but they had difficulty making it financially. Braithewaite, Kelso, and Smith left the group. The remaining members drifted a part for a time. Marley went to the United States where his mother was now living. However, before he left, he married Rita Anderson on February 10, 1966. After eight months, Marley returned to Jamaica. He reunited with Livingston and McIntosh to form the Wailers. Around this time, Marley was exploring his spiritual side and developing a Jestice/English 3 growing interest in the Rastafarian movement. Both religious and political, the Rastafarian movement began in Jamaica in 1930s and drew its beliefs from many sources, including Jamaican nationalist Marcus Garvey, the Old Testament, and their African heritage and culture. For a time in the late 1960s, Marley worked with pop singer . Nash scored a worldwide hit with Marley's song "." The Wailers also worked with producer Lee Perry during this era; some of their successful songs together were "Trench Town Rock," "Soul Rebel" and "Four Hundred Years." The Wailers added two new members in 1970: bassist Aston "Family Man" Barrett and his brother, drummer Carlton "Carlie" Barrett. The following year, Marley worked on a movie soundtrack in Sweden with Johnny Nash. Big Break The Wailers got their big break in 1972 when they landed a contract with Island Records, founded by . For the first time, the group hit the studios to record a full . The result was the critically acclaimed . To support the record, the Wailers toured Britain and the United States in 1973, performing as an opening act for both and Sly & the Family Stone. That same year, the group released their second full album, Burnin', featuring the hit song "." Rock legend Eric Clapton released a cover of the song in 1974, and it became a No. 1 hit in the United States. Before releasing their next album, 1975's , two of the three original Wailers left the group; McIntosh and Livingston decided to pursue solo careers as Peter Tosh and , respectively. Natty Dread reflected some of the political tensions in Jamaica between the People's National Party and the Jamaica Labour Party. Violence sometimes erupted due to these conflicts. "Rebel Music (3 O'clock Road Block)" was inspired by Marley's own experience of being stopped by army members late one night prior to the 1972 national elections, and "Revolution" was interpreted by many as Marley's endorsement for the PNP. For their next tour, the Wailers performed with I-Threes, a female group whose members included , and Marley's wife, Rita. Now called Bob Marley & The Wailers, the group toured extensively and helped increase reggae's popularity abroad. In Britain in 1975, they scored their first Top 40 hit with "No Woman, No Cry." Already a much-admired star in his native Jamaica, Marley was on his way to becoming an international music icon. He made the U.S. music charts with the album in Jestice/English 3

1976. One track stands out as an expression of his devotion to his faith and his interest in political change: "War." The song's lyrics were taken from a speech by Haile Selassie, the 20th century Ethiopian emperor who is seen as a type of a spiritual leader in the Rastafarian movement. A battle cry for freedom from oppression, the song discusses a new Africa, one without the racial hierarchy enforced by colonial rule. Politics and Assassination Attempt Back in Jamaica, Marley continued to be seen as a supporter of the People's National Party. And his influence in his native land was seen as a threat to the PNP's rivals. This may have led to the assassination attempt on Marley in 1976. A group of gunmen attacked Marley and the Wailers while they were rehearsing on the night of December 3, 1976, two days before a planned concert in Kingston's National Heroes Park. One bullet struck Marley in the sternum and the bicep, and another hit his wife, Rita, in the head. Fortunately, the Marleys were not severely injured, but manager Don Taylor was not as fortunate. Shot five times, Taylor had to undergo surgery to save his life. Despite the attack and after much deliberation, Marley still played at the show. The motivation behind the attack was never uncovered, and Marley fled the country the day after the concert. Living in London, England, Marley went to work on Exodus, which was released in 1977. The title track draws an analogy between the biblical story of Moses and the Israelites leaving exile and his own situation. The song also discusses returning to Africa. The concept of Africans and descendents of Africans repatriating their homeland can be linked to the work of Marcus Garvey. Released as a single, "Exodus" was a hit in Britain, as were "" and "Jamming," and the entire album stayed on the U.K. charts for more than a year. Today, Exodus is considered to be one of the best ever made. Marley had a health scare in 1977. He sought treatment in July of that year on a toe he had injured earlier that year. After discovering cancerous cells in his toe, doctors suggested amputation. Marley refused to have the surgery, however, because his religious beliefs prohibited amputation. While working on Exodus, Marley and the Wailers recorded songs that were later released on the album Kaya (1978). With love as its theme, the work featured two hits: "Satisfy My Soul" and "Is This Love." Also in 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica to perform his One Love Peace Jestice/English 3

Concert, where he got Prime Minister Michael Manley of the PNP and opposition leader Edward Seaga of the JLP to shake hands on stage. That same year, Marley made his first trip to Africa, and visited Kenya and Ethiopia—an especially important nation to him, as it's viewed as the spiritual homeland of Rastafarians. Perhaps inspired by his travels, his next album, Survival (1979), was seen as a call for both greater unity and an end to oppression on the African continent. In 1980, Bob Marley & The Wailers played an official independence ceremony for the new nation of Zimbabwe. A huge international success, Uprising (1980) featured "" and "Redemption Song." Known for its poetic lyrics and social and political importance, the pared down, folk- sounding "Redemption Song" was an illustration of Marley's talents as a . One line from the song reads: "Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery; none but ourselves can free our minds." On tour to support the album, Bob Marley & The Wailers traveled throughout Europe, playing in front of large crowds. They also planned a series of concerts in the United States, but the group would play only three concerts there — two at in City and one performance at the Stanley Theater in , Pennsylvania—before Marley became ill. The cancer discovered earlier in his toe had spread throughout his body. Death and Memorial Traveling to Europe, Bob Marley underwent unconventional treatment in , and was subsequently able to fight off the cancer for months. It soon became clear that Marley didn't have much longer to live, however, so the musician set out to return to his beloved Jamaica one last time. Sadly, he would not manage to complete the journey, dying in Miami, Florida, on May 11, 1981. Shortly before his death, Marley had received the Order of Merit from the Jamaican government. He had also been awarded the Medal of Peace from the United Nations in 1980. Adored by the people of Jamaica, Marley was given a hero's send-off. More than 30,000 people paid their respects to the musician during his memorial service, held at the National Arena in Kingston, Jamaica. , Marcia Griffiths, Judy Mowatt sang and the Wailers performed at the ceremony.

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Commentary provided by ancestry.com

Behind the Music: The True Story of Bob Marley's "Buffalo Soldier" Ancestry.com Celebrates the 30th Anniversary of Marley's Album by Opening Military Records of the Real Buffalo Soldiers Who Inspired the Song PROVO, UT--(Marketwired - May 23, 2013) - Ancestry.com, the world's largest online family history resource, is celebrating the 30th anniversary of Bob Marley's hit song "Buffalo Soldier." The song commemorates African American soldiers' important part in expanding the American territories via their admirable "fight for survival." The family history site is making its records of these actual Buffalo Soldiers who inspired the song, available to the public, free of charge. While the song was hugely popular, the men behind it were not. As the first African American U.S. Army units after the Civil War, the Buffalo Soldiers were some of America's unsung heroes until Bob Marley made their story famous. "Bob Marley was obviously moved by the important role these first African American troops played in the history of America," said Dan Jones, VP of Content for Ancestry.com. "The 30thanniversary of the song's release is a perfect time to reflect on what their hard work did for this country and how their struggles inspired musical legends like Bob Marley." Handwritten records reveal that life for the soldiers was difficult -- even by military standards. The troops were given used uniforms, guns that didn't always work and were not even issued shoes. When they arrived at the western battlegrounds, the troops found the forts to be in great disrepair, in need of rebuilding before the troops could even fight in battle. The records track the soldier's special assignments, promotions, reassignments, sicknesses and more. Though African American regiments have existed since the Revolutionary War, it wasn't until the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army that they would receive the nickname of Buffalo Soldiers. During a skirmish with the Native American tribes the Buffalo Soldiers received the moniker that Bob Marley would later commemorate in his song. Although the tribes fought ferociously against the U.S. soldiers, almost the entire company of soldiers survived the battle. The Native Americans were impressed with the Buffalo Soldiers' tenacity, and as a sign of respect, they likened the Army units to a buffalo that will keep charging despite injuries or circumstance. Jestice/English 3

"We are happy to be able to bring to life the history behind the iconic song," Jones said. "By being able to shed light on the 'Buffalo Soldiers,' we hope to inspire more people to into where they come from." These regiments would remain intact until the start of WWII, when they were disbanded and reorganized into other regiments. The name of Buffalo Soldiers would follow over with some of the men, but the name traditionally belongs to those men who fought with tenacity and bravery in the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army.

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World War I Period “Goodbye Alexander, goodbye honey boy” Recorded by Marion Harris, July 22, 1918. Lyrics by Henry Creamer; Composed by Turner Layton http://www.loc.gov/jukebox/recordings/detail/id/6760 (Library of Congress). Good-bye Alexander (Good-bye Honey-Boy) http://imagesearchnew.library.illinois.edu/cdm/ref/collection/myers/id/1162 Verse: Alexander Cooper was a colored trooper, with his regiment he marched away, Bands were gaily playing, colored folks were swaying, on Emancipation Day. Dinah Lee so proud, hollered to her sweetie good and loud.

Refrain: Goodbye Alexander, goodbye honey boy, Dressed up in that uniform you fills my heart with joy. You ain’t born for mopin’, boy you sure can laugh, But you left that window open and they got you in the draft. Alexander, I’ll save my loving for you, I’ll be waiting like Poor Butterfly. So get busy with that gun and don’t come back here till you’ve won, Alexander goodbye.

Verse: Brave old Alexander, he could understand her, he knew Dinah Lee was really blue, Yet he kept on smiling, while his troop went filing proudly down the avenue, On the pier, ev’ryone could hear Dinah calling to her sweetie dear.

Refrain: Goodbye Alexander, goodbye honey boy, Dressed up in that uniform you fills my heart with joy. Jestice/English 3

You ain’t born for mopin’, boy you sure can laugh, But you left that window open and they got you in the draft. Alexander, I’ll save my loving for you, I’ll be waiting like Poor Butterfly. If you want to see me grin, bring me a foot from Berlin, Alexander goodbye.

Marion Harris http://www.jazzage1920s.com/marionharris/marionharris.php Born Mary Ellen Harrison, March 1897, in Vanderburgh County, Indiana (near but not in Henderson, Kentucky as commonly referenced - see editor’s note below), Marion Harris’ recording career began in 1916 with “I Ain’t Got Nobody Much” (“Much” was subsequently dropped from the song title) for Victor Records.

The songs that Marion Harris introduced or popularized include such standards as “After You’re Gone” (1918), “A Good Man Is Hard To Find” (1919), “Look For The Silver Lining” (1920), “I’m Nobody’s Baby” (1921), “Carolina In The Morning” (1922), “It Had To Be You” (1924), “Tea For Two” (1924), “I’ll See You In My Dreams” (1925) and “The Man I Love” (1927) just to name a few.

In 1910 a 13-year old Mary Ellen and her mother, Gertrude Harrison, a stenographer, were living near Kansas City, Missouri. Mary Ellen’s father James was not with them at the time leading to speculation that he has died before their move to Missouri or the parents were divorced so mother and daughter moved on.

Miss Harris (sometimes mistakenly spelled “Marian” Harris - click on “Sweet Daddy” sheet music to the right for example) begin her career in the 1910’s by singing with colored slides used Jestice/English 3 by motion picture houses of the day. She was discovered by the famous mentor, dancer Vernon Castle. She was brought to New York by Broadway producer Charles Dillingham and opened in his production of “Stop! Look! Listen!” [Ed.: unable to verify].

After three years of recording with Victor from 1916 to 1919, Miss Harris left for recording there from 1920 to 1922. In late 1922 Marion Harris went to and remained with Brunswick until 1930. From 1931 to 1934 Miss Harris recorded for Columbia Records in London producing her last side, the appropriately titled “Singin’ The ” (Decca F-5160).

A very popular singer in the 1920’s, Marion Harris recorded into the 1930’s with over 130 recordings to her credit. She performed with the Isham Jones Orchestra and at the Cafe de Paris in London in the early 1930’s.

Marion became a very popular vaudeville performer playing numerous engagements at the Palace in New York during the 1920’s.

In 1927 Marion could be seen in Broadway productions of “Yours Truly” and “A Night In Spain”. Marion made numerous appearances at the Palace in New York during 1926 to 1931. In 1929 she sang Vincent Youman’s “More Than You Know” in the musical play “Great Day” which opened in .

Marion Harris’ first husband was actor Robert Williams (1897-1931) who starred opposite of Jean Harlow and Loretta Young in “Platinum Blonde”. A gifted actor with great potential, Williams died after an appendicitis operation just three days after the film was released. This union produced a daughter, Marilyn (Mary Ellen) Williams, who had a singing, acting career in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s billed as “Marion Harris, Jr.”.

Marion Harris was married in 1923 to Rush Bissell Hughes, son of Rupert Hughes, the famous novelist and playwright (and uncle of Howard Hughes). Together they had one child Rush, Jr. They divorced in 1928 following allegations in May 1927 involving a sixteen-year-old chorus Jestice/English 3 girl Smith who accused Rush Hughes of attacking her at the Hughes’ home in Long Island. Miss Smith had a part in the Broadway play “Yours Truly” along with Marion Harris. Rush Hughes was later acquitted by a grand jury but this event took its toll on their marriage. Divorce was granted on January 5, 1928 in Chicago. Custody of their two-year-old son, Rush Jr., was granted to Miss Harris.

In 1929 Marion Harris plays Ramon Novarro’s cousin in “Devil-May-Care” her first and only full-length motion picture. During this same time period she also did a MGM Movietone short “Song Bird of ” featuring two songs “Afraid of You” (click here to play) and “We Love It”. During World War II Miss Harris was living in London with her theatrical agent husband Leonard Urry. She was bombed out of her home in London. She returned back to New York and was a patient at the Neurological Institute a few weeks before she death. Marion Harris died on April 23, 1944 at the Hotel Le Marquis, 12 East Thirty-first Street in New York. She had gone to bed with a lit cigarette that ignited her bed.

Today Marion Harris rests in the Actors Fund of America section of Kensico Cemetery (grave 855), Valhalla, New York as “Marion Harris Urry”. Note the incorrect “1906” birth year on her headstone. Marion’s is just one of hundreds of non-descript headstones neatly lined-up in rows of forgotten theater people. Broadway comedienne Fay Templeton occupies an adjacent grave. Nearby lies Sergei Rachmaninoff. The cemetery is also home to Lou Gerhig, Tommy Dorsey, , and Flo Ziegfeld.

Henry Creamer https://upclosed.com/people/henry-creamer/ Henry Creamer (June 21, 1879 – October 14, 1930) was an African American popular song lyricist. He was born in Richmond, Virginia and died in New York. He co-wrote many popular songs in the years from 1900 to 1929, often collaborating with Turner Layton, with whom he also appeared in vaudeville. CAREER Jestice/English 3

Henry Creamer was a singer, dancer, songwriter and stage producer/director. He first performed on the vaudeville circuit in the U.S. and in Europe as a duo with pianist Turner Layton, with whom he also co-wrote songs. Two of their most enduring songs, for which Creamer wrote the lyrics, are "After You've Gone" (1918), which was popularized by Sophie Tucker, and "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans" (1922) which was included in the soundtrack for one of the dance numbers in the Fred Astaire / Ginger Rogers 1939 movie The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle. Success on Broadway arrived in 1922 when Creamer’s Creole Production Company produced the show Strut Miss Lizzie, and in 1923 to seal their success, recorded their song "Whoa, Tillie, Take Your Time". His other Broadway stage scores include Three Showers. Creamer and Layton disbanded as a duo in 1924, when Layton relocated to Europe after which Creamer continued his songwriting with pianist James P. Johnson. In 1924, Creamer joined ASCAP. In the fall of 1926, Creamer was commissioned to direct the Cotton Club revue, The Creole Cocktail. The show featured Lottie Gee, Loncia Williams. Henry and LaPearl, Louie Parker, White and Sherman, Eddie Burke, Ruby Mason and Albertine Pickens. Also in 1926, Creamer and James P. Johnson wrote "Alabama Stomp". In 1930 they achieved another hit with "If I Could Be with You" which was recorded by . The song also became the theme song for McKinney’s Cotton Pickers and was also a hit for (Okeh 41448). Creamer was a co-founder with of the Clef Club, an important early African American musicians and entertainers organization in .

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World War II Period “When the Tigers Broke Free” by It was just before dawn One miserable morning in black '44 When the forward commander Was told to sit tight When he asked that his men be withdrawn And the generals gave thanks As the other ranks Held back the enemy tanks for a while And the Anzio bridghead was held for the price Of a few hundred ordinary lives And kind old King George sent mother a note When he heard that father was gone It was, I recall, in the form of a scroll With gold leaf and all And I found it one day In a drawer of old photographs, hidden away And my eyes still grow damp To remember That his majesty signed With his own rubber stamp It was dark all around There was frost in the ground When the tigers broke free And no one survived from the Royal Fusiliers, Company see They were all left behind Most of them dead The rest of them dying And that's how the high command Took my daddy from me Jestice/English 3

Written by • Copyright © Warner/Chappell Music, Inc. Biographical information about Roger Waters Source http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2452473/Pink-Floyd-star-Roger-Waters- soldier-fathers-final-hours-WW2-revealed-dramatic-dispatches.html#ixzz4gjtabmyC PUBLISHED: 12:21 EDT, 10 October 2013 | UPDATED: 09:24 EDT, 11 October 2013 This is the touching moment Pink Floyd star Roger Waters visits a cemetery near where his soldier father died in the final months of World War II. Eric Fletcher Waters was serving as a second lieutenant with the Royal Fusiliers as they advanced through in 1944 when he was killed in action. His newborn son Roger was aged just five months when he was killed on the battlefield near Cassino. Earlier this year, the Pink Floyd musician made an emotional journey to visit the battlefield where his father was killed along with thousands of other Allied troops. He was able to pinpoint the exact spot where he died and also visited a graveyard where his death is marked on a memorial. The second lieutenant's remains were never found.

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Graveside: Roger Waters of Pink Floyd visits a cemetery in Cassino, Italy, as he makes an emotional journey to visit the battlefield where his father was killed along with thousands of other Allied troops

Now, War Diary documents unearthed at the National Archives in Kew by former veteran Harry Shindler, paint a clear picture of the final 24 hours of Lt Waters and the brave men of Z company (coy) who were with him at Anzio in February 1944. The first line dated February 17 records how at 11am 'intensive shelling and mortaring' took place in the area where Lt Waters, commanding officer John Oliver-Bellasis and the rest of Z company as they tried to advance on a heavily defended German position. Later in the day, an entry timed 1745, describes colourfully how the Germans called on Lt Waters and his comrades to give up: 'Z coy reported an attack on the left forward platoon. The bosche called on them to surrender but were answered with all available SA (semi automatic) fire. Casualties were inflicted.'

The diary, which documents dramatic dispatches from Mr Waters' time in service Jestice/English 3

Just over an hour later, the entry adds: 'Situation well in hand, enemy decided to withdraw. 'Prisoners from Z coy said they had recently marched from Rome and were told they would not be used in an attack. Had also been told that b'head was almost finished.' The report goes on to record a quiet night but then in the early hours of the morning at 1.45am, the day Lt Waters was killed, describes an 'enemy concentration reported on the rt of 7th Oxf & Bucks, which is followed by an entry at 0630 of how the Oxf and Bucks troops are being attacked 'and sounds of tracked vehilces heard to their front.' At 7.15am 'Z coy reported attack by approx 50 Bosches. Successfully dealt with.' More than two hours later at 0945am it adds: '5 enemy killed and several spandaus captured as result of above.' Then 30 minutes later the battle which will claim Lt Waters life begins. On the offensive: This picture shows troops landing in Anzio, on the Italian coast, in 1944 It reads: 'Further attack on Z coy. This time in greater strength than previous attack. Enemy in close contact with forward positions. Unable to send assistance as Z coy having trouble on their rt.' An hour later the Diary records: 'Z coy reported enemy all round their positions, very stiff fighting going on.' Then at 1130am the final report reads: 'Lt Waters killed and Lt Hill wounded, situation now critical. Message received over air that assistance would now be too late.' Lt Waters was killed in the first wave of fighting as the Allies attempted to secure the beach head at Anzio, south of Rome. Lt Waters name is on a memorial at the nearby Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery at Cassino but his remains were never found. Eric Waters' death provided the inspiration for several songs and it is commemorated in particular with When The Tigers Broke Free, which also appeared in the film The Wall. In the song, Waters describes how he feels that his 31-year-old father died because of foolhardy generals. The last verse has the lyrics 'It was dark all around. There was frost in the ground When the tigers broke free. And no one survived From the Royal Fusiliers Company Z. They were all left behind, Most of them dead. 'The rest of them dying. And that's how the High Command Took my daddy from me.' Emotional time: The film and album The Wall tells the story of how a troubled rock star called Pink, who is said to be Waters, is left psychologically scarred by the loss of his father in the war Jestice/English 3

He also describes coming across a letter of condolence from George V as he tried on his father's uniform, adding how he found it disturbing that it was rubber-stamped and not actually signed. After visiting the cemetery at Cassino in March, Waters, 70, told a local Italian TV station: 'I'm on a journey through Europe, my grandfather was killed in 1916 and my father was killed down the road in Anzio. This is the end of my journey. 'Some of my past is in my music and so is my future. I'm making a film that won't be aired in public.' Speaking of his father, Waters recalled in an interview his childhood and how his father's death had affected him. He said: 'When men in uniform came to collect their children, that's when I realised I didn't have a father anymore. 'I was very angry. It took me years to come to terms with it. Because he was missing in action, presumed killed, until quite recently I expected him to come home. The sacrifice of his life has been a great gift and a great burden to me.' The film and album The Wall tells the story of how a troubled rock star called Pink, who is said to be Waters, is left psychologically scarred by the loss of his father in the war. The film opens with scenes of a solider - Eric Waters - along with his comrades, storming a beachhead. Mr Shindler, 93, a veteran who fought in Italy during Word War Two and is in charge of the Itay Star Association which represents former soldiers, said: 'I started to dig around on the story when I saw a report of this man on the TV. 'I was very moved that he wanted to find out more about his father's death and the circumstances of how he was killed. I don't know who Pink Floyd are, my music stops at The Beatles. 'The report describes the events leading up to his father's death and how they were surrounded and outnumbered but despite putting on a brave fight their was nothing they could do.' Mr Shindler adds that he had been in touch with Roger Waters agent but had no direct contact with the musician who recently completed a successful tour of Europe. On his official website Waters has posted a tribute to his father and urged fans to send in photos and stories of their 'Fallen Loved Ones'. He writes it 'is a request, from me, reaching out to ask you to provide a photograph and personal details of a "Loved One" lost in war. Your "Loved One’s" pictures and details would be included, along with those of my father Eric, in my up coming show THE WALL, as an act of Jestice/English 3 remembrance. The "Fallen Loved One" does not have to have been a soldier. Civilian deaths are equally, if not more, harrowing. 'I make this request to you in light of my belief that many of these tragic losses of life are avoidable. I feel empathy with the families of all the victims and anger at "THE POWERS THAT BE", who are responsible, in equal measure. Please join me in honouring our dead and protesting their loss.' Commentary Excerpt from http://www.thewallanalysis.com/when-the-tigers-broke-free-part-1/ It’s interesting that the tone of the first “Tigers” is so very detached and observational, considering that second half of “Tigers” (featured later in the movie) is much more personally and emotionally charged. Detached though it sounds, there is still a hint of flesh and blood in the lyrics, namely in the subjective adjectives such as “miserable,” “black,” and “ordinary” used to describe the morning just before the battle that will take Pink’s (and Roger Waters’) father’s life. Because the song is so straightforward, the lyrics should need little explanation: the action takes place in a trench at the frontline of the Anzio bridgehead in 1944. Waters states on the movie’s DVD commentary that his father, who served as the model for Pink’s own dad, was 2nd Lieutenant of the 8th Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers Company C. The company held the front line in February 1944 when the Germans launched a counterattack against the Allies in an attempt to drive them back to the sea. The fate of the men is still undetermined at this point in the film / album, as is that of the still unborn Pink. Yet history reveals that the Royal Fusiliers Company C was completely destroyed by the counterattack, taking a “few hundred ordinary lives,” among which was Roger’s (and, fictitiously, Pink’s) father. There are quite a few interesting cinematic touches at this early point in the movie, among which are the numerous extreme closeups. The movie opens with a gorgeous long shot of the hotel hallway, at once ghostly and sterile in its absolute barren grayness. The shot is rather evocative of the birth canal leading to the womb/room that Pink currently occupies. From here the viewer is treated to one closeup after another, from Pink’s father lighting his lantern with Lions matches (perhaps suggesting the noble cause and hearts of the Allied forces) to Pink sitting catatonic in his hotel room with a cigarette burned down to his fingers. Every scratch on the glass of Pink’s Mickey Mouse watch is visible (the watch serving as a reminder of the childhood he feels he never truly had) as is every hair on his arm. The effect is both intimate and unnerving; we feel Jestice/English 3 an immediate closeness with Pink’s father as he lights his lantern and a cigarette, utterly alone in a cocoon of darkness as sounds of bombs and guns fire sporadically all around him. Yet at the same time we feel a sense of paranoid scrutiny as the camera details every pore and hair of Pink’s arm. In an instant we become both the rabid media and fans obsessively observing every facet of Pink’s life as well as Pink himself under the world’s microscopic eye as a result of his fame.

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Vietnam War Period Song “Orange Crush” by R.E.M.

(Follow me, don't follow me) I've got my spine, I've got my orange crush (Collar me, don't collar me) I've got my spine, I've got my orange crush (We are agents of the free) I've had my fun and now it's time to serve your conscience overseas (Over me, not over me) Coming in fast, over me (oh, oh)

(Follow me, don't follow me) I've got my spine, I've got my orange crush (Collar me, don't collar me) I've got my spine, I've got my orange crush (We are agents of the free) I've had my fun and now it's time to serve your conscience overseas (Over me, not over me) Coming in fast, over me (oh, oh)

High on the booze In a tent Paved with blood Nine inch howl Brave the night Chopper comin' in, you hope

We would circle and we'd circle and we'd circle to stop and consider and centered on the pavement stacked up all the trucks jacked up and our wheels in slush and orange crush in pocket and all this here county, hell, any county, it's just like heaven here, and I was remembering and I was just in a different county and all then this whirlybird that I headed for I had my goggles Jestice/English 3 pulled off; I knew it all, I knew every back road and every truck stop

(Follow me, don't follow me) I've got my spine, I've got my orange crush (Collar me, don't collar me) I've got my spine, I've got my orange crush (We are agents of the free) I've had my fun and now it's time to serve your conscience overseas (Over me, not over me) Coming in fast, over me (oh, oh)

High on the booze In a tent Paved with blood Nine inch howl Brave the night Chopper comin' in, you hope

High on the booze In a tent Paved with blood Nine inch howl Brave the night Chopper comin' in, you hope

(Ah, oh) Written by , Michael Mills, • Copyright © Warner/Chappell Music, Inc, Universal Music Publishing Group

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Biographical information provided by http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/r-e- m/biography One of the best bands the American underground kicked up in the Eighties, R.E.M. were a group of arty Athens, guys who invented and went on to huge mainstream success. They brought a cagey mix of attitude and poetry to an idiosyncratic sound built around jangling and hazy vocals of frontman Michael Stipe. Relentlessly touring clubs around the country for the first few years, R.E.M. consistently refined their sound: They could be dreamy, abrasive, circumspect, mischievous, and eggheaded. Their 1988 signing with Warner. Bros. netted them $10 million dollars for five records. Fortunately for the band and their fans, the same kind of creative gambits that marked their early days were still in place during the 1990s. Born in 1960, Michael Stipe was an introverted child who spent much of his time hanging out with sisters Lynda and Cyndy. By 1975, he had begun reading articles about and the burgeoning New York punk scene, and while in high school in St. Louis, he joined a short-lived cover band. In 1978 Stipe enrolled at the at Athens, where he majored in painting and photography. While shopping at the local record store, he met its manager Peter Buck, a native Californian and avid pop fan who shared Stipe's interest in adventurous music. They decided to form a band, and within a year had connected with fellow students and , childhood friends from nearby Macon who had played together in various Southern rock groups. In the four formed R.E.M. (named for the dream state "rapid eye movement") and began rehearsing in a converted church. In July the group played their first out-of-state gig in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where they met future manager . Though influenced by punk and the DIY aesthetic, R.E.M. began to develop their own energetic folk-rock style. Their signature sound was a blend of Buck's chiming guitar and Stipe's cryptic vocals. In 1981 the group recorded a demo tape of original music at 's Drive-In Studio in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Two songs from those sessions, "Radio Free Europe" and "," were released as a 7-inch single in July on the homegrown Hib-Tone label. The driving "Radio Free Europe" earned positive notices, and in October the band returned to Easter's studio to record its first EP. R.E.M. signed with the I.R.S. label in 1982 and released the EP to overwhelming critical praise. Jestice/English 3

The band's first full-length album, Murmur (Number 36, 1983), was an instant classic, containing everything its supporters had hoped for: more layers of ringing guitar, more passionate and vague vocals, more atmospheric melodies and more seductive pop hooks. It also included a new, tighter version of "Radio Free Europe." The follow-up, Reckoning, failed to break new ground but managed to reach Number 27 on the charts, spawning the minor hit "So. Central Rain (I'm Sorry)" and garnering favorable reviews. The group enlisted London-based folk producer Joe Boyd (Fairport Convention, ) for Fables of the Reconstruction (Number 28, 1985), which featured a mildly psychedelic setting. Life's Rich Pageant (Number 21, 1986) took that experiment further, but with more of a sheen, courtesy of producer Don Gehman (), who encouraged Stipe to sing more clearly; its single was "Fall on Me," whose video was directed by Stipe. R.E.M.'s first major hit, "The One I Love" (Number Nine, 1987), from the band's first Top Ten album, Document (Number 10, 1987), was a song of betrayal that was almost universally misinterpreted as a tribute to romance. The band then signed to Warner Bros. and their debut for the imprint, Green (Number 12, 1988), yielded a hit single, "Stand" (Number Six, 1988), that was the simplest, most hummable song of their career; the album's other single, "" (Number 86, 1988), was a minor made fun of the music business. Dead Letter Office (Number 52, 1987) is a collection of B-sides and outtakes, and Eponymous (Number 44, 1988) is a greatest-hits album. Following Green, R.E.M. went on a touring hiatus. It took three years for the band to return with the highly anticipated Out of Time, which rocketed to Number One, went quadruple platinum and included both "" (Number Four, 1991) and "" (Number 10, 1991). The video for the former was banned in Ireland for allegedly homoerotic imagery; the latter was a duet with Kate Pierson of the B- 52's. Out of Time also featured an expanded instrumental palette of horns and mandolins. The album and its songs won three Grammys that year. The somber (Number Two, 1992) featured string arrangements by former bassist John Paul Jones. Its hits were "Drive" (Number 28, 1992), "Man on the Moon" (Number 30, 1993), a tribute to the comedian Andy Kaufman, and the mega lament "" (Number 29, 1993). During the latter part of the Eighties, R.E.M. became activists, inviting Greenpeace to set up booths at their concerts and becoming involved in local Athens politics. On his own, Stipe spoke Jestice/English 3 out on such issues as the environment, animal rights and the plight of the homeless. He also ushered other artists into the public eye, including folk painter the Rev. Howard Finster, filmmaker Jim McKay (with whom he set up the film company C-Hundred, noted for its series of public-service announcements), and edgy artist Vic Chesnutt. Stipe also worked with rapper KRS-ONE of Boogie Down Productions and Natalie Merchant of 10,000 Maniacs. Meanwhile, Buck produced music by such artists as Kevn Kinney of Drivin' N' Cryin' and Charlie Pickett. In 1990 Buck, Berry, Mills, and singer-songwriter formed a side band, the Hindu Love Gods, which released a self-titled album on Giant-Reprise. R.E.M. returned with Monster (Number One, 1994), which combined fierce rock songs featuring guitars with heavy reverb (including that of Sonic Youth's on one track) and distorted vocals, as well as the band's more traditional-sounding fare. Its first single, "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" reached Number 21, while "" reached Number 19. Soon after, the band commenced its first world tour in five years. Within two months, Berry suffered a double brain aneurysm onstage in and underwent emergency surgery. He recovered, and the shows resumed two months later, but more medical emergencies interrupted the tour when Mills needed abdominal surgery and Stipe had surgery for a hernia. Two weeks after the tour ended, Buck came down with pneumonia. In 1996 New Adventures in Hi-Fi (Number Two) was released and R.E.M. re-signed with Warner Bros. for a reported $80 million. But the new album, recorded largely on the road during sound checks, was considered a commercial disappointment. In 1997 Berry left the band after 17 years. R.E.M. chose to continue and released the moody Up (Number Three, 1998), recorded with drummers () and (), along with drum machines, sequencers and tape loops. By now Stipe was working as a filmmaker, having already appeared as a 1940s hermit in the 1996 film Color of a Brisk and Leaping Day. He then formed a production company, Single Cell Pictures, which enjoyed a critical success in 1999 with the surreal Being John Malkovich. He also released a book of photographs taken of Patti Smith on tour, while Buck began recording with an improvisational called Tuatara. In 1999 R.E.M. recorded the score to the Kaufman biopic Man on the Moon, a title taken from the band's own tribute song to the late comedian. The movie soundtrack included a sequel to the original song, "." Jestice/English 3

The next year R.E.M. traveled to Vancouver to begin work on a new album, Reveal, which debuted at Number Six in 2001. R.E.M. toured and recorded over the next three years, releasing the compilation In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988-2003, which included two new songs, "Animal" and "Bad Day." In 2004, the band released (Number 13) to mixed reviews, and toured with former Ministry drummer . Later that year, the band joined Bright Eyes, and Bruce Springsteen on the tour. The band continued performing throughout 2005. The following year, EMI released two collections of the band's pre-Warner Bros. material: the CD And I Feel Fine... The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982-1987 and DVD When the Light Is Mine: The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982-1987. In 2007, the band released its first performance album, the muscular R.E.M. Live, recorded in Dublin, Ireland. It shows exactly how powerful they can be on stage. In March 2007, R.E.M. was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Berry returned to play four songs with the band at the ceremony in New York. The band's fourteenth album, Accelerate, was heralded as a return to form when it came out in 2008, and debuted at Number Two. Their latest set is yet another performance date, Live At The Olympia. A DVD of the show accompanies the two CDs. Portions of this appeared in The Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (Simon & Schuster, 2001). Jim Macnie contributed to this article. Commentary provided by http://americaatwarvietnam.weebly.com/orange-crush-rem.html

Orange Crush is a song by the Georgian rock band R.E.M, about the use of Agent Orange, an herbicide used to clear jungle during the Vietnam War. The song, seemingly about soda and spines, has confusing and sometimes unintelligible lyrics. However, several lines stick out in particular-“follow me, don’t follow me/I’ve got my spine, I’ve got my orange crush”-It has a sort of conversational tone to it, especially because the bassist sings the repeated lines in parentheticals, and the front man sings the second line in these lyric pairs. This is a theme continued throughout the song. “High on the booze/In a tent/Paved with blood”-This is sung in an almost unintelligible babble, and gives the rest of the song a sort of contradictory feel ( when compared to “we are agents of the free”), because it gives the image of a disorderly (high on the Jestice/English 3 booze), savage conflict (paved with blood). The chorus, in which Michael Stipe, the lead singer of the band, yells into a bullhorn pointed in the microphone, along with the spoken “We would circle…” section of the song (which is usually omitted during their live performances) is very hard to understand, and seems to suggest the truth of the Vietnam war, hidden from view of the public, was a lot uglier and disturbing than most thought about the war. Stipe suggests that even though we claimed that we were “agents of the free,” more often than not soldiers were “high on the booze, in a tent paved with blood”. This also suggests an anti-war message to the song, again highlighting the brutality of it. The song also suggests the use of Agent Orange being out of control- “Collar me, don’t collar me,” likely referring to any impediments on the use of Agent Orange. The song also has a bit of a sarcastic tone to it, as can be seen in lines like “We are agents of the free/I’ve had my fun and now its time to/serve your conscience overseas”. As Stipe sings “we are agents of the free,” it seems as though they are forcing the opinion on us by declaring a statement so matter-of-factly, yet later in the song this seems to be contradicted (“in a tent paved with blood/nine inch howl/ brave the night), sarcastically mocking our involvement in the war. Since the song is anti-war, it stands to reason that it’s against the foreign policy, especially because R.E.M seems to reference the Truman Doctrine (which was a policy to support countries threatened by outside, usually communist, forces) with the line “We are agents of the free”. However, Stipe goes on to insult this doctrine, or at least America’s enforcing of it by enacting the draft to commit troops: “I’ve had my fun and now it’s time to serve your conscience, overseas”. The ‘I’ in the line likely refers to the American Government, while the ‘your’ likely refers to the young American men sent to fight the war. Personally, I agree with the message of the song. Our use of Agent Orange has caused irreparable damage to Vietnam, and I believe that our involvement in the war became out of control and overdrawn.

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Song Born In The U.S.A. (Remastered) Bruce Springsteen Born down in a dead man's town The first kick I took was when I hit the ground End up like a dog that's been beat too much Till you spend half your life just covering up Born in the U.S.A., I was born in the U.S.A. I was born in the U.S.A., born in the U.S.A. Got in a little hometown jam So they put a rifle in my hand Sent me off to a foreign land To go and kill the yellow man Born in the U.S.A., I was born in the U.S.A. Born in the U.S.A., born in the U.S.A. Come back home to the refinery Hiring man said "son if it was up to me" Went down to see my V.A. man He said "son, don't you understand" I had a brother at Khe Sahn Fighting off the Viet Cong They're still there, he's all gone He had a woman he loved in Saigon I got a picture of him in her arms now Down in the shadow of the penitentiary Out by the gas fires of the refinery I'm ten years burning down the road Nowhere to run ain't got nowhere to go Born in the U.S.A., I was born in the U.S.A. Born in the U.S.A., I'm a long gone daddy in the U.S.A. Jestice/English 3

Born in the U.S.A., born in the U.S.A. Born in the U.S.A., I'm a cool rocking daddy in the U.S.A. Songwriters: Bruce Springsteen Born In The U.S.A. (Remastered) lyrics © Downtown Music Publishing

Commentary and Reflection by Bruce Springsteen Provided by Marc Dolan is author of Bruce Springsteen and the Promise of Rock ‘n’ Roll. He is professor of English, Film Studies and American Studies at the City University of New York. http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2 014/06/bruce-springsteen-ronald-reagan- 107448?o=2 Born in the U.S.A., which turns 30 this week, is Bruce Springsteen’s best-selling album to date, and that should come as no surprise. Its songs—“I’m On Fire,” “Glory Days,” “Darlington County” and others— are FM radio staples, their foursquare drum, piano, base and guitar parts perfectly at home in either a Jersey Shore bar or an East Texas roadhouse. If you hear a Springsteen song at your local supermarket, nine times out of 10 it comes from this album. Born in the U.S.A. is also the Springsteen album whose songs have had the longest half-life in U.S. political discourse, from President ’s attempt to co- opt Springsteen’s popularity right after the album’s release to ’s ploddingly literal use of “No Surrender” in his presidential campaign 20 years later. Even Jestice/English 3

Barack Obama, probably the most broadly appreciative music fan ever to occupy the Oval Office, chose a Born in the U.S.A. track (“I’m On Fire”) for a 2008 playlist of favorite songs. But the greatest political impact of Born in the U.S.A. was undeniably on Springsteen himself—turning him from a relatively apolitical performer from an avowedly working-class background to a passionate advocate for the rights of the disenfranchised—and that was all thanks to Reagan. In 1984, President Reagan was running for his second term. Early on, his team had decided that the president’s core supporters would vote for him no matter what. The reelection campaign would therefore be more about wooing moderate and independent voters than about shoring up the committed Republican base. It would be about images rather than issues and would attempt to co-opt as much of mainstream U.S. culture as it could. If rock ‘n’ roll had been anathema to an earlier Republicans like former vice president Spiro Agnew—or even to then-current, musically clueless Secretary of the Interior James Watt—it was perfectly fine with most of the Reagan re-election team, particularly if the music in question could Jestice/English 3 be viewed as inspirational. “If we allow any Democrat to claim optimism or idealism as his issue,” one adviser noted very early in the campaign’s planning, “we will lose the election.” In late August, just after the Republican National Convention, conservative columnist—and unofficial Reagan campaign adviser—George Will attended a Springsteen concert in Largo, Maryland, and was highly impressed. “If all Americans,” Will would later write in his column about his backstage experience, “in labor and management, who make steel or cars or shoes or textiles—made their products with as much energy and confidence as Springsteen and his merry band make music, there would be no need for Congress to be thinking about protectionism.” Perhaps significantly, Will’s fervent ode to the Springsteen work ethic did not appear until two weeks after the concert, when the presidential campaign was in full swing. Six days after the column appeared, President Reagan made a campaign appearance in Hammonton, , and as usual his staff slipped a few local references into his standard stump speech. “America’s future,” Reagan told the small- town audience, “rests in a thousand dreams Jestice/English 3 inside your hearts. It rests in the message of hope in the songs of a man so many young Americans admire—New Jersey’s own, Bruce Springsteen.” When asked about the president’s compliment between concerts that week, Springsteen tried to shrug it off. But when you have the No. 2 album in the country, publicity tends not to go away. By the time the singer next took the stage, two days after the president’s Hammonton name check, it was clear that Springsteen would have to address it head-on and in the only place where he totally controlled the message: onstage. “Well, the president was mentioning my name in his speech the other day,” Springsteen told his Friday- night audience in Pittsburgh, “and I kind of got to wondering what his favorite album of mine must’ve been, you know? I don’t think it was the Nebraska album. I don’t think he’s been listening to this one.” He then launched into “Johnny 99” from Nebraska, his last album before Born in the U.S.A.—much lower profile and much less “poppy.” It’s an austere set of songs about loners and criminals that Springsteen recorded himself in an empty rented house over a single night in the dead of winter. The song begins: Jestice/English 3

Well they closed down the auto plant in Mahwah late that month Ralph went out lookin’ for a job but he couldn’t find none He came home too drunk from mixin’ Tanqueray and wine He got a gun shot a night clerk now they call ‘m Johnny 99. This was a big change for Springsteen— one of the first times he had really acknowledged his songs’ political roots— perhaps even to himself.

Aside from a small fundraiser for George McGovern at a New Jersey drive-in in 1972, months before he even released his first album, Springsteen had never declared his support for a political candidate. In fact, he revealed in an interview published in December 1984 that he might only have voted once, perhaps in that election 12 years earlier. When Springsteen participated in the “No Nukes” concerts in the fall of 1979, a series of events held at Madison Square Garden by the Musicians United for Safe Energy collective, onstage he was virtually the least politically vocal artist on the bill. He pointedly omitted the one song he had actually written about the dangers of nuclear energy (“Roulette”). He left that song off his 1980 album, The River, as Jestice/English 3 well as another song (possibly called “They Killed Him in the Street”) about the 1979 assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero in El Salvador, which, had it been released, would have been one of the earliest references in U.S. to right-wing capitalist terrorism in Central America.

And even on Nebraska, for all that Springsteen’s stripped-down songs identified with the downtrodden and excluded, he never even began to consider in those songs what could be done to improve those characters’ lives. No matter how socially conscious Springsteen’s work might be, it was never about activism. In fact, as much as Springsteen wanted to distance himself from Reagan, there were some undeniable similarities between Reagan’s 1984 tour and Springsteen’s. Both men liked to talk a lot to their audiences about freedom, and both tended to define that freedom in terms of the agency of the individual. Both men instinctively distrusted structures and institutions, precisely because they saw them as limiting individual freedom. If the title track of Born in the U.S.A. contained less historical amnesia than the average Reagan mention of the Vietnam War, the album’s concluding track—“My Jestice/English 3

Hometown”—would not have been wholly out of synch as a soundtrack for Reagan’s famous “Morning in America” campaign ad. At their most fundamental level, the president and the rock star shared a common ideological base: They both started as New Deal Democrats who didn’t like technocracy. The real difference between them was generational: the difference between a political consciousness formed by the early Cold War and one formed by the Vietnam War at its height. In public, however, the difference was harder to grasp. In Maryland the night George Will saw him, Springsteen spoke about the Revolutionary War Monument in his boyhood home of Freehold before performing “” as reverently as the president had spoken about the Statue of Liberty when accepting the Republican nomination in Dallas a few nights earlier. All that changed drastically after Reagan’s Hammonton speech. Although the introduction to “Johnny 99” that night in Pittsburgh was the only direct reference to the president that Springsteen made, his usual story before “My Hometown” about the Revolutionary War Monument in Freehold and the two-year-old Vietnam Jestice/English 3

Veterans Memorial in Washington became more explicitly political that night. Rather than simply mourning two centuries of dead U.S. veterans, Springsteen now expressed a sense of dissatisfaction and even ownership of contemporary America. “It seems like something’s happening out there where there’s a lot of stuff being taken away from a lot of people that shouldn’t have it taken away from,” the singer told his audience. “Sometimes it’s hard to remember that this place belongs to us, that this is our hometown.” To anyone listening closely, a lot of what Springsteen said that night was already in his songs—and not just on the Nebraska album. Take, for example, Born in the U.S.A.’s title track. George Will might have interpreted the chorus to “Born in the U.S.A.” as a “grand cheerful anthem,” but the verse is something very different: Come back home to the refinery Hiring man says “son if it was up to me” Went down to see my V.A. man He said “son don’t you understand now” Had a brother at Khe Sahn fighting off the Viet Cong They’re still there he’s all gone. Patriotic rallying-cry of a cold warrior? Try angry, inarticulate wail of a Vietnam Jestice/English 3 veteran. And not exactly the “idealism and optimism” that the Reagan campaign was searching for. Three nights after the Pittsburgh concert, in Buffalo, it was the story about Elvis Presley before “” that got revamped. When George Will had heard it a month before, Springsteen had spoken vaguely of Presley that “his music and the best of rock and roll always said to me ‘Just let freedom ring.’” Now, Springsteen was careful to add, “but it’s no good if it’s just for one, it’s gotta be for everyone.” When his tour resumed in Tacoma after a two-week break in mid-October, Springsteen was cracking wise about the president and arms control before singing “Reason to Believe,” the final track from Nebraska, the sort of direct reference to a contemporary political issue that would have been unthinkable a month earlier. But even late-night talk show hosts can joke about the president. The more significant change that Springsteen made in his concerts starting with that October 1984 stand in Tacoma was to make space for local, liberal charities, now dedicating “My Hometown” to them and to their active attempts to improve local problems. Perhaps because he had spent significant Jestice/English 3 chunks of his early twenties as a squatter, Springsteen often publicized food banks. He also showed considerable interest in strike-relief funds, particularly those run by United Steelworkers Local 1397 in Pittsburgh and the Steelworkers Oldtimers Foundation in . Three years after the president had forcibly ended the air traffic controller strike, and three years before the dispossessed of U.S. cities became so impossible to ignore that the term “homelessness” was first applied to them, raising money for food banks run by unions was one of the least Reaganesque things that a public figure could do. And ever since, on every Springsteen tour for the last 30 years, there have been tables for local charities at every venue, usually food banks and other poverty-focused causes, and the singer has reminded his audiences to help those organizations with the work of improving their hometowns. But it wasn’t until the 1990s that Springsteen really became a political singer. As he pursued a more sporadic solo career, he educated himself, became a more politically aware human being, opposing anti-immigrant initiatives in , where he was living at the time. Starting with John Kerry in 2004, Springsteen eventually began endorsing Jestice/English 3 candidates, most notably articulating ’s vision during the 2008 election—for precisely those “swing” segments of the U.S. electorate that might be most disinclined to vote for him. In Kerry’s case, the candidate had endorsed the singer first, adopting “No Surrender” as his campaign song months before Springsteen ever endorsed his candidacy. By contrast, Springsteen had looked favorably on Obama as early as March of 2008, telling a Montreal audience, “I do feel a new wind blowing back home.” On April 16, shortly before the crucial Pennsylvania primary, in which all polls showed that older working-class white males in the heart of Springsteen Country were disinclined to vote for Obama, Springsteen heartily voiced his support. Obama, he told fans on his website, “speaks to the America I’ve envisioned in my music for the past 35 years, a generous nation with a citizenry willing to tackle nuanced and complex problems, a country that’s interested in its collective destiny and in the potential of its gathered spirit. A place where nobody crowds you, and nobody goes it alone.” (The last line was a quotation from “,” one of the strongest tracks on Springsteen’s most recent Jestice/English 3 album, Magic, which was in part a response to George W. Bush’s U.S.A.) After the Magic tour wrapped up that fall, Springsteen played solo sets at a number of voter registration rallies across the country. “I’ve spent most of my creative life,” he told attendees at a rally that fall, “measuring the distance between that American promise and American reality … and I believe Senator Obama has taken the measure of that distance in his own life and in his work.”

It is the distance, we might note, between some of the more optimistic tracks on Born in the U.S.A. and many of the songs on Nebraska—between “My Hometown” and “Reason to Believe.” It is also the distance measured in both the song Springsteen performed at all his campaign appearances that fall (“The Promised Land”) and the speech on race that Obama had delivered at the Constitutional Center in Philadelphia earlier that year (“A More Perfect Union”). At the time the speech was delivered, some academics noted the influence of Ralph Waldo Emerson on Senator Obama’s ideas about the United States, but they might just as easily have looked to Freehold, New Jersey, as to Concord, Massachusetts. Jestice/English 3

Some Republicans continue to claim Springsteen as their own, but it has been less and less common as time has gone on and Springsteen has clarified his own political beliefs. New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, the most famous Republican Springsteen fan, explicitly embraces the singer’s work without the ideology that imbues it, specifically rejecting in particular Springsteen’s frequent injunction that “nobody wins unless everybody wins.” In 2000, when Springsteen premiered “,” his song about the NYPD’s shooting of Amadou Diallo, Bob Lucente of the New York chapter of the Fraternal Order of Police suggested that Springsteen’s politics had changed over time, but they hadn’t really. Springsteen had never been a yellow-dog conservative and he would never be a yellow-dog liberal. After 9/11, he supported military action in Afghanistan but not , and while he could praise Governor Christie for his actions after Hurricane Sandy, a few years later he could make fun of him on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon over the Bridge lane closings. Whatever his ideological beliefs, Bruce Springsteen is not a creature of party. He’s a democrat—lowercase “d.” Jestice/English 3

Last month, at the Mohegan Sun casino in Uncas, Connecticut, Springsteen concluded his most recent tour, which had run for over two years. Both nights in concert, Springsteen collected for local food banks and performed a fiery version of his Steinbeck-inspired “,” which declares solidarity with the homeless and victims of police brutality, among other disenfranchised groups.He performed only one song from Born in the U.S.A. (the unavoidable “Dancing in the Dark”), but the album’s songs were still in Mohegan Sun that night, on the music that aired over the casino’s speakers: “I’m Goin’ Down,” “Glory Days,” “I’m On Fire,” the most widely heard music of Springsteen’s career, all played around the slot machines and craps tables as the singer tried to keep his audience focused on his post-1980s output. In a moment of serendipity, Melissa Bailey, a reporter for the New Haven Independent, noted that Springsteen’s tour-ending dates at the casino coincided with the Connecticut State Republican Convention in the same facility. For the most part, the two sets of attendees didn’t overlap, but a few Connecticut Republicans readily told Bailey that “Born in the U.S.A.” was their favorite Jestice/English 3

Springsteen song. “It’s just uplifting,” one of them noted. “It’s an everyone song. Next to ‘The Star-Spangled Banner,’ it’s next.”

Commentary Source http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/06/are-politicians-too-dumb-to- understand-the-lyrics-to-born-in-the-usa Are Politicians Too Dumb to Understand the Lyrics to ‘Born in the USA’? Springsteen’s ‘Born in the U.S.A.’ is an indictment of the government, the military- industrial complex, and the way we treat soldiers. Not exactly an election night anthem. PARKER MOLLOY 11.06.14 3:45 PM ET On Tuesday night—widely considered a sweeping victory for Republican political candidates—I sat in my apartment, huddled around my TV, watching as election results rolled in. From my couch, as the local NBC affiliate called the Illinois gubernatorial race for GOP candidate Bruce Rauner, I noticed something. As the local news team cut to Rauner campaign headquarters, I heard something in the background: the familiar drum beat and synth lead of one of 1984's most popular tunes, "Born in the U.S.A." In 1984, Bruce Springsteen released Born in the U.S.A. The album became an immediate success, and it eventually became one of the most successful recordings of all time, selling more than 10 million copies. This success of both the album and its eponymous single is frequently attributed to a belief that the song is a pro-American anthem. In reality, it's anything but. Despite what many have inferred from the title of both the album and its titular track, it is not a celebration of American Exceptionalism, but rather, an indictment of the government, the military-industrial-complex, and the way in which we treat those who have risked their lives in battle. As a result of this misunderstanding, the song has become the de facto feel-good election season anthem for politicians nationwide. "Born down in a dead man's town," the song begins. "The first kick I took was when I hit the ground. You end up like a dog that's been beat too much; [until] you spend half your life just covering up," Springsteen growls in the first verse. Jestice/English 3

"Born in the U.S.A. I was born in the U.S.A.," he continues into the chorus. From there, Springsteen continues his narrative of a man sent to fight a war he didn't believe in—Vietnam—and about the conflict involved with being sent "off to a foreign land to go and kill the yellow man." That line, focused on "the yellow man," is almost certainly meant as a reference to the oft-nebulous enemy U.S. soldiers were being sent off to fight, and the typically racist nature of the conflict, itself. The character, broke and desperate after being turned away from hiring managers at the local refinery, reaches to his local V.A. branch, only to be turned away yet again. Later, the song paints a portrait of the protagonist's post-war, post-job future, similar to that faced by so many other veterans of the Vietnam war, finding himself "Down in the shadow of penitentiary, out by the gas fires of the refinery" a decade after returning from service "Nowhere to run ain't got nowhere to go," Springsteen sings before launching into the "Born in the U.S.A." chorus in repetition. The song—quite obviously the tale of a broken system and of a government that sees its citizens as disposable cogs in a war machine—is by no means is a pro-America anthem. In the wake of the album's release, Conservative columnists Bernie Goldberg and George Will began touting the New Jersey singer-songwriter as savior to the Republican Party. "[Springsteen's] shows are like old-time revivals with the same old-time message," Goldberg said during a September 1984 episode of CBS Evening News. "If they work hard enough and long enough, like Springsteen himself, they can also make it to the promised land." While the messaging described by Goldberg—of a meritocracy in which anyone can make it if they just work hard enough—has long been a mainstream Conservative belief, it most certainly was not one apparent in Springsteen's lyrics. Will took things a step further, even suggesting that President Reagan formally request Springsteen's endorsement. While campaigning for reelection in 1984, President Ronald Reagan included the following in his stump speech: "America's future rests in a thousand dreams inside your hearts. It rests in the message of hope in songs so many young Americans admire: New Jersey's own Bruce Springsteen. And helping you make those dreams come true is what this job of mine is all about." Jestice/English 3

Whether Reagan was aware of Springsteen's own famously working-class Liberal politics or not, he began a trend now entering its 30th year: the misunderstanding of The Boss. At the time, Springsteen's album sat at number two on the Billboard charts. Not particularly interested in turning down a compliment from a sitting president, Springsteen tried to shrug off the statement while maintaining that President Reagan had likely mistaken his own messaging, saying at that Friday's show, "Well, the president was mentioning my name in his speech the other day, and I kind of got to wondering what his favorite album of mine must’ve been, you know? I don’t think it was the [explicitly Liberal] Nebraska album, [and] I don’t think he’s been listening to [Born in the U.S.A.].” In all, the comment seemed to be a bit of gentle ribbing with the leader of the free world. After all, it was entirely possible that the president had been simply misinformed about Springsteen's lyrics. From gentle ribbing to exasperation, Springsteen employed famed filmmaker John Sayles to craft a video so obvious, so clear, that President Reagan and others would find it near impossible to misinterpret. The Sayles-directed video centered around live concert footage intercut with shots from predominantly Vietnamese segments of Los Angeles, the video highlights blue-collar workers, soldiers-in-training, and most heartbreakingly, shots of returning veterans in line for payday loans. "It was right around the time that Ronald Reagan had co-opted 'Born In The U.S.A.' and Reagan, his policies were everything that the song was complaining about," said Sayles in I Want My MTV. "I think some of the energy of the performance came from Bruce deciding, 'I'm going to claim this song back from Reagan.'" "This was when the Republicans first mastered the art of co-opting anything and everything that seemed fundamentally American, and if you were on the other side, you were somehow unpatriotic," said Springsteen in a 2005 NPR interview. "I make American music, and I write about the place I live and who I am in my lifetime. Those are the things I'm going to struggle for and fight for." Still, years passed and politicians of all stripes continued to make use of "Born in the U.S.A." during campaign events, rallies, and victory speeches. In one, final, exhausted attempt to clarify the song's true meaning, Springsteen began performing the song to crowds with only the Jestice/English 3 accompaniment of his acoustic guitar. Maybe, just maybe he'd be able to get the message across if he stripped it down to its bare bones. In no way is this situation unique to Springsteen. During the 2012 election, Mitt Romney drew the ire of indie rockers for using their track "Panic Switch," and rapper K'naan for his song "Waving Flag." In 2008, the McCain-Palin ticket received cease and desist notices from Jon Bon Jovi, John Mellencamp, Foo Fighters, Heart, and , among others after unauthorized use of these artists' songs during public appearances. In August 2012, once claimed his favorite band was , leading guitarist to pen an epic op-ed for Rolling Stone, tearing down the vice presidential candidate. "Paul Ryan's love of Rage Against the Machine is amusing, because he is the embodiment of the machine that our music has been raging against for two decades," writes Morello. "Charles Manson loved The Beatles but didn't understand them. Governor Chris Christie loves Bruce Springsteen but doesn't understand him. And Paul Ryan is clueless about his favorite band, Rage Against the Machine." Morello continues taking Ryan to task, writing, "Ryan claims that he likes Rage's sound, but not the lyrics. Well, I don't care for Paul Ryan's sound or his lyrics. He can like whatever bands he wants, but his guiding vision of shifting revenue more radically to the one percent is antithetical to the message of Rage." Much as Springsteen wondered which of his albums made the president's playlist, Morello asks, "I wonder what Ryan's favorite Rage song is? Is it the one where we condemn the genocide of Native Americans? The one lambasting American imperialism? Our cover of 'Fuck the Police'? Or is it the one where we call on the people to seize the means of production?" Admittedly, Rage Against the Machine is not the type of pop-anthem rock generally comparable to Springsteen (Ryan was not trotting out "" or "Guerilla Radio" at campaign stops, but simply rocking out to the band during his famous P90X workouts), and so it's not really possible to compare Morello's (seemingly successful) attempt to publicly shame the Wisconsin politician with The Boss' attempt to educate, update, and elaborate on his own personal political leanings. Politicians of both major political parties have employed "Born in the U.S.A." in recent years. Much as Rauner headquarters blasted the tune while sitting Senator Mark Kirk made his way to Jestice/English 3 the stage in anticipation of the soon to be governor-elect's speech, in 2008, then-Senator Barack Obama accepted the Democratic nomination for president moments after the song blared across the public address system at 's Invesco Field. Now, obviously, then-candidate Obama's campaign was built on the premise of putting an end to the raging , so it's entirely possible that "Born in the U.S.A." was a more appropriate song choice than it was for Reagan or Rauner. Even so, all these years later, perhaps it's time to find a new tune for candidates to trot out to. As the country finds itself becoming increasingly involved in a new military campaign in the Middle East, along with the fact that soldiers returning from combat are still prone to the same type of mistreatment Springsteen sung about all those years ago, this song simply doesn't embody the reality of American politics—at least in a positive way. So, more than three decades of misunderstanding and willful ignorance later, after spending countless hours into educating the public about the song's true meaning—ironically, the song's working title was "Vietnam," which would have likely been explicit enough to sidestep the headache and fanfare—is it time for The Boss to simply let it go? At what point does his original intent no longer matter, and at what point does it stop feeling hypocritical when politicians who stand for everything an artist opposes come marching on stage to a song antithetical to their own beliefs?

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War on Terror Period Song: – “Light Up Ya Lighter” It never makes no sense It never makes no sense Fire, fire, fire, light up your lighter Fire, fire, fire Armegedon is a deadly day Armegedon is a deadly way They're coming for you everyday While senators on a holiday The army recruiters in the parking lot Hustling kids, they're juggling pot "Listen young man, listen to my plan Gonna make you money, gonna make you a man. (bomb, bomb) Here's what you get, an M16 and a kevlar vest You might come home with one less leg but this thing will surely keep a bullet out your chest So come on, come on, sign up, come on This one's nothing like Vietnam Except for the bullets, except for the bombs Except for the youth that's gone"

So we keep it on, til you're coming home higher and higher Fire, fire, fire, light up your lighter Fire, fire, fire So we keep it on, til you're coming home higher and higher Fire, fire, fire, light up your lighter Fire, fire, fire

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Tell me president tell me if you will How many people does a smart bomb kill? How many of them do you think we got? The general says we never miss shot And we never ever ever keep a body count We're killing so efficiently we can't keep count In the afghan hills the rebels still fighting Opium fields keep on providing The best heroin that money can buy and No body knows where Osama bin hiding The press conferences keep on lying Like we don't know

So we keep it on, til you're coming home higher and higher Fire, fire, fire, light up your lighter Fire, fire, fire So we keep it on, til you're coming home higher and higher Fire, fire, fire, light up your lighter Fire, fire, fire So Mr engine, engine, number 9 Machine guns on a New York transit line The war for oil is a war for the beast the War on terror is a war on peace Telling you they're gona protect you Telling you that they support the troops and Don't let 'em fool you with their milk and honey No, they only want your money One step forward and 2 step back One step forward and 2 step back Jestice/English 3

Why do veterans get no respect PTSD and a broken back Take a look at where you money's gone (seen) Take a look at what they spent it on No excuses, no illusions Light up your lighter, bring 'em home

So we keep it on, til you're coming home higher and higher Fire, fire, fire, light up your lighter Fire, fire, fire So we keep it on, til you're coming home higher and higher Fire, fire, fire, light up your lighter Fire, fire, fire

So we keep it on, til you're coming home higher and higher Fire, fire, fire, light up your lighter Fire, fire, fire So we keep it on, til you're coming home higher and higher Fire, fire, fire, light up your lighter Fire, fire, fire

Writer: MANAS ITENE, MICHAEL FRANTI Copyright: Lyrics © Universal Music Publishing Group Biography Source http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608001082/Michael- Franti.html#ixzz4gk8LnIJb Born in 1968 in Oakland, CA, to an interracial couple; adopted and raised by white parents; children: Cappy (son). Education: Attended University of , late 1980s. Jestice/English 3

Michael Franti emerged as one of the most provocative and talented members of the crowded rap/hip-hop universe in the early 1990s. A musician with a chameleonlike ability to reshape his musical style from album to album, Franti first garnered attention with an avant-garde outfit known as . He then moved on to the Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy, a fiery, politically charged group drenched in a booming industrial rap sound. After the Disposable Heroes folded, Franti reinvented his sound once again and in 1994 founded the group Spearhead. Critics and fans alike were bowled over when their first effort, Home, was released. As reviewer Ken Capobianco remarked in The Tab, "Nothing in Disposable [Heroes of Hiphoprisy] prepares you for Franti's new brain-child, Spearhead, a diverse mix of organic hip-hop, pop and Franti's vivid verse filled with both potent politics and a newfound warmth and whimsy." Michael Franti was born in 1968 in Oakland, California. Put up for adoption as an infant, he spent his first months of life in a number of foster homes. When he was still a toddler, he was adopted by a white family that moved around to various California locales throughout his childhood. Years later Franti searched for and found his birth parents--his mother was white, his father black--but he recognized that "when it's all over, it's the people who raised me who are my parents. You know what I'm saying? They loved me and looked after me all those years," he said in an interview with Mike Greenblatt for Right On! "So as I've gotten older, digested the information, thought about it, talked about it, written about it, I have an understanding about who I am as an individual and where I fit in with my feelings." After completing high school in northern California, Franti ambled down to San Francisco. He attended college at the University of San Francisco, having secured a scholarship to play basketball. A rangy, six-and-a-half footer who loved to play the game, Franti nonetheless found himself drifting increasingly to music. He soon picked up a bass guitar from an area pawn shop and began doodling around. At the same time, Franti became acquainted with Dr. Harry Edwards, a sociologist at the Berkeley campus who, back in 1968, had organized the politically motivated protests by African American athletes at the Olympics in Mexico City. Edwards urged Franti to study and investigate the world around him. Franti subsequently quit the university's varsity team, on which he was a starter, devoting his energies instead to his newfound passions for music and social issues. He eventually became part of a band called the Beatnigs, which recorded an album on 's Jestice/English 3 label. "We started throwing these underground parties in abandoned warehouses," recalled Franti in a Musician interview with Mark Rowland. "We were combining African drums with poetry and African and hip-hop dancers, garbage-can stuff." The group attracted some critical attention, but it eventually broke up. As memory of the Beatnigs faded, Franti and another member of that band, Rono Tse, formed the Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy. The new group began releasing singles in 1991, and it quickly became clear that Franti and Tse were a twosome that demanded to be heard. Westword reviewer Michael Roberts recalled that "their opening blast, 'Television, the Drug of the Nation,' was an immensely powerful warning shot fired across popular culture's bow--and there were plenty more to follow." The hip-hop duo received almost universal critical accolades from reviewers who hailed Franti's "articulate, politically provocative and subtly nuanced raps," wrote Rowland. The Metro Times summarized the critical buzz around the band, noting, "Whereas other rap artists indulge the genre in all its gangsterish trappings, the Heroes use their dense, dense rhythms as an accessible and confrontational platform for their dense, dense politics," which included uncompromising stands against the Gulf War, racism, anti-gay violence, and other issues. After the release of their album Hypocrisy Is the Greatest Luxury on the 4th & Broadway label, Franti and Tse further consolidated their standing with a series of memorable concerts. Soon the Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy were asked to tour with music giants Arrested Development and . Ultimately, though, the Heroes fell by the wayside. "When I started Disposable Heroes, it wasn't intended to be a group. It was just a concept. The truth is that Disposable Heroes wasn't even a record I would listen to at home," Franti told Rolling Stone contributor David Wild. "The big problem with Disposable Heroes was that it was a record people listened to because it was good for them--kind of like broccoli." After lending a songwriting assist to Hal Wilner in the creation of William Burroughs's Island Red label release Spare Ass Annie and Other Tales, Franti and Tse got together to record their second album. They soon realized, though, that the musical paths they wished to explore had diverged. The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy, a group that had blasted into the music world like a comet, thus disappeared with similar speed, leaving a trail of incendiary and challenging music behind. Jestice/English 3

After the Disposable Heroes disbanded, Franti turned for inspiration to the music he'd listened to while growing up--acts like Marvin Gaye, Earth, Wind & Fire, Bob Marley, and Parliament. His next project, Spearhead, reflected those influences. "This time around," he explained to URB Magazine contributor Jazzbo, "I wanted to make music that you could bounce your head to, that you could enjoy putting on and chill with at your house." Still, Franti's desire to comment on the world around him had not waned. "It wasn't that I didn't want to make statements anymore," he told Roberts. "But when I was a kid, I got into the music first, and then later, after I'd listened to the songs for awhile, I started hearing what the artists had to say. And that's what I wanted to do." Franti gathered together a diverse range of musical talent to form Spearhead. He recruited Mary Harris and Ras I Zulu to share the vocal chores, then rounded out the group's lineup with instrumentalists Liane Jamison, Keith McArthur, James Gray, and David James. The new group then entered the studio to record their first album, Home, a work that Jazzbo called "vibrant and aware seventies soul for today, a sound that is as powerful as it is seductive." The 13 songs on the album run the gamut both stylistically and lyrically. A seamless fusion of hip-hop, funk, reggae, and jazz, Home features pointed political commentary next to easygoing affirmations of the simple pleasures of home and family. Critics note that party songs of a decidedly funky bent, such as "Red Beans and Rice," complement rather than neutralize powerful militant numbers like "Dream Team." Other tracks were hailed as well, among them "Positive," a song described by Vibe columnist Tricia Rose as "the tension-ridden, soul jazz journey of a young man who's finally decided to be tested for AIDS," and "Hole in the Bucket," Franti's intriguing version of a bouncy Jamaican folksong popularized by Harry Belafonte a generation before. Home enjoyed almost universal critical praise upon its release. West County Times reviewer Tim Goodman wrote, "When you come across an album of this magnitude, there's a danger of slipping around in the critical slobber." He added, "Consider Home to be the nineties version of Marvin Gaye's classic, What's Going On. It's that great." New York Newsday's Ira Robbins agreed, calling Spearhead's debut album "smart, funny, funky, and glowing with humanity." Other critics focused on Franti's insights into what it means to be a black man in America in the 1990s. "Home explores a range of ways to be a black man by going where vulnerability, fire, rage, and love hide out," commented Rose. "Michael Franti and Spearhead get around sermons Jestice/English 3 and government statistics to present a masculinity infused with political passion, exorcised pain, earthy pleasure, and the strength we gain from taking risks, again and again." Ironically, a chief strength of Home--the album's diverse mix of soul, hip-hop, and jazz-- hindered its acceptance by the niche-oriented radio industry, which was unable to pigeonhole Spearhead into a single musical category. But while Franti wanted Spearhead to be heard, his primary concern was being true to his musical vision. "When I write songs, I write about human emotion and feelings which everybody has. It doesn't matter if you're black, white or brown," Franti told extreme writer Chris Sanderson. "We live in a time and place where my generation has to deal with AIDS, violence, police brutality and death." Other musical artists shy away from such topics, but Franti told Jazzbo, "I feel as an artist you have some responsibility to elevate the consciousness of your listener. I know that not everybody feels that way. Some artists felt that their motivation is to make people dance and that's cool. But for my music, I feel I have responsibility." Franti also acknowledges the role that his son Cappy, who was born in 1988, has had on his lyrics. "I want to be able to make records that Cappy can listen to 15 years from now and see that they weren't just records of me holding my dick, no matter how much money it makes," Franti told Rowland in Musician. "I want to say, here's a record that has some ideas. So that's how I gauge the decisions I make in the music." Clearly, Franti's decisions have been on target. As Goodman indicated in the West County Times, "Franti is the complete package. In fact, he shouldn't be lumped in as strictly a bright light in the hip-hop scene--he's an intellectual wordsmith towering above most in the current pop-rock world." by Kevin Hillstrom Commentary and Interview Source http://first-avenue.com/performer/michael-franti-spearhead Michael Franti is a musician, filmmaker, and humanitarian who is recognized as a pioneering force in the music industry. Long known for his globally-conscious lyrics, powerful performances, and dynamic live shows with his band, Spearhead, Franti has continually been at the forefront of lyrical activism, using his music as a positive force for change. Jestice/English 3

“I make music because I believe it can change people’s lives and make a difference in the world,” enthuses Franti, “music gives us new energy and a stronger sense of purpose.” Franti is known for his authentic, uplifting music and has found global success with multi-platinum songs like “ (I Love You)”, the chart breaking 2010 release from the album The Sound of Sunshine. Michael Franti & Spearhead’s new single from their ninth studio album SOULROCKER, “Crazy For You”, evokes the same feel-good, inspiring vibes. “‘Crazy For You’ is a song that calls out some of the crazy things that are happening in the world today and celebrates the people in your life that you can lean on, that keep the hope alive no matter what’s happening around you. I wrote this song for my wife Sara, who is my rock and keeps me grounded no matter how crazy my life or the world gets.” In creating their debut album on Fantasy Records, SOULROCKER, Michael Franti & Spearhead introduced a new sensibility to their potent hybrid of hip-hop, rock, folk, and reggae: a gracefully arranged take on that more than fulfills Franti’s mission of making impassioned music you can dance to. Along with harnessing the Bay Area-based band’s dynamic energy for a more powerful impact than ever before, SOULROCKER again shows Franti’s singular ability to channel frustration into music that’s both thought-provoking and triumphantly hopeful. “Right now is a very challenging time for people, for our nation and the planet,” says Franti, a longtime activist and past recipient of Global Exchange’s Domestic Human Rights Award. “But I really believe that music can help fight war and violence and hatred. The world needs that more than ever now, so my intention with this album was to make music that could bring people together.” Giving back has always been at the heart of Franti’s mission; he has dedicated his life to spreading the joy of music and positivity to millions of people. Franti’s humanitarian, social justice and peace efforts continue to inspire his music and are infused throughout SOULROCKER. WEBSITE

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God Bless the U.S.A. Lee Greenwood If tomorrow all the things were gone I'd worked for all my life And I had to start again With just my children and my wife

I'd thank my lucky stars To be living here today Cause the flag still stands for freedom And they can't take that away And I'm proud to be an American Where at least I know I'm free And I won't forget the men who died Who gave that right to me And I gladly stand up Next to you and defend her still today Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land God bless the USA From the lakes of Minnesota To the hills of Tennessee Across the plains of Texas From sea to shining sea From Detroit down to Houston, And New York to L.A Well there's pride in every American heart And its time we stand and say That I'm proud to be an American Where at least I know I'm free Jestice/English 3

And I won't forget the men who died Who gave that right to me And I gladly stand up Next to you and defend her still today Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land God bless the USA And I'm proud to be and American Where at least I know I'm free. And I won't forget the men who died Who gave that right to me And I gladly stand up Next to you and defend her still today Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land God bless the USA Written by Lee Greenwood • Copyright © Universal Music Publishing Group

Commentary and Interview Provided by rollingstone.com/country/features/inauguration-singer-lee-greenwood-trump-is-a- patriot-w461498

By Kory Grow January 18, 2017

When country singer Lee Greenwood wrote the thoroughly patriotic hit "God Bless the U.S.A." in 1983, he'd done so in the wake of a tragedy: The Soviet Union had shot down a Korean Air flight that had departed from the U.S., killing 269 passengers including a member of the House of Representatives. "That event made me pay attention to international news, but I'd wanted to write 'U.S.A.' for an awful long time," he tells Rolling Stone. However, he says, he did not intend the single, which came out in the spring of 1984, to be political.

In a Facebook chat, singer fielded fans' questions about why he won't be performing at Trump's Inauguration "I just wanted to have something that would seed the culture and really give everybody something to cling onto, to unite," he says. "And then it was because Ronald Reagan became president and the use of that song for the campaign, but it was not necessarily for the Republican Party, because I really didn't want it to be used politically and still don't. … In the ensuing years, it was Katrina, the Gulf War and then the [9/11] attack on America, and each time it became a little bit more in the fiber of America." Jestice/English 3

Despite not wanting the song to be taken politically, Greenwood, age 74, has performed it at the inaugurations of three presidents – Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush – and will do so again on Thursday, January 19th, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial alongside Toby Keith and 3 Doors Down, among others, as part of 's "Make America Great Again! Welcome Celebration" concert. The singer's reaction to his invitation, as he tells Rolling Stone, was, "Man, this is going to be awesome."

You didn't want "God Bless the U.S.A." to be associated with a political party. Has it ever bothered you that it has been seemingly adopted by the Republican Party? Well, no. I'm a conservative Christian, but I don't use my stage nor my music politically. Other people would like to, so I try to stay on the fringes of that and not be involved. For this election, I was not touring or campaigning for either candidate or for any candidate for that matter.

President-elect Trump's campaign was ruthless and controversial. Did you have any reservations about performing for him? Well, no, because I'm not really performing for him. The Inaugural Committee chose entertainers to come and entertain the crowd. It'll be incidental, I think, that he will probably be on the Lincoln Memorial stage as that concert is in tribute to the change of power. I will also be singing at the vice president[-elect]'s dinner by request. And it's a thrill for us to do that and be involved in the festivities.

Did you vote for Donald Trump and Mike Pence? Are you a fan of their policies? I'm going to reserve who I voted for because I don't want that to be public opinion, because then they'll think it's political, so I can't tell you who I voted for.

What are your personal feelings about Donald Trump? I think he's going to be a great president. I love his slogan, "Let's make America great again," and I'm confident that he'll take a good shot at it.

Do you feel America is not great? America's always been great, but I think in the past years, we've had a struggle internationally and domestically, and I just hope conditions improve.

But that slogan, "Make America Great Again," reads a bit like he lost faith in the country. Well, I don't think there's any doubt that Donald Trump, our President-elect, is a patriot. He's a businessman, and I think he's going to do the best for our country economically. I think that now that he's put a general in his cabinet, they'll have a consensus of opinion on ISIS, and I think that's a great thing, we need to get that under control. And the immigration issues. There's so many things I think he'll address in the first six months, and we're praying for his success.

Several musicians who disagree with his various policies have either declined or backed out of performing at inauguration celebrations. What do you make of that? Well, that's their choice. I'm honored to do it, I'll always be honored. This is my fourth inauguration. For somebody to stand up and make that kind of statement, I think it's a wrong platform. I mean you're not just entertaining the man. It's just a change of power between one president and the next. If you don't support the president, that's something, but this opportunity for me, to go and sing, I really don't care who else doesn't go, or who else does go. Jestice/English 3

Have your fans on social media been generally supportive of your performance? I haven't watched any of that. I don't get involved in social media. I have a team that does that, and I think if that's anything that they find negative, they just ignore it. But I haven't heard of anything. My fans are very supportive of what I'm doing.

Have you ever sung for a president or dignitary with whom you've disagreed politically? No. I didn't get asked in the last eight years to sing for President Obama, but I certainly would have had I been asked. I've had performances at the White House and for all Republican candidates, actually. Reagan, Bush, Bush. And I was proud to do that, to sing for the president, incidental that they are, and Republicans.

In your song "God Bless the U.S.A," you sing, "at least I know I'm free" and it seems that a lot of people are still fighting for rights, whether it's minorities, women, LGBTQ people. They don't feel totally free. What do you think about that? C'mon. I'm a singer, an entertainer and a writer. I don't represent any particular group of people or their culture overall; it's just for Americans. And we all have a struggle about who we are, and I struggled for my life as well. It's what I do. It's my profession. And the song I wrote seems to be embraced by most Americans. And that makes me very happy that I think I've done something good for the country. Beyond that, I'm not going to get involved in the struggles nor the politics of what's going on.

What has been your favorite experience singing for a past president? I think it's watching how someone who is in power, who is in the White House, who runs the most powerful nation in the country, is a person, an average American. And when you get that opportunity to meet and shake hands with the man that's running – or the woman – that's running the country, so far there hasn't been a woman, it's an awesome moment because not many people will get that opportunity.

Commentary Source http://www.soundslikenashville.com/news/lee-greenwood-makes-supporting- veterans-a-priority/ CHUCK DAUPHIN • NOVEMBER 10, 2016 Lee Greenwood has always had a soft spot for Americans who have served in the military, and his latest affiliation is further proof of this. The singer has been named as a celebrity Ambassador for the DAV (Disabled American Veterans), a nonprofit charity. DAV is a leading nonprofit that provides a lifetime of support for veterans of all generations and their families.” He says he doesn’t take the organization’s work lightly, as seeing that those who have served their fellow Americans have the best in health care – both physical and mental – needs to be a priority. “We do all we can for the wounded warriors, and for those who are struggling with PTSD. There’s twenty-two suicides a day that we are trying to prevent with different kinds of campaigns. We’ve built homes for wounded warriors through an organization called Helping A Hero,” he allowed to Sounds Like Nashville. “This new appointment as Ambassador for DAV is Jestice/English 3 to help make people aware of the new campaign, Keeping The Promise, is not only a big step, but I think also an important one. We cannot ever forget our military is working all the time. This is not anything new. We save a lot of soldiers than we ever have, but a lot more of them are wounded,” he lamented. Of course, there are several government programs in place, but Greenwood says that only goes so far. “The government can only do so much, based on taxes, and what the allocation to the military organizations. There are twenty-two million veterans who are looking for work or help. They’re saving about a million a year, which is a big number, but not enough. We’re trying to raise awareness, not just through donations – but in membership. Unlike the American Legion and the VFW, those numbers are probably dwindling because of registration with veterans. The PVA (Paralyzed Veterans of America) and the DAV both work to the benefit of the veterans who are currently wounded and coming home from war zones, and trying to recover. It’s a great thing to do, and a privilege for me to be part of this new appointment as an ambassador.” The singer says that working with the various military organizations has brought him many blessings, though he has seen the hard part of what military personnel go through – up close and personal. “We have thirty years of USO tours to our credit, one of which was with Bob Hope. When I think about some of those tours, and some of those places where we’ve seen tragedy as well as conflict and success – war zones are war zones, and always have been. In this current war on terror, we put our soldiers in danger as soon as their boots hit the ground. We think of ourselves as an overwhelming force, but as soon as you get in the logistics of a rifle shot, anything can happen. We lose guys all the time. We are very careful, and try our best, but war is war. I work with several Wounded Warriors who have lost both legs and both arms.” Helping those to lead productive lives again is the goal. “It’s a struggle to get them back into society. The real danger is having them with no place of employment or work. That is a matter of pride. If you lose your pride, you want to end your life, and in a lot of cases, that’s what happens.” Of course, his 1984 hit “God Bless The U.S.A.” helped make his name and music known all across the world, becoming arguably the modern-day National Anthem. “A lot of people refer to my song as ‘Proud To Be An American,’ which is the lead line in the chorus. I have no trouble with that. As a matter of fact, my new children’s illustrated book is called ‘Proud To Be An American.’ It’s the lyrics of ‘God Bless The U.S.A.,’ but I thought it might have wider breadth Jestice/English 3 of appeal if we called it something a little bit different. The sheet music actually says ‘God Bless The U.S.A.’ but in parentheses, it says ‘Proud To Be An American.” He thinks the book is important because it just might inspire a youngster to take an interest in the country, which is where he believes that American pride begins. “I think that patriotism is a growing process, and it’s something you learn about when you’re a kid – just like all the other things you learn. My wife Kim and I were very adamant about reading to our kids when they were young. We sat them on our laps after a bath, and they became fascinated with real books. They’re something that you can touch or feel. We made an illustrated book, and it teaches patriotism with just a very simple process of loving their country, and what it means to be a patriot.” What kind of reaction has Greenwood seen from the book? He says, “It’s the same kind of reaction you get when a soldier leaves home, and a child sees that father or mother go off into service, and they come back two years later. It’s the same feeling that they get when they see a fire truck, and they feel that pride that they have saved somebody’s life. I think that children have an honest recognition and value of home. That’s why patriotism is important. You teach them the value of learning the sovereignty of our country. We may be citizens of the world, but let’s say we’re Americans first.”

Jestice/English 3

Articles from PRHS database Star-spangled or reflective, pop captures the mood Jon Parales The New York Times. (Dec. 20, 2001): L, Arts and Entertainment: pE3. From Science In Context. Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2001 The New York Times Company http://www.nytimes.com On Dec. 11 at 8:46 a.m., three months after the first airliner hit the World Trade Center, the FM band was dotted with stations playing ''The Star-Spangled Banner,'' fulfilling a request from President Bush. Jimi Hendrix's screeching 1969 version, 's sultry 1991 performance and Faith Hill's glossy new 2001 recording were all broadcast at the appointed time. Not every station fell in line and played the anthem, but most did. After all, it was available in every format. Yet the straightforward patriotism of ''The Star-Spangled Banner,'' along with a bunch of pro- American country songs released since Sept. 11, has been only one of popular music's reactions to the war on terror. A newer song has also been widely heard this month since it was rush- released to radio stations: 's ''Let's Roll,'' based on a cell-phone conversation from Flight 93, the plane that crashed in Pennsylvania after passengers apparently fought down hijackers. It's not a nationalistic song, but a chronicle of unprepared heroes, and it's one of a very few new songs about Sept. 11 that transcend the topical. Pop's reaction to the new war has been an improvisation for both listeners and musicians, all seeking consolation and resolve. That reaction has grown steadily more unified as music has mirrored public opinion, moving from pain and disbelief to gung-ho mobilization. A song can turn a heartfelt sentiment into both an intangible communal message and a consumer item, only gaining emotional power as its popularity increases. Musical choices become a way to declare allegiances. So far the best musical results arrived soon after the attacks, when feelings were confused and unguarded -- a moment documented on ''America: A Tribute to Heroes,'' recorded at the Sept. 21 telethon -- and most recently with Mr. Young's ''Let's Roll.'' In between, opportunism and pop professionalism have reappeared. Wartime songs need not be explicit. ''White Christmas'' came out of World War II, capturing a longing for home and family as a generation fought abroad. The equivalent for the war Jestice/English 3 on terrorism may well be Enya's New Age song ''Only Time,'' which asks, ''Who can say where the road goes?'' Her album from 2000, ''A Day Without Rain,'' has now sold five million copies. Soon after the attacks, recording companies rushed out collections of patriotic and religious songs. ''God Bless America,'' which juxtaposes Lee Greenwood's Gulf War anthem, ''God Bless the U.S.A.,'' and 's antiwar ''Blowin' in the Wind,'' went to No. 1, perhaps as much as a talisman as for entertainment. Now, the benefit concerts that were quickly organized after Sept. 11 have been turned into albums: ''A Tribute to Heroes,'' the studio-based telethon on Sept. 21, and ''The Concert for New York City'' from Oct. 20 at Madison Square Garden. Although their music is better, they have not made as much immediate commercial headway. Both ''A Tribute to Heroes'' and ''The Concert for New YorkCity'' are being outsold by Christmas albums and Britney Spears. Musicians have not been waiting for commercial releases. In recent weeks songwriters as illustrious as Mr. Young and the million-selling country singer Alan Jackson provided newly recorded songs for broadcast, bypassing the mechanics of commercial releases. David First, a New York songwriter, gave away copies of his song ''Jump Back'' to workers on the site. , unreservedly pro-American and unfraid to be corny, had the quickest reflexes after the attacks. It immediately started waving the flag and praising the Lord. Radio stations and listeners revived old songs like ''God Bless the U.S.A.,'' which is currently the best-selling country single. Country fans also found new spirit in recent songs like Brooks and Dunn's ''Only in America'' and Martina McBride's ''Independence Day,'' which is actually a song about arson. The attacks also thrust a more indirect song into prominence. Country listeners, drawing an obvious , seized on a song recorded by David Ball, ''Riding With Private Malone,'' in which the ghost of a soldier who died in Vietnam saves the new owner of his beloved 1966 Corvette. Country songwriters quickly came up with new, muscle-flexing patriotic material. At the CMT Country Freedom concert on Oct. 21, Clint Black introduced a stark new song, ''America,'' that promised, ''We'll teach 'em all right from wrong.'' Alan Jackson sang his new ''Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning),'' a pious ballad about people's reactions to the news of Sept. 11 -- ''Did you call up your mother and tell her you loved her?/ Did you dust off that at home?'' -- on the Country Music Association Awards, then quickly released a studio version to radio stations. There's a rowdier, less unctuous Jestice/English 3 response in ''This Ain't No Rag, It's a Flag,'' a Southern rock song Charlie Daniels released to radio stations. In it, he sings, ''We should've done something about you a long time ago/ But now the flag's flyin' high and the fur's gonna fly.'' While these songs are probably getting huge ovations from audiences right now, they may end up as novelty numbers. Rock, with a history of iconoclasm and distrusting authority, did not have such a unanimous reaction. An all-star remake of Marvin Gaye's ''What's Going On,'' which declares, ''War is not the answer,'' had been in the works to benefit AIDS research; after Sept. 11, part of its proceeds were redirected to the United Way's Sept. 11 Fund. Some rock listeners unleashed vicarious rage with pre-existing songs like 's ''Chop Suey.'' But others sought reassurance in John Mellencamp's ''Peaceful World,'' U2's ''Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of'' and Enrique Iglesias's ''Hero.'' Ryan Adams had made the video clip of his ''New York, New York'' standing in front of the twin towers; after Sept. 11 what had been a breakup song become an elegy. The two rock benefit-concert albums are snapshots of changing responses. ''America: A Tribute To Heroes'' captures the initial shock and sadness that followed the attacks. It's a spectrum of mourning, patriotism, anger, pacifism, praise for heroes and a longing for love and peace, full of heartfelt contradictions. Tom Petty glares into the camera and calmly vows, ''I won't back down''; denounces violence in ''Fragile.'' Neil Young sings John Lennon's ''Imagine,'' dreaming of an end to nationalism and religion; U2, in ''Walk On,'' sings ''Alleluia.'' Bruce Springsteen's ''My City of Ruin,'' written before the attacks about a decrepit New Jersey seaside town, suddenly seems to depict ground zero. With little celebrity gloss, the musicians come across as humble, searching for the song that will say the right thing. There were fewer questions and more pumping fists a month later at the Concert for New York City, where pop and rock stars played to an audience full of police and firefighters at Madison Square Garden. blasted ''Won't Get Fooled Again,'' while Bon Jovi aimed ''Wanted Dead or Alive'' at Osama bin Laden. The concert's finale is Paul McCartney's ''Freedom,'' an old- fashioned singalong that tries to rally the troops around a campfire, but it hasn't caught on. Hip-hop has been slow to address the attacks, but one song has made headway: ''Ground Zero (In Our Hearts You Will Remain)'' by Cash & Computa. Set to a snippet of a Stevie Wonder song, it ricochets from sadness -- ''this is like something that you see in a movie/ but it's real the pain us Americans feel'' -- to fury: ''No hesitation, we bomb first make you eat dirt.'' The Wu Tang Clan's Jestice/English 3

new album, ''Iron Flag,'' completed after Sept. 11, applies standard braggodocio to the events, warning terrorists that they'd never survive in the group's neighborhood. Mr. Young's ''Let's Roll'' may be the first song to envision the events from inside. It is a long way from the wistful generalities he sang a few months earlier with ''Imagine.'' Making his narrator one of Flight 93's passengers, he sings in a gruff, choked voice: ''I hope there's someone who can fly this thing and get us back to land,'' and later, ''No one has the answer, but one thing is true/ You've got to turn on evil when it's coming after you.'' Beginning as a topical song, ''Let's Roll'' turns into a moral parable. Popular culture is always most at home in a clear-cut conflict between good guys and bad guys. Music has now enlisted in a role that has been unfamiliar for as long as most of its stars have lived: providing not just solace, but solidarity. Parales, Jon. "Star-spangled or reflective, pop captures the mood." New York Times, 20 Dec. 2001, p. E3. Science In Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=palmerridgehs&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA8 1232114&it=r&asid=e02b446332a2963c58dd3630f3292f04. Accessed 10 May 2017.

Country Music Goes to War Jolie Jenson Journal of Southern History. 72.2 (May 2006): p506. From Student Resources in Context. Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2006 Southern Historical Association http://www.uga.edu/~sha Country Music Goes to War. Edited by Charles K. Wolfe and James E. Akenson. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, c. 2005. Pp. viii, 250. $35.00, ISBN 0-8131-2308-9.) Country, Music Goes to War explores how war has been portrayed in country music, how war has shaped country music practice, and how country music is a war-inflected cultural site. Contributors to this collection of fourteen essays come from the fields of history, English, folklore, education, political science, ethnomusicology, and popular culture studies. In "The Civil War in Country Music Tradition," Andrew K. Smith and James E. Akenson offer an extensive list of Civil War--era material in songs and albums, starting with the war period itself. In "Bloody War: War Songs in Early Country Music," Charles K. Wolfe examines two kinds of war portrayals in twentieth-century country music--war as topic and war as poignant personal experience. Wolfe's later essay "'Jesus Hits Like an Atom Bomb': Nuclear Warfare in Jestice/English 3

Country Music," discusses in detail songs from from a time when country music often addressed atomic power in religious terms. Ivan M. Tribe details Korean War--era songs, and Akenson's final essay, "Country Music: A Teaching Tool for Dealing with War," offers innovative techniques to help middle school students use country music lyrics for historical analysis. The question of how World War II shaped country music connects the essays by Louis Hatchett and W. K. McNeil on the 1942 hit "There's a Star Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere"; Don Cusic on how Gene Autry's recording and film careers were affected by World War II; Michael Ann Williams on how John Lair's Renfro Valley enterprise prospered by addressing war concerns on the home front; and Wayne W. Daniel on the variety of ways that radio station WLS's National Barn Dance program addressed war issues. Country music can be studied not only as a collection of texts or a set of commercial practices but also as an ideologically loaded cultural form, constantly policing its own boundaries. Such an approach certainly helps us understand (as described in Randy Rudder's essay) Nashville's response to the current war in Iraq. At the conjunction of country music and war, complex connections among patriotism, populism, nationalism, social class, and cultural positioning can be addressed. Aaron A. Fox's rich and provocative essay considers the "problematic minstrelsy" of the bestselling soundtrack "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" as a response to the attacks on September 11, 2001. This essay offers an incisive argument about how alternative country music works to "refashion a cosmopolitan, postmodern version of country's vernacular 'roots'" (p. 180). Other essayists who address country music more as a cultural site include Kevin S. Fontenot on how "the Russian threat" figured in Cold War--era songs; Rae Wear on the populist and nostalgic use of war by Brian Letton, the Australian country singer; and David A. Wilson on the use of alterations of American country music by Ulster loyalists. This thematic collection offers the interested reader a range of cases that illuminate how an American cultural genre can include, be shaped by, and offer an arena for interpreting military conflicts from the Civil War to the present. Jenson, Jolie. "Country Music Goes to War." Journal of Southern History, vol. 72, no. 2, 2006, p. 506+. Student Resources in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=palmerridgehs&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA1 46628910&it=r&asid=9605d6b49a84ed159f8f4e2e32542b28. Accessed 10 May 2017.