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The State of the World's Children 2012: Children in an Urban World

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The State of the World's Children 2012: Children in an Urban World THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN OF THE WORLD’S THE STATE THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 2012 CHILDREN WORLD URBAN IN AN Children in an Urban World THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Photographs February 2012 Cover Permission is required to reproduce any part of this Children dance in an informal settlement on publication. Permission will be freely granted to a hillside in Caracas, Bolivarian Republic educational or non-profit organizations. Others will of Venezuela (2007). be requested to pay a small fee. Please contact: © Jonas Bendiksen/Magnum Photos Division of Communication, UNICEF 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA Chapter 1, page x Tel: +1 (212) 326-7434 Children play in Tarlabasi, a neighbourhood that Email: [email protected] is home to many migrants in Istanbul, Turkey. © UNICEF/NYHQ2005-1185/Roger LeMoyne This report and additional online content are available at <www.unicef.org/sowc2012>. Perspective and Focus Chapter 2, page 12 On essays represent the personal views of the authors Queuing for water at Camp Luka, a slum on the and do not necessarily reflect the position of the United outskirts of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Nations Children’s Fund. the Congo. © UNICEF/NYHQ2008-1027/Christine Nesbitt For corrigenda subsequent to printing, please see <www.unicef.org/sowc2012>. Chapter 3, page 34 A girl in Kirkuk, Iraq, drags scrap metal that her For latest data, please visit <www.childinfo.org>. family will use to reinforce their home – a small space with curtains for walls on the top floor of ISBN: 978-92-806-4597-2 a former football stadium. eISBN: 978-92-806-4603-0 © UNICEF/NYHQ2007-2316/Michael Kamber United Nations publication sales no.: E.12.XX.1 Chapter 4, page 48 Boys play football in the courtyard of the Centre Sauvetage BICE, which offers residential and family services for vulnerable children in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. © UNICEF/NYHQ2011-0549/Olivier Asselin Chapter 5, page 66 Girls and boys work on a group project in a primary school in Tarawa, Kiribati. © UNICEF/NYHQ2006-2457/Giacomo Pirozzi ACKnowledgements This report is the fruit of collaboration among many individuals and institutions. The editorial and research team thanks all who gave so generously of their expertise and energy, in particular: Sheridan Bartlett (City University of New York); Jean Christophe Fotso (APHRC); Nancy Guerra (University of California); Eva Jesperson (UNDP); Jacob Kumaresan (WHO Urban HEART); Gora Mboup (UN-Habitat); Sheela Patel (SDI); Mary Racelis (Ateneo de Manila University); Eliana Riggio; David Satterthwaite (IIED); Ita Sheehy (UNHCR); Nicola Shepherd (UNDESA); Mats Utas (Swedish Academy of Letters); and Malak Zaalouk (American University of Cairo), for serving on the External Advisory Board. Sheridan Bartlett; Roger Hart and Pamela Wridt (City University of New York); Carolyn Stephens (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and National University of Tucuman, Argentina); and Laura Tedesco (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid), for authoring background papers. Fred Arnold (ICF Macro); Ricky Burdett (London School of Economics and Political Science); Elise Caves and Cristina Diez (ATD Fourth World Movement); Michael Cohen (New School); Malgorzata Danilczuk-Danilewicz; Celine d’Cruz (SDI); Robert Downs (Columbia University); Sara Elder (ILO); Kimberly Gamble-Payne; Patrick Gerland (UNDESA); Friedrich Huebler (UNESCO); Richard Kollodge (UNFPA); Maristela Monteiro (PAHO); Anushay Said (World Bank Institute); Helen Shaw (South East Public Health Observatory); Mark Sommers (Tufts University); Tim Stonor (Space Syntax Ltd.); Emi Suzuki (World Bank); Laura Turquet (UN-Women); Henrik Urdal (Harvard Kennedy School); and Hania Zlotnik (UNDESA), for providing information and advice. Special thanks to Sheridan Bartlett, Gora Mboup and Amit Prasad (WHO) for their generosity of intellect and spirit. UNICEF country and regional offices and headquarters divisions contributed to this report by submitting findings and photographs, taking part in formal reviews or commenting on drafts. Many field offices and UNICEF national committees arranged to translate or adapt the report for local use. Programme, policy, communication and research advice and support were provided by Geeta Rao Gupta, Deputy Executive Director; Rima Salah, Deputy Executive Director; Gordon Alexander, Director, Office of Research; Nicholas Alipui, Director, Programme Division; Louis-Georges Arsenault, Director, Office of Emergency Programmes; Colin Kirk, Director, Evaluation Office; Khaled Mansour, Director, Division of Communication; Richard Morgan, Director, Division of Policy and Practice; Lisa Adelson-Bhalla; Christine De Agostini; Stephen Antonelli; Maritza Ascencios; Lakshmi Narasimhan Balaji; Gerrit Beger; Wivina Belmonte; Rosangela Berman-Bieler; Aparna Bhasin; Nancy Binkin; Susan Bissell; Clarissa Brocklehurst; Marissa Buckanoff; Sally Burnheim; Jingqing Chai; Kerry Constabile; Howard Dale; Tobias Dierks; Kathryn Donovan; Paul Edwards; Solrun Engilbertsdottir; Rina Gill; Bjorn Gillsater; Dora Giusti; Judy Grayson; Attila Hancioglu; Peter Harvey; Saad Houry; Priscillia Kounkou Hoveyda; Robert Jenkins; Malene Jensen; Theresa Kilbane; Jimmy Kolker; June Kunugi; Boris De Luca; Susanne Mikhail Eldhagen; Sam Mort; Isabel Ortiz; Shannon O’Shea; Kent Page; Nicholas Rees; Maria Rubi; Rhea Saab; Urmila Sarkar; Teghvir Singh Sethi; Fran Silverberg; Peter Smerdon; Antony Spalton; Manuela Stanculescu; David Stewart; Jordan Tamagni; Susu Thatun; Renee Van de Weerdt; and Natalia Elena Winder-Rossi. Special thanks to Catherine Langevin-Falcon, Chief, Publications Section, who oversaw the editing and production of the statistical tables and provided essential expertise, guidance and continuity amid changes in personnel. Finally, a particular debt of gratitude is owed to David Anthony, Chief, Policy Advocacy, and editor of this report for the past seven editions, for his vision, support and encouragement. Report team EDITORIAL AND RESEARCH STATISTICAL TABLES Abid Aslam, Julia Szczuka, Editors Tessa Wardlaw, Associate Director, Statistics and Nikola Balvin, Sue Le-Ba, Meedan Mekonnen, Monitoring Section, Division of Policy and Practice; Research officers Priscilla Akwara; David Brown; Danielle Burke; Chris Brazier, Writer Xiaodong Cai; Claudia Cappa; Liliana Carvajal; Archana Marc Chalamet, French editor Dwivedi; Anne Genereux; Elizabeth Horn-Phatanothai; Carlos Perellon, Spanish editor Claes Johansson; Rouslan Karimov; Mengjia Liang; Hirut Gebre-Egziabher, Lead, Yasmine Hage, Lisa Kenney, Rolf Luyendijk; Nyein Nyein Lwin; Colleen Murray; Anne Ytreland, Jin Zhang, Research assistants Holly Newby; Khin Wityee Oo; Nicole Petrowski; Charlotte Maitre, Lead, Anna Grojec, Chiho Suzuki; Danzhen You Carol Holmes, Copy editors Celine Little, Dean Malabanan, Anne Santiago, ONLINE PRODUCTION AND IMAGES Judith Yemane, Editorial and administrative support Stephen Cassidy, Chief, Internet, Broadcast and Image Section; Matthew Cortellesi; Susan Markisz; PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION Keith Musselman; Ellen Tolmie; Tanya Turkovich Jaclyn Tierney, Chief, Print and Translation Section; Germain Ake; Fanuel Endalew; Jorge Peralta-Rodriguez; Design by Green Communication Design inc. Elias Salem; Nogel S. Viyar; Edward Ying Jr. Printed by Brodock Press, Inc. Acknowledgements iii ACTION Putting children first in an urban world The experience of childhood is increasingly urban. Over half the world’s people – including more than a billion children – now live in cities and towns. Many children enjoy the advantages of urban life, including access to educational, medical and recreational facilities. Too many, however, are denied such essentials as electricity, clean water and health care – even though they may live close to these services. Too many are forced into dangerous and exploitative work instead of being able to attend school. And too many face a constant threat of eviction, even though they live under the most challenging conditions – in ramshackle dwellings and overcrowded settlements that are acutely vulnerable to disease and disaster. The hardships endured by children in poor communities are often concealed – and thus perpetuated – by the statistical averages on which decisions about resource allocation are based. Because averages lump every- one together, the poverty of some is obscured by the wealth of others. One consequence of this is that children already deprived remain excluded from essential services. Increasing numbers of children are growing up in urban areas. They must be afforded the amenities and opportunities they need to realize their rights and potential. Urgent action must be taken to: • Better understand the scale and nature of poverty and exclusion affecting children in urban areas. • Identify and remove the barriers to inclusion. • Ensure that urban planning, infrastructure development, service delivery and broader efforts to reduce poverty and inequality meet the particular needs and priorities of children. • Promote partnership between all levels of government and the urban poor – especially children and young people. • Pool the resources and energies of international, national, municipal and community actors in support of efforts to ensure that marginalized and impoverished children enjoy their full rights. These actions are not goals but means to an end: fairer, more nurturing cities and societies for all people – starting with children. iv THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 FOREWORD
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