DOCSLIB.ORG

Peace Corps Volunteerslast March

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Peace Corps Volunteerslast March American I.V.S.volunteers carry on amid fighting in Vietnam The following articleappewed re. Vietnamese—whiletheotherstriedto Actually,the Viet Cong seldo@ cenily in Parade magazine;itisre. keep him quiet. molestAmerican civiliansand gener. printed here with permission, More When the VietCong attackedMy allywan them againstgoingintocer- information aboutthe activities of In. The, Kirk Dimmit witnessedthesud- tainareas.As a Vietnameseschool termtional Vo!unta~ Services may be den deathsof severalVietnamesehe principalputit,“The VietCong know obtained by writing to the organization had known. Then quicklyhe began how much the people appreciate al 1555 Connecticut Ave. N. W,, organizingan escapefortheremain- I,V,S,-er~the V.C. wouldn’tdare Wmhington, D, C, 20036. ing villagers.After being flown to touchthem.” In fact,I.V.S,members Saigon to reportthe incident,Kirk have heard themselvesdescribedin insistedon returningto My Tbo to By M~otie Hope Communist broadcastsas young pe~ attendthefuneraloftheslainvillagers,pleworkingforthe good of thevii. TO the45,000 U.S.militaryserving Althoughauthoritieswantedto trans- lagerswho shouldnotbe molested, in embattledVietnam;add 80 young ferhim immediatelyafterwardsfrom It is ve~ difficultto describea ,, American volunteerswho each day thisdangerousarea,Kirk stayedon tYPicalday” in I.V.S.,formembers literallyrisktheirlivesina swuggleas forseveralweekstohelpmaintainthe are constantlyadaptingto new situa. grim as the war itself.These young moraleof thepeople,Beforeleaving tions,John timmers,forinstance,is people—65 men and 15 girl-are My The, he was citedhy theAmeri- a hamleteducationadtiserwho may fightingsomehow to yank a way of can ambassadorforheroism, do anythingfrom seeingthatcement lifeintotherealitiesof the 20thcc”. Despite these experiences,there forschoolfoundationsismixed prop tu~. have been no casualtiesduringthe erly,to dismibutinghealthpamphlets, Servingon two-yearcontractsfor eightyews LV.S.+rshave worked in or helpingraiserabbitsto supplement $80 a month,theseyoung Americans Vietnam. How have they been able thesalariesof IocdVietnameseteach- representingInternationalVOluntaW toavoidaccidents? ers.D~ing a month he oftenmakes Servicesare schoolingSouth Viet- LV.S. teams are based in towns more than 70 visitsby hehcopterto namese peasantsin improvedagricu- heldhy thegovernment,and members 50 differenthamletsin thetwo Htgh. lturaltechniques,working in public. work outfrom thereintomore remote landprovincesin which he works, If healthprogramsor teachingscience, the helicopterbreaksdown, he may areas,How fartheyventuredepends vocationalsubjects,and English.Op- stayovernightina Montagnardtribes- on the individual+n his feelings eratingout of 30 centersscattered man’s hut,diningon rice wine an: shoutthis,and on how wellhe knows throughoutthe countryside,theylive fish,learningtoplaytheMontagnar* ~ withthepeasants,sharetheirdangers the people,Leadersneverask team flute,and sleepingon a woven bamboo and hardships,evenlearntospeakthe members togo intoareastheydo not platform, extremelydifficultlanguage, wish to enter.On the contra~,they When theflodscame lastfall,John I.V.S,,foundedin 1953,withhead- ask the group to the precautions,helpedmobilizeteamsof Vietnamese quartersin Washington,D, C.,isthe %metimes theyhavehad toholdback studentsheadedforthedisasterareas. onlyvoluntarygroupworkinginViet. I,V,S.-ers. (Continued on back page) nam. Ithasgoneintodangerousareas of theworld where the Peace Corps hasnot,WhileI.V.S,-ershaveseldom been underfire,theyarepreparedfor anything,Some of them work in the strife-tornDelta,some inpartsof the count~ more freeof VietCOng co”. trol.Washingtonhas saidLV,S. will remain in Vietnam as long as there are Americansthere. Encounterswith the Vlet Cong— director indirect—arepartof every. day lifefor I.V.S.-ers.Agricultural teams may arrivein a town to pick up supplies4nlytodiscoverthatthe warehousewas burneddown an hour before,CarlieAllenderhas received printedwarningstellinghernot tobe in contactwith the military.Lesfie Smalltellsof a timehe stoppedalong a road in the Deltato take pictures and was invitedintoa farmer’shouse for tea, Another guest there was I,V.S.vol””teerCharlesSweet,of Ithaca,NY.,supewisesa workcampPrOieCt0 rather“unusual”and began to argue the NationalVolunta~Sewicesof Vietnam,a sewiceorganizationforstudent! that tbe Viet Cong r~rexnted the begun by I,V.S,Sweet has a B.A.in Englishfrom Cornell,grantedin 1964,Q 2 The new batch !. More than 6000 potentialPeace ‘orpsVolunteersare going through * ainingthissummer in 110 separate trainingprogramsatcolleges,univer- sities,and other sitesacrossNorth America—and infourinstances,over- seas, Of the 6000-PIusTraineesentering trainineinJune.Julv.and Aueust.475 arecol~egejuniorst~kingpart~nPhase 1 of theAdvanced TrainingProgram, eight-weekcoursesforcollegejuniors who plan to enterthe Peace Corps upon graduation,The remainderofthe summer Traineeswillbe candidates for sonle4400 assignmentsfor new VolunteersinfourPeaceCorpsregions —Africa,LatinAmerica,theFarEast, and “NANSSA—North Africa,the Near East,and SouthAsia, Roughly VolunteersboundforTurkeyawaitdepartureinPan AmericanterminalatKennedy fourof everytennew Volunteerswill AirpotiinNew York.More thanWOO new Volunteerswillgo abroadthissummer. go to LatinAmerica,threeof eve~ tento Africa,and theremainderwill be dividedaboutequallybetweentbe theend ofAugust,1966,PeaceCorps a gOUP of 272 Englishteachersand Far Eastand NAN=A. planscallformore than15,000Volun- ruralcommunity-developmentworkers At theend ofJuly,therewere g241 teersto be workingabroad. forTurkey arefinishingtheirmaining Volunteersalreadyatwork in46 coun- Thissummer asinthepast,most of atRobeflCollegeinJstanbuland the tries.Of thatnumber,about900 are the trainingprograms are 12-week Middle East TechnicalUniversityin scheduledtocompleteservicethisyear. coursesrun by Americancollegesand Ankara. AnothergroupofVolunteers With the new Volunteersbeginning universities,operatingunder Peace trainingoverseasistbeThailandma- ~ervicethissummer and fall,therewill Corps contracts.The PeaceCorps it- Iaria+radicationproject,whichwillget e approxlnlately11,400 Volunteers selfis responsiblefor a number of two months’ technicaltrainingin “*” on the10bby theend of theyear.By programs at its“in-house”training Manila. Rural community-develop- sitesin PuertoRico and the Virgin ment workerstrainingattheUniversity Islands,usedforVolunteersbound for of Missourihave fiveweeks of in- LatinAmerica and Africa. countV trainingin Bolivia. PEACE CORPS Some 400 former Volunteersare workingwithmaining-institutionstaffs Trainingin Canada md Metico thissummer, offeringtheirexperience to tbe Volunteers-to-be,Except for Three predominantlyNegro univer. AUGUST 1965 thoseatthePeaceCorpscamps inthe sitiesarecurrentlyadministeringPeace Volume Ill,Number 10 Caribbean,theex-Volunteersarehired Corps progranls,AtlantaUniversity’s Morehouse and Spelman Collegesare P“b!ished monthly by the Wvlslon directlyby the participatingcolleges of Vol.”teer Suppon, Peace Corps, and universities. bandlingTraineesinAdvanced Train- Wa$hin @on, 0. C, 20525, The largestnumber of Traineesin ingPro@ams forGhana,Nigeria,and Deane Wylie, edlton Job” English, as. a singleprojectisa group of 286 at SierraLeone projects.LincolnUni- ststant editoq Susan Murray, editorial San Jose (Calif.) StateCollegepre- versityin Pennsylvaniaisconducting assistant; PaulReed,atidirector. paringforteachingdutyinthePhilip trainingfor Barbadosand St,Lucia. pines;togetherwithanothergroupof A Gabon school-constructionproject ON THE COVER—TOGO Moniq.e, 161 atSacramentoStateCollege,also was co-ordinatedby SouthernUniver- Laure,and Colettearestudentsat preparingforteachingassignmentsin sityon botb itsBaton Rouge, La., collegeNotreDame de,AP4tre.In the Philippines,they representtbe campus and the new Peace Corps Lomb;NancyMerritt(page111istheir teacher.SENEGAL Mel Zwey8ardt largestnumber of Traineespreparing Center on St. Croix in the Virgin [St,F,a”cis,K..,)teacheswrestling for servicein any one country.The Islands. to S...8.1.s.students.IVORY smallestgroup is on the campus of Severalprojectswillhavefieldtrain- COAST:man.. HafiIpage21)visits SouthernIllinoisUniversityatCarbon- ing in neighboringcountries.In”tbe homeoffoyerstudent.NIGER:Karen finalphaseof an Advanced Training Selser(Newpoti,Ten”.]teaches.Utri. dale—12 Traineeswho are preparing t!..and childcareInmndu home forjohsintheWest Afticannationof Program directedby DartmouthUni- visit.GUINEA:Ron Boring(A%adia, Senegal,wheretheywillbe ruralvma- versity,Traineesassignedto Guinea, Callf,texaminescor”fie!dsoilwith tionalteachers. Senegal,Togo,ind Cameroon areliv- $t.de”t$atNationalSchoolofAgri. Thissummer fourgroupsarecom- ingwithFrench-Canadianfamiliesin cultureinFouta.RePortsfromeach ofthefiveCO”ntrie$begin0“ Dage7. pletingtheirtrainingoverseas.After La Pocati&re,a town about80 miles Featurednextmonth:Brazil, spendinga month ontbePrincetonand northof Quebec City,whiletraining Portland(Ore.)StateCollegecampuses, attheCol12gede Ste,Anne de laPoca- 3 ti2re.Four Latintiericu propams Doctors at Duke The 12-week wainingprogram at willtrainin Mexic*Trainees in a Duke includesinstructionin each of, Colombia projectat San Diego State A new Peace Corps program got theseareas,togetherwithmethods Collegewillwork in villagessouthof underway in mid-Julyas 17 Volun. teaching,Practicalwork in labor @ Tijuana; Chile community-develop-teerdoctorsenteredtrainingatDuke toriesandittnearbycommunitiessup. ment workersat MichiganStateUni. University. plementsthe
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Libya's Conflict
    LIBYA’S BRIEF / 12 CONFLICT Nov 2019 A very short introduction SERIES by Wolfgang Pusztai Freelance security and policy analyst * INTRODUCTION Eight years after the revolution, Libya is in the mid- dle of a civil war. For more than four years, inter- national conflict resolution efforts have centred on the UN-sponsored Libya Political Agreement (LPA) process,1 unfortunately without achieving any break- through. In fact, the situation has even deteriorated Summary since the onset of Marshal Haftar’s attack on Tripoli on 4 April 2019.2 › Libya is a failed state in the middle of a civil war and increasingly poses a threat to the An unstable Libya has wide-ranging impacts: as a safe whole region. haven for terrorists, it endangers its north African neighbours, as well as the wider Sahara region. But ter- › The UN-facilitated stabilisation process was rorists originating from or trained in Libya are also a unsuccessful because it ignored key political threat to Europe, also through the radicalisation of the actors and conflict aspects on the ground. Libyan expatriate community (such as the Manchester › While partially responsible, international Arena bombing in 2017).3 Furthermore, it is one of the interference cannot be entirely blamed for most important transit countries for migrants on their this failure. way to Europe. Through its vast oil wealth, Libya is also of significant economic relevance for its neigh- › Stabilisation efforts should follow a decen- bours and several European countries. tralised process based on the country’s for- mer constitution. This Conflict Series Brief focuses on the driving factors › Wherever there is a basic level of stability, of conflict dynamics in Libya and on the shortcomings fostering local security (including the crea- of the LPA in addressing them.
    [Show full text]
  • BOKO HARAM NOTE N° 246 - Fondation Jean-Jaurès - 10 Février 2015 REGIONAL ISSUES AROUND the UPRISING Marc-Antoine Pérouse De Montclos*
    BOKO HARAM NOTE n° 246 - Fondation Jean-Jaurès - 10 février 2015 REGIONAL ISSUES AROUND THE UPRISING Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos* *Associate Fellow, Africa hile the African Union plans to mobilise more than 8,000 men from Nigeria, Programme, Chatham Chad, Cameroon and Benin to fight Boko Haram, the following analysis House, London W focuses on the regional issues surrounding the crisis. The aim is not to concentrate on the origins or the social dimension of the sect; these have already been dealt with in field studies and secondary sources1. In a first part, the analysis shows that Boko Haram has been present in Niger, Chad and Cameroon ever since its birth in Maiduguri, in the Borno region, around 2002. Regarding territory, it also shows that we are not looking at an expansion of its area of control, but of its field of military actions since the armies of countries neighbouring Nigeria got involved in operations to erase the sect. In fact, the growing involvement of Niger, Chad and Cameroon in the fight against Jihadist terrorism has broken the mutual non-aggression pact that was in place. In an audio report dated the 6th of June 2014, Boko Haram threatened President Idriss Déby with reprisals if he was to join forces with Nigeria in their attacks on the sect. In addition to this, in an interview filmed and broadcast on the 28th of January 2015, a spokesman for the rebels stated that the group would stop attacking Niger and Chad if they stopped their offensive against the group. It appears that the international reaction to the threat of terrorism from Boko Haram could be a contributing factor in the future international expansion of a sect whose ire, until now, had been contained to Nigeria: they had not established links with a wider diaspora or coordinated efforts with other jihadist groups in the Sahel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sahel and West Africa Club Forum the FUTURE OF
    The Sahel and West Africa Club Forum THE FUTURE OF THE SAHARO-SAHELIAN AREAS FROM A TRANS- REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), Thursday 28 November 2013, Golf Hotel Tentative Programme 3 Facts and analyses 6 The Saharo-Sahelian area 6 Maghreb and Sahel: Historical ties and incomplete co-operation 6 Pre-colonial empires and route empires 9 Past and present political Instability 11 1 | P a g e THE FUTURE OF THE SAHARO-SAHELIAN AREAS FROM A TRANS- REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE This Forum is based on analytical work carried out by the Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC), under its “West African Futures” think tank programme, dedicated in 2013-2014 to the Saharo-Sahelian areas. The Forum’s objective is to illustrate the critical role that stronger co-operation between North, West and Central Africa can play in short- and long-term stabilisation and development of the Saharo-Sahelian areas. Special attention will be paid to how sustainable and adequately adapted solutions must take into account differing and often overlapping levels of action. The Forum takes place during the annual Sahel and West Africa Week of the SWAC1 and it will gather political decision makers, representatives of international and regional organisations, researchers and local stakeholders. The Forum will be structured into Presentations of research results, which will explore the political, security, economic and geographic characteristics of the Saharo-Sahelian region.2 These will be followed by Panels dedicated to political debate, in the interest of sharing knowledge and prompting informed and inclusive dialogue with participants. In each panel, three or four speakers will lead discussions on the need to revisit policies and practices to better tackle the socio-economic and security challenges of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Trajectories of Radicalisation in Agadez
    Report Understanding trajectories of radicalisation in Agadez Aoife McCullough, Mareike Schomerus and Abdoutan Harouna with Zakari Maikorema, Kabo Abdouramane, Zahra Dingarey, Idi Mamadou Maman Noura, Hamissou Rhissa and Rhaichita Rhissa February 2017 This publication was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. Overseas Development Institute 203 Blackfriars Road London SE1 8NJ Tel. +44 (0) 20 7922 0300 Fax. +44 (0) 20 7922 0399 E-mail: [email protected] www.odi.org www.odi.org/facebook www.odi.org/twitter Readers are encouraged to reproduce material from ODI Reports for their own publications, as long as they are not being sold commercially. As copyright holder, ODI requests due acknowledgement and a copy of the publication. For online use, we ask readers to link to the original resource on the ODI website. The views presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of ODI. © Overseas Development Institute 2017. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial Licence (CC BY-NC 4.0). Cover photo: Historic city centre in Agadez, Niger © Aoife McCullough, 2016 Contents Executive summary 5 1. Introduction: Questioning the idea of radicalisation as a linear trajectory 8 2. Research methods 10 3. Finding 1: There is no consensus on the meaning of radicalisation or violent extremism 13 4. Finding 2: People’s vision of a ‘just society’ features jobs, access to basic services and law and order 15 5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Law-Spacetime-Justice Nexus: International
    THE LAW-SPACETIME-JUSTICE NEXUS: INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY DISPUTES AND INDIGENOUS TERRITORIAL CLAIMS Michelle Katherine Braiden Department of Geography McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada November 2019 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography © Michelle Katherine Braiden 2019 ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes international law, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and indigenous territorial claims from the perspective of legal geography, a field of study that investigates the mutually constitutive relationship between law, space and power in society. I use the term “international law-spacetime-justice nexus” to signify that the analysis is concerned with the spatiotemporal foundations of international law and their relationship with concepts of international political justice. The dissertation analyzes matters pertaining to the spatial and structural (in)justices associated with the international legal principle of uti possidetis, a doctrine that holds that decolonizing or seceding states are entitled to retain the boundaries of the previous colonial or state power. The concept of spatiotemporalities is used to analyze questions about how the ICJ produces and reproduces the spatial hierarchies and structural injustices associated with colonial legalism in contemporary contexts. The dissertation also examines the theoretical foundations of indigenous self-determination and self-government as articulated in the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007). It counters the statist spatial paradigm of traditional international border disputes by examining indigenous territorial claims based on historical entitlement, remedial claims such as corrective justice and treaty violations, as well as non-remedial claims based on cultural integrity arguments.
    [Show full text]
  • International Recognition As a Tool of Military Conflicts Solution
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GEOPOLITICS, 6, 2018 Piotr L. Wilczyński1 INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION AS A TOOL OF MILITARY CONFLICTS SOLUTION Abstract: Geographical factors play a critical role in determining how a civil war is fought and who will prevail. Nations fighting for independence, even if they win often don’t gain independence because lack of international recognition of their state. Long-term intrastate wars often involve a period of geographical division within the state. An insurgent group may control a portion of the country for a period of years. This happens most often in cases of regional ethnic struggle, but can happen in ideological and religious wars as well. Formal partition has often been proposed by outside actors as a peaceful solution to an intra-state conflict. Kosovo and South Sudan might be best examples of that. This paper will study the outcomes that partitions might create as peace settlements. The concept of partition has never been normatively appealing, but has come to prominence in academic and policy oriented debates. The aim is to review this debate and find conclusions for problem shown in the title. 1 Paedagogical University of Cracow, Poland. - 66 - Wilczyński, P. L., International recognition as a tool of military conflicts solution, European Journal of Geopolitics, 6, 2018, pp. 66-87. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GEOPOLITICS, 6, 2018 Key words: international recognition, civil war, conflict solution, independence, sovereignty, nation. An international recognition of state and nation Partition signifies territorial division of the pre-war state. This process is not regional autonomy or federalism, but the creation of a new state.
    [Show full text]
  • International Law 2017
    Welcome to International Law! Many of the readings will be drawn from INTERNATIONAL LAW: NORMS ACTORS PROCESS DUNOFF, JEFFREY DUNOFF, STEVEN R. RATNER (4TH EDITION). [DRW] The casebook is accompanied by an important website: https://www.law.umich.edu/facultyhome/drwcasebook/Pages/Documents.aspx Readings for the first week are in the attached package Part I – Sources of International Law and the International Legal System 1. Resolving Disputes Peacefully (Jan 10) The Chad-Libya War and the Rainbow Warrior (scanned pages 3-5 (including Levi), 7-8 (Grotius extract), 10-24 (including Notes and Questions) ICJ Statute, arts 3.1, 13.1, 31.1-31.3, 34, 36.1-36.3 2. Concluding a Treaty (Jan 11) Cyprus Problem – Part I (scanned pages 35-52) 3. Interpreting a Treaty (Jan 12) Vienna Convention, Article 31 Cyprus Problem – Part II (scanned pages 52-68) 1 Tracing the Evolution of International Law Through Two Problems I. THE CHAD-LIBYA WAR OVER THE AOUZOU STRIP In the middle of the Sahara desert lies a narrow area of barren land known as the Aouzou Strip. Sparsely inhabited by a few thousand members of the nomadic Toubou people, the Strip sits on the border between Libya and Chad. The Strip’s dimensions are defined not by nature but by humans: the Strip represents the core area of disagreement between the claims of Libya as to the location of its southern border and the claims of Chad as to the location of its northern border. The Strip has virtually no economic potential to either Chad or Libya, either on its surface or below; nor has either state seen the Strip as having any military or strategic value, given its isolation from population centers and its inhos- pitable climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Factors of Instability in Libya
    Wolfgang Pusztai Key factors of instability in Libya I. Introduction in 1923, resistance continued in Fezzan until 1930 and in Cyrenaica even until 1931, a fact The start of the Battle for Tripoli in April 2019 that the people in the south and east are very marked the beginning of a new dramatic proud of. Once independent in 1951, the phase in Libya’s ongoing civil war. This war Kingdom of Libya had Tripoli and Benghazi, began in 2014 with the ousting from Tripoli of the largest city in the East, as twin capitals the then internationally recognised govern- and had a federalist constitution. After oil had ment together with the elected parliament by been discovered, the constitution was the Islamist-led Operation Libya Dawn, and amended in 1963 and Libya became a more with Khalifa Heftar’s Operation Dignity in centralised state. With Gaddafi’s coup in 1969 Benghazi, which aimed to end a bloody the constitution ceased to have any practical Islamist assassination campaign. significance. The east and the south were neglected by the regime, as most of the Since the overthrow of the Gaddafi regime in income of Libya’s tremendous oil wealth was 2011, Libya has been struggling to regain funnelled towards coastal Tripolitania, a stability. Various international initiatives to situation well remembered in Cyrenaica stabilise the country have not brought the and Fezzan.1 After the revolution, many anticipated results. Today Libya is a failed easterners saw some good reasons to state. But what are the different factors anticipate that nothing would change. contributing to the current situation? It is This reinforced federalist tendencies in crucial to understand the key factors of the Cyrenaica.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Since 1800, Fifth Edition Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 0521836158 - Africa since 1800, Fifth Edition Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore Index More information Index Abacha, Sani, 361, 377 missionaries and, 116 Abbas, Ferhat, 190–1, 240, 242 in Namibia, 297 Abbas I, of Egypt, 43 National Party and, 287 Abboud, General, 231 war between Britain and, 143–5, Abdallah, brother of Usuman dan Fodio, 200–1 67 see also South Africa Abdallahi, the Khalifa, 44, 47 Afro-Asian Conference (Bandung, 1955), Abd al-Qadir, 57–9 216, 230, 243 Abd al-Qrim, 188 Afro-Brazilians, 72–3 Abd ar-Rahman, of Morocco, 55, 59 Afro-Malagasy Joint Organisation Abeokuta, 74, 76 (OCAM), 266 Abiola, Moshood, 361, 362 agriculture, expansion of, 37–9, 91–2, Abushiri, 137, 161 174, 219, 225, 228, 269, 324, Accra Conference (1958), 254, 261 328 Achimota, 221 Ahmad, bey of Tunis, 61 Acholi people, 97 Ahmad, Sayyid, 195–6 Adamawa, 66 Ahmad, Tijani, 64 Addis Ababa Agreement (1972), 314 Ahmadu Lobo (Hamadu Bari), 67 Adowa, battle of (1896), 51 Ahmadu Sefu, 68, 131, 149 Afar people, 233 AIDS. See HIV/AIDS Afghanistan, 353, 356, 380 Akan states, 15 Afonja of Ilorin, 73 Akasombo dam, Ghana, 326–7, 336 African National Congress (ANC, South Akitoye, Oba, of Lagos, 76 Africa), 209, 234, 270, 280, 283, al-Azhar University, Cairo, 184 288–90, 301–2, 367 al-Bashir, Omar, 356 African Union, 359, 368, 377 Alexandria, 228 Africa Service (BBC), 373 Algeria Afrikaans language, 143, 207, 294 France and, 56–8, 89, 241–2 Afrikaner National Party, 206, 207 independent, 226, 353–4, 379 Afrikaners (Boers) nationalism in, 190–1,
    [Show full text]
  • Niger: Fragile Stability
    UNHCR Centre for Documentation and Research WRITENET Paper No. 14/2000 MALI - NIGER: FRAGILE STABILITY By Carolyin Norris Independent Researcher, London May 2001 WriteNet is a Network of Researchers and Writers on Human Rights, Forced Migration, Ethnic and Political Conflict WriteNet is a Subsidiary of Practical Management (UK) E-mail: [email protected] THIS PAPER WAS PREPARED MAINLY ON THE BASIS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION, ANALYSIS AND COMMENT. ALL SOURCES ARE CITED. THE PAPER IS NOT, AND DOES NOT PURPORT TO BE, EITHER EXHAUSTIVE WITH REGARD TO CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTRY SURVEYED, OR CONCLUSIVE AS TO THE MERITS OF ANY PARTICULAR CLAIM TO REFUGEE STATUS OR ASYLUM. THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THE PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR AND ARE NOT NECESSARILY THOSE OF WRITENET OR UNHCR. ISSN 1020-8429 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................1 2. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................2 3. THE EXODUS OF PEOPLE FROM NORTHERN MALI AND NORTHERN NIGER .............................3 3.1. THE CAUSES OF THE REBELLION........................................................................................3 3.2. THE OUTBREAK OF THE REBELLION ..................................................................................5 3.3. THE RESPONSE OF THE MALIAN AND NIGERIEN GOVERNMENTS..............................................6 4. PEACE AGREEMENTS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
    [Show full text]
  • Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
    MAIN CONTACT PERSON: TILMAN ZUELCH Submission by P. O. Box 2024 Society for Threatened Peoples D-37010 Göttingen a non-governmental organization in special consultative status Phone: +49 (0)551 49906-0 Fax: +49 (0)551 58028 E-Mail: [email protected] Language: English only Universal Periodic Review Ninth Session 2010-04-12 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Despite some modest improvements the human rights situation in Libya remains far from being satisfactory. The release of some 200 political prisoners in March 2010 was a positive step, but hundreds of political opponents still are held in prison without due process. The continued “disappearance” of dissidents, the incarceration of political prisoners, the torture of detainees, the deliberate denial of freedom of expression and access to information, the ban of independent associations and the violation of women rights and the lack of protection of refugees indicate that Libya’s human rights record remains poor. Impunity prevails and a repressive legal framework facilitates new massive human rights violations. The denial of Amazigh culture and identity Society for Threatened Peoples is especially concerned about the plight of ethnic minorities. Berber (Amazigh) and Toubou peoples have been suffering from human rights violations. Some 10 percent of the Libyan population are estimated to be of Amazigh origin. Tens of thousands of Tuareg people migrated from Niger and Mali to Libya in search for jobs after the disastrous drought in Sahel countries in the 70s. But the Libyan Government insists on the Arab identity of the country and describes claims of Amazigh identity as a colonial invention. Despite the fact that the Amazigh are the indigenous population of North Africa, Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi declared in a speech to Tuareg tribal leaders on March 1, 2007 that no Berbers are living in North Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflicts in Libya
    Libya Ethnicity in Libya Group selection Throughout its history, Libya has been marked by its complex eth- nic and tribal divisions. Only politically relevant ethnic groups are coded here, although these groups may be further divided by tribal distinctions and respective grievances. A recent consultancy esti- mates that Libya has up to 140 tribes, of which only around 30 have “particular significance” (3020). The following groups are considered 3020 [Apps, 2011] politically relevant at the state-level in Libya: Arabs, Berbers, Tuareg, Toubou, and in selective years the Jews. Power relations 1951 - 1969 The end of the Allied Occupation of Libya and the beginning of Libyan independence was achieved with the formation of the fed- eral United Libyan Kingdom by December 1951 with Idris as King. Under the new federal government and constitution, the Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan states were declared to have autonomy (coded Arabs: dominant). Jews: An estimated 31,000 Libyan Jews migrated to Israel amid violent anti-Jewish discrimination between 1948 and 1951 (coded: discriminated), leaving an estimated 7,000 remaining in the country (<0.1%) (3021). With the establishment of Libya’s 1951 indepen- 3021 [Gruen, 1988] dence, Jews were officially granted “guarantees of protection” under King Idris’ inclusive policy (Arabs coded: dominant; Berbers, Tu- areg, Toubou: irrelevant) (3022). However, Arab nationalist pressure 3022 [Gruen, 1988] following independence led to the gradual imposition of further le- gal restrictions on Jewish legal status, voting rights, public service, “commerce, licenses and holding of property”, in addition to further anti-Jewish propaganda and violence which came to a peak around the time of the 1967 Six-Day War.
    [Show full text]